440:
113:
glass tube 'a great many very little animalcules, of divers sort having its own particular motion.' Not expecting to see any life in the sealed glass tube, Van
Leeuwenhoek saw to his surprise 'a kind of living animalcules that were round and bigger than the biggest sort that I have said were in the other water.' The conditions in the sealed tube had become quite anaerobic due to consumption of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms.
1955:
611:
meaning that nitrogenase activity rose as the nitrogen content of the termite was reduced. One of the functions of termite microbiota is to recapture nitrogen from the termite's own uric acid. This allows conservation of nitrogen from an otherwise nitrogen-poor diet. The hindgut microbiome of different termites has been analyzed, showing 16 different anaerobic species of bacteria, including
131:
discovery of oxygen and the composition of air, was not aware of the meaning of his observations is understandable. But the fact that in the closed tube he observed an increased gas pressure caused by fermentative bacteria and in addition saw the bacteria, prove in any case that he not only was a good observer, but also was able to design an experiment from which a conclusion could be drawn.
31:
555:
is observed to have mitochondria-related organelles contained within it. This mitochondria-related organelle within it is observed to have genes encoding for metabolic functions such as amino acid metabolism. However, these mitochondria-related organelles lack the key features of typical mitochondria
112:
described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to which some clean rain water was added. Van
Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes using a flame and left the other glass tube open. Several days later, he discovered in the open
610:
utilize anaerobic bacteria to fix and recapture nitrogen. In specific, the hindgut of the termite is full of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ranging in function depending on nitrogen concentration of the diet. Acetylene reduction in termites was observed to upregulate in termites with nitrogen-poor diets,
130:
We thus come to the remarkable conclusion that, beyond doubt, Van
Leeuwenhoek in his experiment with the fully closed tube had cultivated and seen genuine anaerobic bacteria, which would happen again only after 200 years, namely about 1862 by Pasteur. That Leeuwenhoek, one hundred years before the
443:
Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New
England community hospital setting. Multiple anaerobic growth media are mentioned among agar plate
87:
that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. The sea floor is possibly one of the largest accumulation of anaerobic organisms on our planet, where microbes are primarily
452:
Since normal microbial culturing occurs in atmospheric air, which contains molecular oxygen, culturing of anaerobes requires special techniques. A number of techniques are employed by microbiologists when culturing anaerobic organisms, for example, handling the bacteria in a
485:
Recently, a French team evidenced a link between redox and gut anaerobes based on clinical studies of severe acute malnutrition. These findings led to the development of aerobic culture of "anaerobes" by the addition of antioxidants in the culture medium.
1157:
Seedorf, Henning; Fricke, W. Florian; Veith, Birgit; BrĂŒggemann, Holger; Liesegang, Heiko; Strittmatter, Axel; Miethke, Marcus; Buckel, Wolfgang; Hinderberger, Julia; Li, Fuli; Hagemeier, Christoph; Thauer, Rudolf K.; Gottschalk, Gerhard (2008-02-12).
477:
then reacts with oxygen gas on a palladium catalyst to produce more water, thereby removing oxygen gas. The issue with the GasPak method is that an adverse reaction can take place where the bacteria may die, which is why a
595:
relationship with prokaryotes. These relationships are mediated in which the ciliate leaves end products that its prokaryotic symbiont utilizes. The ciliate achieves this through the use of fermentative metabolism. The
1421:
Million, Matthieu; Tidjani Alou, Maryam; Khelaifia, Saber; Bachar, Dipankar; Lagier, Jean-Christophe; Dione, Niokhor; Brah, Souleymane; Hugon, Perrine; Lombard, Vincent; Armougom, Fabrice; Fromonot, Julien (May 2016).
420:, an organic compound found in animals, provides a way for ATP to be utilized in the muscle. The phosphorylation of creatine allows for the storage of readily available phosphate that can be supplied to the muscles.
