Goldcrest - Knowledge (XXG)

1336: 1558:, and there is some evidence that high breeding densities of the kinglet depress the population of the warbler, although the converse is not true. There is no evidence that the species compete for territories, and in any case the chiffchaff is 50% heavier than the goldcrest. Nevertheless, there are 1.5 million breeding pairs of goldcrests in Finland, compared with 0.4 million breeding pairs of chiffchaffs, and only the kinglet has increased in numbers as the area of spruce woodland in the country has expanded. The goldcrest may be out-competing the warbler for food, especially as the larger bird faces more competition from other insectivores, including other 694: 1616: 1635:, of a maximum of 10 °C (18 °F) below normal body temperature, in order to reduce energy consumption overnight. However, in freezing conditions, it may be that for very small birds, including the tiny goldcrest, the energy economies of induced hypothermia may be insufficient to counterbalance the negative effects of hypothermia including the energy required to raise body temperature back to normal at dawn. Observations of five well-fed birds suggest that they maintain normal body temperatures during cold nights by metabolising fat laid down during the day, and that they actually use behavioural 1366: 1384: 1348: 1402: 717: 485: 308: 1551:(which protect a bird's eye from food items it is trying to capture), and these features reflect the larger prey taken by the species. The firecrest's less forked tail may reflect its longer episodes of hovering while hunting. Firecrests forage more often while on foot, and have a foot better adapted for perching, whereas the goldcrest's longer hind toe reflects its habit of moving vertically along branches while feeding. It also has deep furrows in the soles of its feet capable of gripping individual needles, while firecrests have a smoother surface. 1431:, which are common, are laid usually while the first nest still has young. The male builds the second nest, then feeds the young in the first nest while the female is incubating in the second; when the first brood has fledged, he joins the female in feeding the second brood. The female goldcrest is not normally fed by her mate while incubating. She is a tight sitter, reluctant to leave the nest when disturbed, and has been recorded as continuing to attend the nest when it has been moved, or even when it is being held. 1768: 543: 1317:

and other phenomena like males singing mixed or alternating songs, were most frequent when one species locally far outnumbered the other; in other circumstances, the two species learned to ignore each other's songs. However, in very small areas of conifers it is rare for the goldcrest and the firecrest to share territories; either one or the other is present, but not both. A male goldcrest will defend his territory against either species, sometimes including some firecrest phrases in his song.

1238: 571:. The entire song lasts 3–4 seconds and is repeated 5–7 times a minute. This song, often uttered while the male is foraging, can be heard in most months of the year. There is also a subdued rambling subsong. Male goldcrests sometimes show a territorial response to recordings of the songs or calls of the common firecrest, but the reverse is apparently not true, since the songs of the common firecrest are simpler in construction than those of its relatives. 121: 706: 1122: 1789:(23–79 AD) both wrote about the legend of a contest among the birds to see who should be their king, the title to be awarded to the one that could fly highest. Initially, it looked as though the eagle would win easily, but as he began to tire, a small bird that had hidden under the eagle's tail feathers emerged to fly even higher and claimed the title. Following from this legend, in much European folklore the 247: 96: 740: 1745:

winter survival depended on the density of the food supply. For these northern birds there is a trade off between staying put and risking starvation, or facing the perils of migration. Even in somewhat milder regions, where over-wintering is normal, exceptionally cold winters can cause such heavy losses that breeding populations take several years to recover. In 1930, the English ornithologist

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reserves to reach the wintering areas. The proportion of migrating males increases as they travel south through Europe. There is competition within the species even during migration, and the larger and more aggressive males may get more food. Their death rate is therefore lower than that of the females both on the southward migration, and in resident populations.

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western or southern Europe. A general climatic change resulting in more frequent positive North Atlantic oscillation events has led to earlier spring migration of these short-distance migrants since the 1980s. The warmer spring weather brings on plant growth, thus preparing the habitat for returning migrants. The effect is greatest in western and central Europe.

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greater for the northernmost populations. Migration was faster on routes that crossed the Baltic Sea than on coastal routes, and the birds with the largest fat reserves travelled at the highest speeds. The ability to lay down fat is adversely affected in this tiny bird by poor health. In Hungary, goldcrests stopping temporarily on migration were mostly found in

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are also two main dialect groups on the Canary islands, a widespread group similar to the European version, and another that is restricted to the mountains of Tenerife. The song variations have been used to investigate the colonisation pattern of the Macaronesian islands by goldcrests, and identified a previously unknown subspecies.

467:. The crown of the head has black sides and a narrow black front, and a bright crest, yellow with an orange centre in the male, and entirely yellow in the female; the crest is erected in display, making the distinctive orange stripe of the male much more conspicuous. The small, thin bill is black, and the legs are dark flesh-brown. 1598:

used the inner canopy. In sites where the numbers of willow and crested tits was artificially reduced, goldcrests and coal tits extended their foraging to include the inner canopy, but did not do so where the larger tits were retained. In some areas, wintering birds have developed the habit of coming

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hair. The nest is larger, shallower and less compact than that of the firecrest, with an internal diameter of about 9.0 cm (3.5 in), and is constructed by both sexes, although the female does most of the work. It is often suspended from a hanging branch, usually at no great height, although

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species and a potential vagrant in Europe, could be more difficult to distinguish. It has a plain face like its Old World cousin, but the male has a red crest without any yellow or a black border. Female and juvenile ruby-crowned kinglets lack the ruby-red crown patch, but compared with the similarly

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may sometimes be taken. Flying insects are taken in hovering flight but not normally pursued; there is a record of a goldcrest attacking a large dragonfly in flight, only to be dragged along by the insect before releasing it unharmed. Goldcrests will occasionally feed on the ground among leaf-litter

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in a further 17 to 22 days later. Both parents feed the chicks and fledged young, and in very hot weather, the female has been noted as taking drops of water to her chicks in her bill. This species becomes sexually mature after one year, and has an annual adult mortality of over 80 per cent giving a

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populations. Not only are there variations between islands and within an island, but individual males on the Azores can have up to three song types. The dialects on the Azores fall into two main groups, neither of which elicited a response from male European goldcrests in playback experiments. There

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The goldcrest feeds in trees, frequently foraging on the undersides of branches and leaves. This is in contrast to the common firecrest, which mainly exploits the upper surface of branches in coniferous habitat and of leaves in deciduous trees. In winter, flocks of goldcrests cover a given distance

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and eggs of spiders and insects, and occasionally take pollen. All species will catch flying insects while hovering. Although the similarly sized goldcrest and firecrest are often found together, there are a number of factors that minimise direct competition for food. Goldcrests prefer smaller prey

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between goldcrests and firecrests seems to be prevented by differences in courtship rituals and different facial patterns. Even in aviary studies in which a female goldcrest was given an artificial eyestripe to facilitate mating with a male firecrest, the chicks were never raised by the mixed pair,

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involving bowing its head towards another bird and raising the coloured crest. Firecrests will sometimes defend their territories against goldcrests, but the amount of actual competition between the species may not be very great. A Spanish study suggested that territorial conflicts between species,

