866:
1637:, as the sign of a miraculous or divine conception. Further signs of Mary's supremely holy nature follow, including Anne's vow that the infant would never walk on the earth (her bedroom is made a "sanctuary" where she is attended by "undefiled daughters of the Hebrews"), her blessing "with the ultimate blessing" by the priests on her first birthday with the declaration that because of her God will bring redemption to Israel, and the angels who bring her food in the Temple, where she is attended by the priests and engages herself in weaving the temple curtain.
920:
midwife, and as they stand at the mouth of the cave, a cloud overshadows it, an intense light fills it, and suddenly a baby is at Mary's breast. Joseph and the midwife marvel at the miracle, but a second midwife named Salome (the first is not given a name) insists on examining Mary, upon which her hand withers as a sign of her lack of faith; Salome prays to God for forgiveness and an angel appears and tells her to touch the Christ Child, upon which her hand is healed.
643:
1522:
968:
601:
47:
1617:, and Mary, like Samuel, is taken to spend her childhood in the temple. Some manuscripts say of Anne's pregnancy that it was the result of normal intercourse with her husband, but current scholars prefer the oldest texts, which say that Mary was conceived in Joachim's absence through divine intervention; nevertheless, the Gospel of James does not advance the idea of Mary's
738:(a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures); further investigation demonstrated that it misunderstands and/or misrepresents many Jewish practices, but Judaism at this time was highly diverse, and recent trends in scholarship do not entirely dismiss a Jewish connection. Its origin is probably Syrian, and it possibly derives from a sect called the
895:
God hears Anna's prayer, angels announce the coming child, and in the seventh month of Anna's pregnancy (underlining the exceptional nature of Mary's future life), she is born. Anna dedicates the child to God and vows that she shall be raised in the Temple. Joachim and Anna name the child Mary, and when she is three years old, they
1661:(a second century gospel harmony), and to various apocryphan infancy gospels including the Gospel of James, which the Quran's mention of Mary fed by angels, the choice of her guardian through the casting of lots, and her occupation making a curtain for the Temple immediately before the Annunciation.
907:
appears and tells her that she has been chosen to conceive Jesus the
Saviour, but that she will not give birth as other women do. Joseph returns and finds Mary six months pregnant, and rebukes her, fearing that the priests will assume that he is the guilty party. They do, but the chastity of both is
902:
When Mary approaches her 12th year, the priests decide that she can no longer stay in the Temple lest her menstrual blood render it unclean, and God finds a widower, Joseph, to act as her guardian: Joseph is depicted as elderly and the father of grown sons; he has no desire for sexual relations with
894:
Mary is presented as an extraordinary child destined for great things from the moment of her conception. Her parents, the wealthy
Joachim and his wife Anna (or Anne), are distressed that they have no children, and Joachim goes into the wilderness to pray, leaving Anna to lament her childless state.
1644:
serves to defend Jesus against accusation of illegitimacy levied in the second century by pagan and Jewish opponents of
Christianity. Christian sensitivity to these charges made them eager to defend both the virgin birth of Jesus and the immaculate conception of Mary (i.e., her freedom from sin at
919:
forces the holy couple to travel to
Bethlehem, but Mary's time comes before they can reach the village. Joseph settles Mary in a cave, where she is guarded by his sons, while he goes in search of a midwife, and for an apocalyptic moment as he searches all creation stands still. He returns with a
1624:
Various manuscripts place the birth of Mary in the sixth, seventh, eighth, or ninth month, with the oldest having the seventh; this was in keeping with both the
Judaism of the period, which had similar seventh-month births for significant individuals such as
1496:
575:
1747:
The original title was "The Birth of Mary"; it has many names, including the "Infancy Gospel of James", the "Story of the Birth of Saint Mary, Mother of God", and "The Birth of Mary, The
Revelation of James".