426:
The reaction is reversible as well, allowing cellular ATP levels to be maintained during anoxic conditions. This process in animals is seen to be coupled with metabolic suppression to allow certain fish, such as
604:
acts as a symbiont to anaerobic ciliates. These anaerobes are useful to those with a rumen due to their ability to break down cellulose, making it bioavailable when otherwise indigestible by animals.
181:
need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.
482:
should be used. The thioglycollate supplies a medium mimicking that of a dicot plant, thus providing not only an anaerobic environment but all the nutrients needed for the bacteria to multiply.
1578:
958:
Khelaifia, S.; Lagier, J.-C.; Nkamga, V. D.; Guilhot, E.; Drancourt, M.; Raoult, D. (2016). "Aerobic culture of methanogenic archaea without an external source of hydrogen".
171:
can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more
1590:
Yahalomi, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (2020-03-10).
494:
Few multicellular life forms are anaerobic, since only aerobic respiration can provide enough energy for a complex metabolism. Exceptions include three species of
1525:
Guilhot, Elodie; Khelaifia, Saber; La Scola, Bernard; Raoult, Didier; Dubourg, Grégory (March 2018). "Methods for culturing anaerobes from human specimen".
600:
of various animals house this ciliate, alongside many other anaerobic bacteria, protozoans, and fungi. In specific, methanogenic archaea found in the
184:
Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolize energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes, however, they are not poisoned by
866:
La Scola, B.; Khelaifia, S.; Lagier, J.-C.; Raoult, D. (2014). "Aerobic culture of anaerobic bacteria using antioxidants: a preliminary report".
159:
need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
1301:
850:
818:
793:
698:
1371:
1084:
1059:
1900:"Isolation and Characterization of Anaerobic Bacteria for Symbiotic Recycling of Uric Acid Nitrogen in the Gut of Various Termites"
1567:
88:
concentrated around hydrothermal vents. These microbes produce energy in absence of sunlight or oxygen through a process called
439:
457:
filled with nitrogen or the use of other specially sealed containers, or techniques such as injection of the bacteria into a
220:
141:
1945:
228:
However, this classification has been questioned after recent research showed that human "obligate anaerobes" (such as
259:
1011:"Isolation and culture of Methanobrevibacter smithii by co-culture with hydrogen-producing bacteria on agar plates"
234:
537:
to produce metabolic energy, and thus they consume no oxygen. Instead, these loricifera derive their energy from
526:
1102:"Propionibacterium spp.âsource of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry"
1100:
Piwowarek, Kamil; LipiĆska, Edyta; HaÄ-SzymaĆczuk, ElĆŒbieta; Kieliszek, Marek; Ćcibisz, Iwona (January 2018).
919:"A quasi-universal medium to break the aerobic/anaerobic bacterial culture dichotomy in clinical microbiology"
1898:
Thong-On, Arunee; Suzuki, Katsuyuki; Noda, Satoko; Inoue, Jun-ichi; Kajiwara, Susumu; Ohkuma, Moriya (2012).
1322:
van den
Thillart, G.; van Waarde, A.; Muller, H. J.; Erkelens, C.; Addink, A.; Lugtenburg, J. (1989-04-01).
394:
390:
374:
The energy released is about 180 kJ per mol, which is conserved in generating two ATP from ADP per glucose.
336:
Plants and fungi (e.g., yeasts) in general use alcohol (ethanol) fermentation when oxygen becomes limiting:
109:
1424:"Increased Gut Redox and Depletion of Anaerobic and Methanogenic Prokaryotes in Severe Acute Malnutrition"
398:
315:
172:
165:
are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
1281:
557:
266:. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use
1975:
772:
The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of the Royal Society
307:
263:
168:
122:
1899:
1845:
1603:
1435:
1171:
479:
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System is an isolated container that achieves an anaerobic environment by the reaction of water with
238:) can be grown in aerobic atmosphere if the culture medium is supplemented with antioxidants such as
149:
35:
126:
as a prominent anaerobic bacterium in the sealed pepper infusion tube liquid. Beijerinck commented:
71:(aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular (e.g.
