212:, the two emirs Gohar-A'in and Khumar Tekin had been trying to cause a rift between Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk. Malik-Shah was also apparently concerned that Ibn Allan's wealth and power would increase. He had Ibn Allan arrested and ordered him to be executed by drowning, which was carried out by one of Gohar-A'in's subordinates. Malik-Shah agreed to give Khumar Tekin the tax farm of Basra in return for an annual tribute of 100,000
296:) of Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk, Abu Sa'd ibn Samaha, was mugged in Baghdad, Gohar-A'in wrote to the Seljuk court complaining about the affair and saying that the caliph's vizier should be responsible for upholding public morals. This resulted in an envoy being sent to al-Muqtadi, who had al-Rudhrawari dismissed. Later, Gohar-A'in took part in a campaign in
98:'s account, when Alp Arslan was inspecting his troops before the battle, the inspectors had noticed this "very insignificant" mamluk and originally wanted to turn him away, but Gohar-A'in stopped this objection, saying that he may be destined to capture the emperor of Rum. Other historians record a similar series of events, changing the participants to make
183:
that he had a warrant from the sultan that allowed him to do so. Gohar-A'in also ignored Ibn Jahir and insisted on delivering the letter directly to the caliph himself, which was considered an insult to the vizier's dignity. All these antics also served as a power play to assert Seljuk dominance over the
Abbasid caliph.
411:
commanded the left flank and
Barkiyaruq himself commanded the center. Gohar-A'in's troops did well in this battle and routed Muhammad Tapar's left flank (commanded by Mu'ayyad al-Mulk), but Barkiyaruq's left flank under Kerbogha collapsed and Gohar-A'in had to retreat. As he was retreating, his horse
260:
in southern Iraq. During his absence from
Baghdad, there was a marked increase in civil unrest. Another riot broke out in February 1088, between people from the Karkh and Basra Gate quarters of Baghdad, and this time sources do explicitly name Gohar-A'in as the one who suppressed it. He also played a
182:
palace while drunk, shut the gate, and stayed there for a night and a day. Gohar-A'in had apparently requested the right to have ceremonial drums played during prayer hours at some point, but this had been rejected because it was not customary. When he had it done anyway, he was censured; he replied
166:
had been put in danger. Nizam al-Mulk blamed the affair on Fakhr ad-Dawla. Gohar-A'in arrived on 23 July and was granted an audience on
Tuesday, 14 August, during which he handed over a letter requesting Fakhr ad-Dawla's removal. Al-Muqtadi initially balked at the demand, but by 27 August Gohar-A'in
270:
In 1089, Malik Shah sent a letter to al-Muqtadi to request that his daughter come home; she was apparently feeling alienated in
Baghdad. Gohar-A'in accompanied her on her way home along with some of the caliph's attendants. According to Shimizu, this indicates that "Gohar-A'in's main duty was still
216:
and 100 horses; he also confiscated an additional 100,000 dinars from Ibn Allan's fortune for himself. Nizam al-Mulk was furious and would not appear in public for three days. He later confronted Malik-Shah at a feast he was holding in Malik-Shah's honor, but Malik-Shah made excuses and the matter
102:
the one who initially dismissed the mamluk or Alp Arslan the one to object and insist on keeping him. According to Kosuke
Shimizu, Gohar-A'in's overruling the army inspector indicates that he already held a high position before the battle. Shimizu also notes that, in the versions of the story
220:
In the following years, Gohar-A'in took part in several major military campaigns, separated by periods of dealing with public unrest in
Baghdad. First, in September 1085, he accompanied Fakhr ad-Dawla ibn Jahir – who was now working for the Seljuks – in his campaign against the
127:
According to
Rawandi's account, Gohar-A'in was present when Alp Arslan was assassinated in November 1072. He tried to stop the assassin by shielding Alp Arslan with his own body and was wounded in the process, but he was unable to prevent the assassination from happening.
146:
of
Baghdad he was led the Seljuk delegation before al-Qa'im to get his formal recognition of Malik-Shah's sultanate. This happened in October 1073. Later, Gohar-A'in led the Seljuk negotiations for Malik-Shah's request to marry the daughter of
416:
soldier from the other side killed and beheaded him. (According to Ibn al-Jawzi, Gohar-A'in was instead killed because he fell on his own weapon.) Gohar-A'in's death made
Barkiyaruq's troops break completely and they fled.
103:
featuring both Gohar-A'in and Nizam al-Mulk, Nizam al-Mulk's contemptuous attitude toward Gohar-A'in may indicate that there was already animosity between the two – something that would become more apparent later.
261:
role in keeping order during further unrest in April/May 1088. Yet another riot broke out in July/August 1089, and most of the Dajjaj Canal quarter was looted and burned. Khumar Tekin, who was Gohar-A'in's
139:. Qavurt was defeated and taken captive before Malik-Shah, who ordered Gohar-A'in to execute Qavurt. Gohar-A'in in turn had his subordinates do the actual execution on his behalf.
