280:
273:
of soil overburden and naturally decalcified sediments that were screened with 1mm mesh. Critically, integration of taphonomic and geologic data from the GD 1 excavations indicated that fundamentally different processes of fossil record formation were occurring at
Gondolin during the formation of the GD 1 and GD 2 fossil assemblages. This result highlighted the complex, heterogenous geologic processes that can influence fossil deposition and assemblage composition in South African cave systems during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene.
127:
52:
45:
29:
1200:
272:
The most recent excavations at
Gondolin were undertaken in 2003 and 2004 to explore the largely decalcified GD 1 deposits along the northwestern rim of the Gondolin locality. A four-week excavation season produced a sample of 4,863 fossil specimens from approximately 50 m (1,800 cu ft)
258:
dumpsite deposits at the locality via a test trench (Trench A). Materials removed from Trench A included fossiliferous breccia blocks from most, if not all, of the stratigraphic units present at the site (as well as loose fossil specimens sifted from decalcified sediments). From this sampled material
308:
The assemblage composition described from this reanalysis differs in key respects from that of the initial 1993 description, including significant shifts in the specimen counts attributed to individual taxonomic categories (both numbers of individual specimens and minimum numbers of individuals) and
304:
tooth. A comprehensive reanalysis of the
Gondolin GD 2 assemblage undertaken from 2002 to 2004 led to the identification of 95,549 total individual specimens (in contrast to the 90,663 specimens originally noted in 1993), of which 16,477 are identifiable craniodental (3,484) or postcranial (12,993)
241:
and geology of the GD 2 deposits did not find any basis for multiple depositional phases within the sampled sequence. The removed sediment blocks were organised into 43 blocks/trays and processed using acetic acid at the
Transvaal Museum. A significant gap in research at Gondolin occurred in the
907:
Herries, A.I.R.; Hopley, P.J.; Adams, J.W.; Curnoe, D.; Maslin, M.A. (December 2010). "Letter to the editor: Geochronology and palaeoenvironments of
Southern African hominin-bearing localities—A reply to Wrangham et al., 2009. "Shallow-water habitats as sources of fallback foods for hominins"".
250:
sampling is known to have occurred). The first description of the result fossil assemblage in 1993 only partially described 4,344 individual specimens that could be assigned to a specific taxonomic levels (out of the 90,663 total specimens recovered from acetic acid processing of the 43
738:
Adams, J.W.; Herries, A.I.R.; Conroy, G.C.; Kuykendall, K.L. (2007). "Taphonomy of a South
African cave: geological and hydrological influences on the GD 1 fossil assemblage at Gondolin, a Plio-Pleistocene paleocave system in the Northwest Province, South Africa".
299:
The original description of fossil specimens from the GD 2 deposits only addressed a small portion of the assemblage. A single hominin tooth that was originally thought to have been derived from the GD 2 sampling was later determined to be an intrusive modern
259:(the GD A faunal assemblage), two isolated hominin teeth (representing two different individuals) were recovered. The first, GA 1, is a worn and fractured left molar that has not been confidently attributed to either genus or species (but resembles
206:
No records of the date of lime mining activities at
Gondolin, maps or photographs of the cave prior to mining are known to exist. Long-term residents near Gondolin report that the system was mined prior to the 1950s. The cave was named after
234:). The three-week 1979 excavation removed approximately 2 m (71 cu ft) of calcified sediments from the northern cave wall. While two distinct sediment phases were recognized during the original excavation, later work with the
869:
Herries, A.I.R.; Adams, J.W.; Kuykendall, K.L.; Shaw, J. (2006). "Speleology and magnetobiostratigraphic chronology of the GD 2 locality of the
Gondolin hominin-bearing paleocave deposits, North West Province, South Africa".
286:
1710:
279:
715:
Adams, J.W.; Conroy, G.C. (2005). "Plio-Pleistocene faunal remains from the
Gondolin GD 2 in situ assemblage, North West Province, South Africa". In Lieberman, D.; Smith, R.J.; Kelley, J. (eds.).
2620:
190:
fossil deposits, the system was mined for lime during the early 20th century. As a result, the system has been heavily disturbed and consists of only a small active cave, a series of
1037:
5494:
768:
Adams, Justin W. (2010). "Taphonomy of the
Gondolin GD 2 in situ Deposits and its Bearing on Interpretations of South African Plio-Pleistocene Karstic Fossil Assemblages".
458:
describe the two hominin teeth as 'GDA-1' and 'GDA-2', neither specimen (or any of the other Trench A fossils) were formally numbered or accessioned prior to cataloging by
321:). The revised description of the GD 2 assemblage also reinforced several unique features of the collection compared to other South African late Pliocene and Pleistocene:
462:. Following museum guidelines, the Trench A fossils were given the prefix 'GA' and not 'GDA-'; hence the specimens are more accurately referred to as 'GA 1' and 'GA 2'.
