1000:
237:
343:
28:
155:
was the transfer of this practice to the capital. Its establishment coincided with the gradual increase of the number of clerks attached to the various senior offices and departments of state, which began under
Suleyman and continued well into the 17th century; thus for instance the seven and eleven
458:
was formally responsible for foreign relations, a role kept until the post's abolition on 11 March 1836, along with his analogue for interior affairs, the Kahya Bey, and their replacement by two new, Western-style ministries.
166:, ca. 1530, had increased to nine and 25 respectively by 1561. The first occupant of the office was probably a certain Haydar Efendi, who died in 1523/4, but the first well-known incumbent was the historian
256:
attended the meetings of the
Council, arriving before and leaving after the viziers, he had no right to speak himself in it or directly to the Sultan, and was obliged to do so via the Grand Vizier.
744:
2325:
1308:
1882:
192:
was drawn from the senior secretarial staff of the viziers or, more often, and from the early 17th century almost exclusively, the Grand Vizier. A regular line of promotion (
432:
still retained his rather junior position until the late 18th century; for instance, he was not allowed to sit in the
Imperial Council chamber, but had a seat outside, the
936:
999:
1752:
1134:
737:
1271:
1178:
979:
1009:
1056:
1994:
1335:
921:
1782:
330:) to meetings of the Imperial Council. There they were read by the Grand Vizier to the assembled ministers, and then taken by another special official, the
2081:
730:
252:, accompanying the latter to his audiences with the Sultan, as well as to the Grand Vizier's own audiences with foreign ambassadors. However, although the
1345:
1887:
216:). The latter post entailed close proximity to the Grand Vizier and was a springboard for the highest offices. On rare occasions, the person chosen as
2315:
2185:
1682:
1355:
1046:
926:
2150:
1419:
753:
301:("provisions") office, charged with provisioning various officials, as well as paying pensions from the treasury or from charitable establishments (
1491:
1330:
394:
2234:
2026:
2014:
1931:
1613:
1486:
1350:
952:
2145:
1439:
713:
689:
641:
1623:
1598:
1567:
1242:
1051:
972:
931:
916:
891:
860:
405:
and certifying the answers to the requests, notes and petitions of foreign ambassadors to the
Ottoman government. This process led to the
390:, and coincided with the increasing transfer of state affairs from the Imperial Council exclusively to the purview of the Grand Vizier.
1409:
1230:
1171:
90:
2279:
2239:
2213:
2167:
1908:
1655:
1303:
1041:
109:(r. 1520–66), although it may have existed for far longer than that as a junior post attached to the government. As its name attests—
1537:
1454:
1444:
1288:
825:
114:
74:
1945:
1877:
941:
906:
653:
314:("referendar of the Imperial Council"), was responsible for diplomatic correspondence and for keeping records of the memoranda (
2175:
2140:
2046:
2004:
1298:
1999:
1825:
1766:
1372:
1164:
1061:
1340:
2310:
2272:
2218:
2068:
2058:
1552:
1195:
845:
1836:
1618:
1367:
967:
176:
172:
2244:
2208:
2190:
2157:
2128:
1643:
1029:
141:("chancellor"). Analogues existed however in other eastern Islamic states, as well as in Ottoman provinces, where a
1903:
1208:
1139:
1068:
675:
1293:
662:
2051:
1810:
1799:
1281:
106:
46:
167:
2320:
2286:
1792:
1635:
1021:
491:
2106:
1860:
1461:
1247:
1223:
795:
1952:
1867:
1582:
1377:
875:
1962:
271:
from the mid-17th century on, which was responsible for drafting and publishing all imperial decrees (
2091:
2076:
1820:
476:
1252:
1815:
1218:
481:
417:
2123:
1382:
1259:
1235:
666:
1648:
105:
The office is first attested in the early 1520s, and was in all likelihood a creation of Sultan
225:
2254:
2096:
1449:
911:
783:
709:
685:
670:
637:
486:
471:
425:
322:) presented to the Sultan by the Grand Vizier, acting on behalf of the Imperial Council. The
2113:
1872:
1670:
1476:
1203:
413:
236:
78:
722:
113:
means as much as "head scribe" or "head clerk"—the post was in charge of the clerks of the
2118:
1972:
1913:
1675:
1434:
1034:
778:
307:). All state correspondence, except for military or financial matters, was in his hands.
