911:
1078:
642:
891:
2861:
1002:
931:
354:, but these positions were never formalized in the same manner. From 1711, many former Grand Dragomans or Dragomans of the Fleet were appointed to the positions of princes of the Danubian Principalities. These four offices formed the foundation of Phanariote prominence in the Ottoman Empire. The knowledge of foreign languages also made the Phanariote dragomans crucial intermediaries for the transmission of European concepts and technologies to the Ottoman Empire during the latter's attempts at modernization. Thus the Grand Dragoman
683:
463:
573:
517:
206:
1038:
31:
1230:
1140:
966:
813:
1120:
1266:
850:
319:—that were commonly used in the empire's administration, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian), but the responsibilities of Dragoman of the Porte went beyond that of an interpreter, and were rather those of a minister in charge of the day-to-day conduct of foreign affairs. The post was the highest public office available to non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.
663:
617:
1058:
825:
and married to
Aikaterini Mourouzi, Alexander was well versed in several languages and became Dragoman of the Porte at a relatively young age. His tenure lasted little over a month, as he was appointed Prince of Wallachia (1774–1782, 1796–1797) and then of Moldavia (1786–1788). His tenure in Moldavia
650:
Second son of
Gregory, he purchased the office at a very young age without experience. For this reason his father gave him the dragoman of the Swedish Embassy, Loukakis, as an aide. Subsequently he succeeded his father as Prince of Wallachia (1752–1753) and then became Prince of Moldavia (1753–1756)
585:, Prince of Wallachia, and maternal grandson of Alexander Mavrocordatos, Gregory began his career as dragoman of the Austrian Embassy, before succeeding his uncle John Mavrocordatos. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1726–1733, 1735–1739, 1739–1741, 1747–1748) and of Wallachia (1733–1735, 1748–1752).
258:
magnate families that made enormous fortunes through trade and tax-farming. Their wealth, and the close contacts they had with the
Ottoman sultan and his court as purveyors, advisors, and middlemen, they acquired enormous political influence, especially over the Patriarchate and the Eastern Orthodox
910:
322:
Nikousios and his successors managed to attach to their office a number of great privileges, such as tax exemption for themselves, their sons, and 20 members of their retinue; exemption from all customs fees for items destined for their personal use; immunity from all courts except from that of the
287:
at the Sultan's court, where, in the words of C. G. Patrinelis, "their task was to sustain their masters’ always precarious position by bribing
Ottoman officials in key positions and, above all, to pre-empt and disrupt, by hook or by crook, the machinations of the rivals who coveted the princes’
1077:
878:
Son of
Constantine Caradja. He was taken prisoner of war by the Russians during the war of 1768–1774. After his tenure he was appointed Prince of Wallachia (1782–1783), until the machinations of his rival, Michael Drakos Soutzos, led to his replacement by the latter.
625:
1st term. The scion of a native
Moldavian family, he was related to the Ghica clan from his mother, and gained advancement as an expert on Polish affairs with the support of Gregory Ghica. His first term was ended when he was sent to exile in
1284:
383:
288:
enviable posts". Others had also served in the staffs of the
European embassies in Constantinople. Nikousios, for instance, had previously (and for a time concurrently) served as translator for the Austrian embassy.
447:, he became a confidante of Grand Vizier Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha as the latter's physician, before being appointed as Dragoman of the Porte. He played a leading role in the negotiations that ended the long
331:
fur; or the permission to ride a horse. These made the position highly coveted, and the object of the
Phanariotes' aspirations and rivalries. The salary of the Dragoman of the Porte amounted to 47,000
2605:
899:
Son of
Constantine Soutzos. His tenure was brief as he managed to bribe himself to an appointment as Prince of Wallachia (1783–1786, again in 1791–1793, 1801–1802) and of Moldavia (1793–1795)
1096:
801:
2nd term. Recalled to the post after the sudden death of Racoviță, he was sent to accompany the Grand Vizier on campaign and remained in office for the duration of the Russo-Turkish War.
1401:
In
Ottoman law and practice, the Grand Vizier was not only the head of the Imperial Council and chief military commander, but also the plenipotentiary or "absolute deputy" of the Sultan.
1181:
714:
Son of Skarlatos, multilingual and a physician, he was named Dragoman of the Porte upon Gregory Ghica's promotion to Prince of Moldavia. He died of the plague after a year in office.