5504:
224:(now the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History), who initiated excavations in early 1979. The first phase of excavation addressed the extremely fossiliferous
1091:
991:
Menter, C.G.; Kuykendall, K. L.; Keyser, A. W.; Conroy, G. C. (1999). "First record of hominid teeth from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Gondolin, South Africa".
2701:
1384:
937:
Herries, Andy I.R.; Adams, Justin W. (2013). "Clarifying the context, dating and age range of the Gondolin hominins and Paranthropus in South Africa".
2034:
361:
A robust sample of directly associated cranial and postcranial remains for many fossil species, including several groupings of articulated fossils.
182:. The cave is located on privately owned land and is not accessible to the public. As is the case with other South African Paleo-cave systems with
4204:
2424:
1154:
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1415:
4511:
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1405:
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4416:
729:
1876:
1505:
1084:
145:
71:
93:
5220:
3426:
1189:
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by the early 1970s. Exposed fossils in the cave system were noted at least as early as the 1970s and brought to the attention of
3416:
1377:
5499:
5039:
5019:
3497:
2744:
351:) from an assemblage other than the Makapansgat Member 3 deposits (including the first postcrania attributed to the species).
1028:
Watson, V (1993). "Glimpses from Gondolin: a faunal analysis of a fossil site near Broederstroom, Transvaal, South Africa".
5014:
44:
5092:
3622:
3487:
2919:
1077:
3868:
3739:
1739:
1430:
982:
MacKenzie, K (1994). "History of events leading to palaeontological excavations of Gondolin, Alias "Mackenzie Cave"".
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2148:
1370:
1215:
433:
4889:
3997:
3022:
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354:
The first comprehensive taphonomic analysis of a South African early Pleistocene assemblage solely derived from
5383:
4859:
4854:
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3334:
2301:
1601:
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specimens; with the remaining 79,076 specimens being unidentifiable (primarily long bone diaphysis) fragments.
126:
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5230:
4979:
4044:
3247:
2651:
2084:
1918:
1755:
1410:
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in some features. In contrast, GA 2 is a complete left m2 that has been recently analysed and attributed to
1362:
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161:
5275:
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2112:
1973:
1523:
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2999:
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1794:
1732:
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1319:
1000:
946:
879:
831:
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438:
5125:
5255:
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5029:
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4635:
4501:
4372:
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4159:
3803:
3134:
2841:
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2719:
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2656:
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2044:
2018:
1978:
1806:
1100:
340:
179:
173:
28:
5285:
5170:
5115:
5439:
5250:
4994:
4984:
4969:
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2250:
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141:
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4289:
4209:
4034:
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1983:
1616:
1544:
1324:
1299:
1284:
1260:
1159:
1016:
970:
962:
925:
895:
857:
849:
777:
717:
Interpreting the Past: Essays on Human, Primate and Mammal Evolution in Honor of David Pilbeam
820:"The enigmatic molar from Gondolin, South Africa: Implications for Paranthropus paleobiology"
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4939:
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3544:
3329:
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2511:
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1008:
954:
917:
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839:
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756:
413:
407:
221:
157:
5260:
254:
In 1997 a survey of the sediments at Gondolin included the first sampling of the extensive
5423:
5210:
5110:
4839:
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4777:
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4314:
4294:
4274:
4179:
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153:
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1841:
1673:
1448:
1004:
950:
883:
835:
789:
Adams, Justin W. (2012). "Craniodental and postcranial remains of the extinct porcupine
752:
5334:
5265:
5155:
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4721:
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1993:
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1057:
217:
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2240:
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1760:
1668:
1463:
1394:
230:
remnant deposits adhering to the northern wall of the cave system (the GD 2 deposits
3845:
3793:
760:
242:
1980s, during which time all of the excavated blocks were processed (but no further
5373:
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3159:
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2199:
2143:
2008:
1968:
1963:
1911:
1831:
1811:
1611:
1453:
1314:
1309:
1294:
1179:
1169:
325:
The numerical dominance of two rarely encountered antelope species - klipspringer (
149:
81:
2537:
726:
Taphonomy and paleoecology of the Gondolin PlioPleistocene cave site, South Africa
958:
891:
844:
819:
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5175:
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4914:
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4864:
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3708:
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3539:
3482:
3431:
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3401:
3242:
3179:
3169:
3144:
3118:
3040:
2929:
2882:
2729:
2568:
2351:
2262:
2230:
2204:
2163:
2094:
1988:
1781:
1637:
1580:
1575:
1539:
1495:
1253:
1231:
1221:
1149:
187:
2621:
Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site
5473:
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5180:
4989:
4924:
4834:
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4782:
4772:
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4604:
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3436:
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3339:
3149:
3139:
3102:
3077:
3072:
2604:
2594:
2178:
2168:
2049:
1923:
1891:
1773:
1606:
1184:
966:
853:
781:
364:
The recovery of fragile elements including hyoids and fetal/neonatal remains.
