64:, is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. Frequently, the exemption is limited, as it may extend for a set time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances; for example, a grandfathered
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in the 1880s and 1890s gained some seats and won some governor positions. To prevent such coalitions in the future, the
Democrats wanted to exclude freedmen and other black people from voting; in some states they also restricted poor whites to avoid biracial coalitions.
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238:, some Southern states adopted constitutional provisions exempting from the literacy requirements descendants of those who fought in the army or navy of the United States or of the Confederate States during a time of war.
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986:
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116:
and their descendants from voting but without denying poor and illiterate whites the right to vote. Although these original grandfather clauses were eventually ruled unconstitutional, the terms
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633:
260:
68:
might be exempt from new, more restrictive pollution laws, but the exception may be revoked and the new rules would apply if the plant were expanded. Often, such a provision is used as a
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251:(1915), states were forced to stop using the grandfather clauses to provide exemption to literacy tests. Without the grandfather clauses, tens of thousands of poor Southern whites were
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in which a government blots out transactions of the recent past, usually those of a predecessor government. The modern analogue may be repudiating public debt, but the original was
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in the early 20th century. As decades passed, Southern states tended to expand the franchise for poor whites, but most black people could not vote until after passage of the 1965
613:
168:
1012:
941:
732:
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that poll taxes could not be used in any elections. This secured the franchise for most citizens, and voter registration and turnout climbed dramatically in
Southern states.
72:
or out of practicality, to allow new rules to be enacted without upsetting a well-established logistical or political situation. This extends the idea of a rule not being
591:
1066:
799:
542:
491:
Riser, R. Volney (2006). "Disfranchisement, the U.S. Constitution, and the
Federal Courts: Alabama's 1901 Constitutional Convention Debates the Grandfather Clause".
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had provisions to protect voter registration and access to elections, with federal enforcement and supervision where necessary. In 1966, the
Supreme Court ruled in
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White
Democrats developed statutes and passed new constitutions creating restrictive voter registration rules. Examples included imposition of
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arose from the fact that the laws tied the then-current generation's voting rights to those of their grandfathers. According to Black's
191:
804:
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128:
1205:
737:
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406:
136:
167:, effectively preventing African Americans from voting. Racial restrictions on voting in place before 1870 were invalidated by the
1092:
207:
175:
42:
1129:
855:
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194:, and rifle clubs had intimidated black people or barred them from the polls in numerous elections before what they called the
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and residency and property restrictions to register to vote. States in some cases exempted those whose ancestors (e.g.,
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961:
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300:'s death", a principle by which he repudiated all the royal grants that had been made in the previous 19 years under
1200:
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prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, but some states continued to use them in state elections.
31:
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683:
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or as of a particular date from such requirements. The intent and effect of such rules was to prevent former
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The term originated in late 19th-century legislation and constitutional amendments passed by a number of
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Provision in which existing cases are exempt from a new rule which will apply to future cases
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676:
661:
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344:
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110:
38:
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226:. An exemption to such requirements was made for all persons allowed to vote before the
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1159:
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527:
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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The
Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
296:'s principle, preserved in many of his judgments, "Let it be as it was on the day of
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73:
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182:, they began to work to restrict the ability of black people to vote.
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Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
531:
399:
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took control of state legislatures again, especially after the
261:
Twenty-fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution
728:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
127:
The original grandfather clauses were contained in new
30:"Grandfathered" redirects here. For the TV series, see
401:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 141.
452:. Auburn: University of Georgia Press. p. 136.
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995:
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833:
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733:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
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565:
694:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
372:"The Racial History Of The 'Grandfather Clause'"
284:There is also a rather different, older type of
135:passed between 1890 and 1908 by white-dominated
1196:History of voting rights in the United States
1008:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
543:
8:
1105:Democratic backsliding in the United States
743:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
93:states, which created new requirements for
779:
550:
536:
528:
330:Generally recognized as safe and effective
245:found such provisions unconstitutional in
230:, and any of their descendants. The term
750:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
706:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
362:
1211:Politics of the Southern United States
987:United States Virgin Islands residents
429:from the original on January 12, 2009
370:Greenblatt, Alan (October 22, 2013).
273:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
7:
580:House Electors Qualifications Clause
477:. Univ of Calif Press. p. 219.
425:. Concise Encyclopædia Britannica.
105:) had the right to vote before the
977:Northern Mariana Islands residents
559:Voting rights in the United States
25:
738:Federal Voting Assistance Program
493:American Journal of Legal History
124:have been adapted to other uses.