525:
Son of Alexander, he deputized for his father during the latter' final years, when illness incapacitated him. After his tenure as Dragoman of the Porte he became the first Phanariote
346:, in 1701. In practice, the latter often served as a stepping-stone to the office of Grand Dragoman. There were also junior dragomans for specific jurisdictions, for example for the
4189:
641:
537:
he remained loyal to the Ottomans, and was captured by the Austrians and held until 1719, when he was released and resumed his post as ruler of Wallachia until his death in 1730.
4184:
3169:
1158:
3743:
4179:
2797:
701:
2860:
1416:
was the highest-denomination silver coinage, worth about five times the daily wage of an unskilled labourer in the capital, Constantinople, during the early 18th century.
3613:
2995:
1194:
Elder brother of Panagiotis. In 1812 he took part in the negotiations which ended the war with Russia. The Ottomans became dissatisfied with the peace settlement after
4194:
2598:
3132:
3039:
2840:
744:
2870:
2917:
890:
3855:
3196:
2782:
472:
3643:
399:, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. The position of Grand Dragoman was then replaced by a guild-like Translation Bureau, staffed initially by converts like
3942:
2591:
3206:
3748:
730:
1st term. Father of George, an experienced diplomat and polyglot and a celebrated physician, he served as his son's successor until the outbreak of the
4046:
3543:
3216:
2907:
2787:
227:
4011:
3280:
2614:
1198:
began his invasion of Russia in June, and Mourouzis fell under suspicion of having furthered the Russian interest. He was summarily executed at the
3352:
3191:
483:, he also became physician to Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha before succeeding Nikousios. Briefly imprisoned and relieved of his duties after the
4095:
3887:
3875:
3792:
3474:
3347:
3211:
2813:
4006:
3300:
2545:
Strauss, Johann (1995). "The Millets and the Ottoman Language: The Contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman Letters (19th–20th Centuries)".
2520:
2455:
2419:
671:
2nd term. Recalled from exile after Matthew Ghica became Prince of Wallachia. Subsequently he himself became Prince of Moldavia (1758–1761).
806:
3484:
3459:
3428:
3103:
2912:
2833:
2792:
2777:
2752:
2721:
366:
translated into the Ottoman Turkish language from French the first modern Ottoman geographical work, as well as a biographical history of
1066:
Son of Nicholas. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1797–1799). Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1801–1802) and of Wallachia (1819–1821).
3270:
3091:
3032:
831:
731:
602:
534:
4140:
4100:
4074:
4028:
3769:
3516:
3164:
2902:
827:
3398:
3315:
3305:
3149:
2686:
2474:
557:
of Moldavia (1711), and then as Prince of Wallachia (1716–1719) during his brother's captivity, until his own death from illness at
259:
communities of the empire more generally. During the 17th century, many Phanariotes gained political experience as representatives (
179:
125:
3806:
3738:
2802:
2767:
758:
691:
Son of Alexander and nephew of Gregory II. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1764–1767, 1774–1782) and of Wallachia (1768–1769).
4169:
4036:
4001:
3907:
3865:
3159:
904:
502:
2577:
History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation (2nd Edition)
3860:
3686:
3627:
3233:
3025:
2922:
251:
3201:
4133:
4079:
3929:
3919:
3413:
3056:
2706:
1071:
974:
Son of Constantine. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1792, 1802–1806, 1806–1807) and of Wallachia (1793–1796, 1799–1801).
3697:
2573:Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′)
1091:
238:. These men began a tradition where almost all subsequent Grand Dragomans of the Porte were members of a small circle of
3479:
3228:
2828:
1279:
378:
4105:
4069:
4051:
4018:
3989:
3504:
2890:
3764:
3069:
3000:
2929:
2405:
1153:
3154:
2396:
186:
ever learned European languages, from early times the majority of these men were of Christian origin—in the main
137:
3912:
3671:
3660:
3142:
2429:
1001:
930:
766:
656:
610:
316:
55:
4147:
3653:
3496:
2882:
462:
456:
276:
235:
3967:
3721:
3322:
3108:
3084:
2656:
2568:
1207:
1031:
884:
835:
782:
682:
510:
355:
247:
3813:
1301:
1176:
389:
3728:
3238:
859:
843:
480:
343:
74:
790:
719:
3823:
1015:
979:
739:
4174:
3952:
3937:
3681:
3438:
2731:
1243:
995:
924:
822:
778:
590:
428:
363:
231:
163:
41:
3113:
1306:
944:
696:
601:
Brother of Gregory, he succeeded him when the latter became Prince of Moldavia. Participated in the
394:
3676:
3079:
2547:
2485:
959:
572:
530:
488:
476:
444:
367:
359:
2531:
2443:
205:
3984:
3243:
3120:
3096:
2400:
1113:
1051:
542:
526:
35:
3509:
1373:
553:
Son of Alexander, he succeeded his brother Nicholas as Grand Dragoman. He was also appointed as
34:
The Dragoman of the Porte (left), at the reception of a European ambassador (seated left) and a
4115:
3957:
3310:
2772:
2644:
2516:
2497:
2470:
2451:
2415:
676:
516:
492:
234:
as Chief Dragoman to the Imperial Council. He was in turn succeeded in 1673 by another Greek,
3974:
3733:
3531:
3337:
3064:
2556:
2388:
1046:
Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1799–1801) and of Wallachia (1802–1806).