108:
95:
5407:
4884:
4143:
4138:
4133:
3923:
3575:
3391:
3293:
3195:
2599:
2367:
2104:
2013:
2003:
1856:
1694:
1570:
1458:
1226:
815:
4609:
1020:
1012:
974:
929:
899:
861:
655:
653:
651:
806:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
5280:
5240:
4813:
4716:
4214:
4174:
4064:
3729:
3446:
3097:
2547:
2414:
2317:
1998:
1678:
1518:
1513:
1500:
1164:
1124:
376:
The Gondolin Palaeo-cave deposits have been dated using a combination of
212:
183:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
4584:
4189:
3902:
3570:
3344:
1950:
1789:
1139:
1049:
921:
367:
The absence of any identificable primate remains within the assemblage.
333:
226:
165:
1069:
793:
Greenwood, 1958 (Rodentia: Hystricidae) from Gondolin, South Africa".
4080:
3354:
3349:
2277:
235:
176:
169:
1199:
5270:
3267:
2826:
238:
5300:
261:
5090:
4414:
3866:
3020:
2702:
Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site
1428:
1366:
1073:
2035:
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site
659:
511:
451:
670:
668:
164:
marine platform). Gondolin is currently the only described
561:
611:
609:
347:
The first described occurrence of the extinct porcupine (
172:
site in the Northwest Province-portion of the designated
795:
Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History
198:
calcified sediments produced during mining activities.
719:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 243–261.
686:
455:
1038:
Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
484:
482:
480:
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5416:
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5327:
5299:
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4709:
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4618:
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4489:
4463:
4447:
4431:
4386:
4365:
4349:
4323:
4152:
4126:
4110:
4089:
4073:
4027:
4006:
3990:
3969:
3948:
3932:
3916:
3895:
3879:
3833:
3812:
3786:
3774:
3748:
3717:
3681:
3663:
3647:
3631:
3615:
3599:
3553:
3532:
3516:
3465:
3384:
3363:
3307:
3276:
3230:
3214:
3188:
3127:
3111:
3065:
3049:
3033:
2907:
2891:
2870:
2613:
2582:
2556:
2525:
2479:
2448:
2397:
2376:
2360:
2342:
2326:
2310:
2294:
2276:
2213:
2192:
2131:
2103:
2027:
1703:
1687:
1646:
1630:
1589:
1553:
1532:
1477:
1441:
1333:
1277:
1270:
1207:
1107:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
384:which indicate an age of around 1.8 million years.
87:
77:
67:
596:
594:
194:remnant cave deposits, and extensive dumpsites of
289:A 180 degree panorama of the Gondolin Cave system
152:. The paleocave formed in the Eccles Formation
1378:
1085:
337:sp.) similar to the extant mountain reedbuck
8:
674:
21:
5495:Pleistocene paleontological sites of Africa
615:
5100:
5087:
4428:
4411:
3876:
3863:
3030:
3017:
1438:
1425:
1393:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and
1385:
1371:
1363:
1274:
1092:
1078:
1070:
437:in the context of the underground city of
130:GD 1 deposit region excavated in 2003/2004
20:
910:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
843:
585:
4160:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site
814:Grine, Frederick E.; Jacobs, Rachel L.;
125:
5505:Archaeological sites of Southern Africa
1064:, Cape Town: National Monuments Council
474:
398:
488:
698:
642:
540:
459:
51:
7:
600:
730:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
2548:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica
1711:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site
1506:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
1062:National Monuments Council report
1198:
315:Antidorcas australis/marsupialis
309:the removal of several species (
278:
220:and David Panagos at the (then)
50:
43:
27:
761:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.05.006
411:was published only in 1977, in
160:, Chuniespoort Group carbonate-
818:; Plavcan, J. Michael (2012).
421:had been published already in
269:(if from a large individual).
1:
331:) and a species of reduncin (
959:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.007
892:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.07.007
845:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.06.005
202:Site history and excavations
2736:Other caves with decoration
1818:Other caves with decoration
1740:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil
1416:Caves containing pictograms
5521:
2720:Other World Heritage Sites
1807:Other World Heritage Sites
1406:Paleoanthropological sites
1216:Australopithecus africanus
993:Journal of Human Evolution
939:Journal of Human Evolution
872:Journal of Human Evolution
824:Journal of Human Evolution
741:Quaternary Science Reviews
434:The Fellowship of the Ring
5456:
5099:
5086:
4427:
4410:
3875:
3862:
3029:
3016:
1437:
1424:
1401:
1196:
574:Transvaal Museum Bulletin
429:Song of Durin's Awakening
38:
26:
16:South African cave system
5384:Northern Mariana Islands
675:Herries & Adams 2013
59:location in South Africa
1240:Australopithecus sediba
1030:Palaeontologia Africana
616:Adams & Conroy 2005
319:Procavia transvaalensis
3908:Manyana Rock Paintings
1959:La Chapelle-aux-Saints
1346:Underground Astronauts
1341:Rising Star Expedition
1013:10.1006/jhev.1999.0329
576:, Issues 10-22 (1971).