865:
2439:
779:, Christians who held that Jesus was entirely supernatural. It also draws heavily on the Septuagint for historical analogies, turns of phrase, and details of Jewish life. Ronald Hock and
1550:
629:
734:
by an earlier marriage of Joseph, but in fact his identity is unknown. Early studies assumed a Jewish milieu, largely because of its frequent use and knowledge of the
857:
for gospel). Emile de
Stryker published the standard modern critical edition in 1961, and in 1995 Ronald Hock published an English translation based on de Stryker.
1590:
were cousins of the Lord. Jerome's opposition to the
Protevangelium led to a diminished influence and circulation in the western, Latin church. It was condemned by
1728:
903:
Mary. He leaves on business, and Mary is called to the Temple to help weave the temple curtain. One day while Mary is spinning thread for the curtain, the angel
880:
Chapters 1–17: A biography of Mary, dealing with her miraculous birth and holy infancy and childhood, her engagement to Joseph and virginal conception of Jesus
795:
Scholars generally accept that the Gospel of James was originally composed in Greek. Over 100 Greek manuscripts have survived, and translations were made into
1576:, meaning her virginity not just prior to the birth of Jesus, but during the birth and afterwards. Its explanation of the gospels' "brothers of Jesus" (the
2054:"Review of "Late Antique Images of the Virgin Annunciate Spinning: Allotting the Scarlet and the Purple. Texts and studies in Eastern Christianity, 11""
1441:
520:
1010:
89:
2449:
2428:
1543:
622:
2827:
1582:) as the offspring of Joseph by an earlier marriage remains the position of the Eastern church, but in the West, influential theologian
839:, Paris. The first widely printed edition (as opposed to hand-copied manuscripts) was a 1552 edition printed in Basel, Switzerland, by
2530:
1680:
854:
2769:
2748:
2727:
2706:
2685:
2664:
2622:
2601:
2580:
2514:
2491:
2470:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2281:
1322:
401:
2842:
1536:
951:
939:), the election of his successor Simeon, and an epilogue telling the circumstances under which the work was supposedly composed.
932:
887:
615:
30:
1693:
1109:
188:
2643:
2539:
1366:
1250:
445:
329:
2847:
1057:
849:(Proto-Gospel of James) because he believed (incorrectly) that the work antedated the main gospels of the New Testament (
136:
1703:
1670:
1411:
1353:
490:
432:
2822:
1718:
1573:
1334:
686:
413:
1641:
1486:
1270:
909:
565:
349:
1339:
1317:
1275:
1265:
1000:
928:
836:
771:, and many of its elements, notably its very physical description of Mary's pregnancy and the examination of her
418:
396:
354:
344:
79:
2832:
2354:
Booton, Diane E. (2004). "Variations on a
Limbourg Theme". In DuBruck, Edelgard E.; Gusick, Barbara I. (eds.).
1723:
1610:
1599:
1491:
1401:
1103:
1093:
995:
869:
The
Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, an event that only appears in the Gospel of James, depicted on a
570:
480:
182:
172:
74:
843:, who printed his Latin translation of a Greek version of the work. Postel also gave the work the Latin name
2837:
1708:
1312:
1074:
1064:
959:
731:
391:
153:
143:
38:
883:
Chapters 18–20: The birth of Jesus, including proof that Mary continued to be a virgin even after the birth
1675:
1406:
1035:
485:
114:
1618:
1466:
1260:
1218:
1193:
1149:
1144:
1098:
1069:
1015:
828:
723:
670:
545:
339:
297:
272:
228:
223:
177:
148:
94:
2441:
The Apocryphal New Testament: A collection of apocryphal Christian literature in an English translation
1657:
stories of the Virgin Mary and the birth of Jesus agree with the canonical Christian gospels, to the
1307:
1255:
1030:
896:
386:
334:
109:
2758:
Weaver, Rebecca (2008). "Jesus in Early Christianity". In Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (eds.).