514:
500:
267:
117:
1980:
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333:. This is only 5% of the energy per sugar molecule that the typical aerobic reaction generates.
17:
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also lack mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, and oxidative pathways. The microscopic, parasitic
518:
200:
162:
1919:
1911:
1853:
1787:
1776:"Anaerobic ciliates as a model group for studying symbioses in oxygenâdepleted environments"
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68:
1774:
RotterovĂĄ, Johana; Edgcomb, Virginia P.; ÄepiÄka, Ivan; Beinart, Roxanne (September 2022).
67:
for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an
1375:
156:
84:
1368:
1849:
1832:
Breznak, John A.; Brill, Winston J.; Mertins, James W.; Coppel, Harry C. (August 1973).
1775:
1607:
1439:
1175:
1959:
1924:
1735:
1718:
1634:
1591:
1464:
1423:
1293:
1202:
1160:"The genome of Clostridium kluyveri , a strict anaerobe with unique metabolic features"
1159:
1134:
1101:
745:
718:
542:
406:
382:
178:
89:
44:
1324:"Fish muscle energy metabolism measured by in vivo 31P-NMR during anoxia and recovery"
325:
The energy released in this reaction (without ADP and phosphate) is approximately 150
1969:
1815:
1703:
666:
641:
511:
289:
Fermentative anaerobic organisms typically use the lactic acid fermentation pathway:
239:
204:, which are harmed by the presence of oxygen. Two examples of obligate anaerobes are
105:
1760:
1339:
1266:
995:
903:
1881:
1592:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya ) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
592:
522:
402:
386:
275:
212:
40:
1328:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
657:
1406:
1389:
508:
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311:
243:
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and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep-sea ocean floor.
1954:
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1009:
Traore, S.I.; Khelaifia, S.; Armstrong, N.; Lagier, J.C.; Raoult, D. (2019).
979:
887:
1616:
1227:"The creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexity"
1226:
1184:
573:
552:
445:
247:
1933:
1833:
1807:
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1643:
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1473:
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1036:
987:
944:
895:
754:
735:
675:
1915:
1873:
1752:
1538:
1496:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1355:
30:
917:
Dione, N.; Khelaifia, S.; La Scola, B.; Lagier, J.C.; Raoult, D. (2016).
538:
474:
454:
428:
417:
145:
76:
72:
60:
1568:
Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live
717:
Danovaro R; Dell'anno A; Pusceddu A; Gambi C; et al. (April 2010).
607:
584:
534:
462:
378:
352:
330:
292:
80:
1791:
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In 2010 three species of anaerobic loricifera were discovered in the
271:
185:
64:
960:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
868:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
601:
597:
577:
438:
139:
83:, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the
431:, to survive environmental anoxic conditions for a short period.
1579:
Oxygen-Free
Animals Discovered-A First, National Geographic news
224:, which can grow without oxygen but use oxygen if it is present.
216:, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate its presence.
195:
For practical purposes, there are three categories of anaerobe:
188:. They can/will be evenly distributed throughout the test tube.
774:, in: 'The Royal Society May 2004 Volume: 58 Issue: 2: pp. 12.
583:
Anaerobiosis, and symbiosis, is found in interactions between
140:
788:(3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers. pp. 130â131.
719:"The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions"
766:
764:
572:
Anaerobic respiration and its end products can facilitate
564:, there is little understanding of its anaerobic pathway.
1719:"Molecular genetics of obligate anaerobes from the rumen"
148:
can be differentiated by culturing them in test tubes of
461:
plant, which is an environment with limited oxygen. The
329:, which is conserved in generating two ATP from ADP per
175:(ATP) than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
381:
use these and many other fermentative pathways, e.g.,
1943:
811:
Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology
120:
repeated Van Leeuwenhoek's experiment and identified
39:, a metazoan that metabolises with hydrogen, lacking
473:
tablets to produce hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide.