267:Paranthropus robustus
131:
5500:Caves of South Africa
4471:Actun Tunichil Muknal
1247:Paranthropus robustus
424:The Lord of the Rings
328:Oreotragus oreotragus
162:banded iron formation
129:
109:25.82694°S 27.84694°E
4045:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
2985:Red Lady of Paviland
1877:Mayrières supérieure
791:Hystrix makapanensis
770:Journal of Taphonomy
747:(19–21): 2526–2543.
724:Adams, J.W. (2006).
349:Hystrix makapanensis
4860:Colorado Millennial
3498:Shiraho Saonetabaru
2302:Bukuroshja e Fjetur
1101:Cradle of Humankind
1005:1999JHumE..37..299M
951:2013JHumE..65..676H
884:2006JHumE..51..617H
836:2012JHumE..63..597G
753:2007QSRv...26.2526A
562:Herries et al. 2006
372:Age of the deposits
341:Redunca fulvorufula
180:World Heritage Site
174:Cradle of Humankind
137:is a fossiliferous
114:-25.82694; 27.84694
105: /
23:
4678:Dominican Republic
4439:Cueva de las Manos
3335:Huto and Kamarband
2745:Barranc del Migdia
2631:Caves in Cantabria
2055:Hohlenstein-Stadel
1862:Grotte de Gabillou
1847:La Chaire a Calvin
922:10.1002/ajpa.21389
512:Menter et al. 1999
452:Menter et al. 1999
146:Northwest Province
132:
72:Northwest Province
5482:
5481:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
4595:Piedras del Tunjo
4527:Toca da Tira Peia
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2648:Hornos de la Peña
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1325:Phillip V. Tobias
1261:Homo gautengensis
687:Grine et al. 2012
660:Adams et al. 2007
456:Grine et al. 2012
405:The story of the
124:
123:
5512:
5401:Papua New Guinea
5101:
5088:
5040:Stanfield-Worley
5015:Rockhouse Cliffs
4429:
4412:
4280:Howieson's Poort
3977:Enkapune Ya Muto
3877:
3864:
3330:Eshkaft-e Siahoo
3031:
3018:
2785:Peñas de Cabrera
2085:Kleine Feldhofer
2045:Geissenklösterle
1897:Roc-aux-Sorciers
1439:
1426:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1320:John T. Robinson
1305:Ronald J. Clarke
1275:
1202:
1175:Rising Star Cave
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1053:
1024:
987:
978:
933:
903:
865:
847:
810:
785:
764:
733:
720:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
663:
657:
646:
640:
619:
613:
604:
598:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
544:
538:
515:
509:
492:
486:
463:
448:
442:
414:The Silmarillion
408:Fall of Gondolin
403:
282:
222:Transvaal Museum
209:J.R.R. Tolkien's
158:Malmani Subgroup
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
54:
53:
47:
31:
24:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5444:
5428:
5412:
5396:
5378:
5357:
5339:
5323:
5295:
5211:Mackintosh 90/1
5131:Beginner's Luck
5095:
5074:
4890:Dutchess Quarry
4830:Arnold Research
4818:
4802:
4761:
4705:
4689:
4673:
4655:
4614:
4573:
4552:
4531:
4485:
4481:Midnight Terror
4459:
4443:
4423:
4398:
4382:
4361:
4345:
4319:
4148:
4122:
4106:
4085:
4069:
4060:Kelif el Boroud
4023:
4002:
3986:
3965:
3944:
3928:
3912:
3891:
3871:
3850:
3829:
3808:
3782:
3770:
3744:
3713:
3677:
3659:
3643:
3627:
3611:
3595:
3549:
3528:
3512:
3461:
3380:
3359:
3303:
3272:
3226:
3210:
3184:
3123:
3107:
3061:
3045:
3025:
3004:
2903:
2887:
2866:
2765:los Murciélagos
2713:Roca dels Moros
2609:
2578:
2552:
2521:
2492:Chertovy Vorota
2475:
2444:
2393:
2372:
2356:
2344:North Macedonia
2338:
2322:
2306:
2290:
2272:
2209:
2188:
2127:
2099:
2023:
1786:Abri du Poisson
1751:Les Combarelles
1699:
1683:
1642:
1626:
1585:
1549:
1528:
1524:Trou de l'Abîme
1473:
1433:
1420:
1397:
1391:
1361:
1352:
1329:
1266:
1203:
1194:
1103:
1098:
1068:
1056:
1042:Wits University
1027:
990:
981:
936:
906:
868:
813:
788:
776:(2–3): 79–114.