867:
566:
374:
312:
2583:
3979:
3833:
3774:
3536:
3295:
2895:
2639:
2384:
1259:
582:
484:
448:
136:
deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the
1037:
4061:
4041:
3994:
3048:
2618:
2433:
2392:
2374:
1199:
262:
199:
153:
65:
30:
2379:
1229:
1139:
781:
Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia, he served as Dragoman of the Porte for Grand Vizier
4163:
3962:
3902:
3716:
3599:
3387:
3374:
3342:
3332:
3327:
2981:
2690:
2666:
255:
195:
183:
129:
3433:
2726:
965:
3848:
3818:
3708:
3548:
3526:
3125:
3074:
2934:
1223:
1133:
812:
400:
351:
347:
224:
1119:
734:, when is advanced age precluded him from following the Grand Vizier on campaign.
2510:
3648:
3357:
3223:
1265:
849:
757:
A specialist in Asian languages, he was appointed to accompany the Grand Vizier
635:
141:
121:
3897:
3521:
3364:
2661:
1365:
662:
616:
373:
The Phanariotes maintained this privileged position until the outbreak of the
239:
191:
17:
2560:
2501:
144:, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire.
3892:
3665:
3592:
3575:
3369:
2974:
2957:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1218:
Younger brother of Demetrios. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1803–1806).
1057:
558:
280:
187:
160:
is attested from the early 16th century. They were part of the staff of the
3248:
3843:
3691:
3448:
3423:
3137:
2741:
2716:
2651:
1411:
1350:
1195:
554:
496:
342:
The success of the post led to the creation of a similar office, that of
334:
332:
292:
284:
272:
217:
161:
157:
115:
89:
59:
39:
3838:
3828:
3608:
3582:
3263:
3258:
2990:
2964:
2321:
Hart, Patrick; Kennedy, Valerie; and Petherbridge, Dora (Eds.) (2020),
1389:
627:
403:, but quickly exclusively by Muslim Turks fluent in foreign languages.
268:
4110:
3587:
3570:
3418:
2969:
2952:
2711:
471:
Scion of the wealthy Phanariote Mavrokordatos family, alumnus of the
324:
308:
2515:. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
487:, His most notable achievement was as Ottoman representative at the
2512:
Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution
1385:
605:, and was executed due to the enmity of the Grand Vizier in 1741.
440:
328:
243:
204:
29:
3017:
260:
3604:
2986:
2533:Βιογραφίαι τῶν Ἑλλήνων Μεγάλων Διερμηνέων τοῡ Ὀθωμανικοῡ Κράτους
761:
on campaign, but was arrested for treason in 1769 and executed.
3021:
2587:
1614:
1612:
1610:
862:(1764–1765), and subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1777–1782).
2538:
Biographies of the Greek Great Dragomans of the Ottoman State
2323:
Henrietta Liston's Travels: The Turkish Journals, 1812 - 1820
2282:
2280:
2267:
2265:
2240:
2238:
2201:
2199:
2162:
2160:
2147:
2145:
2120:
2118:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2076:
2074:
2049:
2047:
2579:] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.
1855:
1853:
785:, but he fell ill and died of the plague while on campaign.
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1459:
1457:
1455:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1534:
1532:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1238:
2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1812–1819).
1549:
1547:
2469:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
1010:
2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1795–1799)
242:
families. The Phanariotes, taking their name from the
178:), who was responsible for foreign affairs within the
410:
1344:
358:
translated French military manuals for the reformed
4088:
4060:
4027:
3928:
3874:
3791:
3757:
3707:
3635:
3626:
3563:
3495:
3457:
3396:
3385:
3288:
3279:
3180:
3055:
2945:
2881:
2868:
2811:
2750:
2684:
2677:
2632:
2625:
1086:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1806, 1812–1819).
105:
79:
2378:
254:settled in 1599, were an elite group of Greek or
2448:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600
1337:The term is derived from the Italian rendering
1171:Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1799–1800).