92:, whereby inorganic compounds such as hydrogen gas,
1388:Million, Matthieu; Raoult, Didier (December 2018).
96:or ferrous ions are converted into organic matter.
1079:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 130.
809:Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA (2007).
576:between anaerobes and aerobes. This occurs across
1288:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 1757â1763,
286:There are many anaerobic fermentative reactions.
1893:
1891:
813:(24th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 307â312.
1827:
1825:
1596:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1164:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
580:, often in compensation for nutritional needs.
128:
1054:. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 177.
712:
710:
693:(11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 91â93.
642:"Drug Targets and Mechanisms of Resistance in"
444:cultures. Anaerobes may also be identified by
278:, while others may use anaerobic respiration.
1655:
1653:
1225:Sahlin, Kent; Harris, Roger C. (2011-05-01).
691:Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
529:pathway, which in all other animals combines
8:
79:) or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate
423:creatine + ATP â phosphocreatine + ADP + H
1510:|...|intentional=yes}}
1923:
1734:
1677:
1633:
1615:
1463:
1405:
1201:
1183:
1133:
1075:Slonim, Anthony; Pollack, Murray (2006).
1026:
934:
784:Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1996).
744:
734:
665:
498:(< 1 mm in size) and the 10-cell
1282:"HYPOXIA | Anaerobic Metabolism in Fish"
1280:Wang, Y.; Richards, J. G. (2011-01-01),
845:(1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 99â100.
29:
27:Organism not requiring oxygen for growth
1950:
1390:"Linking gut redox to human microbiome"
632:
591:. Anaerobic ciliates participate in an
1106:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
836:
834:
832:
830:
640:Upcroft P, Upcroft JA (January 2001).
1052:Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology
560:. Due to the difficulty of culturing
7:
389:fermentation, solvent fermentation,
1015:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
923:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1780:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1736:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07110.x
1717:Flint, Harry J. (September 1994).
1294:10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00154-4
104:In his 14 June 1680 letter to The
25:
556:found in closely related aerobic
274:, some facultative anaerobes use
1953:
1284:, in Farrell, Anthony P. (ed.),
1077:Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
18:Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria
1834:"Nitrogen Fixation in Termites"
1340:10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.R922
1286:Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology
1660:Moran, Nancy A. (2006-10-24).
1:
1050:Pommerville, Jeffrey (2010).
658:10.1128/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001
355:) + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate â 2 C
258:Some obligate anaerobes use
232:or the methanogenic archaea
1407:10.1016/j.humic.2018.07.002
1997:
1485:10.1038/s41598-023-44597-3
235:Methanobrevibacter smithii
100:First recorded observation
1904:Microbes and Environments
1723:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1679:10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.019
1243:10.1007/s00726-011-0856-8
1118:10.1007/s00253-017-8616-7
1028:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.008
972:10.1007/s10096-016-2627-7
936:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.032
880:10.1007/s10096-014-2137-4
527:oxidative phosphorylation
448:as shown at bottom right.
1394:Human Microbiome Journal
1617:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
1378:. Accessed May 3, 2008.
1185:10.1073/pnas.0711093105
1021:(12): 1561.e1â1561.e5.
395:butanediol fermentation
391:mixed acid fermentation
377:Anaerobic bacteria and
110:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
843:Essential Microbiology
736:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30
449:
399:Stickland fermentation
213:Aerotolerant organisms
192:
173:adenosine triphosphate
144:Aerobic and anaerobic
133:
63:that does not require
48:
1916:10.1264/jsme2.ME11325
1539:10.2217/fmb-2017-0170
1502:|...}}
1479:(Retracted, see
770:Gest, Howard. (2004)
689:Levinson, W. (2010).