767:
737:
723:
714:
710:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
666:
658:
649:
641:
622:
614:
607:
599:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
547:
539:
518:
510:
495:
487:
476:
472:
467:
466:
449:
445:
417:, but the name
404:
400:
395:
390:
382:palaeomagnetism
378:biostratigraphy
374:
297:
292:
291:
290:
288:
283:
251:trays/blocks).
204:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Beeton Shelter
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4798:T'uqu T'uquyuq
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Pinnacle Point
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4102:The White Lady
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3623:Khoit Tsenkher
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Creswell Crags
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Aveline's Hole
2911:
2909:
2908:United Kingdom
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2857:Santa Catalina
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2652:Monte Castillo
2649:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Hadži-Prodan's
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:Laugerie-Haute
1768:
1766:Laugerie-Basse
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:Abri Chadourne
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1647:Czech Republic
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1617:Romuald's Cave
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:Cave paintings
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:cave paintings
1392:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:H. B. S. Cooke
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Minnaar's Cave
1157:
1152:
1150:Makapan Valley
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1025:
999:(2): 299–307.
988:
979:
945:(5): 676–681.
934:
916:(4): 640–646.
904:
878:(6): 617–631.
866:
830:(4): 597–609.
811:
807:10520/EJC83717
786:
765:
735:
728:(PhD thesis).
721:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:
691:
679:
664:
647:
620:
605:
590:
586:MacKenzie 1994
578:
566:
545:
516:
493:
473:
471:
468:
465:
464:
443:
397:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
352:
345:
296:
293:
285:
284:
277:
276:
275:
218:Elisabeth Vrba
203:
200:
144:system in the
122:
121:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
33:Composite view
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5517:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Cave painting
5467:
5465:
5464:List of caves
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5345:New Caledonia
5342:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:New Guinea II
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Mannalargenna
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:On Your Knees
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Hidden Valley
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:United States
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:Guilá Naquitz
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Dzibilchaltún
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Pedra Pintada
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:South America
4418:
4413:
4409:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:Klasies River
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Byneskranskop
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Ifri Oudadane
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4019:Uan Muhuggiag
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Batadombalena
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Ras Baalbek I
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Nahal Me'arot
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3001:
3000:Windmill Hill
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Heathery Burn
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Tito Bustillo
2678:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:Las Chimeneas
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Akhshtyrskaya
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Pego do Diabo
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Arene Candide
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Devil's Tower
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Pair-non-Pair
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Le Mas-d'Azil
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Arcy-sur-Cure
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Font-de-Gaume
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:Abri Castanet
1728:
1727:
1726:Castel Merle
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
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1120:Cooper's Cave
1118:
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816:Reed, Kaye E.
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311:Hippopotamus
306:
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143:
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136:
135:Gondolin Cave
128:
118:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
46:
37:
30:
25:
22:Gondolin Cave
19:
5276:Wargata Mina
5236:Murrawijinie
5171:Eagles Reach
5166:Devil's Lair
5070:Wilson Butte
4855:Cherry Creek
4845:Bull Thistle
4590:Chiribiquete
4548:Charlie Lake
4476:Barton Creek
4290:Melkhoutboom
4230:Sterkfontein
4220:Plovers Lake
4184:
4153:South Africa
4055:Jebel Irhoud
4040:Ifri N'Ammar
3775:Turkmenistan
3740:Hunugalagala
3524:Iraq ed-Dubb
3289:Jeriji Saléh
2950:High Pasture
2507:Shulgan-Tash
2430:Pedra Furada
2251:
2090:Lichtenstein
2080:Brillenhöhle
2009:Le Regourdou
1969:La Ferrassie
1964:Combe Grenal
1907:Trois Frères
1842:Fontéchevade
1795:La Madeleine
1449:Drachenhöhle
1315:Andre Keyser
1310:Raymond Dart
1295:Robert Broom
1271:Anthropology
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1214:
1180:Sterkfontein
1170:Plovers Lake
1134:
1061:
1033:
1029:
996:
992:
983:
942:
938:
913:
909:
875:
871:
827:
823:
798:
794:
790:
773:
769:
744:
740:
725:
716:
694:
682:
581:
573:
569:
446:
432:
428:
422:
418:
412:
406:
401:
375:
355:
348:
338:
332:
326:
318:
314:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:Fossil fauna
271:
266:
260:
255:
253:
247:
243:
231:
225:
211:
205:
195:
191:
150:South Africa
134:
133:
82:South Africa
18:
5362:New Zealand
5186:Gwion Gwion
5055:Trail Creek
4980:Meadowcroft
4940:Last Supper
4870:Daugherty's
4732:Las Flechas
4517:Rei do Mato
4241:Other caves
4225:Rising Star
4200:Makapansgat
4165:Bolt's Farm
3982:Njoro River
3825:Teshik-Tash
3820:Obi-Rakhmat
3804:Yarımburgaz
3704:Lapuz Lapuz
3682:Philippines
3591:Nachcharini
3586:Ras El Kelb
3545:Tam Pa Ling
3540:Tham An Mah
3422:Nahal Hemar
3170:Zhoukoudian
3145:Guanyindong
3119:Laang Spean
3041:Darra-e Kur
3034:Afghanistan
2980:Portbraddon
2970:Marble Arch
2883:Wildkirchli
2871:Switzerland
2807:Other caves
2780:Ojo Guareña
2760:Maltravieso
2755:Los Casares
2730:Siega Verde
2695:Los Aviones
2690:Santimamiñe
2664:Las Monedas
2657:El Castillo
2564:Čertova pec
2512:Mezmaiskaya
2420:Lagar Velho
2352:Cocev Kamen
2231:Balzi Rossi
2071:Other caves
2060:Sirgenstein
1989:Le Moustier
1979:Fontbrégoua
1939:Bonne-Femme
1919:Other caves
1638:Aetokremnos
1581:Utroba Cave
1487:Claminforge
1484:Belle-Roche
1334:Expeditions
1290:C. K. Brain
1254:Homo naledi
1232:Little Foot
1222:Taung Child
1190:Wonder Cave
1115:Bolt's Farm
1050:10539/16248
801:(1): 7–17.