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is a well-insulated cup-shaped structure built in three layers. The nest's outer layer is made from moss, small twigs, cobwebs and lichen, the cobwebs also being used to attach the nest to the thin branches that support it. The middle layer is moss, which is lined by an inner layer of feathers and

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and Russia vacate their territories between late August and early November, with most leaving in late September to mid-October as the first cold weather arrives. Adverse conditions may lead to disorientation, large numbers gathering on ships on overcast or wet nights. Large influxes include 15,000

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Until the severe winter of 1916–17 the Goldcrest was abundant and widespread, nesting in all the wooded portions of our islands; in 1920 it could have little more than an obituary notice, for the nesting stock was practically "wiped out." ... and for some years, even as a winter visitor, the

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The eggs are maintained at 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), the female regulating the temperature of the eggs by varying the time spent sitting. She leaves the nest more with increasing air temperature, and incubates more tightly when the light intensity is lower early and late in the day. The female

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in winter, hunts over a greater range of heights and vegetation types than when feeding alone. For species that tend to feed in flocks, foraging success while in a flock was about twice that for solitary birds. A consequence of feeding in a flock is that foraging sites may be restricted to avoid

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Although dense conifer growth can provide shelter for roosting at night, losses in hard winters can be heavy. In a Finnish study, only one-tenth of the wintering goldcrest population, which mainly fed on spiders, survived to spring. Each group roamed within a defined winter territory, and their

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strategies, such as collective roosting in dense foliage or snow holes to survive winter nights. Two birds roosting together reduce their heat loss by a quarter, and three birds by a third. During an 18‑hour winter night, with temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) in the north of its

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is an atmospheric phenomenon affecting the weather in Western Europe. When the atmospheric pressure variations in the North Atlantic are large, the springs in Europe are warmer. This brings forward the northward migration of those bird species (including the goldcrest) that winter mainly within

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A study in the Baltic region showed that northern goldcrests were more likely to migrate, and increased their body mass beforehand; non-migratory southern birds did not increase their fat reserves. The travel speed of migrating goldcrests increased for those leaving later in the autumn, and was

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may be retained into the first winter, by then the young birds are almost indistinguishable from adults in the field. The flight is distinctive; it consists of whirring wing-beats with occasional sudden changes of direction. Shorter flights while feeding are a mix of dashing and fluttering with

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Migrating birds rely largely on stored fat and they also metabolise protein as a supplementary source of energy. Those with a relatively large amount of fat, may make stops during migration of only 1–2 days; although they have lost weight since commencing their journey, they have enough energy

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species, the fiery crowns of the goldcrest and firecrest making them more likely to be the original bearers of these titles, and, because of the legend's reference to the "smallest of birds" becoming king, the title was probably transferred to the equally tiny wren. The confusion was probably

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in October 1982, and nearly 21,000 birds through a single site in Latvia during September and October 1983. Spring migration is complete by late March on the Mediterranean islands, but continues to late April or early May in northern Europe. The spring passage is much lighter than in autumn,

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Apart from the crest colour, the sexes are alike, although in fresh plumage, the female may have very slightly paler upper-parts and greyer underparts than the adult male. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but has duller upper-parts and lacks the coloured crown. Although the tail and

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Laying starts at the end of April into early May. The eggs are whitish with very indistinct buff, grey or brown markings at the broad end. The eggs are 14 mm × 10 mm (0.55 in × 0.39 in) and weigh 0.8 g (0.028 oz), of which 5% is shell. The

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species altogether. They were sometimes called the Tenerife goldcrest, no matter which of the islands they lived on; however, a 2006 study of the vocalisations of these birds indicate that they actually comprise two subspecies of the goldcrest that are separable on voice;

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warblers. Both birds occur in similar forests, but the chiffchaff is found within 100 m (330 ft) of the forest edge, with the goldcrest breeding deeper in the woodland. Nevertheless, there is no conclusive evidence that the decline of the chiffchaff subspecies

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given at intervals of 1–4 seconds, with all the notes at the same pitch. It sometimes has a more clipped ending, or is delivered more rapidly. The call is higher and less rough than that of the firecrest. The song of the male goldcrest is a very high, thin double note

508:(eyebrow) and black eye-stripe, and the juvenile usually shows enough of this face pattern to be readily distinguished from the plain-faced goldcrest. The yellow-browed warbler has a yellowish supercilium and pale crown stripe, so also shows a different head pattern. 1741:. There was some northward range expansion in Scotland, Belgium, Norway, and Finland during the 20th century, assisted by the spread of conifer plantations. The population is currently stable, although there may be temporary marked declines in harsh winters. 1576:

Outside the breeding season, small groups of goldcrests maintain exclusive winter feeding territories, which they defend against neighbouring groups. As they roam around their territory, they frequently join loose flocks of other wanderers such as

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Conversely, populations can expand rapidly after a series of mild winters. In lowland Britain, there was an increase of 48% following the 1970/71 winter, with many pairs spreading into deciduous woodlands where they would not normally breed.

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are used only when some spruce or firs are also present. Sites such as parks and cemeteries are used only when they offer suitable conifers that are not otherwise locally available. The height and nature of any undergrowth is irrelevant.

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also hunt goldcrests. The erratic movements and flights of small woodland birds, which are vulnerable to attack while away from cover, may help to confuse their predators. The goldcrest has only very rarely been recorded as a host of the

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at only one-third of the speed of common firecrests, taking the smallest prey items ignored by their relative. The differences in behaviour are facilitated by subtle morphological differences; firecrests have broader bills with longer

1283:. Females migrated slightly earlier than males, but overall there were more males, with an average sex ratio of 1.6:1. Goldcrests can fly 250–800 km (160–500 mi) in one day, although they keep at a lower level in heavy 1181:, both of which forage on tree trunks, the kinglets do not need large woodlands, and their population density is independent of forest size. Once breeding is over, this species will readily move into deciduous trees and shrubs, 933:

Birds from the Canary Islands are particularly distinctive having a black forehead, pink-buff underparts and a darker closed wing, and have been sometimes treated either as a subspecies of the common firecrest or as a different

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The goldcrest is the smallest European bird, 8.5–9.5 cm (3.3–3.7 in) in length, with a 13.5–15.5 cm (5.3–6.1 in) wingspan and a weight of 4.5–7.0 g (0.16–0.25 oz). It is similar in appearance to a

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This kinglet has greenish upper-parts, whitish under-parts, and has two white wingbars. It has a plain face contrasting black irises and a bright head crest, orange and yellow in the male and yellow in the female, which is

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species. There are nonetheless records of an individual surviving to 4 years 10 months, and even a report of a bird ringed in Winchester in the UK in 1989 and found dead in Morocco 7 years and 7 months later.

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races of goldcrest, and genetic data show that it is the closest relative of that species, and, despite its alternative name, only distantly related to the firecrest. The flamecrest diverged from the goldcrest

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are considered to be fraudulent. It is distinctive, with the black edges to the crest largely absent. The crown of the male is yellower than in other forms, and the underparts are much duller and greyer.

