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A federal grand jury in Fort Smith indicted twenty
Cherokee who were present at the trial, as well as all the tribal court officers. The Cherokee Nation issued warrants for several Cherokee citizens. The suspects were taken to Fort Smith, Arkansas for trial, but all were eventually released due to
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Ezekial "Zeke" Proctor (Cherokee) was being tried for fatally shooting Polly Beck (Cherokee) and wounding her husband Jim
Kesterson, who was white. The trial was highly charged for both personal and political reasons. First, there were strong family ties between the accused and victims. Secondly,
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encroachment on land and culture. These members disapproved of
Cherokee women being involved romantically with white men. In 1872 Proctor thought Polly Beck should not be in a relationship with a white man; she had been widowed in an earlier marriage to a Cherokee. Both Proctor and Beck had white
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Because of the strong emotions related to the case, the trial was moved to the schoolhouse, seen as easier to defend than the courthouse. All participants of the trial were heavily armed. Without issuing a warning, members of the group with the Deputy US Marshals attacked the schoolhouse. In the
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Proctor is known to have confronted Polly and Jim on
February 27 at her late husband's mill in the Oklahoma Territory. They argued and Proctor shot Kesterson in the head with a rifle, slightly wounding him. Proctor also shot Polly, killing her. Proctor said that he had accidentally killed her.
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and intended to prosecute. Yet another version claims
Proctor had been previously involved romantically with Polly, who was known locally to have dated several men, most of them white. He was said to be in love with her. Another version says that Proctor had never been involved with Polly, but
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and was deeply resented by the
Cherokee people. The federal court dispatched a ten-member posse including two Deputy US Marshals to secure the arrest of Proctor at the court house in Tahlequah if he was acquitted by the Cherokee jury. Five members of the Beck clan traveled with this posse.
182:.) The dead included three Cherokee on the defendant's side, including his attorney and a brother; a US Deputy Marshal and four members of his federal posse, plus three relatives of the Cherokee murder victim. Another ten men were wounded, including both Cherokee and white men.
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Some versions say that Jim
Kesterson had previously been involved with Proctor's sister, Susan, and had left her for Polly. Susan and the children were left destitute (it is said the children were not Kesterson's). Another version says that Kesterson caught Proctor stealing
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Zeke
Proctor returned to live in the area. By the 1880s he owned a small ranch. He was elected as a Cherokee Senator in 1877, and in 1894 was elected sheriff of the Flint District of the Cherokee Nation. He served as a deputy US marshal from 1891 to 1894, under Judge
194:. Because Kesterson was white, the US District Court said it had jurisdiction to prosecute Proctor for his attack on the non-Native, although the incident occurred within the Cherokee Nation. It had jurisdiction over non-Native federal crimes in
267:. Most of the Cherokee Nation was allied with the Confederacy; many of its members were slaveholders, and the Confederate representatives had promised the Cherokee and other Native Americans an Indian state if they were victorious in the war.
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of Steven
Hilderbrand (Cherokee), who had been killed during the Civil War. She remarried several times after his death. Jim Kesterson (or Chesterson), who was white, was either her fourth or fifth husband. Polly had one brother and two
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The second posse arrested several men believed to have been involved in the killing of the marshals, including jury foreman Arch Scaper. The
Cherokee did not resist the second posse, but Zeke Proctor had fled by the time it arrived.
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Proctor. District Attorney James Huckleberry dispatched a large posse from Fort Smith under the command of Deputy US Marshal Charles Robinson. They took with them two doctors, who helped tend to Cherokees wounded in the shootout.
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The United States Marshals and the Cherokee Nation have differing accounts of what contributed to the shootout in the court. Over time, other versions of the initial incident have surfaced, but all tend to indicate three facts:
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Stories diverge here, but one version says Proctor surrendered himself after the murder of Polly to the sheriff of the Goingsnake District of the Cherokee Nation. Cherokee judge Blackhawk Sixkiller was appointed to the case.
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Treaties with the United States federal government said that Cherokee Nation courts would have jurisdiction over Cherokee people. The prospect of non-tribal law officers being involved in the case was considered a threat to
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Following the war, tensions between the Proctors and the Becks were high; due mostly to the wartime loyalties, but also to Proctor's alleged romantic interest in Polly Beck. Proctor was a member of the
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But, shooting broke out in the crowded courtroom during the proceedings: one of the US Deputy Marshals and seven men associated with him (including three Beck clan); and three
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ensuing melee, eight of the posse members were killed or mortally wounded and nine Cherokee, including Proctor and the judge, were wounded, several mortally.
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Chesterson, believing Proctor would not be convicted in a Cherokee court, appealed to the regional federal district court, asking that an arrest
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the Cherokee and the United States had a jurisdictional dispute over prosecution of the shooting of Kesterton, because he was a white man. The
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to attend the trial. Five Beck clan members accompanied them. The posse members included two regulars and six newly appointed white men from
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who worked with the Deputy US Marshals based at Fort Smith, the site of the US District Court for Western Arkansas and Indian Territory.