1526:
1508:
1421:
1386:
1297:
1245:
1208:
1203:
1171:
1025:
1005:
916:
812:
605:
587:
500:
465:
376:
324:
287:
282:
250:
104:
84:
2551:
1302:
1240:
1198:
1181:
381:
319:
277:
260:
693:
not just prior to the birth of Jesus, but during and afterwards, and despite being condemned by
2794:
2765:
2744:
2723:
2702:
2681:
2660:
2639:
2618:
2597:
2576:
2510:
2502:
2487:
2466:
2445:
2424:
2403:
2382:
2376:
2361:
2340:
2334:
2319:
2298:
2277:
1476:
1166:
987:
816:
808:
784:
764:
682:
650:
555:
245:
66:
2481:
2460:
2543:
1598:
around 500. It was completely unknown in the West, and it was taken over by the widely read
1426:
1381:
1371:
1161:
1134:
936:
840:
642:
505:
460:
450:
240:
213:
20:
2761:
The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras
2507:
The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras
2294:
The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras
827:, given that it was apparently known to the compiler of the Gelasian Decree. The oldest is
2785:
1698:
1595:
1591:
1436:
1176:
1139:
1124:
1117:
1081:
1049:
780:
698:
694:
666:
515:
255:
218:
203:
196:
160:
128:
876:
The narrative is made up of three distinct sections with only slight ties to each other:
775:
by the midwife Salome, suggest strongly that it was attempting to deny the arguments of
1713:
1431:
1416:
1361:
1213:
1129:
832:
804:
768:
760:
510:
495:
440:
292:
208:
2816:
2555:
1396:
975:
475:
54:
1481:
1391:
1376:
870:
747:
674:
560:
470:
455:
2611:
Maunder, Chris (2019). "Mary and the Gospel Narratives". In Maunder, Chris (ed.).
685:, and events immediately following. It is the earliest surviving assertion of the
2759:
2738:
2717:
2696:
2675:
2654:
2633:
2612:
2591:
2570:
2418:
2397:
2355:
2313:
2292:
2271:
2462:
Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought
1658:
1471:
967:
550:
46:
726:
at the end of the second, so is assumed to have been in circulation soon after
1606:
1232:
924:
739:
735:
311:
2053:
831:
from the fourth or possibly third century, discovered in 1952 and now in the
2526:"Helvidius, Jovinian, and the Virginity of Mary in Late Fourth-Century Rome"
2291:
Behr, John (2008). "Docetism". In Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (eds.).
1569:
1521:
702:
690:
678:
600:
2806:
1578:
800:
776:
2547:
850:
2800:
1289:
1020:
904:
796:
755:
368:
99:
1586:
asserted that Joseph himself had been a perpetual virgin, and that the
1990:
1988:
1986:
1688:
1626:
1614:
1583:
820:
743:
719:
2378:
An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity
2525:
2214:
2212:
1572:. According to Bernhard Lohse, it is the earliest assertion of her
2420:
Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament
1654:
1634:
1630:
864:
824:
772:
641:
835:, Geneva, while the fullest is a 10th-century Greek codex in the
2572:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
2083:
2081:
2079:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2110:
2108:
1937:
1935:
1886:
1884:
1806:
1804:
1568:
The Gospel of James was a widely influential source for
2803:(based on the critical Greek text of Émile de Strycker)
2139:
2137:
2135:
1823:
1821:
1819:
2273:
Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church
1605:The Gospel of James was the first to give the name
701:around 500, became a widely influential source for
787:literature on its themes of virginity and purity.
2635:Mary's Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe
2719:Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James
2698:Jesus, Sin, and Perfection in Early Christianity
2315:The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment
746:, taught that sex and marriage were symptoms of
2505:. In Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (eds.).
1609:to the mother of Mary, taking it probably from
931:in Bethlehem, the martyrdom of the High Priest
2399:The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations
1729:Meeting of Joachim and Anne at the Golden Gate
1685:– early fresco depiction of the trial by water
1544:
623:
8:
669:telling of the miraculous conception of the
2797:(based on the Greek text of Ronald F. Hock)
2179:
1994:
923:The gospel concludes with the visit of the
844:
722:in the early third century and probably to
2677:Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion
1551:
1537:
946:
630:
616:
25:
2218:
2203:
2167:
2087:
2015:
1795:
1602:, which popularized most of its stories.