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and also by putting her warm legs into the middle of the pile between the eggs. Within a clutch the size of eggs increases gradually and the last laid egg may be 20% larger than the first egg. Second

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The goldcrest has a large range, estimated at 13.2 million km (5.1 million mi) and a total population estimated at 80–200 million individuals, and it is therefore classed as

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Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae, complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c

1010:, about 100,000 years ago. It is likely that the initial colonisation was of the easternmost islands, with a subsequent spread to the central and western island groups from the western 1713:

and in Spain. These lice move over the host's body, and have strong mouthparts that pierce the host's skin so that they can feed on blood, and sometimes feather material. A number of

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provided the transport. Suffolk fishermen called this bird "herring spink" or "tot o'er seas" because migrating goldcrests often landed on the rigging of herring boats out in the

531: 68: 1827:'s short poem, "The Gold-crested Wren", first published in 1868. An old English name for the goldcrest is the "woodcock pilot", since migrating birds preceded the arrival of 3629:

Alatalo, Rauno V; Gustafsson, Lars; Linden, Mats; Lundberg, Arne (October 1985). "Interspecific Competition and niche shifts in tits and the Goldcrest: an experiment".

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

755:, there are nine generally accepted and very similar subspecies, differing only in details such as plumage shade. At the genetic level, the two Central Asian forms, 4895: 1226:

This species has bred in Iceland since about 1999, and was widespread by 2004, although numbers are affected by hard winters. Breeding occurs intermittently in the

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Becker, Peter H (1977). "Verhalten auf Lautäußerungen der Zwillingsart, interspezifische Territorialität und Habitatansprüche von Winter- und Sommergoldhähnchen (

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The songs of mainland goldcrests vary only slightly across their range and consist of a single song type, but much more divergence has occurred in the isolated

1365: 5040: 1820:, "kinglet"). In English, the association between the goldcrest and Eurasian wren may have been reinforced by the kinglet's old name of "gold-crested wren". 1401: 860:(Loudon, 1911). Breeds in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It is paler above than the nominate subspecies, and greyish-green rather than olive. 1831:

by a couple of days. There are unfounded legends that the goldcrest would hitch a ride in the feathers of the larger bird, and similar stories claimed that

328: 1383: 1347: 3834: 985:(Seebohm, 1883). Found on Tenerife and La Gomera, Canary Islands; it is a distinctive, small subspecies with a black forehead and pink-buff underparts. 1329:

reported nests at heights from 1.0–22 m (3.3–72.2 ft). One pair built their nest just 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above that of a sparrowhawk.

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feathers, as well as being called the "king of the birds" in European folklore, gives rise to its English and scientific names. The scientific name,

4869: 4168: 1249:, northernmost populations deserting their breeding areas in winter. Birds winter in Europe and Asia south of the breeding range. Birds in northern 763:, are very close to each other, and have differentiated only in the recent past, but they diverged from the western subspecies around 2.8 mya. 671:) of Taiwan have also been a source of much debate. It is sometimes viewed as a race of firecrest, but its territorial song resembles those of the 4908: 434:

by the female alone, and the chicks are fed by both parents; second broods are common. This kinglet is constantly on the move as it searches for

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Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Hofmeister, Tanja (January 2001). "Lautäußerungen der Sommergoldhähnchen von den Inseln Madeira und Mallorca (

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The goldcrest is usually easily distinguished from other small birds in its range, but poor views could possibly lead to confusion with the

492:, in Belgium. The goldcrest has a bright crest and a relatively plain face. The orange tinge of the hindcrown indicates that this is a male. 5060: 4418: 2954: 1503:

than common firecrests. Although both will take trapped insects from spider webs on autumn migration, firecrests will also eat the large

3544: 2808: 2436: 1287:. This is a tame and inquisitive bird, and tired migrants will land near or on humans, sometimes searching for food on their clothing. 4524: 3449: 1423:

in Europe is typically 9–11 eggs, but ranges from 6–13. The eggs are piled up in the nest and the female keeps the eggs warm with her

2875: 2315:"A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data" 371:, means 'petty king' or prince. Several subspecies are recognised across the very large distribution range that includes much of the 3581: 3799:"A comparative analysis of the evolution of variation in appearance of eggs of European passerines in relation to brood parasitism" 3667:

Reinertsen, Randi Eidsmo; Haftorn, Svein; Thaler, Ellen (1988). "Is hypothermia necessary for the winter survival of the Goldcrest

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Päckert, Martin; Dietzen, Christian; Martens, Jochen; Wink, Michael; Kvist, Laura (July 2006). "Radiation of Atlantic goldcrests

988: 4136: 4830: 2582: 775: 236: 4037:

Clayton, Dale H; Tompkins, Daniel M (1995). "Comparative effects of mites and lice on the reproductive success of rock doves (

1615: 4913: 1196:. It is common only in that habitat, becoming rare in pine forest, where it occurs only where tree-heath is also available. 520:

crestless juvenile goldcrest, the American bird is larger in size, has an obvious whitish eyering, and yellowish wing bars.

4435: 2583:"Phylogeography and the Evolutionary time-scale of Passerine Radiations in the Sino-Himalayan Region (Aves: Passeriformes)" 403:), which largely shares its European range, but the latter's bronze shoulders and strong face pattern are distinctive. The 4934: 4778: 1931: 1241:

On foggy or overcast nights, goldcrests and other disorientated migrants can be attracted to lighthouses in large numbers.

724: 591:, but frequently given family status, especially as recent research shows that despite superficial similarities, they are 3737:

Jenni-Eiermann, Susanne; Jenni, Lukas (1991). "Metabolic responses to flight and fasting in night-migrating passerines".

1582: 1211:, and thus predominantly in cooler climates than the firecrest. Further east it occurs discontinuously through southern 3969: 1165:

in Ireland, and goldcrests constituted over 60% of all birds found in Welsh Douglas fir and Norway spruce plantations.

1069:, Azores; its upper-parts are a darker olive-green than those of the nominate form, and the underparts are also darker. 716: 307: 4991: 4755: 3034: 1079: 650: 450:, but its large range and population mean that it is not considered to present any significant conservation concerns. 2781: 484: 463:, with olive-green upper-parts, buff-white underparts, two white wing bars, and a plain face with conspicuous black 4848: 2132: 1326: 1291: 1199:

The goldcrest has a huge range in Eurasia, breeding from Macaronesia to Japan. It is common in middle and northern

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has been described as the "king of the birds" or as a flame bearer. However, these terms were also applied to the

5050: 4861: 3996:"Diversidad y distribucion de las especies de Mallophaga (Insecta) en aves y mamíferos de la comunidad de Madrid" 3393:

Ricklefs, R E; "Sibling competition, hatching asynchrony, incubation period, and lifespan in altricial birds" in

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woodlands, mainly up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft), and occasionally to 4,800 m (15,700 ft). It uses

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Löhrl, Hans; Thaler, Ellen; Christie, David A (September 1996). "Status and behaviour of the Tenerife Kinglet".