489:Watson 1993
427:as part of
188:Pleistocene
112: /
88:Coordinates
5489:Categories
5474:Speleology
5291:Wellington
5246:Naracoorte
5231:Mudgegonga
5216:Madjedbebe
5181:Gabarnmung
5121:Ballawinne
5111:Abrakurrie
5010:Pictograph
4788:Qillqatani
4783:Pikimachay
4778:Guitarrero
4773:Chivateros
4752:Oxtotitlán
4605:Tequendama
4315:Wonderwerk
4295:Nelson Bay
4275:Elands Bay
4235:Swartkrans
4180:Gladysvale
4127:Somaliland
4074:Mozambique
4014:Haua Fteah
3813:Uzbekistan
3478:Minatogawa
3473:Kosegasawa
3427:Nahal Oren
3371:Hazar Merd
3340:Qaleh Bozi
3325:Do-Ashkaft
3222:Satsurblia
3189:East Timor
3066:Azerbaijan
2955:Kendrick's
2920:Bontnewydd
2842:Don Gaspar
2795:Praileaitz
2750:Las Caldas
2668:La Pasiega
2595:Divje Babe
2517:Okladnikov
2502:Ignatievka
2425:Pala Pinta
2334:Għar Dalam
2311:Luxembourg
2286:St Brelade
2268:Villabruna
2179:Stravomyti
2169:Megalakkos
2154:Eileithyia
2139:Alepotrypa
2050:Hohle Fels
1936:Balauzière
1892:Pech Merle
1800:Rouffignac
1774:La Micoque
1756:Cro-Magnon
1715:Bara Bahau
1659:Býčí skála
1607:Vela Spila
1566:Devetashka
1561:Bacho Kiro
1285:Lee Berger
1278:Scientists
1185:Swartkrans
1130:Gladysvale
1058:Vrba, E.S.
699:Adams 2012
643:Adams 2010
541:Adams 2006
460:Adams 2006
388:References
100:27°50′49″E
97:25°49′37″S
5440:Nanumanga
5424:Falemauga
5335:Makauwahi
5104:Australia
5060:Trinchera
4935:La Grange
4905:Gatecliff
4900:Franktown
4895:Fort Rock
4875:Dry Creek
4793:Toquepala
4757:Sac Actun
4747:Ox Bel Ha
4737:Frightful
4722:Coxcatlan
4701:Long Mile
4455:Quadiriki
4432:Argentina
4270:Diepkloof
4255:Boomplaas
4210:Minnaar's
4195:Kromdraai
4144:Laas Geel
4139:Dhaymoole
4134:Dhambalin
4097:Apollo 11
3998:Liphofung
3924:Shum Laka
3887:Gueldaman
3841:Con Moong
3718:Sri Lanka
3665:Palestine
3639:Padah-Lin
3576:Ksar Akil
3508:Yamashita
3493:Pinza-Abu
3299:Pettakere
3294:Liang Bua
3277:Indonesia
3263:Pahargarh
3248:Bhimbetka
3206:Lene Hara
3196:Jerimalai
3175:Zengpiyan
3165:Yuchanyan
2965:Long Hole
2862:del Valle
2837:dels Bous
2790:la Pileta
2725:Atapuerca
2640:Covalanas
2538:Pešturina
2466:Muierilor
2456:Coliboaia
2368:Svarthola
2184:Theopetra
2174:Petralona
2159:Franchthi
2149:Asphendou
2105:Gibraltar
2075:Baumann's
2065:Vogelherd
2040:Bockstein
2019:Vallonnet
2014:Rochereil
2004:Raymonden
1994:Noisetier
1946:Bruniquel
1867:Marsoulas
1857:Lombrives
1852:La Marche
1778:La Mouthe
1744:Abri Audi
1722:Cap Blanc
1664:Koněprusy
1654:Amatérská
1622:Veternica
1571:Kozarnika
1545:Ledenjača
1469:Tischofer
1459:Lurgrotte
1227:Mrs. Ples
1145:Kromdraai
967:0047-2484
854:0047-2484
782:1696-0815
601:Vrba 1982
470:Citations
450:Although
358:deposits.