845:
167:
was threatening to attack the palace unless he complied. Faced with the threat of violence, al-Muqtadi had no choice but to accede to Nizam al-Mulk's demand.
245:
playing a part in quelling them, they don't mention him by name so it's unclear if this was Gohar-A'in or someone else. Later in April or May 1087 he (and
374:
Shortly after Gohar-A'in was appointed by Barkiyaruq, a riot broke out in the Nasriya quarter of Baghdad in July 1093, which he suppressed. He had the
124:
objected because one of Ay Tekin's sons had killed one of al-Qa'im's mamluks. Gohar-A'in was appointed instead, and he arrived in Baghdad in January.
43:, on the other hand, spoke negatively of him, calling him "cunning like a dog, something like a beast, a man without penis, a woman without vagina".
395:
against Barkiyaruq for a while, but later he switched sides again and went back to supporting Barkiyaruq. The two sides eventually met in battle at
865:
121:
840:
31:
spoke highly of him, praising "his capability, clear view, and leadership of the army" as well as his "piousness, uprightness and justice".
368:
158:
of Baghdad – apparently the position had passed to someone else by then – and sent him to Baghdad to have the Abbasid caliph's vizier,
170:
In the meantime, Gohar-A'in's conduct had apparently been scaring some of the citizens of Baghdad – he was having drums played during
786:
116:- a position he would hold on-and-off for the rest of his life. Alp Arslan's original selection for the post, in December, had been
860:
420:
After his death, Gohar-A'in's body was brought to Baghdad and buried on the east side of the city, across from the
253:
249:) brought baggage for the wedding between the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi and the daughter of Malik-Shah in Baghdad.
271:
keeping diplomatic relations between the sultan and the caliph." Later, in 1090, he went to Basra along with the
202:, because he was under Nizam al-Mulk's protection and they were both enemies of Nizam al-Mulk. According to the
662:
159:
95:
573:
404:
187:
330:
287:
117:
276:
222:
421:
666:
371:, but Takrit had gone to Gumush Tekin after Malik-Shah's death and Gohar-A'in never held Takrit again.)
35:
also had a positive opinion of him, saying he "did not take anything for himself from the people of his
241:
there. Five riots broke out in Baghdad during the early months of 1086, but while sources do mention a
237:. After this campaign ended successfully, Gohar-A'in returned to Baghdad – presumably he was still the
162:, removed from office. Deadly riots had broken out in Baghdad the year before, and Nizam al-Mulk's son
835:
179:
64:
163:
91:
87:
27:. The name "Gohar-Ā'īn" means "jewel-mirror". Medieval authors had differing opinions about him –
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724:
234:
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195:
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204:
855:
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After Malik-Shah's death, Gohar-A'in behaved opportunistically. He originally supported
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in May 1100. In this battle, Gohar-A'in commanded Barkiyaruq's right flank, along with
829:
778:
The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir
728:
252:
In December 1087, Gohar-A'in took part in a second major campaign, this time against
99:
24:
632:
772:
351:, and he increased his salary at the same time. (As a side note about Gohar-A'in's
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209:
191:
132:
32:
28:
776:
272:
171:
56:
720:
326:
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80:
79:. After Malik ar-Rahim's death in 1058, Gohar-A'in ended up in the service of
23:
who served as a government official, diplomat, and military commander for the
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396:
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recited in Barkiyaruq's name in February 1094; Tutush had appointed his own
286:
In April/May 1091, Gohar-A'in played a role in removing the Abbasid vizier
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in August 1071. A mamluk under his command captured the Byzantine emperor
705:"The Banu Jahir and Their Role in the Abbasid and Saljuq Administrations"
408:
339:
263:
400:
376:
317:
113:
76:
68:
60:
40:
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in 1093, Gohar-A'in was placed in "a difficult situation". He went to
178:. I will not allow the delay." At one point he apparently entered the
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312:
136:
108:
20:
704:
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proclaimed in his name in Baghdad, but when Tutush had to return to
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322:
301:
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every day, and shouting "there is no choice except to hand me the
106:
In December 1071 or January 1072, Alp Arslan appointed Gohar-A'in
52:
190:
accompanied Malik-Shah to Khuzistan to go hunting. According to
131:
After Alp Arslan's death, a civil war broke out between his son
72:
333:
sided with him. Barkiyaruq excused him and re-appointed him as
229:. Also joining Ibn Jahir's campaign were the Seljuk emirs
63:
in 1044. Later he was in the service of Abu Kalijar's son
343:. However, within the same year, he gave Gohar-A'in the
384:
of Baghdad and attempted to get the caliph to say the
267:or deputy, was the one who handled this incident.
