1347:
1569:, and there is some evidence that high breeding densities of the kinglet depress the population of the warbler, although the converse is not true. There is no evidence that the species compete for territories, and in any case the chiffchaff is 50% heavier than the goldcrest. Nevertheless, there are 1.5 million breeding pairs of goldcrests in Finland, compared with 0.4 million breeding pairs of chiffchaffs, and only the kinglet has increased in numbers as the area of spruce woodland in the country has expanded. The goldcrest may be out-competing the warbler for food, especially as the larger bird faces more competition from other insectivores, including other
705:
1627:
1646:, of a maximum of 10 °C (18 °F) below normal body temperature, in order to reduce energy consumption overnight. However, in freezing conditions, it may be that for very small birds, including the tiny goldcrest, the energy economies of induced hypothermia may be insufficient to counterbalance the negative effects of hypothermia including the energy required to raise body temperature back to normal at dawn. Observations of five well-fed birds suggest that they maintain normal body temperatures during cold nights by metabolising fat laid down during the day, and that they actually use behavioural
1377:
1395:
1359:
1413:
728:
496:
319:
1562:(which protect a bird's eye from food items it is trying to capture), and these features reflect the larger prey taken by the species. The firecrest's less forked tail may reflect its longer episodes of hovering while hunting. Firecrests forage more often while on foot, and have a foot better adapted for perching, whereas the goldcrest's longer hind toe reflects its habit of moving vertically along branches while feeding. It also has deep furrows in the soles of its feet capable of gripping individual needles, while firecrests have a smoother surface.
1442:, which are common, are laid usually while the first nest still has young. The male builds the second nest, then feeds the young in the first nest while the female is incubating in the second; when the first brood has fledged, he joins the female in feeding the second brood. The female goldcrest is not normally fed by her mate while incubating. She is a tight sitter, reluctant to leave the nest when disturbed, and has been recorded as continuing to attend the nest when it has been moved, or even when it is being held.
1779:
554:
1328:
and other phenomena like males singing mixed or alternating songs, were most frequent when one species locally far outnumbered the other; in other circumstances, the two species learned to ignore each other's songs. However, in very small areas of conifers it is rare for the goldcrest and the firecrest to share territories; either one or the other is present, but not both. A male goldcrest will defend his territory against either species, sometimes including some firecrest phrases in his song.
1249:
582:. The entire song lasts 3â4 seconds and is repeated 5â7 times a minute. This song, often uttered while the male is foraging, can be heard in most months of the year. There is also a subdued rambling subsong. Male goldcrests sometimes show a territorial response to recordings of the songs or calls of the common firecrest, but the reverse is apparently not true, since the songs of the common firecrest are simpler in construction than those of its relatives.
132:
717:
1133:
1800:(23â79 AD) both wrote about the legend of a contest among the birds to see who should be their king, the title to be awarded to the one that could fly highest. Initially, it looked as though the eagle would win easily, but as he began to tire, a small bird that had hidden under the eagle's tail feathers emerged to fly even higher and claimed the title. Following from this legend, in much European folklore the
258:
107:
751:
1756:
winter survival depended on the density of the food supply. For these northern birds there is a trade off between staying put and risking starvation, or facing the perils of migration. Even in somewhat milder regions, where over-wintering is normal, exceptionally cold winters can cause such heavy losses that breeding populations take several years to recover. In 1930, the
English ornithologist
1475:
962:
1655:
reserves to reach the wintering areas. The proportion of migrating males increases as they travel south through Europe. There is competition within the species even during migration, and the larger and more aggressive males may get more food. Their death rate is therefore lower than that of the females both on the southward migration, and in resident populations.
1306:
western or southern Europe. A general climatic change resulting in more frequent positive North
Atlantic oscillation events has led to earlier spring migration of these short-distance migrants since the 1980s. The warmer spring weather brings on plant growth, thus preparing the habitat for returning migrants. The effect is greatest in western and central Europe.
1274:
greater for the northernmost populations. Migration was faster on routes that crossed the Baltic Sea than on coastal routes, and the birds with the largest fat reserves travelled at the highest speeds. The ability to lay down fat is adversely affected in this tiny bird by poor health. In
Hungary, goldcrests stopping temporarily on migration were mostly found in
56:
1862:
590:
are also two main dialect groups on the Canary islands, a widespread group similar to the
European version, and another that is restricted to the mountains of Tenerife. The song variations have been used to investigate the colonisation pattern of the Macaronesian islands by goldcrests, and identified a previously unknown subspecies.
478:. The crown of the head has black sides and a narrow black front, and a bright crest, yellow with an orange centre in the male, and entirely yellow in the female; the crest is erected in display, making the distinctive orange stripe of the male much more conspicuous. The small, thin bill is black, and the legs are dark flesh-brown.
1609:
used the inner canopy. In sites where the numbers of willow and crested tits was artificially reduced, goldcrests and coal tits extended their foraging to include the inner canopy, but did not do so where the larger tits were retained. In some areas, wintering birds have developed the habit of coming
1336:
hair. The nest is larger, shallower and less compact than that of the firecrest, with an internal diameter of about 9.0 cm (3.5 in), and is constructed by both sexes, although the female does most of the work. It is often suspended from a hanging branch, usually at no great height, although
530:
species and a potential vagrant in Europe, could be more difficult to distinguish. It has a plain face like its Old World cousin, but the male has a red crest without any yellow or a black border. Female and juvenile ruby-crowned kinglets lack the ruby-red crown patch, but compared with the similarly
1541:
may sometimes be taken. Flying insects are taken in hovering flight but not normally pursued; there is a record of a goldcrest attacking a large dragonfly in flight, only to be dragged along by the insect before releasing it unharmed. Goldcrests will occasionally feed on the ground among leaf-litter
1450:
in a further 17 to 22 days later. Both parents feed the chicks and fledged young, and in very hot weather, the female has been noted as taking drops of water to her chicks in her bill. This species becomes sexually mature after one year, and has an annual adult mortality of over 80 per cent giving a
589:
populations. Not only are there variations between islands and within an island, but individual males on the Azores can have up to three song types. The dialects on the Azores fall into two main groups, neither of which elicited a response from male
European goldcrests in playback experiments. There
1557:
The goldcrest feeds in trees, frequently foraging on the undersides of branches and leaves. This is in contrast to the common firecrest, which mainly exploits the upper surface of branches in coniferous habitat and of leaves in deciduous trees. In winter, flocks of goldcrests cover a given distance
1513:
and eggs of spiders and insects, and occasionally take pollen. All species will catch flying insects while hovering. Although the similarly sized goldcrest and firecrest are often found together, there are a number of factors that minimise direct competition for food. Goldcrests prefer smaller prey
1465:
between goldcrests and firecrests seems to be prevented by differences in courtship rituals and different facial patterns. Even in aviary studies in which a female goldcrest was given an artificial eyestripe to facilitate mating with a male firecrest, the chicks were never raised by the mixed pair,
1327:
involving bowing its head towards another bird and raising the coloured crest. Firecrests will sometimes defend their territories against goldcrests, but the amount of actual competition between the species may not be very great. A Spanish study suggested that territorial conflicts between species,
1335:
is a well-insulated cup-shaped structure built in three layers. The nest's outer layer is made from moss, small twigs, cobwebs and lichen, the cobwebs also being used to attach the nest to the thin branches that support it. The middle layer is moss, which is lined by an inner layer of feathers and
1264:
and Russia vacate their territories between late August and early
November, with most leaving in late September to mid-October as the first cold weather arrives. Adverse conditions may lead to disorientation, large numbers gathering on ships on overcast or wet nights. Large influxes include 15,000
1764:
Until the severe winter of 1916â17 the
Goldcrest was abundant and widespread, nesting in all the wooded portions of our islands; in 1920 it could have little more than an obituary notice, for the nesting stock was practically "wiped out." ... and for some years, even as a winter visitor, the
1445:
The eggs are maintained at 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), the female regulating the temperature of the eggs by varying the time spent sitting. She leaves the nest more with increasing air temperature, and incubates more tightly when the light intensity is lower early and late in the day. The female
1596:
in winter, hunts over a greater range of heights and vegetation types than when feeding alone. For species that tend to feed in flocks, foraging success while in a flock was about twice that for solitary birds. A consequence of feeding in a flock is that foraging sites may be restricted to avoid
1755:
Although dense conifer growth can provide shelter for roosting at night, losses in hard winters can be heavy. In a