2364:"Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passerifor-mes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences" 1113:. The goldcrest lineage diverged from this apparent ancestor of the common firecrest in the Middle Pleistocene. 120: 4301: 2715: 2160: 1043: 789: 3885: 3192:

Crick, Humphrey Q P (1993). "Goldcrest". In Gibbons, David Wingham; Reid, James B; Chapman, Robert A (eds.).

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Lecons d'anatomie comparee de M. G. Cuvier, Recueillies et publiees sous ses yeux, par C. Dumeril et Duvernoy

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frequent hovering. It moves restlessly among foliage, regularly creeping on branches and up and down trunks.

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Hafton, Svein (1986). "Clutch size, intraclutch egg size variation, and breeding strategy in the Goldcrest

2736:"Song dialects as diagnostic characters—acoustic differentiation of the Canary Island Goldcrest subspecies 2216:

Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen (2004). "Song dialects on the Atlantic islands: goldcrests of the Azores (

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Goldcrest remained rare, absent from most of its nesting haunts. It is, however, now fully re-established.

1161:. Breeding densities of up to 591 pairs per square km (1,530 pairs per square mile) have been recorded in 1050: 27: 4191: 3928: 2786:

sp. n. – the first fossil Kinglet (Aves: Sylviidae) from the Late Pliocene of Varshets, Western Bulgaria"

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Haftorn, Svein (1978). "Egg-laying and regulation of egg temperature during incubation in the Goldcrest

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range, goldcrests huddled together can each burn off fat equivalent to 20% of body weight to keep warm.

1072: 821: 501: 215: 3222: 1902: 1312:. The male sings during the breeding season, usually while foraging rather than from a perch. It has a 1701: 1237: 542: 5004: 4719: 4710: 4655: 4376: 3853: 3331: 3197: 1653: 1280: 1178: 1033: 1022: 1015: 1003: 947:, the western Canary Islands goldcrest, occurring on the smaller islands of La Palma and El Hierro. 512: 407:

is a repetition of high thin notes, slightly higher-pitched than those of its relative. Birds on the

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Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya/Biodiversity and natural heritage of the Himalaya III

1721:; these mites live on fungi growing on the feathers. The fungi found on the plumage may feed on the 830:(Sushkin, 1904). Breeds in Russia and Central Asia, and is paler above than the nominate subspecies. 3582:"Ecological aspects of heterospecific flocks formation in a Mediterranean passerine bird community" 2809:"Effects of forest fragmentation on a guild of wintering passerines: the role of habitat selection" 2647: 2461: 1507:(on rare occasions kinglets have been found stuck in a spider web, either unable to move or dead). 1309: 1062: 867: 85: 2911:

Merilä, Juha; Svensson, Erik (December 1995). "Fat reserves and health state in migrant Goldcrest

4309: 4117: 4066: 3877: 3754: 3688: 3646: 3604: 3376: 3313: 3140: 2983: 2932: 2692: 2669:

Sangster, George; Collinson, J Martin; Helbig, Andreas J; Knox, Alan G; Parkin, David T. (2005).

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Monroe, Burt L. (February 1992). "The new DNA – DNA avian classification: What's it all about?".

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compounded by the similarity and consequent interchangeability of the Greek words for the wren (

810:; it is greener and has darker upper-parts than the nominate form, and has broad white wingbars. 796:; it is similar to the nominate subspecies, but slightly paler above and with whiter underparts. 4900: 3446:

Martens, Jochen; Päckert, Martin "Family Regulidae (Kinglets & Firecrests)" pp. 330–349 in

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woodland and gardens, building its compact, three-layered nest on a tree branch. Ten to twelve

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Pugh, Geoffrey John Frederick (April 1972). "the contamination of birds' feathers by fungi".

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from 2.6–1.95 mya in Bulgaria, which was identified as belonging to an extinct species,

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are now separated into two subspecies of the goldcrest, but were formerly considered to be a

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Tiainen, Juha; Vickholm, Markku; Pakkala, Timo; Piiroinen, Jarmo; Virolainen, Erkki (1983).

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life expectancy of around eight months, which is the shortest for any bird apart from a few

1204: 803: 705: 497: 396: 364: 4986: 4747: 4497: 3798: 2620:

Vaurie, Charles (1954). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 8, Sylviinae, the genus

739: 4960: 4544: 4012: 3995: 2894: 2592:. Erfurt: Verein der Freunde & Förderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt. pp. 71–80. 1939: 1786: 1620: 1058: 847: 642: 625: 4349: 4325:

Hunting the wren: transformation of bird to symbol: a study in human-animal relationships

3612: 2535:

Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Severinghaus, Lucia Liu (2008). "The Taiwan Firecrest (

1879: 4724: 3857: 1121: 4856: 4843: 4608: 4221: 4105: 3510: 3092: 3067: 2735: 2339: 2314: 1709:

in Japan, and at the other end of the range in birds of the nominate subspecies on the

1674: 1665: 1628: 1570: 1548: 1504: 1268: 1246: 1099:

species, mostly goldcrests or unidentifiable to species. The only fossil of an extinct

1092: 971: 892: 657: 472: 464: 431: 408: 384: 192: 2382: 504:. The adult common firecrest has a distinguishing face pattern showing a bright white 5034: 4921: 4783: 4551: 4144: 3545:"The ability of forest reserves to maintain original fauna – why has the Chiffchaff ( 3451:

Handbook of the Birds of the World: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers v. 11

3335: 3262: 3239: 2827: 2696: 2687: 2670: 2487: 2280: 2199: 1888: 1790: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1670: 1657: 1599:

to feeding stations and bird tables to take fat, sometimes with warblers such as the

1527: 1479: 1428: 1276: 1227: 1154: 1029: 914:

The Canary Islands were colonised in two waves. The first step was the occupation of

820:, wintering in northeastern Afghanistan. Records of this race from Ladakh claimed by 771: 619: 592: 443: 232: 105: 100: 4121: 4070: 3881: 3758: 3317: 3144: 2987: 2603: 2543:

s. l.): evidence from mitochondrial DNA and the territorial song of the Regulidae".

2249: 550:

displaying orange crest feathers that are set within a narrow rim of yellow feathers

4796: 4187: 3906: 3692: 3476: 2564: 1855: 1714: 1681: 1652:

Throughout the goldcrest's range, the main predator of small woodland birds is the

1627:

Several small passerine species survive freezing winter nights by inducing a lower

1560: 1250: 1208: 1054: 817: 4835: 4770: 246: 5017: 2880:

in relation to the timing of migration at different sites of the migration route"

66: 4939: 4882: 4704: 4443: 2424: 1696: 1632: 1595: 1511: 1463: 1424: 1255: 1162: 1158: 1066: 1007: 888: 575: 505: 435: 376: 316: 3929:"Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) and their host associations in the Faroe Islands" 3158:

Lovaty, Francois (2000). "Des territoires disjoints entre les roitelets huppés

2874:

Bojarinova, Julia; Ilves, Aleksandra; Chernetsov, Nikita; Leivits, Agu (2008).