323:Grand Vizier; permission to dress in the same
4190:Lists of office-holders in the Ottoman Empire
3033:
2599:
1338:
8:
4185:1822 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
1618:
1589:
1523:
1511:
1274:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1819–1821)
919:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1785–1786)
501:('keeper of secrets') of the Sultan, and of
473:Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius
156:, the existence of official interpreters or
27:Senior interpreter of the Ottoman government
2325:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 140 - 141
2286:
2271:
2256:
2244:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2124:
2109:
2097:
2080:
2065:
2053:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1859:
1844:
1820:
1808:
1784:
1772:
1748:
99:
3880:
3632:
3393:
3285:
3184:
3040:
3026:
3018:
2878:
2681:
2629:
2606:
2592:
2584:
2406:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1647:
1499:
1487:
1463:
291:All dragomans had to be proficient in the
4180:1661 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
2414:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 236–238.
834:. He was executed in 1807 due to his son
377:in 1821: the then Dragoman of the Porte,
2467:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire
2358:
2346:
2309:
2038:
1871:
1832:
1796:
1760:
1736:
1707:
1695:
1659:
1538:
1475:
1446:
1254:Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1809)
1128:Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1807).
858:Great-grandson of Nikousios. Previously
4195:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
2540:] (in Greek). Athens: K. Tefarikis.
2334:
1683:
1671:
1635:
1577:
1565:
1428:
1330:
1601:
1553:
495:, for which he received the title of
7:
140:in 1821, the office was occupied by
533:(1715–1716, 1719–1730). During the
3465:(reform and constitutional period)
2530:Stamatiadis, Epameinondas (1865).
821:Son of the distinguished diplomat
327:as the Ottoman officials, and use
216:, by an anonymous Greek artist in
25:
3353:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
3316:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
2798:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
1604:, pp. 160–161, esp. note 10.
388:was beheaded, and his successor,
3348:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
2859:
1264:
1228:
1138:
1118:
1076:
1056:
1036:
1000:
964:
929:
909:
889:
848:
811:
681:
661:
640:
615:
571:
515:
461:
128:—frequently referred to as the "
86:Dragoman of the Imperial Council
3429:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2722:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2509:Philliou, Christine M. (2011).
905:Alexander Mavrocordatos Firaris
503:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
3170:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
990:Son of Constantine. 1st term.
838:'s defection to the Russians.
732:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
603:Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739
407:List of Dragomans of the Porte
252:Patriarchate of Constantinople
209:Depiction of a Grand Dragoman
1:
228:Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
210:
52:Dragoman of the Sublime Porte
2486:"The Phanariots Before 1821"
1412:
1351:
497:
333:
293:
162:
116:
90:
81:diermineas tis Ypsilis Pylis
60:
40:
38:envoy (seated right) by the
3614:Vassal and tributary states
2996:Vassal and tributary states
2783:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1910:, pp. 99–100, 115–116.
1345:
106:
80:
70:διερμηνέας της Υψηλής Πύλης
4211:
2569:Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E.
2484:Patrinelis, C. G. (2001).
91:tercümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn
4128:
3883:
3187:
3133:Decline and modernization
2857:
2450:. London: Phoenix Press.
826:was troubled by the wars
759:Nişancı Mehmed Emin Pasha
581:The paternal grandson of
422:
419:
413:
138:Greek War of Independence
100:
69:
3661:Six Divisions of Cavalry
3197:Foreign Affairs Ministry
2788:Ministry of the Interior
2572:
2561:10.1163/1570060952597860
2438:. London: Edward Arnold.
657:John Theodore Callimachi
630:due to court rivalries.
611:John Theodore Callimachi
416:
3654:Agha of the Janissaries
3301:List of Ottoman sultans
2819:(constitutional period)
1874:, pp. 11, 25, 183.
1662:, pp. 11, 183–185.
457:Alexander Mavrocordatos
277:Danubian Principalities
261:
236:Alexander Mavrocordatos
4170:Dragomans of the Porte
3856:Science and technology
3306:Roman succession claim
2465:Pamuk, Şevket (2000).