73:" or "head clerk", the holder of the post was originally the head of the chancery of the
2200:
2180:
2133:
1187:
757:
658:
351:
342:
240:
Reception of the French ambassador by the Grand Vizier and the
Imperial Council in 1724
147:
125:
66:
416:, a role that became established after the successful conduct of negotiations for the
2304:
2101:
2041:
1855:
1738:
1526:
1513:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1120:
829:
805:
1572:
865:
137:
1987:
1957:
1847:
1687:
1665:
1264:
1213:
1073:
249:
703:
1787:
1496:
1362:
699:
632:
Akyıldız, Ali (2009). "reisülküttab". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
2036:
1660:
1503:
800:
17:
2031:
1804:
1731:
1714:
1508:
1113:
1096:
440:
382:
to prominence. Becoming attached as a clerk to the Grand Vizier allowed the
281:), and for keeping an archive of the originals of all laws and regulations (
158:
1387:
204:) in one of the bureaux of the Grand Vizier's secretariat to senior clerk (
196:) was established, whereby one advanced from ordinary secretary (Persian:
131:
Prior to
Suleyman's reign, the functions of the office were shared by the
1982:
1830:
1587:
1562:
1276:
880:
855:
790:
259:
His main role was as the head of the
Department of the Imperial Council (
94:
27:
1977:
1967:
1747:
1721:
1402:
1397:
1129:
1103:
355:
397:
for the
Ottoman Empire from this period on also played a role, as the
2249:
1726:
1709:
1557:
1108:
1091:
850:
378:
appointees resulted in the decline of the latter and the rise of the
273:
354:(left) and the Iç Agha (right) at a reception of a European and a
341:
294:
235:
119:
70:
26:
1156:
60:
1743:
1125:
303:
1160:
726:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
401:
was responsible for checking on the treaties archived in the
289:, which was responsible for issuing every year the diplomas (
334:("memorandum writer"), who presented them to the Sultan.
450:
s new role was formalized, as he became one of the ten
181:, who held the post from 1524/5 until his promotion to
512:
510:
508:
506:
436:, and his role in court ceremonies remained limited.
705:
The
Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
612:
610:
573:
571:
569:
567:
554:
552:
550:
548:
263:), which in turn was divided into three bureaux: the
2227:
2199:
2166:
2067:
2013:
1930:
1896:
1846:
1774:
1765:
1702:
1634:
1596:
1535:
1524:
1427:
1418:
1319:
1194:
1084:
1020:
1007:
950:
889:
823:
816:
771:
764:
443:'s reform of the Imperial Council in 1792 that the
2326:Ministers of foreign affairs of the Ottoman Empire
652:
636:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. pp. 486–487.
151:). According to J. Deny, the establishment of the
145:presided over the council of the local governors (
65:), was a senior post in the administration of the
428:. Nevertheless, in protocol and ceremonial, the
1172:
738:
8:
374:, coupled with the inability of some of the
2019:
1771:
1532:
1424:
1323:
1179:
1165:
1157:
1017:
820:
768:
745:
731:
723:
676:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
366:was junior in rank and subordinate to the
85:was formally changed to Foreign Minister (
684:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 481–483.
454:members of the council. From then on the
539:
135:("depository of the decisions") and the
502:
386:to break loose from the control of the
293:) of provincial governors, judges, and
285:) and treaties with other states; the
124:), which formed the government of the
516:
7:
616:
601:
589:
577:
558:
188:In the 16th and 17th centuries, the
156:clerks attached respectively to the
61:
50:
708:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
91:Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1604:(reform and constitutional period)
634:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
362:Until the early 17th century, the
310:Another subordinate official, the
220:was not one of the Grand Vizier's
212:) and eventually to bureau chief (
25:
1492:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1455:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
937:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
248:served in close contact with the
228:, the Grand Vizier's lieutenant.