899:, where she is fed each day by an angel.
783:have drawn attention to the influence of
2483:Christians, Muslims, and Mary: A History
2254:
2114:
2099:
2052:Winn Leith, Mary Joan (July 26, 2019).
2039:
2027:
1965:
1941:
1890:
1851:
1810:
1783:
1764:
1740:
958:
37:
2659:. State University of New York Press.
2336:Children in early Christian Narratives
2126:
1875:
1839:
1827:
1771:
718:The Gospel of James was well known to
2593:A Short History of Christian Doctrine
2242:
2230:
2191:
2155:
2143:
2070:
1977:
1953:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1863:
7:
2396:Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011).
791:Manuscripts and manuscript tradition
2531:Journal of Early Christian Studies
14:
1570:Christian doctrine regarding Mary
972:First page of the Gospel of Judas
673:, her upbringing and marriage to
51:First page of the Gospel of Judas
2656:Christ in Islam and Christianity
2524:Hunter, David G. (Spring 1993).
1520:
1442:Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca
966:
730:150 AD. The author claims to be
647:Annunciation to Joachim and Anna
599:
521:Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca
45:
2764:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2509:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2480:George-Tvrtkovic, Rita (2018).
2297:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1694:History of Joseph the Carpenter
1645:the moment of her conception).
1110:History of Joseph the Carpenter
677:, the journey of the couple to
189:History of Joseph the Carpenter
2701:. Cambridge University Press.
2674:Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2016).
2540:Johns Hopkins University Press
2381:. Cambridge University Press.
2360:. Vol. 29. Camden House.
1:
2743:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2438:Elliott, James Keith (2005).
886:Chapters 22–24: The death of
714:Date, authorship, and sources
1968:, p. 48 (1993 edition).
1704:List of New Testament papyri
1671:Acts of the Apostles (genre)
1613:, the mother of the prophet
1497:Resurrection of Jesus Christ
890:, father of John the Baptist
576:Resurrection of Jesus Christ
2828:2nd-century Christian texts
2801:The Infancy Gospel of James
2795:The Infancy Gospel of James
2740:The Protevangelium of James
2617:. Oxford University Press.
2614:The Oxford Handbook of Mary
2503:"Marriage, early Christian"
2423:. Oxford University Press.
2402:. Oxford University Press.
1719:Perpetual virginity of Mary
1594:in 405 and rejected by the
1011:Polycarp to the Philippians
697:in 405 and rejected by the
687:perpetual virginity of Mary
90:Polycarp to the Philippians
2864:
2695:Siker, Jeffrey S. (2015).
2333:Betsworth, Sharon (2015).
2270:Bauckham, Richard (2015).
2058:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1642:ordeal of the bitter water
1487:Prayer of the Apostle Paul
732:James the brother of Jesus
566:Prayer of the Apostle Paul
18:
2680:. Yale University Press.
2501:Hunter, David G. (2008).
2375:Burkett, Delbert (2019).
2357:Fifteenth Century Studies
929:massacre of the innocents
2786:Early Christian Writings
2632:Nixon, Virginia (2004).
2590:Lohse, Bernhard (1966).
2417:Ehrman, Bart D. (2003).
1724:Salome (Gospel of James)
1600:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
1492:Questions of Bartholomew
1058:Jewish–Christian gospels
763:found in the gospels of
759:(an elaboration) on the
663:Protoevangelium of James
571:Questions of Bartholomew
137:Jewish–Christian gospels
19:Not to be confused with
2843:James, brother of Jesus
2790:Infancy Gospel of James
2737:Vuong, Lily C. (2019).
2716:Vuong, Lily C. (2013).
2653:Robinson, Neal (1991).
2569:Hurtado, Larry (2005).
2459:Gambero, Luigi (1999).