1368:family was originally
1339:
1032:Constantine Ypsilantis
885:Michael Drakos Soutzos
836:Constantine Ypsilantis
511:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
356:Constantine Ypsilantis
220:
47:
3729:Dragoman of the Fleet
3444:Dragoman of the Porte
3234:Armenian Constitution
3121:Stagnation and reform
2737:Dragoman of the Porte
1280:Constantine Mourouzis
1092:Alexandros M. Soutzos
860:Dragoman of the Fleet
844:Constantine Mourouzis
481:University of Bologna
379:Constantine Mourouzis
344:Dragoman of the Fleet
208:
33:
3449:Outer Palace Service
3365:Inner Palace Service
1244:Iakovos Argyropoulos
1208:Panagiotis Mourouzis
996:Alexander Callimachi
925:Alexander Callimachi
807:Alexander Ypsilantis
783:Moldovancı Ali Pasha
429:Panagiotis Nikousios
364:Iakovos Argyropoulos
232:Panagiotis Nikousios
230:appointed the Greek
61:tercümân-ı bâb-ı âlî
3644:Classic period army
3485:Chamber of Deputies
3460:Imperial Government
2834:Chamber of Deputies
2793:Ministry of Justice
2778:Ministry of Finance
2753:Imperial Government
2548:Die Welt des Islams
2361:, pp. 86, 185.
2337:, pp. 196–197.
2232:, pp. 137–141.
2220:, pp. 134–135.
2139:, pp. 127–128.
2112:, pp. 125–126.
2068:, pp. 122–123.
1934:, pp. 117–118.
1686:, pp. 196–203.
1674:, pp. 192–193.
1650:, pp. 180–181.
1490:, pp. 178–180.
1302:Stavraki Aristarchi
1177:Demetrios Mourouzis
960:Alexander Mourouzis
677:Gregory (III) Ghica
531:Prince of Wallachia
489:Treaty of Karlowitz
477:University of Padua
445:University of Padua
443:and alumnus of the
390:Stavraki Aristarchi
368:Catherine the Great
360:Nizam-i Djedid Army
275:) of the tributary
3271:Translation Office
3155:2nd Constitutional
3143:1st Constitutional
3097:Sultanate of Women
2913:Armenian Apostolic
2697:(classical period)
2615:State organisation
1886:, pp. 98–100.
1698:, pp. 72, 92.
1478:, pp. 16, 28.
1114:Alexander Hangerli
1072:Scarlat Callimachi
1052:Alexandros Soutzos
567:Gregory (II) Ghica
543:John Mavrocordatos
535:Austro-Turkish War
527:Prince of Moldavia
267:) of the princes (
221:
126:Ottoman government
120:), was the senior
48:
4157:
4156:
4124:
4123:
4116:Star and crescent
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3622:
3621:
3559:
3558:
3311:Ottoman Caliphate
3192:Foreign relations
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2841:political parties
2773:Ministry of Evkaf
2645:Ottoman Caliphate
2522:978-0-520-26633-9
2457:978-1-8421-2442-0
2421:978-90-04-11211-7
1847:, pp. 73–78.
1823:, pp. 70–72.
1811:, pp. 65–69.
1775:, pp. 43–54.
1763:, pp. 8, 10.
1710:, pp. 92ff..
1619:Vakalopoulos 1973
1590:Vakalopoulos 1973
1580:, pp. 94–95.
1524:Vakalopoulos 1973
1512:Vakalopoulos 1973
1384:coast, while the
1364:For example, the
1322:
1321:
791:Skarlatos Caradja
720:Skarlatos Caradja
493:Great Turkish War
78:
16:(Redirected from
4202:
3888:Social structure
3881:
3734:Imperial Arsenal
3633:
3467:
3406:
3404:(classic period)
3399:Imperial Council
3394:
3286:
3185:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
2908:Eastern Orthodox
2879:
2863:
2844:
2821:
2814:General Assembly
2760:
2699:
2687:Imperial Council
2682:
2648:
2630:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2580:
2564:
2541:
2526:
2505:
2480:
2461:
2439:
2435:Turkey in Europe
2425:
2401:Heinrichs, W. P.
2382:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2290:
2287:Stamatiadis 1865
2284:
2275:
2272:Stamatiadis 1865
2269:
2260:
2257:Stamatiadis 1865
2254:
2248:
2245:Stamatiadis 1865
2242:
2233:
2230:Stamatiadis 1865
2227:
2221:
2218:Stamatiadis 1865
2215:
2209:
2206:Stamatiadis 1865
2203:
2194:
2191:Stamatiadis 1865
2188:
2182:
2179:Stamatiadis 1865
2176:
2170:
2167:Stamatiadis 1865
2164:
2155:
2152:Stamatiadis 1865
2149:
2140:
2137:Stamatiadis 1865
2134:
2128:
2125:Stamatiadis 1865
2122:
2113:
2110:Stamatiadis 1865
2107:
2101:
2098:Stamatiadis 1865
2095:
2084:
2081:Stamatiadis 1865
2078:
2069:
2066:Stamatiadis 1865
2063:
2057:
2054:Stamatiadis 1865
2051:
2042:
2036:
1935:
1932:Stamatiadis 1865
1929:
1923:
1920:Stamatiadis 1865
1917:
1911:
1908:Stamatiadis 1865
1905:
1899:
1896:Stamatiadis 1865
1893:
1887:
1884:Stamatiadis 1865
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1860:Stamatiadis 1865
1857:
1848:
1845:Stamatiadis 1865
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1821:Stamatiadis 1865
1818:
1812:
1809:Stamatiadis 1865
1806:
1800:
1799:, pp. 8–10.