168:-bearing
154:dolomites
142:paleocave
139:dolomitic
5281:Warratyi
5266:Tarragal
5256:Nunamira
5241:Murujuga
5206:Kutikina
5201:Koonalda
5196:Koongine
5156:Cliefden
5151:Cave Bay
5050:Tomaquag
5035:Sisyphus
4965:Mantle's
4955:Lovelock
4950:LoDaisKa
4930:Humboldt
4814:Werehpai
4807:Suriname
4717:Chan Hol
4636:Centella
4626:Ambrosio
4578:Colombia
4543:Bluefish
4387:Zimbabwe
4324:Tanzania
4310:Stadsaal
4215:Motsetsi
4185:Gondolin
4175:Drimolen
4170:Cooper's
4065:Taforalt
4035:Hercules
3961:Swimmers
3933:DR Congo
3917:Cameroon
3896:Botswana
3766:Tham Lod
3756:Pha Taem
3749:Thailand
3730:Belilena
3648:Pakistan
3616:Mongolia
3600:Malaysia
3561:Antelias
3503:Tobayama
3457:Zuttiyeh
3376:Shanidar
3238:Ambadevi
3155:Tianyuan
3135:Baishiya
3112:Cambodia
2852:El Mirón
2847:Guanches
2822:Armintxe
2740:Bacinete
2685:Altxerri
2674:El Pendo
2644:La Garma
2626:Altamira
2583:Slovenia
2574:Jasovská
2557:Slovakia
2543:Risovača
2497:Denisova
2461:Cuciulat
2415:Furninha
2410:Escoural
2398:Portugal
2389:Paradise
2384:Obłazowa
2318:Loschbur
2258:Paglicci
2241:Corbeddu
2123:Vanguard
2118:Gorham's
1999:La Quina
1942:Bouillon
1929:Aurignac
1733:Reverdit
1718:Bernifal
1597:Grapčeva
1554:Bulgaria
1514:Scladina
1501:Naulette
1464:Salzofen
1165:Motsetsi
1135:Gondolin
1125:Drimolen
1060:(1982),
1021:10444355
984:Pal News
975:23911292
930:20872806
900:16949648
862:22901553
419:Gondolin
356:in situ
256:ex situ
248:ex situ
244:in situ
213:Gondolin
184:Pliocene
68:Location
5392:Chugai'
5374:Ruakuri
5309:Gadao's
5286:Warreen
5221:Mammoth
5191:Jenolan
5136:Blanche
5116:Acheron
5093:Oceania
5065:Ventana
5045:Tainter
5020:Russell
5005:Pendejo
5000:Paisley
4960:Mammoth
4880:Durango
4840:Bonfire
4694:Jamaica
4661:Curaçao
4600:Sáchica
4585:El Abra
4569:Milodón
4512:Peruaçu
4502:Maquiné
4394:Bambata
4373:Kalemba
4245:Blombos
4190:Haasgat
4111:Nigeria
4090:Namibia
4028:Morocco
3991:Lesotho
3903:Tsodilo
3880:Algeria
3834:Vietnam
3794:Belbaşı
3780:Dzhebel
3735:Fa Hien
3694:Kalanay
3655:Sanghao
3632:Myanmar
3571:Kaukaba
3554:Lebanon
3442:Raqefet
3412:Misliya
3397:HaYonim
3345:Warwasi
3320:Darband
3315:Bisitun
3284:Harimau
3258:Gudiyam
3253:Edakkal
3215:Georgia
3160:Xianren
3088:Damjili
3083:Buzeyir
3057:Areni-1
3050:Armenia
2975:Oldbury
2940:Gough's
2925:Cathole
2899:Verteba
2892:Ukraine
2449:Romania
2440:Salemas
2405:Aroeira
2236:Cavallo
2221:Addaura
2200:Baradla
2193:Hungary
2144:Apidima
2028:Germany
1984:Lazaret
1912:Villars
1832:Cosquer
1812:Chauvet
1790:Lascaux
1688:Finland
1612:Vindija
1602:Krapina
1590:Croatia
1510:Ramioul
1478:Belgium
1454:Gudenus
1442:Austria
1208:Fossils
1140:Haasgat
1001:Bibcode
947:Bibcode
880:Bibcode
832:Bibcode
749:Bibcode
708:Sources
334:Redunca
227:in situ
196:ex situ
192:in situ
186:and/or
166:hominin
5433:Tuvalu
5369:Moncks
5353:Pindai
5328:Hawaii
5319:Talagi
5314:Mahlac
5176:Fossil