2180:Ehrman & Plese 2011
1995:Ehrman & Plese 2011
1709:New Testament apocrypha
1527:Christianity portal
960:New Testament apocrypha
606:Christianity portal
39:New Testament apocrypha
2312:Bell, Richard (2012).
2221:, p. unpaginated.
1997:, p. unpaginated.
1676:Apocalyptic literature
1367:Andrew and Bartholomew
1036:The Shepherd of Hermas
897:send her to the Temple
873:
845:
837:Bibliothèque Nationale
665:) is a second-century
654:
446:Andrew and Bartholomew
115:The Shepherd of Hermas
2807:Protevangelium Jacobi
1619:Immaculate Conception
1467:Clementine literature
1219:Gospel of the Hebrews
1016:Martyrdom of Polycarp
910:test of bitter waters
868:
861:Structure and content
846:Protevangelion Jacobi
724:Clement of Alexandria
645:
546:Clementine literature
298:Gospel of the Hebrews
95:Martyrdom of Polycarp
2848:Texts in Koine Greek
2638:. Penn State Press.
1412:Peter and the Twelve
1308:Epistula Apostolorum
1006:Epistles of Ignatius
908:proven through the "
491:Peter and the Twelve
387:Epistula Apostolorum
85:Epistles of Ignatius
2548:10.1353/earl.0.0147
2444:. Clarendon Press.
2339:. T & T Clark.
1574:perpetual virginity
1509:Nag Hammadi library
1298:Apocryphon of James
813:Old Church Slavonic
588:Nag Hammadi library
377:Apocryphon of James
2823:Apocryphal Gospels
2596:. Fortress Press.
2465:. Ignatius Press.
1798:, p. 166 ff..
1303:Apocryphon of John
1050:Apocryphal gospels
874:
655:
653:, 1544–45 (detail)
382:Apocryphon of John
129:Apocryphal gospels
2486:. Paulist Press.
2451:978-0-19-826181-0
2430:978-0-19-518250-7
1786:, p. 35 ff..
1561:
1560:
1477:Doctrine of Addai
988:Apostolic Fathers
823:, and presumably
742:, whose founder,
651:Gaudenzio Ferrari
640:
639:
556:Doctrine of Addai
67:Apostolic Fathers
16:Apocryphal gospel
2855:
2775:
2754:
2733:
2722:. Mohr Siebeck.
2712:
2691:
2670:
2649:
2628:
2607:
2586:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2520:
2497:
2476:
2455:
2434:
2413:
2392:
2371:
2350:
2329:
2308:
2287:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2206:, p. 56-57.
2201:
2195:
2194:, p. 11-12.
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2102:, p. 35-40.
2097:
2091:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1917:, p. 14-16.
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1866:, p. 21-22.
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1748:
1745:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1524:
1402:Peter and Andrew
1251:Pseudo-Methodius
970:
947:
937:John the Baptist
848:
841:Guillaume Postel
829:Papyrus Bodmer 5
761:birth narratives
753:The gospel is a
632:
625:
618:
604:
603:
481:Peter and Andrew
330:Pseudo-Methodius
49:
26:
21:Epistle of James
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2833:Infancy Gospels
2813:
2812:
2782:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2523:
2517:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2269:
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2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
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1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1699:List of Gospels
1667:
1651:
1596:Gelasian Decree
1592:Pope Innocent I
1566:
1557:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1461:Other apocrypha
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1323:Paul and Seneca
1318:Peter to Philip
1293:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1118:Gnostic gospels
1082:Infancy gospels
1053:
1052:
1041:
1040:
991:
990:
979:
973:
945:
863:
793:
781:Mary F. Foskett
716:
711:
699:Gelasian Decree
695:Pope Innocent I
659:Gospel of James
636:
598:
593:
592:
540:Other apocrypha
536:
535:
526:
525:
436:
435:
424:
423:
402:Paul and Seneca
397:Peter to Philip
372:
371:
360:
359:
315:
314:
303:
302:
197:Gnostic gospels
161:Infancy gospels
132:
131:
120:
119:
70:
69:
58:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Pseudepigraphy
2835:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2781:
2780:External links
2778:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2671:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2566:
2521:
2515:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2276:. Bloomsbury.