517:at the bottom of the
480:thioglycollate medium
442:
264:anaerobic respiration
221:Facultative anaerobes
206:Clostridium botulinum
169:Facultative anaerobes
143:
123:Clostridium butyricum
33:
646:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
270:. In the absence of
150:thioglycollate broth
36:Spinoloricus cinziae
1850:1973Natur.244..577B
1608:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
1527:Future Microbiology
1440:2016NatSR...626051M
1176:2008PNAS..105.2128S
621:Gram-positive cocci
558:Myxobolus squamalus
549:Henneguya zschokkei
501:Henneguya zschokkei
435:Culturing anaerobes
268:aerobic respiration
262:, while others use
118:Martinus Beijerinck
1428:Scientific Reports
1374:2009-09-28 at the
617:Enterobacteriaceae
525:which contain the
471:sodium bicarbonate
467:sodium borohydride
450:
310:+ 2 phosphate â 2
201:Obligate anaerobes
193:
163:Obligate anaerobes
53:anaerobic organism
49:
43:and instead using
1844:(5418): 577â580.
1792:10.1111/jeu.12912
1672:(20): R866âR871.
1602:(10): 5358â5363.
1448:10.1038/srep26051
1303:978-0-08-092323-9
874:(10): 1781â1783.
852:978-0-471-49754-7
841:Hogg, S. (2005).
820:978-0-07-128735-7
795:978-0-697-29390-9
700:978-0-07-174268-9
519:Mediterranean Sea
254:Energy metabolism
16:(Redirected from
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515:L'Atalante basin
490:Multicellularity
230:Finegoldia magna
157:Obligate aerobes
94:hydrogen sulfide
69:aerobic organism
65:molecular oxygen
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1376:Wayback Machine
1369:"GasPak System"
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179:Microaerophiles
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136:Classifications
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85:Chytridiomycota
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1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1940:
1939:
1910:(2): 186â192.
1887:
1821:
1766:
1729:(3): 259â267.
1709:
1649:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1533:(3): 369â381.
1517:
1413:
1380:
1361:
1314:
1302:
1272:
1217:
1149:
1112:(2): 515â538.
1092:
1085:
1067:
1060:
1042:
1001:
966:(6): 985â991.
950:
909:
858:
851:
826:
819:
801:
794:
776:
760:
706:
699:
681:
652:(1): 150â164.
631:
630:
628:
625:
569:
566:
543:hydrogenosomes
491:
488:
436:
433:
414:
413:CrP hydrolysis
411:
407:methanogenesis
385:fermentation,
383:propionic acid
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
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338:
319:
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137:
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101:
98:
90:chemosynthesis
45:hydrogenosomes
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1993:
1982:
1979:
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1935:
1931:
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1828:
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1797:
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1789:
1786:(5): e12912.
1785:
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1199:
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1123:
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1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1086:9780781794695
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1061:9781449655822
1057:
1053:
1046:
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1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
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989:
985:
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977:
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848:
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837:
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831:
827:
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797:
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747:
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732:
728:
724:
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713:
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707:
702:
696:
692:
685:
682:
677:
673:
668:
663:
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655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
603:
599:
594:
593:endosymbiotic
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
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510:
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497:
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468:
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354:
337:
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328:
317:
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309:
305:
290:
287:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:ascorbic acid
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
198:
197:
196:
187:
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158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
142:
135:
132:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
111:
107:
106:Royal Society
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
19:
1976:Microbiology
1907:
1903:
1841:
1837:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1669:
1665:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1506:{{
1498:{{
1434:(1): 26051.
1431:
1427:
1416:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1364:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1307:, retrieved
1285:
1275:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1167:
1163:
1152:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1051:
1045:
1018:
1014:
1004:
963:
959:
953:
929:(1): 53â58.
