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447:(the plans, originally codenamed Operation Alarich, were changed several times from 28 July to 30 August) to mitigate the impact of a potential Italian defection as much as possible. The Badoglio government also realised that the Germans were likely to attempt breaking Mussolini out of prison, reinstate him and rally Fascist support to keep Italy in the war on Germany's side, and so strict measures to hide and secure Mussolini were taken: he was moved several times and guarded by almost a
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and thereby its defection from the Axis to the Allies on 8 September, the German army launched
Operation Achse and quickly occupied strategic points in northern and central Italy within days, effectively disarming hundreds of thousands of Italian soldiers who had nominally just switched sides. The
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to execute the liberation. On
September 7, German signals intelligence intercepted a coded Italian report which indicated that Mussolini was imprisoned somewhere in the Abruzzi mountains. Next, the Germans employed a ruse to confirm the exact location in which a German doctor pretended to try to
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would probably try to seize control of Italy as soon as the government switched sides to the Allies. Therefore, the
Italian government wanted the Allied troops to have landed on the mainland before the armistice took effect and was announced publicly – which happened on 8 September – so that the
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Meanwhile, the valley station of the funicular railway leading to the Campo
Imperatore was captured at 14:00 in a ground attack by two paratrooper companies, led by Major Harald Mors, the commander-in-chief of the whole raid, which cut all telephone lines. This ground attack caused the only two
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had been forced to fly with
Skorzeny on the raid, as a hostage; making himself known to the soldiers who guarded the hotel, Soleti ordered them not to shoot. Skorzeny attacked the radio operator and his equipment and stormed into the hotel, followed by his SS troopers and the paratroopers. Ten
625:, the leading three glider-towing plane units flew an additional loop. All of the following units considered that manoeuvre to be unnecessary and preferred not to endanger the given time of arrival at the target. That led to both of Skorzeny's units arriving first over the target.
514:. The hotel was one of originally three planned hotels (but the only one that was ever built) shaped in the letters 'D', 'V' and 'X', together 'DVX', the Latin word meaning "leader", from which Mussolini's Italian title
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482:. In the afternoon he was transferred to the Carabinieri Cadet School in the vía Legnano, where he was held until 27 July. On 27 July, military police led by general Francesco Saverio Pólito took Mussolini to
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minutes after the beginning of the raid, Mussolini left the hotel, accompanied by the German soldiers. At 14:45, Mors accessed the hotel via the funicular railway and introduced himself to
Mussolini.
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plane that had arrived in the meantime. Although under the given circumstances the small plane was overloaded, Skorzeny insisted on accompanying
Mussolini, which endangered the mission's success.
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was hidden in a safe place and that the
Government of Badoglio was committed to handing him over to the Allies, a daring attack, completely beyond all foresight, prevented this from happening".
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Allies could move north quickly to help defend especially the capital city of Rome against the looming German invasion. Indeed, Mussolini's fall prompted German military commanders to develop
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Georg
Freiherr von Berlepsch, entered the first glider while Skorzeny and his SS troopers sat in the fourth and the fifth gliders. To gain height before crossing the close by
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1057:(1993–2002) s.v. "Badoglio, Pietro; Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea; Wereldoorlog, Tweede §3.5 Geallieerde invasie op Sicilië". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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deaths of the operation, Italian forestry guard
Pasqualino Vitocco, who was killed while attempting to warn the garrison of the approaching German troops, and
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Allied Italian military and political leaders including Marshal Badoglio and King Victor Emmanuel III fled to Allied-controlled territory in southern Italy.
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was derived. The D-shaped Hotel Campo Imperatore constructed to celebrate Mussolini's rule served as his prison for several weeks.
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Giovanni Natale, who was killed while preparing to open fire on the attackers. Two more carabinieri were slightly wounded by a
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Historian Ulrich Trumpener (2015) stated that 'exaggerated credit was later given to a small SS detachment under
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After the raid, Hitler put Mussolini in charge of a puppet state in German-occupied northern Italy, the
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late in the war, with German propaganda hailing the operation for months afterward. The landing at
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von Berlepsch, commanded by Major Mors and under orders from General Student, all of whom were
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from 12:00 on 28 July to 7 August. From 7-27 August, Mussolini was held in a private villa on
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attempted to flee to Switzerland, but both were captured by Italian communist partisans and
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were granted the majority of the credit for the operation. Skorzeny received a promotion to
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to help obtain information. Skorzeny used information gathered by agents to plan his raid.
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officers, but Skorzeny stewarded the Italian leader right in front of the cameras.