77:, evolving into an analogue to a
2316:Government of the Ottoman Empire
1487:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
998:
326:brought these in a special bag (
89:) with the establishment of the
1568:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
861:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1309:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
370:, but a succession of capable
69:. Translated as "chief of the
1:
393:The increasing importance of
1753:Vassal and tributary states
1135:Vassal and tributary states
922:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
224:, but the secretary of the
101:Establishment and evolution
2342:
409:gradually evolving into a
2267:
2022:
1326:
1272:Decline and modernization
996:
1800:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1336:Foreign Affairs Ministry
927:Ministry of the Interior
466:who became Grand Viziers
168:Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi
107:Suleyman the Magnificent
81:. In 1836, the title of
1793:Agha of the Janissaries
1440:List of Ottoman sultans
958:(constitutional period)
492:Mehmed Said Galib Pasha
1995:Science and technology
1445:Roman succession claim
359:
312:amedcı divan-i hümayun
261:divan-i hümayun kalemi
241:
162:("treasurer") and the
36:
1868:Dragoman of the Fleet
1583:Dragoman of the Porte
1373:Armenian Constitution
1260:Stagnation and reform
876:Dragoman of the Porte
345:
239:
30:
1588:Outer Palace Service
1504:Inner Palace Service
477:Naili Abdullah Pasha
420:in 1699 by the then
1783:Classic period army
1624:Chamber of Deputies
1599:Imperial Government
973:Chamber of Deputies
932:Ministry of Justice
917:Ministry of Finance
892:Imperial Government
604:, pp. 482–483.
592:, pp. 481–482.
542:, pp. 486–487.
418:Treaty of Karlowitz
1410:Translation Office
1294:2nd Constitutional
1282:1st Constitutional
1236:Sultanate of Women
1052:Armenian Apostolic
836:(classical period)
754:State organisation
426:Rami Mehmed Efendi
360:
350:(centre) with the
338:Rise in importance
242:
37:
2296:
2295:
2263:
2262:
2255:Star and crescent
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1761:
1760:
1698:
1697:
1450:Ottoman Caliphate
1331:Foreign relations
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
994:
993:
990:
989:
980:political parties
912:Ministry of Evkaf
784:Ottoman Caliphate
715:978-0-3336-1386-3
691:978-90-04-09834-3
654:"Reʾīs ül-Küttāb"
651:Deny, J. (1995).
643:978-0-8160-6259-1
487:Halil Hamid Pasha
472:Rami Mehmed Pasha
439:It was not until
395:foreign relations
277:) or ordinances (
16:(Redirected from
2333:
2027:Social structure
2020:
1873:Imperial Arsenal
1772:
1606:
1545:
1543:(classic period)
1538:Imperial Council
1533:
1425:
1324:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1047:Eastern Orthodox
1018:
1002:
983:
960:
953:General Assembly
899:
838:
826:Imperial Council
821:
787:
769:
747:
740:
733:
724:
719:
695:
667:Heinrichs, W. P.
656:
647:
620:
614:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
562:
556:
543:
537:
520:
514:
482:Koca Ragıp Pasha
449:
414:Foreign Minister
180:
115:Imperial Council
79:Foreign Minister
75:Imperial Council
64:
63:
52:
21:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2259:
2223:
2195:
2162:
2063:
2052:Ottoman Turkish
2009:
1918:
1892:
1842:
1837:Modernized army
1821:Sekban-i Djedid
1757:
1694:
1649:Shaykh al-Islām
1630:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1435:Ottoman dynasty
1414:
1315:
1190:
1185:
1155:
1146:
1080:
1062:Coptic Orthodox
1057:Syriac Orthodox
1035:Sheikh ul-Islam
1014:
1011:
1003:
986:
977:
961:
956:
955:
946:
942:Ministry of War
907:Cadastre Bureau
900:
897:(reform period)
895:
894:
885:
839:
834:
833:
812:
781:
779:Ottoman dynasty
760:
751:
716:
698:
692:
659:Bosworth, C. E.
