657:(1508-1559), agreed to the terms of Diogo Mendes's will so that the wealthy family would move to his city, and received them gracefully in 1549. In Ferrara, Beatrice Mendes, for the first time in her life, was able to openly practice Judaism in a distinguished Sephardi Jewish Community and in a city that recognized her rights. She chose the Hebrew name Nasi (her daughter's name) instead of her own Latin/Jewish name Benveniste. This time in her life is most likely when she started to become known as DoƱa Gracia Nasi. The genealogy of her family starts to get a little confusing here; this is most likely when her sister Brianda adopted the name Reyna, when Beatrice's daughter Ana became known as Reyna as well, and also when Brianda's daughter, named after Beatrice, was given the name Gracia. The family's new proud Jewish identity brought DoƱa Gracia beyond the realm of commercial business, and she became a large benefactor and organizer for resettling Jewish people using her commercial network during the
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early 2000s. New York City designated a DoƱa Gracia Day in June 2010, followed by a similar proclamation in
Philadelphia a year later. Israel's political leaders honored her for the first time in October 2010. The Turkish government sponsored a DoƱa Gracia evening in New York City and has also sponsored an exhibit in Lisbon. There have been lectures, articles and festivals in her honor all over Europe. The growing numbers of women in business and the professions who attend the programs identify with her ambition, courage and even personal loneliness. An Italian white wine has been named after her. The Israeli Government Coins and Medals Corporation has produced a commemorative medal. She is idolized by the descendants of conversos she saved, now living in southern
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make
Tiberias into a major new center of Jewish settlement, trade and learning. A Jewish traveler who visited Tiberias around this time mentions how she had lent support to the Jewish community there, and how after her death they were compelled to ask for Jewish donations elsewhere. This venture has often been called one of the earliest attempts at a modern Zionist movement. DoƱa Gracia (Mendes) Nasi died in Istanbul in early 1569.
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with the marriage between
Beatrice's sister, Brianda, and Diogo Mendes. But just five years after Beatrice Mendes settled in Antwerp, Diogo also died. It was now 1542, and in his will he left his niece and sister-in-law control of the Mendes commercial empire, making Beatrice Mendes an important businesswoman. The enormous wealth enabled her to influence kings and
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source texts. The second, public printing of the book was dedicated to her. All the while she had to fend off attempts by various monarchs to confiscate her fortune by trying to arrange a marriage of her only daughter to their relatives. Had this happened, a large portion of the family wealth would
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Once they settled in
Antwerp, Beatrice invested her family fortune in her brother-in-law's business, and started to make a name for herself not only as his business partner but as an independent business woman herself. The relationship between the de Luna and Mendes households became even stronger,
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some years earlier, but it was largely a desolate place. Consequently she obtained ruling authority over the
Tiberias area. With the help of the Sultan, she then began to rebuild the area's abandoned towns to make them available to refugees so they could settle there if they wished. Her aim was to
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The Anusim were Jews who were forced to convert and accept the religion of the country they lived in but continued to secretly maintain their attachment to the religion and the Jewish people. In Europe, the Jews were often forced to accept the
Christian religion, and in Asia and North Africa, the
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After DoƱa Gracia's death, her life and story remained relatively unknown for the next four centuries. In 1969, Jewish educator and historian Bea
Statdler published a book length biography, The Story of DoƱa Gracia Mendes. A museum and hotel dedicated to her was opened in Tiberias, Israel in the
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In winter 1535, Francisco died, leaving behind Gracia and an infant daughter, Anna. In his will
Francisco divided his fortune between Beatrice and his brother and business partner, Diogo; this decision would leave Beatrice a wealthy woman. Later on, Beatrice asked the Pope to move the remains of
661:. DoƱa Gracia became very involved with the Sephardic colony in Ferrara, and became an active supporter of the burst of literacy and printing among the Jews of Ferrara. Because of her humanitarian efforts and other successes, books that were printed during this time, like the
724:. She published at least fifteen books, including a tractate of the Talmud as well as several prayer books. She was the first Jewish woman to have established her own press rather than inheriting it, and the first woman printer and publisher in the Ottoman Empire.
638:. The city-state offered Jews and conversos a safe base to live and conduct business, although most practicing Jews were confined in crowded ghettos; because of this situation that Jewish people were put into, the Mendes family most likely practiced
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The move to
Ferrara, however, did not end the quarrel between DoƱa Gracia and her sister, Brianda (now Reyna de Luna), over control of the estate. To finally end the dispute, DoƱa Gracia briefly went to Venice to settle with her sister in the
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Graciaās father, Ćlvaro de Luna (possibly a relative of Ćlvaro de Luna (1388 or 1390ā1453) from Spain who was a colleague of Don
Abraham Benveniste), was married to Felipa Mendes Benveniste, the sister of Francisco Mendes and Diogo Mendes.