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and Skorzeny's special troopers overwhelmed Mussolini's captors, 200 well-equipped
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In late April 1945, in the wake of near total defeat, Mussolini and his mistress
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Viganò, Marino (2001), "Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera",
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of the Germans in their fight against the Allies, the Kingdom of Italy, now a
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mountain range. A ski station was located next to the hotel, linked with a
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The Italian high command, led by Marshal Badoglio, was well aware that the
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Pasqualino Vitocco e Giovanni Natale, due militari cancellati dalla storia
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and the fame that led to his image as the "most dangerous man in Europe".
478:, and he was initially brought to the Podgora Carabinieri Headquarters in
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Freeing Mussolini: Dismantling the Skorzeny Myth in the Gran Sasso Raid
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738: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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guards, without a single shot being fired. The Italian General
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to track Mussolini and simultaneously ordered the paratroop General
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After an extremely dangerous but successful takeoff, they flew to
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used counterfeit notes with a face value of £100,000 forged under
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On the night between 24 and 25 July 1943, a few weeks after the
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and imprisoned Mussolini in an isolated house on the island of
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The operation granted a rare public relations opportunity to
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On 12 September 1943, Skorzeny and 16 SS troopers joined the
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After hearing of Mussolini's escape, British Prime Minister
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World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
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Verrat auf deutsch. Wie das Dritte Reich Italien ruinierte.
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gliders, each carrying nine soldiers and a pilot, towed by
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and had Mussolini arrested. This is commonly known as the
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to rescue Mussolini in a high-risk glider mission. Ten
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the 'legitimate protagonists' of the Gran Sasso raid.
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Military operations of World War II involving Germany
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Fabrizio Ciano, 3rd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari
1008:"ACHSE (AXIS), Operation (9 September–October 1943)"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
610:planes started between 13:05 and 13:10 from the
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842:Skorzeny published an autobiography in 1950 (
812:After an SS propaganda coup at the behest of
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530:Italian military situation in September 1943
1886:POW escapes and rescues during World War II
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16:Rescue of Benito Mussolini by German forces
1881:Operations involving German special forces
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754:Learn how and when to remove this message
551:establish a hospital at the hotel on the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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688:, and on 14 September, he met Hitler at
658:Mussolini was then to be flown out by a
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1238:Settembre 1943: I giorni della vergogna
1078:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
1012:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
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617:The leader of the airborne operation,
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1080:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 1519.
1074:"Gran Sasso raid (12 September 1943)"
1014:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 1351.
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502:. From 28 August, he was kept at the
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279:2 Italians killed, 10 Germans wounded
7:
736:adding citations to reliable sources
590:announced the Armistice of Cassibile
421:on 3 September, coinciding with the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1282:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
399:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
361:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
1856:German World War II special forces
1750:Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall
1255:Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1982,
474:on 25 July just after he left the
409:at first continued the war on the
347:and planned and executed by Major
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1193:Fallschirmjäger at the Gran Sasso
423:Allied invasion of mainland Italy
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837:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
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324:commandos to rescue the deposed
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1876:Military parachuting in Germany
1600:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
1390:Head of the Government and Duce
976:Hitler's Raid to Save Mussolini
723:needs additional citations for
684:. The next day he was flown to
145:Mussolini with German commandos
34:needs additional citations for
1594:Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
1276:López, Óscar González (2018).
1:
1191:Óscar González López (2007).
588:After the Italian government
522:German tracking and planning
454:
1820:Mussolini: The Untold Story
1195:. Valladolid: AF Editores.
951:Manchester University Press
770:Mussolini leaving the hotel
303:[ʊntɐˌneːmənˈaɪ̯çə]
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1516:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1319:Nuova Storia Contemporanea
1072:Schuster, Carl O. (2015).
1006:Trumpener, Ulrich (2015).
393:replaced him with Marshal
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1701:Romano Floriani Mussolini
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1227:L'ospite della camera 201
848:Meine Kommandounternehmen
415:Allied invasion of Sicily
371:Allied invasion of Sicily
190:42.4424250°N 13.5587944°E
138:
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1799:The Killers of Mussolini
1612:Republican Fascist Party
1521:Foundation of the Empire
821:and Propaganda Minister
612:Pratica di Mare Air Base
584:helped Mussolini escape.
476:king's private residence
455:Mussolini's imprisonment
389:. On the same day, King
379:Grand Council of Fascism
256:502nd SS Jäger Battalion
1866:Italian Social Republic
1861:20th century in Abruzzo
1588:Italian Socialist Party
974:Annussek, Greg (2005).
880:of the Allies, and the
874:collaborationist regime
870:Italian Social Republic
844:Geheimkommando Skorzeny
385:against prime minister
383:motion of no confidence
1806:Last Days of Mussolini
1606:National Fascist Party
1398:Assassination attempts
1304:My Commando Operations
943:Whittam, John (2005).