650:
644:
631:
628:
623:
615:
608:
600:
596:
588:
584:
576:
565:
557:
546:
538:
523:
515:
504:
500:
468:
447:
340:
318:) and reports (
234:
170:
103:
87:Hariciye Nazırı
47:Ottoman Turkish
31:Depiction of a
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:Ottoman titles
2318:
2313:
2311:Reis ül-Küttab
2303:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Nizam-i Djedid
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1739:Mutasarrifates
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Reis ül-Küttab
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:Palace Schools
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1462:Imperial Harem
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1428:House of Osman
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:Decline thesis
1243:Transformation
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1224:Constantinople
1221:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:Ottoman Empire
1186:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1121:Mutasarrifates
1118:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1010:Administrative
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
985:
984:
975:
970:
964:
962:
951:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
871:Reis ül-Küttab
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
824:
818:
814:
813:
811:
810:
809:
808:
806:Palace Schools
798:
796:Imperial Harem
793:
788:
775:
773:
772:House of Osman
766:
765:Central system
762:
761:
758:Ottoman Empire
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
721:
720:
714:
696:
690:
663:van Donzel, E.
648:
642:
627:
624:
622:
621:
619:, p. 483.
606:
594:
582:
580:, p. 482.
563:
561:, p. 481.
544:
521:
519:, p. 169.
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
467:
464:Reis ül-küttab
461:
456:reis ül-küttab
445:reis ül-küttab
430:reis ül-küttab
422:reis ül-küttab
407:reis ül-küttab
364:reis ül-küttab
352:Grand Dragoman
348:reis ül-küttab
339:
336:
324:reis ül-küttab
254:reis ül-küttab
246:reis ül-küttab
233:
230:
218:reis ül-küttab
190:reis ül-küttab
153:reis ül-küttab
126:Ottoman Empire
111:reis ül-küttab
102:
99:
83:reis ül-küttab
67:Ottoman Empire
42:Reis ül-Küttab
24:
18:Reis ül-küttab
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Ottoman court
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Naval battles
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:Kapudan Pasha
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:Reform period
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Haseki sultan
1470:
1468:
1467:Valide sultan
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:United States
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:Classical Age
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Osman's Dream
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1001:
981:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
954:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
776:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
725:
717:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
687:
683:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
649:
645:
639:
635:
630:
629:
625:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
574:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:Akyıldız 2009
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
509:
507:
503:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
349:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
238:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
160:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
121:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
34:
29:
19:
2298:
2285:
2280:Bibliography
2278:
2271:
2240:Coat of arms
2214:Christianity
2168:Demographics
2151:of Armenians
2092:Illumination
2077:Architecture
1958:Central bank
1909:Conscription
1835:
1826:Mansure Army
1809:
1781:
1688:Hakham Bashi
1656:Christianity
1603:
1577:
1553:Grand Vizier
1542:
1394:Civil codes
1368:Constitution
1214:Ghaza thesis
1074:Hakham Bashi
1042:Christianity
957:
896:
870:
846:Grand Vizier
835:
704:
700:Imber, Colin
681:
680:Volume VIII:
674:
633:
597:
585:
463:
455:
451:
444:
438:
434:reis tahtası
433:
429:
421:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
347:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
302:
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
268:
267:, under the
264:
260:
258:
253:
250:Grand Vizier
245:
243:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
182:
163:
157:
152:
146:
143:divan efendi
142:
136:
133:emin-i akham
132:
130:
118:
110:
104:
86:
82:
55:
54:
41:
40:
38:
32:
2107:Shadow play
1953:Agriculture
1946:Reformation
1942:Enlargement
1788:Janissaries
1497:Kizlar Agha
1482:Hanımefendi
1477:Kadınefendi
1289:Dissolution
1219:Interregnum
671:Lecomte, G.