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Francisco also happened to belong to the same prominent family as her mother, Benveniste from Castile and Aragon, and was also the great-grandchild of Don Abraham Benveniste of Castile.
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secretly while still putting up the Catholic charade. She continued the type of business that she did with her brother-in-law, and very successfully traded pepper, grain, and
575:, under the Muslim Turks, welcomed Jews to their lands. The escape route was carefully planned. Even so, many died on the way as they traversed the mountain paths of the high
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together with his relative Abraham Benveniste. Soon after Francisco's death, Beatrice Mendes moved to Antwerp to join Diogo with her infant daughter, Ana (the future wife of
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After the death of her spouse in 1579, she established her own printing business, one in Belvedere, near Constantinople, and another press in the Constantinople suburb of
533:, which she did to protect her fellow Conversos. It also enabled her to finance her escape network. It is believed she was the driving force behind the publication of the
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to avoid the ruling the Venetian Giudici al Forestier (Tribunal for the Affairs of Foreigners) decided would end the sisters' conflict over equal control of the fortune.
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by the Inquisition. These fleeing conversos were first sent secretly to spice ships, owned or operated by the House of Mendes/Benveniste, that sailed regularly between
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have been lost, as it would have come under the control of her daughter's husband. Beatrice Mendes resisted all these attempts, which often put her in personal peril.
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Francisco Mendes and his brother, Diogo Mendes, were the directors of a powerful trading company and bank of world renown, with agents across Europe and around the
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Solomon H. P. and Leone Leoni A. Mendes, Benveniste, De Luna, Micas, Nasci: The State of the Art (1522-1558. The Jewish Quarterly Review 88, 3-4, 1998, pp. 135-211
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Maynes, Mary Jo., and Ann Beth. Waltner. "Chapter 5 Families in Global Markets." The Family: A World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 65ā67. Print.
517:) and her younger sister, Brianda de Luna. The move from Lisbon was also timely due to the changing political landscape in Portugal, when as of 23 May 1536, the
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Breger, Jennifer. "Printers." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 27 February 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on March 15, 2021) <
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Breger, Jennifer. "Printers." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 27 February 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on March 15, 2021) <
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In 1528, Gracia married her uncle, Francisco Mendes, a wealthy black spice trader, who was also a New Christian. Mendes was also a creditor and confidante to
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Five years later, in 1497, they were forcibly converted to Catholicism, along with all other Jews and Muslims in Portugal at the time.
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and Antwerp. In Antwerp, Beatrice Mendes and her staff gave them instructions and the money to travel by cart and foot over the
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A few years before Francisco's death in 1538, his brother, Diogo, had opened a branch office of their house in the city of
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The couple married in a secret Jewish ceremony in the basement of her home and then married in a public ceremony in the
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Solomon, H. P. and Leone Leoni, A. "Mendes, Benveniste, De Luna, Micas, Nasci: The State of the Art (1522-1558)".
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https://headstuff.org/culture/history/terrible-people-from-history/gracia-mendes-nasi-renaissance-businesswoman/
614:. Earlier payments to the Pope by the House of Mendes and their associates had delayed the establishment of the
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Italy started to become hostile. In Constantinople, DoƱa Gracia lived fashionably in the European quarter of
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In order to continue to practice Judaism, the family fled to Portugal when the Catholic monarchs of Spain,
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Gracia Mendes Nasi was born in Lisbon, Portugal, circa 1510. Her family was from Aragon in Spain and were
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A medal of Gracia Nasi the younger, likely made in 1558. Previously believed to be of Gracia Mendes Nasi.
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After the settlement was made, she, her daughter Ana (now Reyna Nasi), and a large entourage moved to
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Birnbaum, Marianna. "The Long Journey of Gracia Mendes." Central European University Press, 2001,
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The Hebrew Portuguese Nations in Antwerp and London at the Time of Charles V and Henry VIII
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Under Beatrice Mendes (Gracia Nasi), the House of Mendes/Benveniste dealt with King
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Francisco to a new location. When the approval arrived she moved them to the
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and Portugal, where they had been constantly under threat of arrest as
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The Woman Who Defied Kings: The Life and Times of Dona Gracia Nasi
1108:. New York, USA: United Synagogue Commission on Jewish Education.
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philanthropist, businesswoman, and one of the wealthiest women of
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ClƩment, Catherine. "La SeƱora", 1992, published by Calmann-Levy.