2158:

Catley, G (September 1992). "Identification pitfalls and assessment problems".

1435:

incubates the eggs for 16 to 19 days to hatching, and broods the chicks, which

950: 5012: 4632: 4054: 2978: 2766: 2581:

Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Sun, Yue-Hua; Tietze, Dieter Thomas (2009).

2556: 2241: 1591: 1578: 1532: 1491: 1467: 1193: 1189: 1150: 1146: 1134: 1126: 959: 779: 677: 664: 647: 439: 423: 412: 372: 57: 1188:

The Tenerife subspecies occurs in the mountain region previously occupied by

836:(Rippon, 1906). Breeds in the Eastern Himalayas, Burma and China; it is like 4817: 3818: 1836: 1823:

It has had little other impact on literature, although it is the subject of

1782: 1661: 1515: 1483: 1321: 1264: 1220: 1200: 1182: 967: 923: 919: 840:, but darker overall with dark green upper-parts and darker buff underparts. 793: 672: 536: 356: 172: 132: 4695: 3873: 3101: 3083: 3049: 2432: 2390: 2348: 2330: 595:

remote from the warblers. The names of the family Regulidae, and the genus

4113: 4062: 3865: 605: 4689: 4561: 1604: 1587: 1442: 1284: 1216: 1006:

suggests that the Azores were colonised in a single invasion in the late

963: 927: 915: 447: 427: 152: 4734: 1778:. Fishermen in Suffolk referred to the goldcrest as the "herring spink". 1223:

mountains, northern Iran, and from the Himalayas east to central China.

751:

Several subspecies of the goldcrest have been described. In continental

44: 4874: 4594: 4533: 4492: 4022: 3750: 3684: 3608: 3380: 3309: 3136: 2953:

Gyurácz, József; Góczán, József; Bánhidi, Péter; Lepold, Ágnes (2003).

2936: 2048: 1722: 1535:. Non-animal food is rare, although goldcrests have been seen drinking 1487: 1212: 1011: 900: 807: 752: 654: 460: 380: 360: 338: 182: 4965: 4887: 2134:

Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides)

3035:"Spring migration of birds in relation to North Atlantic Oscillation" 2633: 2404:

Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G P; Olsson, Urban; Sundberg, Per (2006).

1710: 1436: 1138: 896: 728: 547: 142: 77: 4809: 4666: 3650: 3600: 3372: 3068:"North Atlantic Oscillation and timing of spring migration in birds" 2928: 2040: 1554:

The goldcrest has much the same range and habitat preference as the

1207:

latitudes of Europe, between the 13–24 °C (55–75 °F) July

4822: 3962:

Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo

3477:"Differences in morphology and foraging behaviour in the goldcrest 2509:(in Latin). Vol. ii. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 548. 1091:

There are a few Pleistocene (2.6 million to 12,000 years

922:

1.9–2.3 million years ago, followed by a separate invasion of

806:, 1862). Breeds in Eastern Asia, including Japan, Korea, China and 4804: 4582: 3448:

Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David A, eds. (2006).

3337:

A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds: volume 4

3224:

A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds, Volume 2

2848: 1766: 1689: 1614: 1540: 1519: 1495: 1462: 1455:

and appeared to be poorly adapted compared to the parent species.

1236: 1142: 1120: 949: 738: 732: 715: 704: 692: 613: 600: 587:

The kinglets are a small group of birds sometimes included in the

541: 527: 483: 325: 320: 306: 4354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 52, footnote 4. 4084:

Cohen, S; Greenwood, M T; Fowler, J A (January 1991). "The louse

3642: 3194:

The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991

2406:"Phylogeny and classiccation of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea" 1510:

The goldcrest takes a wide variety of prey, especially spiders,

1499: 1411: 1393: 1375: 1357: 1104: 884: 162: 4670: 4506: 2313:

Barker, F Keith; Barrowclough, George F; Groth, Jeff G (2002).

2000:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)

4378:

Die deutschen Vogelnamen: eine wortgeschichtliche Untersuchung

3835:"A comparative study of host selection in the European cuckoo 1873: 1871: 1832: 1590:

and goldcrests foraged in the outer foliage, while the larger

1536: 1157:, and in man-made landscapes also introduced conifers such as 3833:

Soler, Juan Josė; Møller, Anders Pape; Soler, Manuel (1999).

1082:; it is paler than other Azores subspecies and whitish below. 4327:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 27–28. 3221:

Morris, Francis Orpen; Tegetmeier, William Bernhard (1896).

998:, 2006). Resident on La Palma and El Hierro, Canary Islands. 4502: 4263:

The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (two volumes)

4169:"Oribatid mites (Oribatei) in bird feathers: Passeriformes" 2671:"Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: third report" 2658:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 521. 1581:

and warblers. This kinglet, like other species that prefer

637:

remigibus secundariis exteriori margine flavis, medio albis

3543:

Lampila, Petri; Mönkkönen, Mikko; Rajasärkkä, Ari (2009).

2524:(in French). Vol. 1, table 2. Paris: Crochard et cie. 1341:

Old drawing of a nest and small branches of a conifer tree

943:

occurring on Tenerife and the newly described subspecies,

4498:

Videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

4381:(in German). Strassbourg: Karl J Trũbner. pp. 80–85. 2267:

spp.: evidence of a new taxon from the Canary Islands".

2876:"Body mass, moult and migration speed of the Goldcrest 2023:

Hogstad, Olav (1971). "Age determination of Goldcrests

2002:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1342–1346. 1018:, where both eastern and western song types are found. 3927:

Palma, Ricardo L; Jensen, Jens-Kjeld (November 2005).

3797:

Soler, Juan Josė; Møller, Anders Pape (January 1995).

899:

are of more recent origin. There are no goldcrests on

870:, 1926). Breeds in India and China. It is darker than 383:. Birds from the north and east of its breeding range 4135:

Schöne, Richard; Schmäschke, Ronald; Sachse, Margit.