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2219:Shoemaker 2016
2208:
2204:Shoemaker 2016
2196:
2184:
2172:
2170:, p. 169.
2168:Betsworth 2015
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 200.
2131:
2119:
2104:
2092:
2090:, p. 167.
2088:Betsworth 2015
2075:
2063:
2044:
2042:, p. 448.
2032:
2020:
2018:, p. 166.
2016:Betsworth 2015
1999:
1982:
1980:, p. 6-7.
1970:
1958:
1956:, p. 6-9.
1946:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1880:
1878:, p. 412.
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1815:
1813:, p. 242.
1800:
1796:Betsworth 2015
1788:
1776:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Pseudepigraphy
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1647:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:Related topics
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:Peter and Paul
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1104:Pseudo-Matthew
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
986:
985:
984:
981:
980:
971:
963:
962:
956:
955:
944:
941:
892:
891:
884:
881:
862:
859:
833:Bodmer Library
805:Sahidic Coptic
792:
789:
715:
712:
710:
707:
689:, meaning her
683:birth of Jesus
667:infancy gospel
638:
637:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
609:
608:
595:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
582:Related topics
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
541:
537:
533:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Peter and Paul
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
268:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:Pseudo-Matthew
180:
175:
170:
164:
163:
157:
156:
151:
146:
140:
139:
133:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:9780664224165
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2750:9781532656170
2746:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2729:9783161523373
2725:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2708:9781316404669
2704:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2687:9780300219531
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2666:9780791405581
2662:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2624:9780198792550
2620:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2603:9781451404234
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2582:9780802831675
2578:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2516:9780664224165
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2493:9781587686764
2489:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2472:9780898706864
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2409:9780199831289
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2388:9781107172784
2384:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2367:9781571132963
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2346:9780567657350
2342:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2325:9781136260674
2321:
2318:. Routledge.
2317:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2304:9780664224165
2300:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2283:9781474230476
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2257:, p. 19.
2256:
2255:Robinson 1991
2251:
2248:
2245:, p. 81.
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:, p. 80.
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:, p. 31.
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:, p. 12.
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:, p. 55.
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:, p. 40.
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:, p. 36.
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:, p. 35.
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1905:, p. 20.
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:, p. 48.
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1854:, p. 49.
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:, p. 63.
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:, p. 63.
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:, p. 70.
1773:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:Lost epistles
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:Other gospels
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
983:
982:
977:
976:Codex Tchacos
969:
965:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:
913:
911:
906:
900:
898:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
644:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
611:
610:
607:
602:
597:
596:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
428:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:Lost epistles
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
307:
306:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
235:Other gospels
234:
233:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
134:
130:
124:
123:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:
55:Codex Tchacos
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2789:
2760:
2739:
2718:
2697:
2676:
2655:
2634:
2613:
2592:
2575:. Eerdmans.
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2535:
2529:
2506:
2482:
2461:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2377:
2356:
2335:
2314:
2293:
2272:
2264:Bibliography
2250:
2238:
2226:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2122:
2115:Gambero 1999
2100:Gambero 1999
2095:
2073:, p. 7.
2066:
2057:
2047:
2040:Hurtado 2005
2035:
2028:Gambero 1999
2023:
1973:
1966:Elliott 2005
1961:
1949:
1942:Gambero 1999
1929:, p. 6.