5161:Cloggs
5146:Burrup
5025:Sandia
4970:Marmes
4915:Hidden
4910:Graham
4865:Danger
4850:Burnet
4710:Mexico
4685:Pomier
4646:Patana
4631:Calero
4610:Tibitó
4536:Canada
4497:Gentio
4490:Brazil
4464:Belize
4378:Mumbwa
4366:Zambia
4350:Uganda
4331:Kondoa
4305:Sibudu
4250:Border
4205:Malapa
4081:Ngalue
3956:Beasts
3940:Matupi
3869:Africa
3799:Karain
3787:Turkey
3761:Spirit
3699:Minori
3689:Callao
3673:Shuqba
3517:Jordan
3488:Ōzakai
3483:Muroya
3432:Qafzeh
3402:Kebara
3385:Israel
3355:Yafteh
3350:Wezmeh
3180:Zhiren
3093:Tağlar
2995:Thor's
2930:Coygan
2878:Bichon
2832:Bedmar
2800:Sidrón
2636:Chufín
2569:Domica
2526:Serbia
2480:Russia
2377:Poland
2361:Norway
2295:Kosovo
2278:Jersey
2263:Romito
2205:Szelim
2164:Kleidi
2132:Greece
1837:Cussac
1827:Gargas
1782:Pataud
1704:France
1674:Mladeč
1631:Cyprus
1576:Magura
1540:Badanj
1533:Bosnia
1431:Europe
1155:Malapa
1019:
973:
965:
928:
898:
860:
852:
780:
236:fossil
177:UNESCO
170:fossil
78:Region
5417:Samoa
5271:Ubirr
5261:ORS 7
5030:Shoup
4990:Mummy
4985:Modoc
4975:Martz
4925:Hogup
4835:Baker
4651:Pluma
4557:Chile
4522:Santo
4448:Aruba
4417:North
4357:Nyero
4341:Mumba
4265:Cango
4007:Libya
3970:Kenya
3949:Egypt
3846:Ngườm
3709:Tabon
3566:Jeita
3466:Japan
3452:Tabun
3447:Skhul
3437:Qesem
3407:Manot
3268:Tikla
3243:Belum
3231:India
3201:Laili
3150:Luobi
3140:Fuyan
3128:China
3103:Gazma
3078:Azykh
3073:Allar
2960:Kents
2827:Axlor
2817:Antón
2812:Ángel
2770:Nerja
2708:Araña
2614:Spain
2605:Potok
2600:Pekel
2590:Betal
2327:Malta
2252:Felci
2214:Italy
2095:Ofnet
1955:Cauna
1951:Calès
1924:Arago
1902:Renne
1882:Niaux
1679:Šipka
1669:Kůlna
1496:Goyet
1491:Engis
1108:Sites
439:Moria
393:Notes
313:sp.,
239:fauna
232:sensu
5460:Cave
5408:Kilu
5301:Guam
5141:Bone
4945:Levi
4885:Dust
4766:Peru
4669:Hato
4641:Cura
4619:Cuba
4564:Fell
4419:and
4336:Bahi
3607:Niah
3533:Laos
3392:Amud
3364:Iraq
3308:Iran
3023:Asia
2990:Sand
2775:Niño
2471:Oase
2246:Deer
1974:Fées
1695:Wolf
1017:PMID
971:PMID
963:ISSN
926:PMID
896:PMID
858:PMID
850:ISSN
778:ISSN
454:and
380:and
302:Homo
262:Homo
4118:Rop
3098:Zar
1933:Azé
1519:Spy
1046:hdl
1009:doi
955:doi
918:doi
914:143
888:doi
840:doi
803:hdl
757:doi
431:in
246:or
5491::
1044:.
1040:,
1036:.
1034:30
1032:.
1015:.
1007:.
997:37
995:.
969:.
961:.
953:.
943:65
941:.
924:.
912:.
894:.
886:.
876:51
874:.
856:.
848:.
838:.
828:63
826:.
822:.
797:.
772:.
755:.
745:26
743:.
667:^
650:^
623:^
608:^
593:^
548:^
519:^
496:^
477:^
344:).
317:,
148:,
2704:)
1386:e
1379:t
1372:v
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
1052:.
1048::
1023:.
1011::
1003::
986:.
977:.
957::
949::
932:.
920::
902:.
890::
882::
864:.
842::
834::
809:.
805::
799:2
784:.
774:8
763:.
759::
751::
734:.
732:.
701:.
689:.
677:.
662:.
645:.
618:.
603:.
588:.
564:.
543:.
514:.
491:.
441:.
339:(
156:(
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