4423:(4th ed.). London: John van Voorst. p. 10. 3911:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

3421:"Britain's smallest bird, the Goldcrest, is booming" 1705:

has been found on the eastern goldcrest subspecies,

1586:

competition with other species. In a Swedish study,

1133:

The goldcrest breeds in mature lowland and mountain

4679: 4646: 4606: 4580: 4167:Krivolutsky, Dmitri A; Lebedeva, Natalia V (2004). 4088:(Amblycera: Phthiraptera), an intermediate host of 2494:(in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 188. 1569:in parts of Finland is due to competition with the 2184:Regulus ignicapillus madeirensis, R. i. balearicus 1998:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998). 1903:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734997A132183740.en 1656:, which has a diet consisting of up to 98% birds. 3066:Hüppop, Ommo; Hüppop, Kathrin (7 February 2003). 3012:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 380–381. 438:, and in winter it is often found with flocks of 4092:(Filarioidea: Nematoda), a heartworm of swans". 395:during breeding. It superficially resembles the 4462:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 82. 3511:"The habitat and spatial relations of breeding 2656:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2 2588:. In Hartmann, Matthias; Weipert, Jörg (eds.). 618:, a king. The goldcrest was first described by 567:, repeated 5–7 times and ending in a flourish, 3166:se reproduisant dans des îlots continentaux". 4518: 3662: 3660: 3273:. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010 3241:Coloured Figures of the Eggs of British Birds 2851:(in Icelandic). Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands. 2211: 2209: 1450:Although their ranges overlap substantially, 8: 4265:. London: Frederick Warne. pp. 126–129. 3955:"Studies on Amblycerous Mallophaga of Japan" 3549:) disappeared from eastern central Finland?" 3244:. Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford. p. 2319:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 1040:, except the underparts are more olive-buff. 895:are ancient colonists, whereas those on the 747:has paler underparts than the European race. 653:in 1790, and to its current genus by French 4236:"BirdLife International Species factsheet: 3340:. London: Groombridge & sons. pp. 2807:Telleria, José Luis; Santos, Tomás (1995). 2466:. Edinburgh: Chambers. 2006. p. 1277. 1922: 1920: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1799: 874:, and greener than the nominate subspecies. 635: 623: 611: 603: 569:cedarcedar-cedar-cedar-cedar-stichi-see-pee 4667: 4588: 4525: 4511: 4503: 2948: 2946: 1680:The goldcrest is a host of the widespread 1173:Unlike more specialised birds such as the 245: 94: 64: 43: 34: 16:Small passerine bird in the kinglet family 4488:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 4021: 4011: 3817: 3227:. London: John C Nimmo. pp. 107–108. 3091: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2977: 2686: 2576: 2574: 2362:Spicer, Greg S; Dunipace, Leslie (2004). 2338: 2177: 2175: 1901: 1725:of the outer feathers or on feather oil. 1543:twigs together with tits and nuthatches. 1049:(Murphy & Chapin, 1929). Resident on 850:, 1910). Breeds only in Iran; it is like 778:). Breeds in most of Europe; this is the 558:of the goldcrest is a thin, high-pitched 3922: 3920: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 2093:British Warblers (New Naturalist Series) 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 1259:suggesting high mortality on migration. 415:of the firecrest or a separate species, 4442:. University of Toronto. Archived from 2708: 2706: 2539:) belongs to the Goldcrest assemblage ( 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1867: 1331: 4394:Birds in the ancient world from A to Z 3442: 3440: 3438: 3257: 3255: 2748:2006 (Aves: Passeriformes: Regulidae)" 2463:The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1279:, which provided some protection from 4013:10.3989/graellsia.2006.v62.iExtra.108 3776:. London: Collins. pp. 154–156. 3008:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 2855:from the original on 14 December 2014 2413:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2371:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2095:. London: Collins. pp. 352–363. 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 887:are found on the Atlantic islands of 640:). It was moved to the warbler genus 7: 4862:1cda146b-ad6c-447a-817f-d81973a2381e 4312:. London: Henry G Bohn. p. 551. 4280:. Waterhouses: Poyser. p. 181. 2955:"Autumn migration of the Goldcrest ( 816:(Pleske, 1892). Breeds in China and 5041:IUCN Red List least concern species 4474:"Spink" is an old name for a finch. 4396:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 35. 4323:Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1997). 4306:Natural history of Pliny, volume II 3739:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 3399:. New York: Springer. p. 260. 1889:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1498:and spiders. They also feed on the 1002:Differences in songs, genetics and 954:The recently discovered subspecies 4222:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1972.tb02602.x 4106:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00527.x 3162:et les roitelets à triple bandeau 2137:. London: Helm. pp. 385–387. 2027:(L.) in summer and early autumn". 1230:. The goldcrest has occurred as a 14: 4460:Oxford Book of British Bird Names 4392:Arnott, William Geoffrey (2007). 4351:Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion 4143:. Star-Media GmbH. Archived from 4094:Medical and Veterinary Entomology 535:Song of the male goldcrest, near 4006:(número extraordinario): 21–32. 3994:Martín Mateo, Maria Paz (2006). 3547:Phylloscopus collybita abietinus 2688:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2005.00483.x 2281:10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03533.x 2200:10.1046/j.1439-0361.2000.00054.x 1948:. London: Collins. p. 336. 1849: 1717:have been recorded in the genus 1619:Goldcrest – Winter – Mote Park, 1567:Phylloscopus collybita abietinus 1400: 1382: 1364: 1346: 1334: 1185:and similar more open habitats. 1095:) records from Europe of extant 989:Western Canary Islands goldcrest 119: 4420:A Nomenclature of British Birds 3913:. London: Collins. p. 113. 3475:Leisler, Bernd; Thaler, Ellen. 1878:BirdLife International (2018). 1478:species are almost exclusively 4375:Suolahti, Viktor Hugo (1909). 4261:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1930). 4188:10.1080/13921657.2004.10512577 1078:(Vaurie, 1954). Found only on 1: 4348:Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914). 3395:Power, Dennis M, ed. (1993). 2383:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00193-3 1583:mixed-species foraging flocks 725:Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary 363:family. Its colourful golden 4440:Representative Poetry Online 3454:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3048:(3): 287–298. Archived from 2828:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00021-H 2790:Historia Naturalis Bulgarica 26:Not to be confused with the 5061:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3712:. London: Granada. p. 3515:warblers and the goldcrest 2425:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015 1816: 1805: 1408:Regulus regulus teneriffae 1080:Santa Maria Island (Azores) 5077: 4448:Retrieved 14 November 2010 4434:Turner, Charles Tennyson. 4278:Weather and Bird Behaviour 4157:Retrieved 22 October 2010 3953:Uchida, Seinosuke (1926). 3580:Herrera, Carlos M (1979). 3397:Current Ornithology vol 11 2738:Regulus regulus teneriffae 1809:, "king") and the crests ( 1292:North Atlantic oscillation 25: 21:Goldcrest (disambiguation) 18: 4591: 4540: 4417:Doubleday, Henry (1865). 