Finnish study, only one-tenth of the wintering goldcrest population, which mainly fed on spiders, survived to spring. Each group roamed within a defined winter territory, and their
1650:
strategies, such as collective roosting in dense foliage or snow holes to survive winter nights. Two birds roosting together reduce their heat loss by a quarter, and three birds by a third. During an 18âhour winter night, with temperatures as low as â25 °C (â13 °F) in the north of its
1305:
is an atmospheric phenomenon affecting the weather in
Western Europe. When the atmospheric pressure variations in the North Atlantic are large, the springs in Europe are warmer. This brings forward the northward migration of those bird species (including the goldcrest) that winter mainly within
1273:
A study in the Baltic region showed that northern goldcrests were more likely to migrate, and increased their body mass beforehand; non-migratory southern birds did not increase their fat reserves. The travel speed of migrating goldcrests increased for those leaving later in the autumn, and was
486:
may be retained into the first winter, by then the young birds are almost indistinguishable from adults in the field. The flight is distinctive; it consists of whirring wing-beats with occasional sudden changes of direction. Shorter flights while feeding are a mix of dashing and fluttering with
1654:
Migrating birds rely largely on stored fat and they also metabolise protein as a supplementary source of energy. Those with a relatively large amount of fat, may make stops during migration of only 1â2 days; although they have lost weight since commencing their journey, they have enough energy
1808:
species, the fiery crowns of the goldcrest and firecrest making them more likely to be the original bearers of these titles, and, because of the legend's reference to the "smallest of birds" becoming king, the title was probably transferred to the equally tiny wren. The confusion was probably
1269:
in
October 1982, and nearly 21,000 birds through a single site in Latvia during September and October 1983. Spring migration is complete by late March on the Mediterranean islands, but continues to late April or early May in northern Europe. The spring passage is much lighter than in autumn,
481:
Apart from the crest colour, the sexes are alike, although in fresh plumage, the female may have very slightly paler upper-parts and greyer underparts than the adult male. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but has duller upper-parts and lacks the coloured crown. Although the tail and
338:
1429:
Laying starts at the end of April into early May. The eggs are whitish with very indistinct buff, grey or brown markings at the broad end. The eggs are 14 mm Ă 10 mm (0.55 in Ă 0.39 in) and weigh 0.8 g (0.028 oz), of which 5% is shell. The
949:
species altogether. They were sometimes called the Tenerife goldcrest, no matter which of the islands they lived on; however, a 2006 study of the vocalisations of these birds indicate that they actually comprise two subspecies of the goldcrest that are separable on voice;
1575:
warblers. Both birds occur in similar forests, but the chiffchaff is found within 100 m (330 ft) of the forest edge, with the goldcrest breeding deeper in the woodland. Nevertheless, there is no conclusive evidence that the decline of the chiffchaff subspecies
573:
given at intervals of 1â4 seconds, with all the notes at the same pitch. It sometimes has a more clipped ending, or is delivered more rapidly. The call is higher and less rough than that of the firecrest. The song of the male goldcrest is a very high, thin double note
519:(eyebrow) and black eye-stripe, and the juvenile usually shows enough of this face pattern to be readily distinguished from the plain-faced goldcrest. The yellow-browed warbler has a yellowish supercilium and pale crown stripe, so also shows a different head pattern.
1752:. There was some northward range expansion in Scotland, Belgium, Norway, and Finland during the 20th century, assisted by the spread of conifer plantations. The population is currently stable, although there may be temporary marked declines in harsh winters.
1587:
Outside the breeding season, small groups of goldcrests maintain exclusive winter feeding territories, which they defend against neighbouring groups. As they roam around their territory, they frequently join loose flocks of other wanderers such as
1769:
Conversely, populations can expand rapidly after a series of mild winters. In lowland Britain, there was an increase of 48% following the 1970/71 winter, with many pairs spreading into deciduous woodlands where they would not normally breed.
1346:
1180:
are used only when some spruce or firs are also present. Sites such as parks and cemeteries are used only when they offer suitable conifers that are not otherwise locally available. The height and nature of any undergrowth is irrelevant.
1679:
also hunt goldcrests. The erratic movements and flights of small woodland birds, which are vulnerable to attack while away from cover, may help to confuse their predators. The goldcrest has only very rarely been recorded as a host of the
1558:
at only one-third of the speed of common firecrests, taking the smallest prey items ignored by their relative. The differences in behaviour are facilitated by subtle morphological differences; firecrests have broader bills with longer
1294:. Females migrated slightly earlier than males, but overall there were more males, with an average sex ratio of 1.6:1. Goldcrests can fly 250â800 km (160â500 mi) in one day, although they keep at a lower level in heavy
1192:, both of which forage on tree trunks, the kinglets do not need large woodlands, and their population density is independent of forest size. Once breeding is over, this species will readily move into deciduous trees and shrubs,
944:
Birds from the Canary Islands are particularly distinctive having a black forehead, pink-buff underparts and a darker closed wing, and have been sometimes treated either as a subspecies of the common firecrest or as a different
469:
The goldcrest is the smallest European bird, 8.5â9.5 cm (3.3â3.7 in) in length, with a 13.5â15.5 cm (5.3â6.1 in) wingspan and a weight of 4.5â7.0 g (0.16â0.25 oz). It is similar in appearance to a
541:
78:
401:
This kinglet has greenish upper-parts, whitish under-parts, and has two white wingbars. It has a plain face contrasting black irises and a bright head crest, orange and yellow in the male and yellow in the female, which is
1457:
species. There are nonetheless records of an individual surviving to 4 years 10 months, and even a report of a bird ringed in Winchester in the UK in 1989 and found dead in Morocco 7 years and 7 months later.
344:
342:
340:
343:
686:
races of goldcrest, and genetic data show that it is the closest relative of that species, and, despite its alternative name, only distantly related to the firecrest. The flamecrest diverged from the goldcrest
835:
are considered to be fraudulent. It is distinctive, with the black edges to the crest largely absent. The crown of the male is yellower than in other forms, and the underparts are much duller and greyer.
1438:
and also by putting her warm legs into the middle of the pile between the eggs. Within a clutch the size of eggs increases gradually and the last laid egg may be 20% larger than the first egg. Second
1744:
The goldcrest has a large range, estimated at 13.2 million km (5.1 million mi) and a total population estimated at 80â200 million individuals, and it is therefore classed as
341:
2518:
Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae, complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c
1021:, about 100,000 years ago. It is likely that the initial colonisation was of the easternmost islands, with a subsequent spread to the central and western island groups from the western
1724:
and in Spain. These lice move over the host's body, and have strong mouthparts that pierce the host's skin so that they can feed on blood, and sometimes feather material. A number of
2416:
1846:
provided the transport. Suffolk fishermen called this bird "herring spink" or "tot o'er seas" because migrating goldcrests often landed on the rigging of herring boats out in the
542:
79:
1838:'s short poem, "The Gold-crested Wren", first published in 1868. An old English name for the goldcrest is the "woodcock pilot", since migrating birds preceded the arrival of
3640:
Alatalo, Rauno V; Gustafsson, Lars; Linden, Mats; Lundberg, Arne (October 1985). "Interspecific Competition and niche shifts in tits and the Goldcrest: an experiment".
2503:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
766:, there are nine generally accepted and very similar subspecies, differing only in details such as plumage shade. At the genetic level, the two Central Asian forms,
4906:
1237:
This species has bred in Iceland since about 1999, and was widespread by 2004, although numbers are affected by hard winters. Breeding occurs intermittently in the
3965:
3126:
Becker, Peter H (1977). "Verhalten auf LautĂ€uĂerungen der Zwillingsart, interspezifische TerritorialitĂ€t und HabitatansprĂŒche von Winter- und SommergoldhĂ€hnchen (
4958:
585:
The songs of mainland goldcrests vary only slightly across their range and consist of a single song type, but much more divergence has occurred in the isolated
1376:
5051:
1831:, "kinglet"). In English, the association between the goldcrest and Eurasian wren may have been reinforced by the kinglet's old name of "gold-crested wren".
1412:
871:(Loudon, 1911). Breeds in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It is paler above than the nominate subspecies, and greyish-green rather than olive.
1842:
by a couple of days. There are unfounded legends that the goldcrest would hitch a ride in the feathers of the larger bird, and similar stories claimed that
339:
1394:
1358:
3845:
996:(Seebohm, 1883). Found on Tenerife and La Gomera, Canary Islands; it is a distinctive, small subspecies with a black forehead and pink-buff underparts.
1340:
reported nests at heights from 1.0â22 m (3.3â72.2 ft). One pair built their nest just 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above that of a sparrowhawk.
540:
378:
feathers, as well as being called the "king of the birds" in European folklore, gives rise to its English and scientific names. The scientific name,
4880:
4179:
1260:, northernmost populations deserting their breeding areas in winter. Birds winter in Europe and Asia south of the breeding range. Birds in northern
774:, are very close to each other, and have differentiated only in the recent past, but they diverged from the western subspecies around 2.8 mya.