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Veiled Reference Podcast on Dona Gracia Nasi by Tzipora Weinberg
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Memorial stone for Dona Gracia on her 500th birthday in Tiberias
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Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues
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Wealth and influence in Renaissance Europe; escape network for
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Dona Gracia: The Woman Who Led Jews to Safety in Muslim Lands
1198:, Women's International Zionist Organisation, Tel Aviv, 1990.
1094:, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1948, pp. 120-121
610:. These dealings involved commercial activities, loans, and
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In 1556, soon after DoƱa Gracia arrived in Constantinople,
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The city of Ferrara was eager to accept the Mendes family;
1212:, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
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In 1558, DoƱa Gracia was granted a long-term lease on the
932:"The Venetian Identities of Beatrice and Brianda de Luna"
364:. She developed an escape network that saved hundreds of
360:), who became a prominent figure in the politics of the
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1226:. Jersey City, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, Inc.
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and the finding, by the Portuguese, of a sea route to
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16th-century businesspeople from the Ottoman Empire
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1249:. 1969. A fictionalized biography for children.
630:In 1544, she fled once again, this time to the
422:Islamic religion (for example, Mashhadi Jews).
989:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe
456:. Brianda married Francisco's brother, Diogo.
1063:https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/printers
1050:https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/printers
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1294:Biography at Jewish Heritage Online Magazine
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755:. One of the synagogues is named after her (
731:sentenced a group of Conversos in Ancona to
665:(published in 1553) and Consolation for the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1427:16th-century women from the Ottoman Empire
985:"A Jewish Woman Leader of the Renaissance"
212:
1422:16th-century Jews from the Ottoman Empire
837:Learn how and when to remove this message
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:This article includes a list of general
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673:), were dedicated to DoƱa Gracia Nasi.
1412:16th-century Portuguese businesspeople
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856:and the Jews. DoƱa Gracia's museum in
1347:Sephardi Jews from the Ottoman Empire
1178:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House.
300:Francisco Mendes (Tsemach Benveniste)
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1372:Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
1185:, Central European University Press.
819:adding citations to reliable sources
1217:The Ghost of Hannah Mendes: A Novel
1142:"Tiberias's tribute to Dona Gracia"
1140:Aisenberg, Lydia (24 August 2006).
592:Mary, Governor of the Low Countries
1289:Out of Spain educational materials
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1219:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1183:The long journey of Gracia Mendes
733:Execution by burning at the stake
626:Life in Venice and Ferrara, Italy
45:This article has multiple issues.
1352:Immigrants to the Ottoman Empire
1233:88, 3ā4, 1998, pp. 135ā211.
1206:Dona Gracia of the House of Nasi
1092:DoƱa Gracia of the House of Nasi
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1246:The Story of Dona Gracia Mendes
806:needs additional citations for
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620:History of the Jews in Portugal
521:ordered the establishment of a
53:or discuss these issues on the
1210:The House of Nasi: DoƱa Gracia
1106:The Story of Dona Garcia Menes
983:Brooks, AndrƩe Aelion (2000).
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1417:16th-century Portuguese women
1181:Marianna D. Birnbaum (2003).
1174:AndrƩe Aelion Brooks (2002).
930:Adelman, Howard Tzvi (2013).
588:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
281:Philanthropist, businesswoman
1397:Jewish women philanthropists
1382:16th-century Portuguese Jews
1377:Portuguese women in business
1222:Aron Di Leone Leoni (2005).
669:(published 1553, written by
1313:Lecture on Dona Gracia Nasi
1299:House of Dona Gracia museum
1273:. Ottoman Publishing, 2018.
1231:The Jewish Quarterly Review
163:the claims made and adding
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1387:16th-century businesswomen
1342:16th-century Sephardi Jews
1194:Gad Nassi, Rebecca Toueg:
774:at the time), from Sultan
567:to the great port city of
377:She was also known by her
1190:The Encyclopaedia Judaica
747:. In Istanbul, she built
435:expelled the Jews in 1492
1392:Jewish women in business
776:Suleiman the Magnificent
604:Suleiman the Magnificent
1432:Medieval Jewish history
655:Ercole II, Duke of Este
616:Inquisition in Portugal
105:more precise citations.
1104:Statdler, Bea (1969).
1001:10.3167/ej.2000.330108
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667:Tribulations of Israel
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448:Marriage and widowhood
431:Ferdinand II of Aragon
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547:Starting in Antwerp,
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427:Isabella I of Castile
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1215:Naomi Ragan (1998).
1208:; also published as
960:10.2979/nashim.25.10
944:10.2979/nashim.25.10
815:improve this article
549:Habsburg Netherlands
454:John III of Portugal
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