1794:
1788:
1785:Stamatiadis 1865
1782:
1776:
1773:Stamatiadis 1865
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1749:Stamatiadis 1865
1746:
1740:
1734:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1310:
1288:
1268:
1232:
1185:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1100:
1080:
1060:
1040:
1016:George Mourouzis
1004:
980:George Mourouzis
968:
933:
913:
893:
868:Nicholas Caradja
852:
815:
748:
740:Nicholas Soutzos
705:
685:
665:
644:
619:
575:
529:(1711–1715) and
519:
500:
465:
411:
398:
387:
375:Greek Revolution
338:
306:
303:
300:
296:
266:
215:
212:
180:Imperial Council
177:
174:
171:
167:
119:
109:
107:megas diermineas
103:
102:
101:μέγας διερμηνέας
93:
83:
73:
71:
63:
45:
21:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4120:
4084:
4056:
4023:
3924:
3913:Ottoman Turkish
3870:
3779:
3753:
3703:
3698:Modernized army
3682:Sekban-i Djedid
3618:
3555:
3510:Shaykh al-Islām
3491:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3381:
3296:Ottoman dynasty
3275:
3176:
3051:
3046:
3016:
3007:
2941:
2923:Coptic Orthodox
2918:Syriac Orthodox
2896:Sheikh ul-Islam
2875:
2872:
2864:
2847:
2838:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2803:Ministry of War
2768:Cadastre Bureau
2761:
2758:(reform period)
2756:
2755:
2746:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2673:
2642:
2640:Ottoman dynasty
2621:
2612:
2574:
2567:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2483:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2393:Bosworth, C. E.
2375:Bosworth, C. E.
2373:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2037:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1648:Patrinelis 2001
1646:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1500:Patrinelis 2001
1498:
1494:
1488:Patrinelis 2001
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1464:Patrinelis 2001
1462:
1453:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1304:
1282:
1260:Michael Soutzos
1179:
1156:
1154:John N. Caradja
1094:
823:John Ypsilantis
742:
699:
591:Alexander Ghica
583:Gregory I Chica
491:that ended the
485:Siege of Vienna
449:Siege of Candia
409:
392:
381:
304:
302:three languages
301:
298:
294:elsine-i selase
213:
175:
172:
169:
150:
56:Ottoman Turkish
46:(seated centre)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4208:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Nizam-i Djedid
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3602:
3600:Mutasarrifates
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Reis ül-Küttab
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3375:Palace Schools
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3323:Imperial Harem
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3289:House of Osman
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:Decline thesis
3104:Transformation
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:Constantinople
3082:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:Ottoman Empire
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2982:Mutasarrifates
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2871:Administrative
2869:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Reis ül-Küttab
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:Palace Schools
2659:
2657:Imperial Harem
2654:
2649:
2636:
2634:
2633:House of Osman
2627:
2626:Central system
2623:
2622:
2619:Ottoman Empire
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2565:
2555:(2): 189–249.
2542:
2527:
2521:
2506:
2496:(2): 177–198.
2490:Balkan Studies
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2444:İnalcık, Halil
2440:
2430:Eliot, Charles
2426:
2420:
2397:van Donzel, E.
2385:Bearman, P. J.
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2314:
2312:, p. 185.
2291:
2289:, p. 144.
2276:
2274:, p. 143.
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 142.
2234:
2222:
2210:
2208:, p. 134.
2195:
2193:, p. 133.
2183:
2181:, p. 132.
2171:
2169:, p. 131.
2156:
2154:, p. 130.
2141:
2129:
2127:, p. 127.
2114:
2102:
2100:, p. 125.
2085:
2083:, p. 124.
2070:
2058:
2056:, p. 122.
2043:
2041:, p. 184.
1936:
1924:
1922:, p. 117.
1912:
1900:
1898:, p. 115.
1888:
1876:
1864:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1739:, p. 183.
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1638:, p. 191.
1623:
1621:, p. 243.
1606:
1594:
1592:, p. 242.
1582:
1570:
1568:, p. 190.
1558:
1556:, p. 307.
1543:
1528:
1526:, p. 238.
1516:
1514:, p. 237.