682:) of Taiwan have also been a source of much debate. It is sometimes viewed as a race of firecrest, but its territorial song resembles those of the
4919:
445:
by the female alone, and the chicks are fed by both parents; second broods are common. This kinglet is constantly on the move as it searches for
2193:
PĂ€ckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Hofmeister, Tanja (January 2001). "LautĂ€uĂerungen der SommergoldhĂ€hnchen von den Inseln Madeira und Mallorca (
4478:
4412:
4370:
4343:
4296:
3792:
3732:
3470:
3415:
3216:
3028:
2608:
2482:
2153:
2111:
2018:
1964:
1177:
507:
The goldcrest is usually easily distinguished from other small birds in its range, but poor views could possibly lead to confusion with the
503:, in Belgium. The goldcrest has a bright crest and a relatively plain face. The orange tinge of the hindcrown indicates that this is a male.
5071:
4429:
2965:
1514:
than common firecrests. Although both will take trapped insects from spider webs on autumn migration, firecrests will also eat the large
3555:
2819:
2447:
1298:. This is a tame and inquisitive bird, and tired migrants will land near or on humans, sometimes searching for food on their clothing.
4535:
3460:
1434:
in Europe is typically 9â11 eggs, but ranges from 6â13. The eggs are piled up in the nest and the female keeps the eggs warm with her
2886:
2326:"A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data"
382:, means 'petty king' or prince. Several subspecies are recognised across the very large distribution range that includes much of the
3592:
3810:"A comparative analysis of the evolution of variation in appearance of eggs of European passerines in relation to brood parasitism"
3678:
Reinertsen, Randi Eidsmo; Haftorn, Svein; Thaler, Ellen (1988). "Is hypothermia necessary for the winter survival of the Goldcrest
704:
5066:
5010:
2274:
PĂ€ckert, Martin; Dietzen, Christian; Martens, Jochen; Wink, Michael; Kvist, Laura (July 2006). "Radiation of Atlantic goldcrests
999:
4147:
4841:
2593:
786:
247:
4048:
Clayton, Dale H; Tompkins, Daniel M (1995). "Comparative effects of mites and lice on the reproductive success of rock doves (
1626:
4924:
1207:. It is common only in that habitat, becoming rare in pine forest, where it occurs only where tree-heath is also available.
531:
crestless juvenile goldcrest, the American bird is larger in size, has an obvious whitish eyering, and yellowish wing bars.
4446:
2594:"Phylogeography and the Evolutionary time-scale of Passerine Radiations in the Sino-Himalayan Region (Aves: Passeriformes)"
414:), which largely shares its European range, but the latter's bronze shoulders and strong face pattern are distinctive. The
4945:
4789:
1942:
1252:
On foggy or overcast nights, goldcrests and other disorientated migrants can be attracted to lighthouses in large numbers.
735:
602:, but frequently given family status, especially as recent research shows that despite superficial similarities, they are
3748:
Jenni-Eiermann, Susanne; Jenni, Lukas (1991). "Metabolic responses to flight and fasting in night-migrating passerines".
1593:
1222:, and thus predominantly in cooler climates than the firecrest. Further east it occurs discontinuously through southern
3980:
1176:
in Ireland, and goldcrests constituted over 60% of all birds found in Welsh Douglas fir and Norway spruce plantations.
1080:, Azores; its upper-parts are a darker olive-green than those of the nominate form, and the underparts are also darker.
727:
318:
5002:
4766:
3045:
1090:
661:
461:, but its large range and population mean that it is not considered to present any significant conservation concerns.
2792:
495:
474:, with olive-green upper-parts, buff-white underparts, two white wing bars, and a plain face with conspicuous black
4859:
2143:
1337:
1302:
1210:
The goldcrest has a huge range in Eurasia, breeding from Macaronesia to Japan. It is common in middle and northern
31:
4963:
1804:
has been described as the "king of the birds" or as a flame bearer. However, these terms were also applied to the
5061:
4872:
4007:"Diversidad y distribucion de las especies de Mallophaga (Insecta) en aves y mamĂferos de la comunidad de Madrid"
3404:
Ricklefs, R E; "Sibling competition, hatching asynchrony, incubation period, and lifespan in altricial birds" in
1148:
woodlands, mainly up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft), and occasionally to 4,800 m (15,700 ft). It uses
2724:
Löhrl, Hans; Thaler, Ellen; Christie, David A (September 1996). "Status and behaviour of the Tenerife Kinglet".
2375:"Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passerifor-mes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences"
1124:. The goldcrest lineage diverged from this apparent ancestor of the common firecrest in the Middle Pleistocene.
131:
4312:
2726:
2171:
1054:
800:
3896:
3203:
Crick, Humphrey Q P (1993). "Goldcrest". In Gibbons, David Wingham; Reid, James B; Chapman, Robert A (eds.).
2863:
2533:
Lecons d'anatomie comparee de M. G. Cuvier, Recueillies et publiees sous ses yeux, par C. Dumeril et Duvernoy
487:
frequent hovering. It moves restlessly among foliage, regularly creeping on branches and up and down trunks.
5056:
1835:
3303:
Hafton, Svein (1986). "Clutch size, intraclutch egg size variation, and breeding strategy in the Goldcrest
2747:"Song dialects as diagnostic charactersâacoustic differentiation of the Canary Island Goldcrest subspecies
2227:
PĂ€ckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen (2004). "Song dialects on the Atlantic islands: goldcrests of the Azores (
1778:
4753:
4683:
4648:
4528:
4246:
1765:
Goldcrest remained rare, absent from most of its nesting haunts. It is, however, now fully re-established.
1172:. Breeding densities of up to 591 pairs per square km (1,530 pairs per square mile) have been recorded in
1061:
38:
4202:
3939:
2797:
sp. n. â the first fossil Kinglet (Aves: Sylviidae) from the Late Pliocene of Varshets, Western Bulgaria"
2374:
4771:
4498:
3366:
Haftorn, Svein (1978). "Egg-laying and regulation of egg temperature during incubation in the Goldcrest
1786:
1651:
range, goldcrests huddled together can each burn off fat equivalent to 20% of body weight to keep warm.
1083:
832:
512:
226:
3233:
1913:
1323:. The male sings during the breeding season, usually while foraging rather than from a perch. It has a
1712:
1248:
553:
5015:
4730:
4721:
4666:
4387:
3864:
3342:
3208:
1664:
1291:
1189:
1044:
1033:
1026:
1014:
958:, the western Canary Islands goldcrest, occurring on the smaller islands of La Palma and El Hierro.
523:
418:
is a repetition of high thin notes, slightly higher-pitched than those of its relative. Birds on the
2601:
BiodiversitÀt und Naturausstattung im Himalaya/Biodiversity and natural heritage of the Himalaya III
1732:; these mites live on fungi growing on the feathers. The fungi found on the plumage may feed on the
841:(Sushkin, 1904). Breeds in Russia and Central Asia, and is paler above than the nominate subspecies.
3593:"Ecological aspects of heterospecific flocks formation in a Mediterranean passerine bird community"
2820:"Effects of forest fragmentation on a guild of wintering passerines: the role of habitat selection"
2658:
2472:
1518:(on rare occasions kinglets have been found stuck in a spider web, either unable to move or dead).
1320:
1073:
878:
96:
2922:
MerilÀ, Juha; Svensson, Erik (December 1995). "Fat reserves and health state in migrant Goldcrest
4320:
4128:
4077:
3888:
3765:
3699:
3657:
3615:
3387:
3324:
3151:
2994:
2943:
2703:
2680:
Sangster, George; Collinson, J Martin; Helbig, Andreas J; Knox, Alan G; Parkin, David T. (2005).
2571:
2305:
Monroe, Burt L. (February 1992). "The new DNA â DNA avian classification: What's it all about?".
2256:
2055:
1954:
1283:
1242:
1120:
990:
291:
126:
1809:
compounded by the similarity and consequent interchangeability of the Greek words for the wren (
821:; it is greener and has darker upper-parts than the nominate form, and has broad white wingbars.
807:; it is similar to the nominate subspecies, but slightly paler above and with whiter underparts.
4911:
3457:
Martens, Jochen; PĂ€ckert, Martin "Family Regulidae (Kinglets & Firecrests)" pp. 330â349 in
437:
woodland and gardens, building its compact, three-layered nest on a tree branch. Ten to twelve
4984:
4937:
4802:
4638:
4521:
4474:
4408:
4366:
4339:
4292:
4120:
4069:
3913:
3880:
3788:
3728:
3466:
3411:
3352:
3256:
3212:
3108:
3024:
2604:
2478:
2439:
2397:
2355:
2149:
2107:
2014:
1960:
1938:
1839:
1611:
1566:
1431:
1324:
1185:
915:
599:
566:
415:
403:
4989:
4219:
Pugh, Geoffrey John Frederick (April 1972). "the contamination of birds' feathers by fungi".