4055:10.1017/S0031182000063964 3631:Journal of Animal Ecology 3526:Annales Zoologici Fennici 3492:Annales Zoologici Fennici 3267:[Linnaeus, 1758]" 2979:10.2478/v10050-008-0072-4 2767:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.7 2626:American Museum Novitates 2557:10.1007/s10336-008-0335-5 2242:10.1007/s10336-003-0003-8 1896:: e.T22734997A132183740. 1811: 1800: 1372:Regulus regulus azoricus 1129:, a favoured nesting tree 663:The relationships of the 488:The nominate subspecies, 387:to winter further south. 286: 279: 253: 244: 221: 214: 116:Scientific classification 114: 92: 83: 75: 63: 51: 42: 37: 4242:. BirdLife International 4176:Acta Zoologica Lituanica 3125:Journal für Ornithologie 3033:Hubálek, Zdenûk (2003). 2734:Päckert, Martin (2006). 2648:Rasmussen, Pamela Cecile 2520:Cuvier, Georges (1800). 2269:Journal of Avian Biology 2218:Regulus regulus azoricus 2188:Journal für Ornithologie 1673:, a widespread European 1470:are a major dietary item 1390:Regulus regulus inermis 1354:Regulus regulus regulus 1117:Distribution and habitat 1044:Western Azores goldcrest 883:Two groups of goldcrest 866:(Meinertzhagen R. & 422:The goldcrest breeds in 5056:Birds described in 1758 4436:"The Gold-Crested Wren" 4276:Elkins, Norman (1988). 3772:Génsbøl, Benny (1987). 3706:Burton, Robert (1985). 3562:: 71–80. Archived from 3238:Seebohm, Henry (1896). 2893:: 55–65. Archived from 2849:"Glókollar bíða afhroð" 2816:Biological Conservation 2780:Boev, Zlatozar (1999). 1825:Charles Tennyson Turner 1648:Predators and parasites 1245:This species is partly 1234:in Jordan and Morocco. 1192:, but now dominated by 1032:, 1883). Found only on 792:, 1856). Breeds in the 599:, are derived from the 4638:Golden-crowned kinglet 4458:Lockwood, W B (1984). 3968:(1): 4. Archived from 3673:Journal of Ornithology 3298:Journal of Ornithology 3084:10.1098/rspb.2002.2236 2545:Journal of Ornithology 2331:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 2230:Journal of Ornithology 1779: 1772:Fishing Boats Offshore 1756: 1686:Dasypsyllus gallinulae 1624: 1522:. Larger prey such as 1471: 1242: 1130: 975: 854:, but slightly darker. 748: 736: 713: 702: 636: 624: 612: 604: 551: 539: 493: 442:. It may be killed by 342: 323: 315:at Vinayak village in 28:Golden-crowned kinglet 3891:on 21 September 2010. 3866:10.1007/s004420050727 3819:10.1093/beheco/7.1.89 3332:Morris, Francis Orpen 3198:T. & A. D. Poyser 3072:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2959:) in western Hungary" 2505:Latham, John (1790). 2131:Baker, Kevin (1997). 1770: 1751: 1618: 1466: 1240: 1124: 1073:Santa Maria goldcrest 1036:, Azores; it is like 953: 742: 719: 708: 696: 680:(million years ago). 667:or Taiwan firecrest ( 545: 534: 502:yellow-browed warbler 487: 337:Bathing goldcrest at 336: 310: 4857:Fauna Europaea (new) 4656:Ruby-crowned kinglet 3519:in southern Finland" 3164:Regulus ignicapillus 2222:R. r. sanctae-mariae 2091:Simms, Eric (1985). 1654:Eurasian sparrowhawk 1179:Eurasian treecreeper 1023:Sao Miguel Goldcrest 879:The Atlantic islands 513:ruby-crowned kinglet 19:For other uses, see 4493:Songs and sonagrams 4137:"interesting facts" 4090:Sarconema eurycerca 3975:on 11 November 2011 3858:1999Oecol.118..265S 2837:on 12 October 2012. 2742:R. r. ellenthalerae 2537:Regulus goodfellowi 1482:, preying on small 1076:R. r. sanctaemariae 992:R. r. ellenthalerae 956:R. r. ellenthalerae 945:R. r. ellenthalerae 780:nominate subspecies 689:Continental Eurasia 669:Regulus goodfellowi 401:Regulus ignicapilla 375:and the islands of 293:Linnaeus, 1758 86:Conservation status 4310:Henry Thomas Riley 4197:on 27 August 2011. 4086:Trinoton anserinum 3903:Rothschild, Miriam 3806:Behavioral Ecology 3751:10.1007/BF00257901 3685:10.1007/BF01644486 3361:Ornis Scandinavica 3310:10.1007/BF01640412 3137:10.1007/BF01643534 2917:Functional Ecology 2784:Regulus bulgaricus 2029:Ornis Scandinavica 1945:Collins Bird Guide 1928:Mullarney, Killian 1829:Eurasian woodcocks 1780: 1693:Philopterus reguli 1625: 1518:, springtails and 1472: 1243: 1219:and Japan, in the 1167:Broad-leaved woods 1131: 1110:Regulus bulgaricus 980:Tenerife goldcrest 976: 872:R. r. himalayensis 786:R. r. himalayensis 761:R. r. himalayensis 749: 745:R. r. himalayensis 737: 714: 703: 634:(characterised as 610:, a diminutive of 589:Old World warblers 552: 540: 494: 417:Regulus teneriffae 355:) is a very small 343: 341:in the Netherlands 324: 313:R. r. himalayensis 274: Non-breeding 5028: 5027: 4974:Open Tree of Life 4673:Taxon identifiers 4664: 4663: 4628:Madeira firecrest 4602: 4601: 4469:978-0-19-214155-2 4446:on 2 August 2009. 4403:978-0-415-23851-9 4361:978-0-8196-0156-8 4334:978-0-87049-960-9 4287:978-0-85661-051-6 3783:978-0-00-219176-0 3723:978-0-246-12440-1 3461:978-84-96553-06-4 3406:978-0-306-43990-2 3207:978-0-85661-075-2 3078:(1512): 233–240. 3019:978-0-7011-6907-7 2740:Seebohm 1883 and 2599:978-3-00-027117-5 2473:978-0-550-10185-3 2325:(1488): 295–308. 2144:978-0-7136-3971-1 2102:978-0-00-219810-3 2009:978-0-19-850188-6 1955:978-0-00-219728-1 1785:(384–322 BC) and 1601:common chiffchaff 1556:common chiffchaff 1524:oak bush crickets 1308:The goldcrest is 1175:Eurasian nuthatch 905:Madeira firecrest 864:R. r. sikkimensis 838:R. r. sikkimensis 834:R. r. yunnanensis 757:R. r. sikkimensis 721:R. r. sikkimensis 632:Motacilla regulus 532: 334: 305: 304: 298:Regulus cristatus 290:Motacilla regulus 109: 69: 5068: 5051:Birds of Eurasia 5021: 5020: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4994: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4968: 4956: 4955: 4943: 4942: 4940:NHMSYS0000530579 4930: 4929: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4903: 4891: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4851: 4839: 4838: 4826: 4825: 4813: 4812: 4800: 4799: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4751: 4750: 4738: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4668: 4623:Common firecrest 4589: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4504: 4475: 4473: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4308:. Translated by 4298: 4292: 4291: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4238:Regulus regulus 4232: 4226: 4225: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4190:. Archived from 4173: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4015: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3884:. Archived from 3843: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3618:on 20 July 2011. 3617: 3611:. Archived from 3586: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3569:on 27 July 2011. 3568: 3553: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3444: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3423:. Wildlife Extra 3417: 3411: 3410: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3271:BTOWeb BirdFacts 3259: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3055:on 3 March 2016. 3054: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3010:Birds Britannica 3005: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2963: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2900:on 27 July 2011. 2899: 2884: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2830:. Archived from 2813: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2752: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2690: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652:Anderton, John C 2644: 2638: 2637: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2609:on 14 June 2011. 