1504:
1502:, p. 179.
1492:
1480:
1468:
1466:, p. 181.
1451:
1449:, p. 237.
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1394:
1357:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:Topkapi Palace
1192:
1189:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
998:
992:
991:
988:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
969:
962:
956:
955:
953:
950:
947:
945:Manuel Caradja
941:
940:
937:
934:
927:
921:
920:
917:
914:
907:
901:
900:
897:
894:
887:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
864:
863:
856:
853:
846:
840:
839:
819:
816:
809:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
787:
786:
775:
772:
769:
767:Mihai Racoviță
763:
762:
755:
752:
749:
736:
735:
728:
725:
722:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
697:George Caradja
693:
692:
689:
686:
679:
673:
672:
669:
666:
659:
653:
652:
648:
645:
638:
632:
631:
623:
620:
613:
607:
606:
599:
596:
593:
587:
586:
579:
576:
569:
563:
562:
551:
548:
545:
539:
538:
523:
520:
513:
507:
506:
498:mahrem-i esrar
469:
466:
459:
453:
452:
437:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
408:
405:
248:Constantinople
218:Constantinople
173:head secretary
164:reis ül-küttab
154:Ottoman Empire
149:
146:
112:Chief Dragoman
96:Grand Dragoman
42:reis ül-küttab
26:
24:
18:Grand Dragoman
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4207:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Ottoman court
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Naval battles
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:Kapudan Pasha
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:Reform period
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Haseki sultan
3331:
3329:
3328:Valide sultan
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:United States
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:Classical Age
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Osman's Dream
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:0-521-44197-8
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Bianquis, Th.
2386:
2381:
2380:"Tard̲j̲umān"
2376:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2359:Philliou 2011
2355:
2352:
2349:, p. 85.
2348:
2347:Philliou 2011
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:Philliou 2011
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:, p. 56.
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:Philliou 2011
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:Philliou 2011
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 94.
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:, p. 25.
1834:
1833:Philliou 2011
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:Philliou 2011
1793:
1790:
1787:, p. 60.
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:Philliou 2011
1757:
1754:
1751:, p. 29.
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:Philliou 2011
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Philliou 2011
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:Philliou 2011
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Philliou 2011
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:, p. 11.
1540:
1539:Philliou 2011
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Philliou 2011
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Bosworth 2000
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
817:
814:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
741:
738:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
707:
703:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
649:
646:
643:
639:
637:
636:Matthew Ghica
634:
633:
629:
624:
621:
618:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
412:
406:
404:
402:
396:
391:
385:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:, or for the
349:
345:
340:
337:
336:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
295:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
264:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:In 1661, the
219:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Ottoman Turks
181:
166:
165:
159:
155:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Sublime Porte
127:
123:
118:
117:tercümân başı
113:
108:
97:
94:), or simply
92:
87:
82:
76:
67:
62:
57:
53:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
4146:
4141:Bibliography
4139:
4132:
4101:Coat of arms
4075:Christianity
4029:Demographics
4012:of Armenians
3953:Illumination
3938:Architecture
3819:Central bank
3770:Conscription
3696:
3687:Mansure Army
3670:
3642:
3549:Hakham Bashi
3517:Christianity
3464:
3443:
3414:Grand Vizier
3403:
3255:Civil codes
3229:Constitution
3075:Ghaza thesis
2935:Hakham Bashi
2903:Christianity
2818:
2757:
2736:
2707:Grand Vizier
2696:
2576:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2511:
2493:
2489:
2466:
2447:
2434:
2411:
2404:
2354:
2342:
2335:Strauss 1995
2330:
2322:
2317:
2252:
2225:
2213:
2186:
2174:
2132:
2105:
2061:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1703:
1691:
1684:Strauss 1995
1679:
1672:Strauss 1995
1667:
1655:
1643:
1636:Strauss 1995
1597:
1585:
1578:İnalcık 2000
1573:
1566:Strauss 1995
1561:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1406:
1397:
1360:
1333:
1224:John Caradja
1134:John Caradja
832:with Austria
439:A native of
401:Ishak Efendi
372:
352:Morea Eyalet
348:Ottoman army
341:
321:
290:
225:Grand Vizier
222:
151:
133:
111:
95:
85:
51:
49:
4175:Phanariotes
3968:Shadow play
3814:Agriculture
3807:Reformation
3803:Enlargement
3649:Janissaries
3358:Kizlar Agha
3343:Hanımefendi
3338:Kadınefendi
3150:Dissolution
3080:Interregnum
1305: [
1283: [
1180: [
1157: [
1095: [
828:with Russia
777:Son of the
743: [
700: [
393: [
382: [
263:kapı kehaya
214: 1809
142:Phanariotes
122:interpreter
4164:Categories
3985:Literature
3898:Ottomanism
3593:Sanjakbeys
3576:Beylerbeys
3564:Provincial
3281:Government
3244:Family law
2975:Sanjakbeys
2958:Beylerbeys
2946:Provincial
2678:Government
1602:Pamuk 2000
1554:Eliot 1900
1424:References
1388:were from
1374:Aristarchi
1366:Callimachi
1349:, Ottoman
1343:of Arabic
1316:1821–1822
1271:1815–1818
1251:1812–1815
1215:1809–1812
1191:1808–1812
1148:1st term.