3724:
3718:
3574:
2842:
1118:
from 2.6â1.95 mya in Bulgaria, which was identified as belonging to an extinct species,
422:
are now separated into two subspecies of the goldcrest, but were formerly considered to be a
4633:
4577:
4228:
4194:
4112:
4061:
4028:
4018:
3872:
3824:
3757:
3691:
3649:
3607:
3520:
Tiainen, Juha; Vickholm, Markku; Pakkala, Timo; Piiroinen, Jarmo; Virolainen, Erkki (1983).
3431:
3379:
3316:
3143:
3098:
3090:
2984:
2935:
2834:
2773:
2693:
2662:
2640:
2563:
2431:
2389:
2345:
2337:
2287:
2248:
2206:
2047:
1946:
1908:
1647:
1534:
1462:
1451:
life expectancy of around eight months, which is the shortest for any bird apart from a few
1215:
814:
716:
508:
407:
375:
4997:
4758:
4508:
3809:
2631:
Vaurie, Charles (1954). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 8, Sylviinae, the genus
750:
4971:
4555:
4023:
4006:
2905:
2603:. Erfurt: Verein der Freunde & Förderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt. pp. 71â80.
1950:
1797:
1631:
1069:
858:
653:
636:
4360:
4336:
Hunting the wren: transformation of bird to symbol: a study in human-animal relationships
3623:
2546:
PĂ€ckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Severinghaus, Lucia Liu (2008). "The Taiwan Firecrest (
1890:
4735:
3868:
1132:
4867:
4854:
4619:
4232:
4116:
3521:
3103:
3078:
2746:
2350:
2325:
1720:
in Japan, and at the other end of the range in birds of the nominate subspecies on the
1685:
1676:
1639:
1581:
1559:
1515:
1279:
1257:
1110:
species, mostly goldcrests or unidentifiable to species. The only fossil of an extinct
1103:
982:
903:
668:
483:
475:
442:
419:
395:
203:
2393:
515:. The adult common firecrest has a distinguishing face pattern showing a bright white
5045:
4932:
4794:
4562:
4155:
3556:"The ability of forest reserves to maintain original fauna â why has the Chiffchaff (
3462:
Handbook of the Birds of the World: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers v. 11
3346:
3273:
3250:
2838:
2707:
2698:
2681:
2498:
2291:
2210:
1899:
1801:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1681:
1668:
1610:
to feeding stations and bird tables to take fat, sometimes with warblers such as the
1538:
1490:
1439:
1287:
1238:
1165:
1040:
925:
The Canary Islands were colonised in two waves. The first step was the occupation of
831:, wintering in northeastern Afghanistan. Records of this race from Ladakh claimed by
782:
630:
603:
454:
243:
116:
111:
4132:
4081:
3892:
3769:
3328:
3155:
2998:
2614:
2554:
s. l.): evidence from mitochondrial DNA and the territorial song of the Regulidae".
2260:
561:
displaying orange crest feathers that are set within a narrow rim of yellow feathers
4807:
4198:
3917:
3703:
3487:
2575:
1866:
1725:
1692:
1663:
Throughout the goldcrest's range, the main predator of small woodland birds is the
1638:
Several small passerine species survive freezing winter nights by inducing a lower
1571:
1261:
1219:
1065:
828:
4846:
4781:
257:
5028:
2891:
in relation to the timing of migration at different sites of the migration route"
77:
4950:
4893:
4715:
4454:
2435:
1707:
1643:
1606:
1522:
1474:
1435:
1266:
1173:
1169:
1077:
1018:
899:
586:
516:
446:
387:
327:
3940:"Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) and their host associations in the Faroe Islands"
3169:
Lovaty, Francois (2000). "Des territoires disjoints entre les roitelets huppés
2885:
Bojarinova, Julia; Ilves, Aleksandra; Chernetsov, Nikita; Leivits, Agu (2008).
2169:
Catley, G (September 1992). "Identification pitfalls and assessment problems".
1446:
incubates the eggs for 16 to 19 days to hatching, and broods the chicks, which
961:
5023:
4643:
4065:
2989:
2777:
2592:
PĂ€ckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Sun, Yue-Hua; Tietze, Dieter Thomas (2009).
2567:
2252:
1602:
1589:
1543:
1502:
1478:
1204:
1200:
1161:
1157:
1145:
1137:
970:
790:
688:
675:
658:
450:
434:
423:
383:
68:
1199:
The Tenerife subspecies occurs in the mountain region previously occupied by
847:(Rippon, 1906). Breeds in the Eastern Himalayas, Burma and China; it is like
4828:
3829:
1847:
1834:
It has had little other impact on literature, although it is the subject of
1793:
1672:
1526:
1494:
1332:
1275:
1231:
1211:
1193:
978:
934:
930:
851:, but darker overall with dark green upper-parts and darker buff underparts.
804:
683:
547:
367:
183:
143:
4706:
3884:
3112:
3094:
3060:
2443:
2401:
2359:
2341:
606:
remote from the warblers. The names of the family Regulidae, and the genus
4124:
4073:
3876:
616:
17:
4700:
4572:
1615:
1598:
1453:
1295:
1227:
1017:
suggests that the Azores were colonised in a single invasion in the late
974:
938:
926:
458:
438:
163:
4745:
1789:. Fishermen in Suffolk referred to the goldcrest as the "herring spink".
1234:
mountains, northern Iran, and from the Himalayas east to central China.
762:
Several subspecies of the goldcrest have been described. In continental
55:
4885:
4605:
4544:
4503:
4033:
3761:
3695:
3619:
3391:
3320:
3147:
2964:
GyurĂĄcz, JĂłzsef; GĂłczĂĄn, JĂłzsef; BĂĄnhidi, PĂ©ter; Lepold, Ăgnes (2003).
2947:
2059:
1733:
1546:. Non-animal food is rare, although goldcrests have been seen drinking
1498:
1223:
1022:
911:
818:
763:
665:
471:
391:
371:
349:
193:
4976:
4898:
2145:
Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides)
3046:"Spring migration of birds in relation to North Atlantic Oscillation"
2644:
2415:
Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G P; Olsson, Urban; Sundberg, Per (2006).
1721:
1447:
1149:
907:
739:
558:
153:
88:
4820:
4677:
3661:
3611:
3383:
3079:"North Atlantic Oscillation and timing of spring migration in birds"
2939:
2051:
1565:
The goldcrest has much the same range and habitat preference as the
1218:
latitudes of Europe, between the 13â24 °C (55â75 °F) July
4833:
3973:
Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo
3488:"Differences in morphology and foraging behaviour in the goldcrest
2520:(in Latin). Vol. ii. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 548.
1102:
There are a few Pleistocene (2.6 million to 12,000 years
933:
1.9â2.3 million years ago, followed by a separate invasion of
817:, 1862). Breeds in Eastern Asia, including Japan, Korea, China and
4815:
4593:
3459:
Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David A, eds. (2006).
3348:
A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds: volume 4
3235:
A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds, Volume 2
2859:
1777:
1700:
1625:
1551:
1530:
1506:
1473:
1466:
and appeared to be poorly adapted compared to the parent species.
1247:
1153:
1131:
960:
749:
743:
726:
715:
703:
624:
611:
598:
The kinglets are a small group of birds sometimes included in the
552:
538:
494:
336:
331:
317:
4365:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 52, footnote 4.
4095:
Cohen, S; Greenwood, M T; Fowler, J A (January 1991). "The louse
3653:
3205:
The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988â1991
2417:"Phylogeny and classiccation of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea"
1521:
The goldcrest takes a wide variety of prey, especially spiders,
1510:
1422:
1404:
1386:
1368:
1115:
895:
173:
4681:
4517:
2324:
Barker, F Keith; Barrowclough, George F; Groth, Jeff G (2002).
2011:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
4389:
Die deutschen Vogelnamen: eine wortgeschichtliche Untersuchung
3846:"A comparative study of host selection in the European cuckoo
1884:
1882:
1843:
1601:
and goldcrests foraged in the outer foliage, while the larger
1547:
1168:, and in man-made landscapes also introduced conifers such as
3844:
Soler, Juan JosÄ; MĂžller, Anders Pape; Soler, Manuel (1999).
1093:; it is paler than other Azores subspecies and whitish below.
4338:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 27â28.
3232:
Morris, Francis Orpen; Tegetmeier, William Bernhard (1896).
1009:, 2006). Resident on La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands.