1145:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
1062:Women's poll tax repeal movement
689:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
607:Privileges or Immunities Clause
202:). Nonetheless, a coalition of
967:District of Columbia residents
897:Multiple non-transferable vote
820:Voter registration in the U.S.
765:Election Assistance Commission
585:Congressional Elections Clause
473:Warren, Wilfred Lewis (1973).
259:. Ratification in 1964 of the
1:
1150:National Voting Rights Museum
760:Help America Vote Act of 2002
1013:Timeline of women's suffrage
397:Valelly, Richard M. (2004).
325:Generally recognized as safe
37:Not to be confused with the
1067:History of direct democracy
1057:Selma to Montgomery marches
800:Initiatives and referendums
314:List of grandfather clauses
1227:
887:First-past-the-post voting
657:U.S. Department of Justice
311:
288:, perhaps more properly a
36:
29:
1023:Woman Suffrage Procession
711:Voting Rights Act of 1965
32:Grandfathered (TV series)
1206:Law of the United States
962:American Samoa residents
701:Civil Rights Act of 1960
684:Civil Rights Act of 1957
667:Enforcement Act of 1870
602:Equal Protection Clause
448:Feldman, Glenn (2004).
351:Williams v. Mississippi
672:Second Enforcement Act
520:Grandfather Clause in
248:Guinn v. United States
85:Southern United States
1125:Elections in the U.S.
982:Puerto Rico residents
721:covered jurisdictions
290:grandfather principle
74:retroactively applied
423:"Grandfather clause"
186:groups such as the
169:Fifteenth Amendment
129:state constitutions
1170:Voter registration
1046:Give Us the Ballot
942:Transgender people
846:Grandfather clause
810:Provisional ballot
286:grandfather clause
243:U.S. Supreme Court
232:grandfather clause
228:American Civil War
222:and residency and
180:Compromise of 1877
165:voter registration
163:. They restricted
137:state legislatures
118:grandfather clause
107:American Civil War
54:grandfather policy
50:grandfather clause
1201:Legal terminology
1183:
1182:
1130:Electoral College
952:African Americans
910:
909:
902:One man, one vote
871:Voter suppression
340:Nonconforming use
268:Voting Rights Act
257:Voting Rights Act
16:(Redirected from
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1140:Electoral system
1135:Electoral reform
1110:Disfranchisement
1098:Native Americans
1088:Campaign finance
1033:U.S. suffragists
1028:Silent Sentinels
957:Native Americans
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677:Ku Klux Klan Act
662:Enforcement Acts
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345:Sunset provision
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62:grandfathered in
52:, also known as
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39:Grandfather rule
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18:Grandfathered in
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485:Further reading
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972:Guam residents
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619:17th Amendment
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614:15th Amendment
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499:(3): 237–279.
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312:Main article:
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298:my grandfather
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280:Other contexts
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236:Law Dictionary
224:literacy tests
212:fusion tickets
153:North Carolina
95:literacy tests
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58:grandfathering
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1083:Ballot access
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880:Vote dilution
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866:Voter ID laws
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851:Literacy test
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97:, payment of
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91:Southern U.S.
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44:
40:
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19:
1120:Election law
1038:Publications
947:Young adults
861:Voter caging
845:
795:Early voting
783:Voter access
650:and agencies
648:Federal laws
521:
496:
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474:
468:
449:
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433:September 6,
431:. Retrieved
417:
398:
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380:. Retrieved
375:
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335:Grace period
302:King Stephen
289:
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188:White League
184:Paramilitary
173:
126:
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103:grandfathers
88:
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49:
47:
1093:Citizenship
834:Vote denial
376:Code Switch
208:Republicans
122:grandfather
66:power plant
60:, or being
1190:Categories
937:Foreigners
776:State laws
716:amendments
568:provisions
358:References
241:After the
220:poll taxes
196:Redemption
192:Red Shirts
139:including
99:poll taxes
70:compromise
575:Article I
266:The 1965
204:Populists
176:Democrats
149:Louisiana
1165:Suffrage
1115:Election
1003:Timeline
915:By group
856:Poll tax
513:25434804
475:Henry II
427:Archived
319:See also
294:Henry II
161:Virginia
157:Oklahoma
1076:Related
996:History
382:June 8,
145:Georgia
141:Alabama
41:or the
1175:Voting
932:Felons
511:
456:
405:
174:After
159:, and
114:slaves
80:Origin
927:Women
509:JSTOR
378:. NPR
454:ISBN
435:2009
403:ISBN
384:2020
206:and
131:and
120:and
922:Men
501:doi
210:in
1192::
507:.
497:48
495:.
374:.
304:.
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171:.
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48:A
1048:"
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411:.
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45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.