142:Malik-Shah held Gohar-A'in in high esteem, and as
154:In 1078, Nizam al-Mulk reappointed Gohar-A'in as
51:Early in life, Gohar-A'in was a mamluk under the
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337:of Baghdad, but he did confiscate Gohar-A'in's
775:; Richards, D.S. (translator) (4 April 2014).
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19:(died 1100) was an 11th-century Turkic eunuch
8:
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412:stumbled and he fell to the ground, where a
846:Government officials of the Seljuk Empire
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363:by Alp Arslan, and he had also received
151:, who had succeeded al-Qa'im as caliph.
433:
811:
801:
329:and apologized; the emirs Bursuq and
7:
781:. Routledge. pp. 196–8, 201.
315:to succeed Malik-Shah and had the
14:
194:, the two were plotting to kill
186:In January 1080, Gohar-A'in and
668:Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur
279:to help repel an attack by the
866:Slaves under the Buyid dynasty
86:Gohar-A'in was present at the
1:
841:Generals of the Seljuk Empire
633:"GOWHAR-ĀʾĪN, Saʿd-al-dawla"
391:Gohar-A'in later sided with
388:in his own name but failed.
290:from office. When an agent (
198:, the Jewish tax farmer of
112:, or military governor, of
882:
67:when he was imprisoned at
721:10.1080/09503110701823536
254:Mu'adhdhib ad-Dawla Ahmad
120:, but the Abbasid caliph
663:Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi
591:10.5356/orient1960.32.26
572:Shimizu, Kosuke (1997).
304:led by the Turkman amir
256:, the Arab ruler of the
217:was apparently dropped.
160:Fakhr ad-Dawla ibn Jahir
96:Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi
59:, who he accompanied to
17:Sa'd ad-Dawla Gohar-Ā'īn
405:Izz ad-Dawla ibn Sadaqa
288:Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari
188:Khumar Tekin al-Sharabi
331:Gumush Tekin al-Jandar
94:during the battle. In
637:Encyclopaedia Iranica
347:of the executed amir
118:Ay Tekin al-Sulaymani
75:by the Seljuk sultan
703:Hanne, Eric (2008).
355:, he had been given
277:Sayf ad-Dawla Sadaqa
861:11th-century slaves
422:Ribat of Abu Manjib
92:Romanos IV Diogenes
88:Battle of Manzikert
814:has generic name (
574:"AMĪR GAWHAR Ā'ĪN"
873:
820:
819:
813:
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799:
797:
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769:
740:
739:
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675:. pp. 595–6
673:Edward G. Browne
671:. Translated by
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393:Muhammad I Tapar
164:Mu'ayyad al-Mulk
135:and his brother
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631:Bosworth, C.E.
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180:Qasr al-Firdaws
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65:Malik ar-Rahim
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25:Seljuk Empire
22:
18:
792:. Retrieved
777:
773:Ibn al-Athir
732:. Retrieved
715:(1): 29–45.
712:
708:
677:. Retrieved
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640:. Retrieved
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595:. Retrieved
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210:Ibn al-Jawzi
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192:Ibn al-Athir
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172:prayer hours
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133:Malik-Shah I
130:
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107:
105:
85:
50:
36:
33:Ibn al-Athir
29:Ibn al-Jawzi
16:
15:
836:1100 deaths
273:Banu Mazyad
235:Anush Tekin
57:Abu Kalijar
830:Categories
428:References
327:Barkiyaruq
281:Qarmatians
231:Qara Tekin
149:al-Muqtadi
81:Alp Arslan
804:cite book
729:154985025
584:: 26–36.
414:Khorasani
397:Sefid Rud
223:Marwanids
196:Ibn Allan
794:27 March
734:22 March
709:Al-Masaq
679:28 March
642:28 March
597:28 March
409:Kerbogha
407:, while
205:Muntazam
122:al-Qa'im
856:Mamluks
851:Eunuchs
401:Hamadan
386:khutbah
377:khutbah
318:khutbah
258:Bata'ih
114:Baghdad
77:Tughril
69:Tabarik
61:Baghdad
41:Bundari
785:
727:
578:Orient
382:shahna
365:Takrit
349:Yalbad
335:shahna
313:Tutush
306:Chabaq
275:ruler
247:Bursuq
243:shahna
239:shahna
214:dinars
156:shahna
144:shahna
137:Qavurt
109:shahna
37:wilaya
21:mamluk
725:S2CID
582:XXXII
399:near
367:from
357:Wasit
353:iqtas
340:iqta'
323:Syria
302:Yemen
298:Hejaz
293:wakil
264:na'ib
200:Basra
176:wazir
71:near
55:amir
53:Buyid
816:help
796:2022
783:ISBN
736:2022
681:2022
644:2022
599:2022
361:iqta
345:iqta
300:and
233:and
73:Rayy
47:Life
717:doi
586:doi
359:as
225:of
208:of
39:".
832::
808::
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802:{{
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713:20
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