4513:
4274:
The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (two volumes)
4180:"Oribatid mites (Oribatei) in bird feathers: Passeriformes"
2682:"Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: third report"
2669:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 521.
1592:
and warblers. This kinglet, like other species that prefer
648:
remigibus secundariis exteriori margine flavis, medio albis
3554:
Lampila, Petri; Mönkkönen, Mikko; RajasÀrkkÀ, Ari (2009).
2535:(in French). Vol. 1, table 2. Paris: Crochard et cie.
1352:
Old drawing of a nest and small branches of a conifer tree
954:
occurring on Tenerife and the newly described subspecies,
4509:
Videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
4392:(in German). Strassbourg: Karl J TrĆ©bner. pp. 80â85.
2278:
spp.: evidence of a new taxon from the Canary Islands".
2887:"Body mass, moult and migration speed of the Goldcrest
2034:
Hogstad, Olav (1971). "Age determination of Goldcrests
2013:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1342â1346.
1029:, where both eastern and western song types are found.
3938:
Palma, Ricardo L; Jensen, Jens-Kjeld (November 2005).
3808:
Soler, Juan JosÄ; MĂžller, Anders Pape (January 1995).
910:
are of more recent origin. There are no goldcrests on
881:, 1926). Breeds in India and China. It is darker than
394:. Birds from the north and east of its breeding range
4146:
Schöne, Richard; SchmÀschke, Ronald; Sachse, Margit.
4434:(4th ed.). London: John van Voorst. p. 10.
3922:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
3432:"Britain's smallest bird, the Goldcrest, is booming"
1716:
has been found on the eastern goldcrest subspecies,
1597:
competition with other species. In a Swedish study,
1144:
The goldcrest breeds in mature lowland and mountain
4690:
4657:
4617:
4591:
4178:Krivolutsky, Dmitri A; Lebedeva, Natalia V (2004).
4099:(Amblycera: Phthiraptera), an intermediate host of
2505:(in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 188.
1580:in parts of Finland is due to competition with the
2195:Regulus ignicapillus madeirensis, R. i. balearicus
2009:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998).
1914:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734997A132183740.en
1667:, which has a diet consisting of up to 98% birds.
3077:HĂŒppop, Ommo; HĂŒppop, Kathrin (7 February 2003).
3023:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 380â381.
449:, and in winter it is often found with flocks of
4103:(Filarioidea: Nematoda), a heartworm of swans".
406:during breeding. It superficially resembles the
4473:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82.
3522:"The habitat and spatial relations of breeding
2667:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
2599:. In Hartmann, Matthias; Weipert, Jörg (eds.).
629:, a king. The goldcrest was first described by
578:, repeated 5â7 times and ending in a flourish,
3177:se reproduisant dans des Ăźlots continentaux".
4529:
3673:
3671:
3284:. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010
3252:Coloured Figures of the Eggs of British Birds
2862:(in Icelandic). NĂĄttĂșrufrĂŠĂ°istofnun Ăslands.
2222:
2220:
1461:Although their ranges overlap substantially,
8:
4276:. London: Frederick Warne. pp. 126â129.
3966:"Studies on Amblycerous Mallophaga of Japan"
3560:) disappeared from eastern central Finland?"
3255:. Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford. p.
2330:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1051:, except the underparts are more olive-buff.
906:are ancient colonists, whereas those on the
758:has paler underparts than the European race.
664:in 1790, and to its current genus by French
4247:"BirdLife International Species factsheet:
3351:. London: Groombridge & sons. pp.
2818:Telleria, José Luis; Santos, Tomås (1995).
2477:. Edinburgh: Chambers. 2006. p. 1277.
1933:
1931:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1810:
885:, and greener than the nominate subspecies.
646:
634:
622:
614:
580:cedarcedar-cedar-cedar-cedar-stichi-see-pee
4678:
4599:
4536:
4522:
4514:
2959:
2957:
1691:The goldcrest is a host of the widespread
1184:Unlike more specialised birds such as the
256:
105:
75:
54:
45:
27:Small passerine bird in the kinglet family
4499:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
4032:
4022:
3828:
3238:. London: John C Nimmo. pp. 107â108.
3102:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2988:
2697:
2587:
2585:
2373:Spicer, Greg S; Dunipace, Leslie (2004).
2349:
2188:
2186:
1912:
1736:of the outer feathers or on feather oil.
1554:twigs together with tits and nuthatches.
1060:(Murphy & Chapin, 1929). Resident on
861:, 1910). Breeds only in Iran; it is like
789:). Breeds in most of Europe; this is the
569:of the goldcrest is a thin, high-pitched
3933:
3931:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
2104:British Warblers (New Naturalist Series)
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1270:suggesting high mortality on migration.
426:of the firecrest or a separate species,
4453:. University of Toronto. Archived from
2719:
2717:
2550:) belongs to the Goldcrest assemblage (
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1878:
1342:
4405:Birds in the ancient world from A to Z
3453:
3451:
3449:
3268:
3266:
2759:2006 (Aves: Passeriformes: Regulidae)"
2474:The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1290:, which provided some protection from
4024:10.3989/graellsia.2006.v62.iExtra.108
3787:. London: Collins. pp. 154â156.
3019:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
2866:from the original on 14 December 2014
2424:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2382:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2106:. London: Collins. pp. 352â363.
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
898:are found on the Atlantic islands of
651:). It was moved to the warbler genus
7:
4873:1cda146b-ad6c-447a-817f-d81973a2381e
4323:. London: Henry G Bohn. p. 551.
4291:. Waterhouses: Poyser. p. 181.
2966:"Autumn migration of the Goldcrest (
827:(Pleske, 1892). Breeds in China and
5052:IUCN Red List least concern species
4485:"Spink" is an old name for a finch.
4407:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 35.
4334:Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1997).
4317:Natural history of Pliny, volume II
3750:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
3410:. New York: Springer. p. 260.
1900:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1509:and spiders. They also feed on the
1013:Differences in songs, genetics and
965:The recently discovered subspecies
4233:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1972.tb02602.x
4117:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00527.x
3173:et les roitelets Ă triple bandeau
2148:. London: Helm. pp. 385â387.
2038:(L.) in summer and early autumn".
1241:. The goldcrest has occurred as a
25:
4471:Oxford Book of British Bird Names
4403:Arnott, William Geoffrey (2007).
4362:Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion
4154:. Star-Media GmbH. Archived from
4105:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
546:Song of the male goldcrest, near
4017:(nĂșmero extraordinario): 21â32.
4005:MartĂn Mateo, Maria Paz (2006).
3558:Phylloscopus collybita abietinus
2699:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2005.00483.x
2292:10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03533.x
2211:10.1046/j.1439-0361.2000.00054.x
1959:. London: Collins. p. 336.
1860:
1728:have been recorded in the genus
1630:Goldcrest â Winter â Mote Park,
1578:Phylloscopus collybita abietinus
1411:
1393:
1375:
1357:
1345:
1196:and similar more open habitats.
1106:) records from Europe of extant
1000:Western Canary Islands goldcrest
130:
4431:A Nomenclature of British Birds
3924:. London: Collins. p. 113.
3486:Leisler, Bernd; Thaler, Ellen.
1889:BirdLife International (2018).
1489:species are almost exclusively
4386:Suolahti, Viktor Hugo (1909).
4272:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1930).
4199:10.1080/13921657.2004.10512577
1089:(Vaurie, 1954). Found only on
1:
4359:Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914).
3406:Power, Dennis M, ed. (1993).
2394:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00193-3
1594:mixed-species foraging flocks
736:Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary
374:family. Its colourful golden
4451:Representative Poetry Online
3465:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
3059:(3): 287â298. Archived from
2839:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00021-H
2801:Historia Naturalis Bulgarica
37:Not to be confused with the
5072:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3723:. London: Granada. p.
3526:warblers and the goldcrest
2436:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015
1827:
1816:
1419:Regulus regulus teneriffae
1091:Santa Maria Island (Azores)
5088:
4459:Retrieved 14 November 2010
4445:Turner, Charles Tennyson.
4289:Weather and Bird Behaviour
4168:Retrieved 22 October 2010
3964:Uchida, Seinosuke (1926).
3591:Herrera, Carlos M (1979).
3408:Current Ornithology vol 11
2749:Regulus regulus teneriffae
1820:, "king") and the crests (
1303:North Atlantic oscillation
36:
32:Goldcrest (disambiguation)
29:
4602:
4551:
4428:Doubleday, Henry (1865).
4066:10.1017/S0031182000063964
3642:Journal of Animal Ecology
3537:Annales Zoologici Fennici
3503:Annales Zoologici Fennici
3278:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
2990:10.2478/v10050-008-0072-4
2778:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.7
2637:American Museum Novitates
2568:10.1007/s10336-008-0335-5
2253:10.1007/s10336-003-0003-8
1907:: e.T22734997A132183740.