1145:1807–1808
1125:1806–1807
1106:1802–1807
1083:1801–1806
1063:1799–1801
1043:1796–1799
1026:2nd term.
1023:1795–1796
1007:1794–1795
987:1792–1794
971:1790–1792
952:1788–1790
939:1st term.
936:1785–1788
916:1782–1783
896:1782–1783
875:1777–1782
855:1774–1777
798:1770–1774
774:1769–1770
754:1768–1769
727:1765–1768
711:1764–1765
688:1758–1764
668:1752–1758
647:1751–1752
622:1741–1750
598:1727–1740
578:1717–1727
550:1709–1717
522:1689–1709
468:1673–1709
436:1661–1673
339:annually.
256:Hellenized
250:where the
240:Phanariote
192:Hungarians
4037:Armenians
4002:Education
3958:Miniature
3908:Languages
3893:Devshirme
3866:Transport
3666:Timariots
3532:Bulgarian
3424:Kazaskers
3386:Central (
3370:Kapi Agha
3239:Electoral
3165:Abolition
3160:Partition
2873:divisions
2717:Kazaskers
2571:(1973).
2502:2241-1674
2446:(2000) .
2410:Volume X:
1382:Black Sea
1380:from the
1378:Armenians
1346:tardjumān
1325:Footnotes
559:Bucharest
451:in 1669.
417:Portrait
281:Wallachia
273:hospodars
188:Austrians
182:. As few
158:dragomans
75:romanized
4148:Category
4062:Religion
3975:Clothing
3861:Taxation
3824:Currency
3765:Aviation
3739:Admirals
3692:Hamidieh
3628:Military
3609:Kadiluks
3583:Vilayets
3537:Armenian
3475:Assembly
3212:Treaties
3181:Politics
3138:Tanzimat
2991:Kadiluks
2965:Vilayets
2652:Seraglio
2432:(1900).
2403:(eds.).
2377:(2000).
1370:Romanian
1352:tercümân
1196:Napoleon
779:namesake
555:Caimacam
479:and the
362:, while
285:Moldavia
269:voivodes
244:district
134:de facto
36:Bukharan
4134:Outline
4089:Symbols
4080:Judaism
4007:Schools
3980:Cuisine
3943:Mosques
3930:Culture
3920:Slavery
3876:Society
3839:Sultani
3800:By era
3793:Economy
3775:Weapons
3588:Sanjaks
3571:Eyalets
3544:Judaism
3497:Millets
3434:Nişancı
3419:Viziers
3264:Halakha
3259:Mecelle
3202:Safavid
3114:Köprülü
3057:History
2970:Sanjaks
2953:Eyalets
2930:Judaism
2883:Millets
2727:Nişancı
2712:Viziers
2662:Enderûn
2617:of the
2368:Sources
1390:Albania
1340:drogman
628:Tenedos
420:Tenure
325:kaftans
317:Turkish
313:Persian
152:In the
148:History
124:of the
77::
4111:Tughra
4096:Anthem
4042:Greeks
3995:Poetry
3480:Senate
3249:Düstur
2829:Senate
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475:, the
423:Notes
329:ermine
315:, and
309:Arabic
297:, the
200:Greeks
198:, and
132:"—and
4070:Islam
4052:Women
4019:Media
3990:Prose
3963:Music
3844:Kuruş
3758:Other
3749:Ships
3605:Kazas
3527:Ullah
3505:Islam
3388:Porte
3126:Tulip
3001:Rayas
2987:Kazas
2891:Islam
2742:Birûn
2691:Porte
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196:Poles
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66:Greek
4106:Flag
4047:Jews
3949:Art
3849:Lira
3834:Para
3829:Akçe
3722:List
3709:Navy
3636:Army
3217:Wars
3070:Rise
2517:ISBN
2498:ISSN
2471:ISBN
2452:ISBN
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1410:The
830:and
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50:The
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