1922:
1910:
1898:
1891:Elliott 2005
1871:
1859:
1852:Elliott 2005
1847:
1835:
1811:Burkett 2019
1791:
1784:Gambero 1999
1779:
1767:
1743:
1682:Castelseprio
1681:
1652:
1639:
1623:
1604:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1564:Christianity
1482:Pilate cycle
1335:Alexandrians
1313:Pseudo-Titus
1188:Lost gospels
1108:
1088:
974:(Page 33 of
922:
917:Roman census
914:
901:
893:
875:
871:Russian icon
794:
754:
752:
748:original sin
727:
717:
662:
658:
656:
649:, fresco by
646:
561:Pilate cycle
414:Alexandrians
392:Pseudo-Titus
267:Lost gospels
187:
167:
53:(Page 33 of
2127:Booton 2004
1876:Hunter 2008
1840:Ehrman 2003
1828:Hunter 1993
1772:Ehrman 2003
1659:Diatessaron
1472:Diatessaron
1387:The Martyrs
1233:Apocalypses
1194:Bartholomew
1150:The Saviour
1145:Secret Mark
935:(father of
853:for first,
785:Greco-Roman
709:Composition
671:Virgin Mary
551:Diatessaron
466:The Martyrs
312:Apocalypses
273:Bartholomew
229:The Saviour
224:Secret Mark
2817:Categories
2809:(in Greek)
2645:0271024666
2561:2016-08-30
2243:Siker 2015
2231:Siker 2015
2192:Nixon 2004
2156:Vuong 2013
2144:Lohse 1966
2071:Vuong 2019
1978:Vuong 2013
1954:Vuong 2013
1927:Vuong 2013
1915:Vuong 2013
1903:Vuong 2013
1864:Vuong 2019
1755:References
1340:Laodiceans
925:Three Magi
855:evangelion
740:Encratites
736:Septuagint
419:Laodiceans
2788:website:
2556:170719507
2542:: 47–71.
1760:Citations
1588:adelphoi
1209:Basilides
1204:Cerinthus
1172:Nicodemus
1075:Nazarenes
1065:Ebionites
1031:Diognetus
1001:2 Clement
996:1 Clement
943:Influence
933:Zechariah
888:Zacharias
777:docetists
703:Mariology
691:virginity
679:Bethlehem
288:Basilides
283:Cerinthus
251:Nicodemus
154:Nazarenes
144:Ebionites
110:Diognetus
80:2 Clement
75:1 Clement
1665:See also
1579:adelphoi
1427:Thaddeus
1382:Mar Mari
1372:Barnabas
1290:Epistles
1199:Matthias
1182:Barnabas
1026:Barnabas
952:a series
950:Part of
817:Armenian
809:Georgian
801:Ethiopic
661:(or the
506:Thaddeus
461:Mar Mari
451:Barnabas
369:Epistles
278:Matthias
261:Barnabas
105:Barnabas
31:a series
29:Part of
1655:Quranic
1437:Timothy
1271:2 James
1266:1 James
1261:Stephen
1167:Marcion
1070:Hebrews
1021:Didache
905:Gabriel
765:Matthew
756:midrash
516:Timothy
350:2 James
345:1 James
340:Stephen
246:Marcion
149:Hebrews
100:Didache
2768:
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1633:, and
1627:Samuel
1615:Samuel
1611:Hannah
1584:Jerome
1432:Thomas
1422:Pilate
1417:Philip
1362:Andrew
1276:2 John
1256:Thomas
1162:Thomas
1135:Philip
1099:Syriac
1094:Thomas
927:, the
851:proto-
821:Arabic
797:Syriac
744:Tatian
720:Origen
681:, the
675:Joseph
511:Thomas
501:Pilate
496:Philip
441:Andrew
355:2 John
335:Thomas
241:Thomas
214:Philip
178:Syriac
173:Thomas
2552:S2CID
2538:(1).
1735:Notes
1649:Islam
1635:Moses
1631:Isaac
1455:Misc.
1397:Peter
1246:Peter
1177:Peter
1140:Truth
1125:Judas
1089:James
825:Latin
773:hymen
728:circa
534:Misc.
476:Peter
325:Peter
256:Peter
219:Truth
204:Judas
168:James
2766:ISBN
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1653:The
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1607:Anne
1392:Paul
1377:John
1354:Acts
1241:Paul
1214:Mani
1130:Mary
915:The
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767:and
657:The
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456:John
433:Acts
320:Paul
293:Mani
209:Mary
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