1822:
1811:
1383:Regulus regulus azoricus
1140:, a favoured nesting tree
674:The relationships of the
499:The nominate subspecies,
398:to winter further south.
297:
290:
264:
255:
232:
225:
127:Scientific classification
125:
103:
94:
86:
74:
62:
53:
48:
4253:. BirdLife International
4187:Acta Zoologica Lituanica
3136:Journal fĂŒr Ornithologie
3044:Hubålek, Zdenûk (2003).
2745:PĂ€ckert, Martin (2006).
2659:Rasmussen, Pamela Cecile
2531:Cuvier, Georges (1800).
2280:Journal of Avian Biology
2229:Regulus regulus azoricus
2199:Journal fĂŒr Ornithologie
1684:, a widespread European
1481:are a major dietary item
1401:Regulus regulus inermis
1365:Regulus regulus regulus
1128:Distribution and habitat
1055:Western Azores goldcrest
894:Two groups of goldcrest
877:(Meinertzhagen R. &
433:The goldcrest breeds in
5067:Birds described in 1758
4447:"The Gold-Crested Wren"
4287:Elkins, Norman (1988).
3783:GĂ©nsbĂžl, Benny (1987).
3717:Burton, Robert (1985).
3573:: 71â80. Archived from
3249:Seebohm, Henry (1896).
2904:: 55â65. Archived from
2860:"GlĂłkollar bĂĂ°a afhroĂ°"
2827:Biological Conservation
2791:Boev, Zlatozar (1999).
1836:Charles Tennyson Turner
1659:Predators and parasites
1256:This species is partly
1245:in Jordan and Morocco.
1203:, but now dominated by
1043:, 1883). Found only on
803:, 1856). Breeds in the
610:, are derived from the
4649:Golden-crowned kinglet
4469:Lockwood, W B (1984).
3979:(1): 4. Archived from
3684:Journal of Ornithology
3309:Journal of Ornithology
3095:10.1098/rspb.2002.2236
2556:Journal of Ornithology
2342:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883
2241:Journal of Ornithology
1790:
1783:Fishing Boats Offshore
1767:
1697:Dasypsyllus gallinulae
1635:
1533:. Larger prey such as
1482:
1253:
1141:
986:
865:, but slightly darker.
759:
747:
724:
713:
647:
635:
623:
615:
562:
550:
504:
453:. It may be killed by
353:
334:
326:at Vinayak village in
39:Golden-crowned kinglet
3902:on 21 September 2010.
3877:10.1007/s004420050727
3830:10.1093/beheco/7.1.89
3343:Morris, Francis Orpen
3209:T. & A. D. Poyser
3083:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
2970:) in western Hungary"
2516:Latham, John (1790).
2142:Baker, Kevin (1997).
1781:
1762:
1629:
1477:
1251:
1135:
1084:Santa Maria goldcrest
1047:, Azores; it is like
964:
753:
730:
719:
707:
691:(million years ago).
678:or Taiwan firecrest (
556:
545:
513:yellow-browed warbler
498:
348:Bathing goldcrest at
347:
321:
4868:Fauna Europaea (new)
4667:Ruby-crowned kinglet
3530:in southern Finland"
3175:Regulus ignicapillus
2233:R. r. sanctae-mariae
2102:Simms, Eric (1985).
1665:Eurasian sparrowhawk
1190:Eurasian treecreeper
1034:Sao Miguel Goldcrest
890:The Atlantic islands
524:ruby-crowned kinglet
30:For other uses, see
4504:Songs and sonagrams
4148:"interesting facts"
4101:Sarconema eurycerca
3986:on 11 November 2011
3869:1999Oecol.118..265S
2848:on 12 October 2012.
2753:R. r. ellenthalerae
2548:Regulus goodfellowi
1493:, preying on small
1087:R. r. sanctaemariae
1003:R. r. ellenthalerae
967:R. r. ellenthalerae
956:R. r. ellenthalerae
791:nominate subspecies
700:Continental Eurasia
680:Regulus goodfellowi
412:Regulus ignicapilla
386:and the islands of
304:Linnaeus, 1758
97:Conservation status
4321:Henry Thomas Riley
4208:on 27 August 2011.
4097:Trinoton anserinum
3914:Rothschild, Miriam
3817:Behavioral Ecology
3762:10.1007/BF00257901
3696:10.1007/BF01644486
3372:Ornis Scandinavica
3321:10.1007/BF01640412
3148:10.1007/BF01643534
2928:Functional Ecology
2795:Regulus bulgaricus
2040:Ornis Scandinavica
1956:Collins Bird Guide
1939:Mullarney, Killian
1840:Eurasian woodcocks
1791:
1704:Philopterus reguli
1636:
1529:, springtails and
1483:
1254:
1230:and Japan, in the
1178:Broad-leaved woods
1142:
1121:Regulus bulgaricus
991:Tenerife goldcrest
987:
883:R. r. himalayensis
797:R. r. himalayensis
772:R. r. himalayensis
760:
756:R. r. himalayensis
748:
725:
714:
645:(characterised as
621:, a diminutive of
600:Old World warblers
563:
551:
505:
428:Regulus teneriffae
366:) is a very small
354:
352:in the Netherlands
335:
324:R. r. himalayensis
285: Non-breeding
5039:
5038:
4985:Open Tree of Life
4684:Taxon identifiers
4675:
4674:
4639:Madeira firecrest
4613:
4612:
4480:978-0-19-214155-2
4457:on 2 August 2009.
4414:978-0-415-23851-9
4372:978-0-8196-0156-8
4345:978-0-87049-960-9
4298:978-0-85661-051-6
3794:978-0-00-219176-0
3734:978-0-246-12440-1
3472:978-84-96553-06-4
3417:978-0-306-43990-2
3218:978-0-85661-075-2
3089:(1512): 233â240.
3030:978-0-7011-6907-7
2751:Seebohm 1883 and
2610:978-3-00-027117-5
2484:978-0-550-10185-3
2336:(1488): 295â308.
2155:978-0-7136-3971-1
2113:978-0-00-219810-3
2020:978-0-19-850188-6
1966:978-0-00-219728-1
1796:(384â322 BC) and
1612:common chiffchaff
1567:common chiffchaff
1535:oak bush crickets
1319:The goldcrest is
1186:Eurasian nuthatch
916:Madeira firecrest
875:R. r. sikkimensis
849:R. r. sikkimensis
845:R. r. yunnanensis
768:R. r. sikkimensis
732:R. r. sikkimensis
643:Motacilla regulus
543:
345:
316:
315:
309:Regulus cristatus
301:Motacilla regulus
120:
80:
16:(Redirected from
5079:
5062:Birds of Eurasia
5032:
5031:
5019:
5018:
5006:
5005:
4993:
4992:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4951:NHMSYS0000530579
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4889:
4888:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4679:
4634:Common firecrest
4600:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4486:
4484:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4319:. Translated by
4309:
4303:
4302:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4249:Regulus regulus
4243:
4237:
4236:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4201:. Archived from
4184:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4026:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3895:. Archived from
3854:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3629:on 20 July 2011.
3628:
3622:. Archived from
3597:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3580:on 27 July 2011.
3579:
3564:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3455:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3434:. Wildlife Extra
3428:
3422:
3421:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3282:BTOWeb BirdFacts
3270:
3261:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3066:on 3 March 2016.
3065:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3021:Birds Britannica
3016:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2911:on 27 July 2011.
2910:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2841:. Archived from
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2663:Anderton, John C
2655:
2649:
2648:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2620:on 14 June 2011.
2619:
2613:. Archived from
2598:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2446:. Archived from
2421:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2064:
2063:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2006:
1971:
1970:
1947:Zetterstrom, Dan
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1886:
1867:Birds portal
1865:
1864:
1863:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1718:R. r. japonensis
1713:Ricinus frenatus
1648:thermoregulation
1415:
1397:
1379:
1361:
1349:
1331:The goldcrest's
994:R. r. teneriffae
952:R. r. teneriffae
879:Meinertzhagen A.