926:
922:
912:
871:
867:
861:
842:
810:
804:
786:Microbiology
785:
779:
771:
726:
722:
690:
684:
649:
645:
635:
606:
582:
571:
562:H. zschokkei
561:
548:
547:
523:mitochondria
521:. They lack
506:
499:
493:
484:
451:
425:
422:
416:
403:acetogenesis
387:butyric acid
376:
373:
335:
324:
288:
285:
282:Fermentation
276:fermentation
260:fermentation
257:
233:
229:
227:
219:
211:
205:
199:
194:
129:
121:
115:
103:
56:
52:
50:
41:mitochondria
34:
1662:"Symbiosis"
1231:Amino Acids
723:BMC Biology
589:prokaryotes
509:hypersaline
312:lactic acid
244:glutathione
1970:Categories
1309:2023-04-18
627:References
613:Clostridia
496:Loricifera
327:kJ per mol
73:protozoans
1981:Anaerobes
1866:1476-4687
1816:247677842
1800:1066-5234
1745:0378-1097
1704:235311996
1688:0960-9822
1626:0027-8424
1547:1746-0913
1508:retracted
1500:retracted
1456:2045-2322
1400:: 27â32.
1348:0363-6119
1251:1438-2199
1194:0027-8424
1126:0175-7598
980:0934-9723
888:0934-9723
729:(1): 30.
574:symbiosis
568:Symbiosis
553:cnidarian
446:MALDI-TOF
363:OH + 2 CO
248:uric acid
116:In 1913,
1934:22791052
1808:35325496
1761:24273083
1696:17055966
1644:32094163
1555:29446650
1493:37903811
1474:27183876
1372:Archived
1267:12877062
1259:21394603
1212:18218779
1144:29167919
1037:30986553
996:17258102
988:27010812
945:26577141
904:16682688
896:24820294
755:20370908
676:11148007
608:Termites
585:ciliates
541:, using
539:hydrogen
475:Hydrogen
455:glovebox
429:goldfish
418:Creatine
146:bacteria
77:bacteria
61:organism
57:anaerobe
1960:Biology
1925:4036019
1882:4223979
1874:4582514
1846:Bibcode
1753:7926679
1635:7071853
1604:Bibcode
1465:4869025
1436:Bibcode
1356:2705580
1203:2542871
1172:Bibcode
1135:5756557
746:2907586
535:glucose
379:archaea
353:glucose
331:glucose
81:aerobes
59:is any
1946:Portal
1932:
1922:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1838:Nature
1814:
1806:
1798:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1702:
1694:
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1632:
1624:
1553:
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1487:,
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1265:
1257:
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1200:
1192:
1142:
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1124:
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1058:
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902:
894:
886:
849:
817:
792:
753:
743:
697:
674:
664:
619:, and
531:oxygen
512:anoxic
463:GasPak
272:oxygen
186:oxygen
1878:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1700:S2CID
1504:with
1263:S2CID
992:S2CID
900:S2CID
667:88967
602:rumen
598:rumen
533:with
459:dicot
405:, or
318:+ 2 H
1930:PMID
1870:PMID
1862:ISSN
1804:PMID
1796:ISSN
1749:PMID
1741:ISSN
1692:PMID
1684:ISSN
1640:PMID
1622:ISSN
1551:PMID
1543:ISSN
1489:PMID
1470:PMID
1452:ISSN
1352:PMID
1344:ISSN
1298:ISBN
1255:PMID
1247:ISSN
1208:PMID
1190:ISSN
1140:PMID
1122:ISSN
1081:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1033:PMID
984:PMID
976:ISSN
941:PMID
892:PMID
884:ISSN
847:ISBN
815:ISBN
790:ISBN
751:PMID
695:ISBN
672:PMID
587:and
578:taxa
469:and
314:+ 2
306:+ 2
246:and
1920:PMC
1912:doi
1854:doi
1842:244
1788:doi
1731:doi
1727:121
1674:doi
1630:PMC
1612:doi
1600:117
1535:doi
1481:doi
1460:PMC
1444:doi
1402:doi
1336:doi
1332:256
1290:doi
1239:doi
1198:PMC
1180:doi
1168:105
1130:PMC
1114:doi
1110:102
1023:doi
968:doi
931:doi
876:doi
741:PMC
731:doi
662:PMC
654:doi
316:ATP
308:ADP
55:or
51:An
1972::
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1918:.
1908:27
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20:)
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