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Hilderbrand's (or Beck's) Mill was the site where Proctor killed Beck and wounded Kesterson. It was located in the Flint community of
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citizens were killed in the méleé, including the defendant's attorney and the defendant's brother. Another ten men were wounded.
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338:. This 1933 photograph shows the structure built around 1900 to replace the original mill where the shootings occurred.
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At the time, the Beck family were not considered official posse members. Three were killed and one wounded.
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2. Jim Kesterson, a white man, had once been married to Proctor's sister, and was now married to Polly Beck.
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1. The murder suspect, Zeke Proctor, was known to object to Cherokee women being involved with white men.
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Julius Pinkey Killebrew was thought to have been killed, but had hidden under one of the benches.
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on April 15, 1872, that broke out during a murder and assault trial in the Cherokee court in the
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876:"The West's Worst Shootout: The tragedy at Goingsnake left 11 men dead – and a lot of questions"
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or witnesses willing to testify. The federal government later dismissed all indictments.
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be issued to ensure that Proctor received a trial in a non-Cherokee court in
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The Cherokee authorities moved the trial to a different location. The jury
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Polly Beck was described as an attractive woman of mixed race. She was the
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Deputy US Marshal Jacob Owens died of his wounds the following day.
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United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas
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579:"Blood Bath at Going Snake: The Cherokee Courtroom Shootout"
263:. All of the Beck family men, also Cherokee, fought for the
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Courtroom shootout in the Cherokee Nation os Oklahoma (1872)
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Posse member William Beck died the following day of wounds.
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Blood Bath at Going Snake: The Cherokee Courtroom Shootout
860:. Indiana: ScarletMask Enterprises. pp. 268–270.
597:"Cherokee Arts & Humanities Council: Zeke Proctor"
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Tahlequah, OK: Cross Cultural Education Center. p. 61.
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Deadly Affrays: The Violent Deaths of the US Marshals
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History – Line of Duty deaths prevalent in Old West
352:women marrying or being involved with a white man.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
460:Johnson Proctor, brother to defendant Zeke Proctor
326:3. Proctor had a romantic interest in Polly Beck.
917:Points West Article – Violence Would Not Prevail
280:fathers themselves, but identified as Cherokee.
198:, and all federal crimes in western Arkansas.
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8:
816:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
791:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
766:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
741:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
716:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
677:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
652:"The Officer Down Memorial Page Remembers ."
564:Fourkiller, Nick and Wendell Cochran. 1983.
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852:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941.
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489:Isaac Vann (a/k/a Isaac Vinn or Isaac Van)
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
888:(3). Tombstone, AZ: 3, 8–9. March 2022.
166:refers to the eleven victims of a fatal
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201:The US District Court had assigned two
849:Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State.
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566:Historic Sites of the Cherokee Nation.
223:The incident has also been called the
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
1032:Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight
435:Deputy US Marshal Joseph G. Peevey
14:
469:Andrew Palone, Civil War veteran
23:
1132:Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon
34:needs additional citations for
441:Posse member George McLaughlin
1:
1698:19th-century Cherokee history
534:West Siloam Springs, Oklahoma
205:to lead an eight-man federal
1654:List of Old West gunfighters
1586:Baxter's Curve Train Robbery
1581:Overland Flyer Train Robbery
1375:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
641:Federal Writers' Project 258
407:Posse member George Selvidge
393:United States Marshals posse
287:brawls in the small town of
229:Cherokee Courthouse Shootout
190:had limited jurisdiction in
1688:American Old West gunfights
1551:Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
1252:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
1047:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
444:Posse member White Sut Beck
424:Posse member Black Sut Beck
283:He was involved in several
273:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1724:
1650:List of Old West gunfights
1647:
1531:Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight
1405:Placer County Railroad War
702:"Posseman George Selvidge"
404:Posse member William Hicks
1703:1872 in the United States
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1541:Skeleton Canyon massacres
1227:Short–Courtright Shootout
1057:Vaudeville Theater ambush
1037:Guadalupe Canyon Massacre
1012:Gunfight at Blazer's Mill
463:Moses Alberty, Proctor's
138:Goingsnake District (now
1390:McIntosh County Seat War
1182:Skeleton Canyon shootout
1112:Shootout at Wilson Ranch
1102:Shootout on Juneau Wharf
1017:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
844:Federal Writers' Project
621:Federal Writers' Project
413:Posse member Riley Woods
1658:List of Old West lawmen
1536:Northfield Bank Robbery
1315:Regulator–Moderator War
1242:Anderson-McCluskie duel
477:Zeke Proctor, defendant
438:Posse member Paul Jones
1591:Jarbidge Stage Robbery
1566:Fairbank Train Robbery
1556:Wham Paymaster robbery
1395:Deschutes Railroad War
1370:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
1277:Higgins–Standifer duel
1177:Power's Cabin shootout
1167:Shootout in Sonoratown
1147:Canyon Diablo shootout
1082:Battle of Tres Jacales
1077:Battle of Stone Corral
908:U.S. Marshalls Service
856:Ernst, Robert (2006).