811:R. r. japonensis
721:R. r. japonensis
650:
640:
628:
620:
604:phylogenetically
544:
509:common firecrest
408:common firecrest
346:
305:
284:
278:
272:
260:
238:
135:
134:
114:
109:
108:
82:
81:
58:
46:
21:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5029:Regulus-regulus
5027:
5022:
5014:
5009:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4975:
4972:Observation.org
4970:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4905:
4897:
4892:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4742:
4736:Regulus_regulus
4734:
4729:
4722:Regulus regulus
4720:
4719:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4692:Regulus regulus
4686:
4676:
4671:
4653:
4609:
4587:
4547:
4542:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4161:
4159:
4158:on 3 March 2016
4145:
4144:
4140:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3852:
3848:Cuculus canorus
3843:
3842:
3838:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3680:Regulus regulus
3677:
3676:
3669:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3612:10.2307/3544516
3595:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3532:
3528:Regulus regulus
3519:
3518:
3514:
3498:
3494:R. ignicapillus
3490:Regulus regulus
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3384:10.2307/3676134
3368:Regulus regulus
3365:
3364:
3360:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3305:Regulus regulus
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:Regulus regulus
3272:
3271:
3264:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:. p. 352.
3202:
3201:
3190:
3171:Regulus regulus
3168:
3167:
3163:
3132:R. ignicapillus
3128:Regulus regulus
3125:
3124:
3120:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3053:Folia Zoologica
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3006:
2972:
2968:Regulus regulus
2963:
2962:
2955:
2940:10.2307/2389981
2924:Regulus regulus
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2893:
2889:Regulus regulus
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2761:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2552:Regulus regulus
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2453:on 27 June 2021
2450:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2276:Regulus regulus
2273:
2272:
2268:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2067:
2052:10.2307/3676233
2036:Regulus regulus
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2008:
2007:
1974:
1967:
1951:Grant, Peter J.
1937:
1936:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1893:Regulus regulus
1888:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1776:
1742:
1677:long-eared owls
1661:
1632:Maidstone, Kent
1624:
1622:Winter survival
1584:and goldcrest.
1560:rictal bristles
1516:orb-web spiders
1472:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1317:
1312:
1130:
1100:
902:. Birds on the
892:
869:R. r. buturlini
863:R. r. buturlini
702:
697:
637:Systema Naturae
596:
539:
537:
493:
484:flight feathers
467:
363:Regulus regulus
337:
303:
286:
282:
280:
276:
274:
270:
251:
240:
236:Regulus regulus
234:
221:
218:R. regulus
129:
121:
110:
106:
99:
76:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5085:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Regulus (bird)
5054:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5020:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4890:
4877:
4864:
4855:Fauna Europaea
4851:
4838:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4776:
4763:
4750:
4740:
4727:
4712:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4493:External links
4491:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4461:
4437:
4420:
4413:
4395:
4378:
4371:
4351:
4344:
4326:
4304:
4297:
4279:
4264:
4238:
4227:(2): 172â177.
4211:
4170:
4138:
4111:(1): 101â110.
4087:
4060:(2): 195â206.
4040:
4013:(in Spanish).
3997:
3956:
3927:
3905:
3863:(2): 265â276.
3836:
3800:
3793:
3775:
3756:(5): 465â474.
3740:
3733:
3720:Bird Behaviour
3709:
3690:(4): 433â437.
3667:
3648:(3): 977â984.
3632:
3583:
3546:
3512:
3492:and firecrest
3478:
3471:
3445:
3423:
3416:
3397:
3358:
3334:
3315:(3): 291â301.
3295:
3262:
3241:
3224:
3217:
3188:
3161:
3142:(3): 233â260.
3118:
3069:
3036:
3029:
3004:
2983:(1â2): 37â46.
2953:
2934:(6): 842â848.
2914:
2877:
2851:
2810:
2783:
2737:
2713:
2692:(4): 821â826.
2672:
2650:
2623:
2609:
2581:
2562:(1): 205â220.
2538:
2523:
2508:
2499:Linnaeus, Carl
2490:
2483:
2464:
2430:(2): 381â397.
2407:
2388:(2): 325â335.
2365:
2316:
2297:
2286:(4): 364â380.
2266:
2216:
2182:
2161:
2154:
2119:
2112:
2065:
2026:
2019:
1972:
1965:
1943:Svensson, Lars
1927:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1855:
1852:
1775:
1772:
1741:
1738:
1686:brood parasite
1660:
1657:
1640:metabolic rate
1623:
1620:
1582:willow warbler
1471:
1468:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1129:
1126:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1052:
1037:R. r. azoricus
1011:
1010:
997:
983:Canary Islands
904:Canary Islands
891:
888:
887:
886:
872:
866:
855:R. r. hyrcanus
852:
842:
836:
822:
808:
794:
754:Probable male
701:
698:
696:
693:
669:Georges Cuvier
595:
592:
536:
533:
526:, an American
492:
491:Identification
489:
466:
463:
447:insects to eat
420:Canary Islands
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
295:
294:
288:
287:
281:
279: Resident
275:
273: Breeding
269:
262:
261:
253:
252:
241:
230:
229:
223:
222:
215:
213:
209:
208:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
104:
101:
100:
95:
92:
91:
84:
83:
72:
71:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5084:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Passeriformes
4561:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4313:Bostock, John
4308:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:Columba livia
4044:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3918:Clay, Theresa
3915:
3909:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3785:Birds of Prey
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:Ornis Fennica
3561:
3559:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:(3): 193â200.
3184:
3181:(in French).
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:(in German).
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:Ornis Fennica
2892:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:British Birds
2720:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2639:(1684): 1â9.
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2307:British Birds
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:R. r. inermis
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:(in German).
2200:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:British Birds
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1758:Thomas Coward
1753:
1751:
1750:IUCN Red List
1747:
1746:least concern
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:feather mites
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:, and of the
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:common cuckoo
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:tortrix moths
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:insectivorous
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:hybridisation
1459:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1265:birds on the
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Norway spruce
1171:
1167:
1166:mountain pine
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:R. r. inermis
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:R. r. inermis
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
957:
953:
948:
942:
941:1.3â1.8 mya.
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
833:Meinertzhagen
830:
826:
825:R. r. tristis
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:R. r. regulus
777:
776:
775:
773:
769:
765:
757:
752:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
711:
710:R. r. regulus
706:
699:
694:
692:
690:
687:3.0â3.1
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
655:
649:
644:
639:
638:
632:
631:Carl Linnaeus
627:
626:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
591:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
560:
555:
549:
534:
532:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
502:
501:R. r. regulus
497:
490:
488:
485:
479:
477:
473:
464:
462:
460:
456:
455:birds of prey
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
351:
333:
329:
325:
320:
310:
307:
302:
299:
298:
296:
293:
289:
268:
263:
259:
254:
249:
245:
239:
237:
231:
228:
227:Binomial name
224:
220:
219:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:Passeriformes
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
118:
113:
112:Least Concern
102:
98:
93:
90:
87:Male song in
85:
73:
70:
66:
65:R. r. regulus
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4691:
4658:
4628:
4618:
4604:
4592:
4470:
4464:
4455:the original
4450:
4440:
4430:
4423:
4404:
4398:
4388:
4381:
4361:
4354:
4335:
4329:
4316:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4248:
4241:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4203:the original
4193:(2): 19â38.
4190:
4186:
4173:
4160:. Retrieved
4156:the original
4151:
4141:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4057:
4054:Parasitology
4053:
4049:
4043:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3981:the original
3976:
3972:
3959:
3950:
3947:Steenstrupia
3946:
3921:
3908:
3897:the original
3860:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3823:(1): 89â94.
3820:
3816:
3803:
3784:
3778:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3719:
3712:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3654:10.2307/4391
3645:
3641:
3635:
3624:the original
3606:(1): 85â96.
3603:
3599:
3586:
3575:the original
3570:
3566:
3557:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3524:Phylloscopus
3523:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3461:
3436:. Retrieved
3426:
3407:
3400:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3347:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3281:
3275:
3251:
3244:
3234:
3227:
3204:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3061:the original
3056:
3052:
3039:
3020:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2906:the original
2901:
2897:
2888:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2854:
2843:the original
2830:
2826:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2666:
2653:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2615:the original
2600:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2473:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2427:
2423:
2410:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2247:(1): 23â30.
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2205:(1): 16â29.
2202:
2198:
2194:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2144:
2103:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2010:
1955:
1918:. Retrieved
1904:
1898:
1892:
1833:
1805:
1792:
1782:
1768:
1763:
1754:
1743:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1693:moorhen flea
1690:
1662:
1653:
1637:
1607:crested tits
1586:
1577:
1572:Phylloscopus
1570:
1564:
1556:
1550:from broken
1523:caterpillars
1520:
1486:
1484:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1428:
1418:
1400:
1382:
1364:
1330:
1318:
1300:
1292:sparrowhawks
1278:, including
1272:
1262:Fennoscandia
1255:
1236:
1209:
1198:
1183:
1143:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1086:
1057:
1048:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1002:
993:
977:(above) and
966:
955:
951:
946:
943:
924:
919:
918:is the only
914:, where the
893:
882:
874:
868:
862:
854:
848:
844:
839:R. r. coatsi
838:
829:Central Asia
824:
810:
796:
778:
771:
767:
761:
755:
731:
720:
709:
679:
673:
652:
642:
607:
597:
587:Macaronesian
584:
579:
575:
570:
567:contact call
565:The typical
564:
527:
521:
506:
500:
480:
468:
432:
427:
411:
400:
379:
370:bird in the
362:
361:
357:
355:
323:
308:
300:
266:
235:
233:
217:
216:
204:
64:
43:
4894:iNaturalist
4716:Wikispecies
4152:federmilben
4034:10261/23624
3990:21 November
3953:(1): 49â73.