899:on 28 April 1945 near
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558:SS-Obersturmbannführer
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504:Hotel Campo Imperatore
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464:Hotel Campo Imperatore
419:Armistice of Cassibile
365:Armistice of Cassibile
343:, approved by General
251:2nd Parachute Division
231:; 81 years ago
229:12 September 1943
195:42.4424250; 13.5587944
167:Hotel Campo Imperatore
1896:September 1943 events
1757:M: Son of the Century
1729:M. Son of the Century
1572:1934 general election
1567:1929 general election
1562:1924 general election
1458:Manifesto della razza
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359:Further information:
299:German pronunciation:
1891:Province of L'Aquila
1683:Alessandra Mussolini
1471:Model of masculinity
1346:at Wikimedia Commons
872:, which served as a
846:) and another book (
732:improve this article
332:from custody in the
43:improve this article
1647:Margherita Sarfatti
1531:Invasion of Albania
835:, the award of the
799:was in fact led by
690:Führer Headquarters
508:Gran Sasso d'Italia
486:, boarded the ship
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391:Victor Emmanuel III
334:Gran Sasso d'Italia
316:German paratroopers
271:escaped from prison
186: /
1906:World War II raids
1659:Vittorio Mussolini
1541:Mussolini's escape
1466:Fascist propaganda
893:summarily executed
882:Italian resistance
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1743:Mussolini diaries
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1679:(daughter-in-law)
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1581:Political parties
1546:Italian Civil War
1526:Spanish Civil War
1511:Mussolini Cabinet
1440:Economic policies
1423:Fascist Manifesto
1342:Media related to
1307:(see pp. 228–284)
1202:978-84-96935-00-6
1125:, pp. 19–20.
985:978-0-306-81396-2
978:. Da Capo Press.
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1813:Mussolini Speaks
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181:13°33′31.66″E
178:42°26′32.73″N
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155:Prison escape
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
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1717:Television:
1540:
1536:World War II
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1395:(1922–1943)
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1091:. Retrieved
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897:firing squad
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773:
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741:
730:Please help
725:verification
722:
667:
657:
645:
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639:
635:hand grenade
630:
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619:Oberleutnant
616:
597:
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556:
548:Kurt Student
538:
535:Adolf Hitler
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429:Preparations
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368:
345:Kurt Student
341:Adolf Hitler
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294:
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287:World War II
284:
133:World War II
120:
105:
99:October 2021
96:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1614:(1943–1945)
1608:(1921–1943)
1602:(1919–1921)
1596:(1914–1919)
1590:(1901–1914)
850:) in 1976.
694:Wolf's Lair
647:Carabinieri
631:carabiniere
623:Alban Hills
553:Grand Sasso
472:Carabinieri
451:of troops.
440:German army
411:Axis powers
349:Harald Mors
293:(codenamed
210:Harald Mors
193: /
1845:Categories
1697:(grandson)
1655:(daughter)
1641:Ida Dalser
1393:of Fascism
1249:Erich Kuby
1176:López 2018
1164:López 2018
1147:López 2018
1135:López 2018
1123:López 2018
1111:López 2018
931:López 2018
698:Rastenburg
480:Trastevere
355:Background
276:Casualties
236:1943-09-12
69:newspapers
1555:Elections
1093:7 October
1027:7 October
919:Footnotes
901:Lake Como
828:Waffen-SS
704:Aftermath
512:cable car
488:Persefone
449:battalion
403:25 Luglio
328:dictator
321:Waffen-SS
1792:I'm Back
1411:Politics
907:See also
381:voted a
162:Location
131:Part of
1827:Vincere
1766:Films:
1738:Books:
1649:(lover)
1637:(lover)
1050:Encarta
785:il Duce
696:, near
604:DFS 230
516:il Duce
494:in the
466:in 1943
326:Fascist
285:During
265:Outcome
234: (
169:, Italy
83:scholar
1771:Benito
1643:(wife)
1631:(wife)
1622:Family
1499:Events
1401:·
1286:
1259:
1199:
1084:
1018:
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686:Munich
678:Vienna
377:, the
337:massif
289:, the
216:Target
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1673:(son)
1667:(son)
1661:(son)
1404:Death
692:, in
580:This
492:Ponza
484:Gaeta
90:JSTOR
76:books
1418:Duce
1284:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1095:2021
1082:ISBN
1029:2021
1016:ISBN
980:ISBN
955:ISBN
663:STOL
640:The
572:Raid
401:(or
373:and
363:and
318:and
226:Date
151:Type
62:news
895:by
734:by
676:to
45:by
1847::
1268:^
1251::
1183:^
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1103:^
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949:.
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297:,
1373:e
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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