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180:Adair County, Oklahoma
1648:Further information:
1632:Rock Springs massacre
1546:Battle of Coffeyville
1470:San Elizario Salt War
1380:Brooks–McFarland feud
1345:Colorado Railroad War
1222:Duels of Tom Carberry
1127:Chinese Massacre Cove
1122:Battleground Gunfight
1027:Mussel Slough Tragedy
1022:Variety Hall shootout
1007:Battle of Bates Point
997:Gunfight at Hide Park
928:"Goingsnake Massacre"
881:The Tombstone Epitaph
536:'s Johnson Cemetery.
427:Posse member Sam Beck
410:Posse member Jim Ward
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58:"Goingsnake massacre"
1561:Black Bart Robberies
1335:Horrell–Higgins feud
1247:Canton–Dunn Shootout
1212:Hickok–Tutt Shootout
1202:Broderick–Terry duel
1142:Gunfight at Spokogee
1107:Hot Springs gunfight
43:improve this article
1627:Hay Meadow massacre
1576:Big Springs Robbery
1500:Stuart's Stranglers
1450:Pleasant Valley War
1415:Colorado Labor Wars
1385:Reese–Townsend feud
1282:Western Code Duello
1267:Burton Mossman duel
1257:South Pass Shootout
1092:Gunfight at Morenci
1042:Battle of the Plaza
1002:Goingsnake massacre
483:Blackhawk Sixkiller
172:Goingsnake District
164:Goingsnake Massacre
123:
122:Goingsnake Massacre
1571:Gage Train Robbery
1510:Deep Creek murders
1495:Sheepshooters' War
1485:Fence Cutting Wars
1460:Colorado Range War
1440:Johnson County War
1420:Idaho labor strike
1350:Earp Vendetta Ride
1330:Sutton–Taylor feud
1320:Lincoln County War
1262:Walker–Graham duel
1152:Shootout in Benson
1137:Thibodaux massacre
1097:Blackwell gunfight
1072:Battle of Cimarron
1062:Hunnewell gunfight
930:. MarlinOwners.com
377:tribal sovereignty
340:
253:American Civil War
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233:Proctor-Beck Fight
225:Goingsnake Tragedy
203:Deputy US Marshals
1708:April 1872 events
1683:Massacres in 1872
1678:Conflicts in 1872
1665:
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1637:Morewood massacre
1617:Lexington murders
1515:Spring Creek raid
1465:Colfax County War
1455:Castaic Range War
1340:Brooks–Baxter War
1272:Silks–Fultom duel
1217:Duels of Jim Levy
1162:Battle of Eufaula
1087:Battle of Ingalls
1052:Trinidad Gunfight
277:European-American
259:, fought for the
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1505:Hashknife Outfit
1445:Mason County War
1400:Boyce–Sneed feud
1360:Flynn–Doran feud
1325:Lee–Peacock feud
1310:Tutt–Everett War
1237:Mart Duggan duel
1172:Gleeson gunfight
1117:Gunfight in Moab
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
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21:
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1410:Bellevue War
1001:
932:. Retrieved
885:
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848:
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
810:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
785:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
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749:. Retrieved
745:the original
735:
724:. Retrieved
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486:John Proctor
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348:opposed any
341:
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247:Zeke Proctor
232:
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184:
178:(now within
163:
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140:Adair County
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
251:During the
1672:Categories
1607:Gunfighter
1490:Sheep Wars
934:2013-09-14
867:0975321919
838:References
826:2006-09-08
801:2006-09-08
776:2006-09-08
751:2006-09-08
726:2006-09-08
687:2006-09-08
662:2006-09-08
607:2012-03-04
583:Historynet
495:Joe Chaney
388:Casualties
369:Fort Smith
289:Cincinnati
261:Union Army
239:Background
211:Fort Smith
156:11 wounded
69:newspapers
1524:Robberies
1475:Pecos War
1194:showdowns
1192:Duels and
989:Gunfights
973:Gunfights
894:1940-221X
509:acquitted
503:Aftermath
473:Wounded:
431:Wounded:
154:11 killed
1600:See also
981:Old West
522:evidence
520:lack of
465:attorney
452:Cherokee
350:Cherokee
311:Massacre
293:Arkansas
231:and the
218:Cherokee
168:shootout
144:Oklahoma
135:Location
99:May 2020
979:in the
886:CXXXXII
552:Ernst,
365:warrant
257:Georgia
174:of the
151:Outcome
83:scholar
1656:, and
1612:Cowboy
892:
864:
456:Dead:
397:Dead:
345:cattle
285:saloon
227:, the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1430:Range
1292:Feuds
977:feuds
540:Notes
481:Judge
300:widow
207:posse
90:JSTOR
76:books
1432:wars
975:and
890:ISSN
862:ISBN
162:The
127:Date
62:news
623:257
45:by
1674::
1652:,
910:,
884:.
878:.
846:.
628:^
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291:,
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142:,
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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