3378:(1): 2â21.
3288:11 November
3274:"Goldcrest
3259:, plate 53.
2457:24 November
2313:(2): 53â61.
1920:12 November
1708:amblycerous
1644:hypothermia
1503:springtails
1479:Springtails
1436:brood patch
1432:clutch size
1267:Isle of May
1205:tree heaths
1170:douglas fir
1019:Pleistocene
900:Macaronesia
662:John Latham
657:by English
641:in 1758 as
517:supercilium
465:Description
388:Macaronesia
328:Uttarakhand
322:Subspecies
5046:Categories
5024:Xeno-canto
4644:Flamecrest
4257:1 November
4162:1 November
3509:: 277â284.
3207:. London:
2807:: 109â115.
2772:: 99â115.
2734:: 379â386.
2179:: 490â494.
2046:(1): 1â3.
1873:References
1828:basiliskos
1823:ÎČαÏÎčλÎčÏÎșÎżÏ
1787:John Moore
1774:In culture
1501:, such as
1497:with soft
1495:arthropods
1338:Eric Simms
1321:monogamous
1280:blackthorn
1201:laurisilva
1162:silver fir
1158:Scots pine
1146:coniferous
1138:silver fir
1114:is a left
1045:SĂŁo Miguel
1027:SĂŁo Miguel
1015:morphology
973:forest on
971:laurisilva
969:occurs in
712:in England
695:Subspecies
676:flamecrest
659:naturalist
435:coniferous
424:subspecies
384:Palearctic
380:R. regulus
267:R. regulus
69:Lancashire
49:Goldcrest
18:Goldcrests
4659:Corthylio
4629:Goldcrest
4584:Regulidae
4011:Graellsia
3857:Oecologia
2833:: 61â67.
2708:250043960
2645:2246/4955
1848:North Sea
1794:Aristotle
1599:coal tits
1310:Behaviour
1296:headwinds
1258:migratory
1232:Tian Shan
1220:isotherms
1212:temperate
1194:heathland
1074:SĂŁo Jorge
1005:(PĂ€ckert
979:El Hierro
935:El Hierro
931:La Gomera
922:species.
815:Blakiston
805:Himalayas
801:Bonaparte
684:Himalayan
671:in 1800.
666:zoologist
548:Camberley
459:parasites
457:or carry
443:incubated
404:displayed
368:passerine
358:goldcrest
265:Range of
212:Species:
194:Regulidae
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
4938:22734997
4912:10215761
4795:bob13140
4759:22734997
4754:BirdLife
4743:BioLib:
4701:Wikidata
4567:Suborder
4545:Kinglets
4315:(1855).
4133:40959698
4082:35103253
3920:(1953).
3893:17699909
3885:28307703
3770:11933806
3345:(1853).
3329:43690862
3156:29890907
3113:12614571
2999:84905816
2977:The Ring
2870:16 April
2864:Archived
2755:PĂ€ckert
2665:(2005).
2501:(1758).
2444:16054402
2402:14715224
2360:11839199
2261:24699686
1953:(1999).
1854:See also
1817:basileus
1812:ÎČαÏÎčλΔÏÏ
1616:blackcap
1499:cuticles
1454:Coturnix
1440:clutches
1315:Breeding
1284:hawthorn
1228:Sakhalin
1188:and the
1070:Terceira
975:La Palma
939:La Palma
927:Tenerife
783:Linnaeus
723:in Japan
594:Taxonomy
557:Male in
292:Synonyms
244:Linnaeus
190:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
117:IUCN 3.1
4990:3599889
4886:2484596
4821:goldcr1
4782:goldcr1
4620:Regulus
4606:Species
4573:Passeri
4125:1768889
4074:7885738
3865:Bibcode
3704:7525416
3620:3544516
3543:: 1â12.
3392:3676134
3353:143â149
3104:1691241
2948:2389981
2766:Zootaxa
2757:et al.
2633:Regulus
2576:5626256
2351:1690884
2060:3676233
1806:Regulus
1760:wrote:
1748:on the
1734:keratin
1730:Regulus
1669:Merlins
1511:cocoons
1487:Regulus
1470:Feeding
1325:display
1243:vagrant
1224:Siberia
1112:Regulus
1108:Regulus
1098:Fossils
1041:Seebohm
1023:caldera
981:in the
947:Regulus
920:Regulus
912:Madeira
859:Zarudny
819:Siberia
764:Eurasia
708:Female
633:in his
617:regulus
608:Regulus
528:Regulus
472:warbler
396:migrate
392:Iceland
372:kinglet
350:Utrecht
205:Regulus
200:Genus:
180:Order:
170:Class:
115: (
63:Female
5016:558583
4925:562698
4899:793469
4842:EURING
4834:REGURE
4707:Q26657
4578:Family
4477:
4411:
4369:
4342:
4295:
4131:
4123:
4080:
4072:
3891:
3883:
3791:
3768:
3731:
3702:
3660:
3618:
3469:
3414:
3390:
3327:
3215:
3179:Alauda
3154:
3111:
3101:
3027:
2997:
2946:
2706:
2607:
2574:
2481:
2442:
2400:
2358:
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2259:
2152:
2110:
2058:
2017:
1963:
1740:Status
1722:Faroes
1706:. The
1603:willow
1507:aphids
1448:fledge
1239:Faroes
1216:boreal
1150:spruce
1062:Flores
1007:et al.
908:Azores
740:Sikkim
654:Sylvia
559:France
476:irises
283:
277:
271:
89:Surrey
5011:WoRMS
5003:15512
4964:68468
4907:IRMNG
4860:97294
4847:13140
4816:eBird
4808:78SHD
4779:BOW:
4772:73246
4594:Genus
4556:Order
4206:(PDF)
4183:(PDF)
4129:S2CID
4078:S2CID
3984:(PDF)
3969:(PDF)
3943:(PDF)
3900:(PDF)
3889:S2CID
3853:(PDF)
3813:(PDF)
3766:S2CID
3700:S2CID
3658:JSTOR
3627:(PDF)
3616:JSTOR
3600:Oikos
3596:(PDF)
3578:(PDF)
3563:(PDF)
3533:(PDF)
3499:(PDF)
3438:8 May
3388:JSTOR
3325:S2CID
3152:S2CID
3064:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
2995:S2CID
2973:(PDF)
2944:JSTOR
2909:(PDF)
2894:(PDF)
2846:(PDF)
2823:(PDF)
2762:(PDF)
2704:S2CID
2618:(PDF)
2597:(PDF)
2572:S2CID
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2420:(PDF)
2378:(PDF)
2257:S2CID
2056:JSTOR
1798:Pliny
1710:mite
1701:louse
1673:tawny
1552:birch
1542:with
1531:flies
1276:scrub
1154:larch
1066:Faial
744:India
734:from
612:Latin
576:cedar
535:Voice
376:crest
332:India
4959:NCBI
4933:IUCN
4920:ITIS
4881:GBIF
4829:EPPO
4767:BOLD
4746:8927
4475:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4367:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4293:ISBN
4259:2010
4221:Ibis
4164:2010
4121:PMID
4070:PMID
4052:)".
3992:2010
3881:PMID
3789:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3682:?".
3662:4391
3467:ISBN
3440:2011
3412:ISBN
3290:2010
3213:ISBN
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3109:PMID
3025:ISBN
2872:2013
2770:1325
2686:Ibis
2605:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2459:2010
2440:PMID
2398:PMID
2356:PMID
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2197:)".
2150:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1922:2021
1905:2018
1844:owls
1802:wren
1675:and
1642:and
1634:, UK
1614:and
1605:and
1590:tits
1544:tits
1537:and
1527:bugs
1485:All
1423:MHNT
1405:MHNT
1387:MHNT
1369:MHNT
1333:nest
1301:The
1288:pear
1286:and
1214:and
1164:and
1136:The
1116:ulna
1078:Pico
1076:and
937:and
929:and
896:taxa
787:1758
770:and
522:The
451:tits
441:are
439:eggs
416:song
390:and
356:The
248:1758
174:Aves
4998:TSA
4946:NBN
4803:CoL
4790:BTO
4731:ADW
4229:doi
4225:114
4195:doi
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