206:ser-khalife
200:, Turkish:
171: [
93:during the
56:Reis Efendi
51:رئيس الكتاب
33:Reis Efendi
2305:Categories
2124:Literature
2037:Ottomanism
1732:Sanjakbeys
1715:Beylerbeys
1703:Provincial
1420:Government
1383:Family law
1114:Sanjakbeys
1097:Beylerbeys
1085:Provincial
817:Government
517:Imber 2002
498:References
452:ex officio
122:-ı hümayun
62:رئیس آفندی
35:, ca. 1809
2176:Armenians
2141:Education
2097:Miniature
2047:Languages
2032:Devshirme
2005:Transport
1805:Timariots
1671:Bulgarian
1563:Kazaskers
1525:Central (
1509:Kapi Agha
1378:Electoral
1304:Abolition
1299:Partition
1012:divisions
856:Kazaskers
617:Deny 1995
602:Deny 1995
590:Deny 1995
578:Deny 1995
559:Deny 1995
441:Selim III
295:timariots
232:Functions
226:Kahya Bey
222:mektubcıs
210:baş-kalfa
185:in 1534.
159:defterdar
97:reforms.
2287:Category
2201:Religion
2114:Clothing
2000:Taxation
1963:Currency
1904:Aviation
1878:Admirals
1831:Hamidieh
1767:Military
1748:Kadiluks
1722:Vilayets
1676:Armenian
1614:Assembly
1351:Treaties
1320:Politics
1277:Tanzimat
1130:Kadiluks
1104:Vilayets
791:Seraglio
702:(2002).
673:(eds.).
411:de facto
358:diplomat
356:Bukharan
332:telhiscı
269:beylikçı
214:mektubcı
95:Tanzimat
2273:Outline
2228:Symbols
2219:Judaism
2146:Schools
2119:Cuisine
2082:Mosques
2069:Culture
2059:Slavery
2015:Society
1978:Sultani
1939:By era
1932:Economy
1914:Weapons
1727:Sanjaks
1710:Eyalets
1683:Judaism
1636:Millets
1573:Nişancı
1558:Viziers
1403:Halakha
1398:Mecelle
1341:Safavid
1253:Köprülü
1196:History
1109:Sanjaks
1092:Eyalets
1069:Judaism
1022:Millets
866:Nişancı
851:Viziers
801:Enderûn
756:of the
682:Ned–Sam
626:Sources
388:nişancı
376:nişancı
368:nişancı
198:khalife
183:nişancı
164:nişancı
138:nişancı
71:scribes
2250:Tughra
2235:Anthem
2181:Greeks
2134:Poetry
1619:Senate
1388:Düstur
968:Senate
712:
688:
669:&
640:
403:beylik
320:takrir
316:telhis
297:; the
287:tahvil
279:evamir
274:firman
265:beylik
53:), or
2209:Islam
2191:Women
2158:Media
2129:Prose
2102:Music
1983:Kuruş
1897:Other
1888:Ships
1744:Kazas
1666:Ullah
1644:Islam
1527:Porte
1265:Tulip
1140:Rayas
1126:Kazas
1030:Islam
881:Birûn
830:Porte
657:. In
448:'
299:ru'us
291:berat
283:kanun
202:kalfa
194:tarik
179:]
148:valis
120:divan
2245:Flag
2186:Jews
2088:Art
1988:Lira
1973:Para
1968:Akçe
1861:List
1848:Navy
1775:Army
1356:Wars
1209:Rise
710:ISBN
686:ISBN
638:ISBN
399:reis
384:reis
380:reis
372:reis
346:The
328:kise
304:vakf
244:The
39:The
1661:Rūm
1363:Law
208:or
128:.
2307::
1814::
1786::
665:;
661:;
609:^
566:^
547:^
524:^
505:^
424:,
177:tr
175:;
173:de
49::
1746:/
1529:)
1180:e
1173:t
1166:v
1128:/
982:)
978:(
832:)
828:(
786:)
782:(
746:e
739:t
732:v
718:.
694:.
678:.
646:.
117:(
59:(
45:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