2608: 2602:. Archived from 2587: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2435:. Archived from 2410: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2128: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2053: 2052: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1995: 1960: 1959: 1936:Zetterstrom, Dan 1924: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1875: 1856:Birds portal 1854: 1853: 1852: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1707:R. r. japonensis 1702:Ricinus frenatus 1637:thermoregulation 1404: 1386: 1368: 1350: 1338: 1320:The goldcrest's 983:R. r. teneriffae 941:R. r. teneriffae 868:Meinertzhagen A. 800:R. r. japonensis 710:R. r. japonensis 639: 629: 617: 609: 593:phylogenetically 533: 498:common firecrest 397:common firecrest 335: 294: 273: 267: 261: 249: 227: 124: 123: 103: 98: 97: 71: 70: 47: 35: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5018:Regulus-regulus 5016: 5011: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4964: 4961:Observation.org 4959: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4933: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4733: 4731: 4725:Regulus_regulus 4723: 4718: 4711:Regulus regulus 4709: 4708: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4681:Regulus regulus 4675: 4665: 4660: 4642: 4598: 4576: 4536: 4531: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4150: 4148: 4147:on 3 March 2016 4134: 4133: 4129: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4036: 4035: 4031: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3841: 3837:Cuculus canorus 3832: 3831: 3827: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3669:Regulus regulus 3666: 3665: 3658: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3601:10.2307/3544516 3584: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3521: 3517:Regulus regulus 3508: 3507: 3503: 3487: 3483:R. ignicapillus 3479:Regulus regulus 3474: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3373:10.2307/3676134 3357:Regulus regulus 3354: 3353: 3349: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3294:Regulus regulus 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3265:Regulus regulus 3261: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3200:. p. 352. 3191: 3190: 3179: 3160:Regulus regulus 3157: 3156: 3152: 3121:R. ignicapillus 3117:Regulus regulus 3114: 3113: 3109: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3042:Folia Zoologica 3037: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3007: 3006: 2995: 2961: 2957:Regulus regulus 2952: 2951: 2944: 2929:10.2307/2389981 2913:Regulus regulus 2910: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2882: 2878:Regulus regulus 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2750: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2600: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2541:Regulus regulus 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2442:on 27 June 2021 2439: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2265:Regulus regulus 2262: 2261: 2257: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2130: 2129: 2110: 2103: 2090: 2089: 2056: 2041:10.2307/3676233 2025:Regulus regulus 2022: 2021: 2017: 2010: 1997: 1996: 1963: 1956: 1940:Grant, Peter J. 1926: 1925: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1882:Regulus regulus 1877: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1765: 1731: 1666:long-eared owls 1650: 1621:Maidstone, Kent 1613: 1611:Winter survival 1573:and goldcrest. 1549:rictal bristles 1505:orb-web spiders 1461: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1306: 1301: 1119: 1089: 891:. Birds on the 881: 858:R. r. buturlini 852:R. r. buturlini 691: 686: 626:Systema Naturae 585: 528: 526: 482: 473:flight feathers 456: 352:Regulus regulus 326: 292: 275: 271: 269: 265: 263: 259: 240: 229: 225:Regulus regulus 223: 210: 207:R. regulus 118: 110: 99: 95: 88: 65: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Regulus (bird) 5043: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5009: 4996: 4983: 4970: 4957: 4944: 4931: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4853: 4844:Fauna Europaea 4840: 4827: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4765: 4752: 4739: 4729: 4716: 4701: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4482:External links 4480: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4450: 4426: 4409: 4402: 4384: 4367: 4360: 4340: 4333: 4315: 4293: 4286: 4268: 4253: 4227: 4216:(2): 172–177. 4200: 4159: 4127: 4100:(1): 101–110. 4076: 4049:(2): 195–206. 4029: 4002:(in Spanish). 3986: 3945: 3916: 3894: 3852:(2): 265–276. 3825: 3789: 3782: 3764: 3745:(5): 465–474. 3729: 3722: 3709:Bird Behaviour 3698: 3679:(4): 433–437. 3656: 3637:(3): 977–984. 3621: 3572: 3535: 3501: 3481:and firecrest 3467: 3460: 3434: 3412: 3405: 3386: 3347: 3323: 3304:(3): 291–301. 3284: 3251: 3230: 3213: 3206: 3177: 3150: 3131:(3): 233–260. 3107: 3058: 3025: 3018: 2993: 2972:(1–2): 37–46. 2942: 2923:(6): 842–848. 2903: 2866: 2840: 2799: 2772: 2726: 2702: 2681:(4): 821–826. 2661: 2639: 2612: 2598: 2570: 2551:(1): 205–220. 2527: 2512: 2497: 2488:Linnaeus, Carl 2479: 2472: 2453: 2419:(2): 381–397. 2396: 2377:(2): 325–335. 2354: 2305: 2286: 2275:(4): 364–380. 2255: 2205: 2171: 2150: 2143: 2108: 2101: 2054: 2015: 2008: 1961: 1954: 1932:Svensson, Lars 1916: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1844: 1841: 1764: 1761: 1730: 1727: 1675:brood parasite 1649: 1646: 1629:metabolic rate 1612: 1609: 1571:willow warbler 1460: 1457: 1416: 1415: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1333: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1118: 1115: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1070: 1041: 1026:R. r. azoricus 1000: 999: 986: 972:Canary Islands 893:Canary Islands 880: 877: 876: 875: 861: 855: 844:R. r. hyrcanus 841: 831: 825: 811: 797: 783: 743:Probable male 690: 687: 685: 682: 658:Georges Cuvier 584: 581: 525: 522: 515:, an American 481: 480:Identification 478: 455: 452: 436:insects to eat 409:Canary Islands 303: 302: 301: 300: 295: 284: 283: 277: 276: 270: 268: Resident 264: 262: Breeding 258: 251: 250: 242: 241: 230: 219: 218: 212: 211: 204: 202: 198: 197: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 112: 111: 93: 90: 89: 84: 81: 80: 73: 72: 61: 60: 49: 48: 40: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5073: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Passeriformes 4550: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:Bostock, John 4297: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039:Columba livia 4033: 4030: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3907:Clay, Theresa 3904: 3898: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774:Birds of Prey 3768: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556:Ornis Fennica 3550: 3548: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174:(3): 193–200. 3173: 3170:(in French). 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127:(in German). 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Ornis Fennica 2881: 2879: 2870: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2716:British Birds 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2628:(1684): 1–9. 2627: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2296:British Birds 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226:R. r. inermis 2223: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190:(in German). 2189: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2161:British Birds 2154: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1807: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1747:Thomas Coward 1742: 1740: 1739:IUCN Red List 1736: 1735:least concern 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:feather mites 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688:, and of the 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671:common cuckoo 1667: 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