1137:
49:
467:
1214:
593:
943:
931:
861:
850:
774:, was killed during negotiations with the Romans in 374. Consequently, in the autumn, the Quadi crossed the Danube plundering Pannonia and the provinces to the south. The situation deteriorated further once the Sarmatians made common cause inflicting heavy losses on the Pannonica and Moesiaca legions. However, on encountering Theodosius' forces on the borders of
2990:
1109:. Gratian alienated the army by his favouritism towards his Alan deserters, whom he made his bodyguards and to whom he gave military commands. Other criticisms of his behavior were that he surrounded himself with bad company and neglected the affairs of state, preferring to have fun. Shortly after, the Roman general
964:
In the immediate aftermath of
Adrianople, Gratian issued an edict of tolerance at Sirmium, restoring bishops exiled by Valens and ensuring religious freedoms to all religions. Following the battle, the Goths raided from Thrace in 378 to Illyricum the following year. Convinced that one emperor alone
1186:
Maximus initially kept
Gratian's body for political reasons, and Ambrose's second embassy to him in 385 or 386 to recover it was unsuccessful. It would not be until 387, possibly even after the death of Magnus Maximus, that Gratian's remains were interred at Mediolanum in the imperial mausoleum.
1136:
884:
at the western court. Once
Gratian had put down the invasions in the west in early 378, he notified Valens that he was returning to Thrace to assist him in his struggle against the Goths. Late in July, Valens was informed that the Goths were advancing on
840:, the power behind the throne. Neither Gratian or Valentinian travelled much, which was thought to be due to not wanting the populace to realise how young they were. Gratian is said to have visited Rome in 376, possibly to celebrate his
923:). Encouraged by his advisors to claim victory without sharing the glory with Gratian, as well as being misinformed about the number of enemy troops, Valens attacked the Gothic army and as a result thousands of Romans died in the
1097:
On 16 January 383 Theodosius made his son
Arcadius co-emperor, evidently without Gratian's approval as he never recognized the promotion on his coinage. Within the same year, Gratian's wife Constantia died, and he remarried to
1078:, and confiscated money designated for sacrifices and ceremonies. He declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the
1179:) on 25 August 383, supposedly against orders. Maximus then established his court at the former imperial residence in Trier. On the death of Gratian, the 12 year old Valentinian II became the sole legitimate
778:
in the eastern
Balkans, which had previously defeated one of their armies in 373, they sued for peace. Valentinian mounted a further offensive against the Quadi in August 375, this time using a
786:(Budapest), crossed the Danube and attacked from the southeast. This campaign resulted in heavy losses to the enemy, following which he returned to Aquincum and from there to Brigetio (
48:
808:
by troops in
Pannonia. He was forced to accept the proclamation, though he did supervise his younger brother's upbringing. Despite Valentinian being given nominal authority over the
382:
Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, attacked the
Lentienses, and forced the tribe to surrender. That same year, the eastern emperor Valens was killed fighting the
722:, who were involved in a dispute with the Alamanni, but a communication failure led to them returning to their lands without joining forces with the Romans. It was then that the
2395:
Crosby, Daniel J. (2015). "'Arrows
Fletched from Our Own Wings': The Early Church Fathers and the 'Delphi of the Mind'". In Johnston, W. Marshall; Crosby, Daniel J. (eds.).
2749:
987:
the only legal form of
Christianity and outlawed all other forms of religion, ending a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian.
2860:
Testa, Rita Lizzi (2015). "The Famous 'Altar of
Victory Controversy' in Rome: The Impact of Christianity at the End of the Fourth Century". In Wienand, Johannes (ed.).
1133:
and crossed the channel, encamping near Paris. There, his forces encountered Gratian, but much of the latter's army defected to the usurper, forcing Gratian to flee.
657:
made them an offering they considered inferior to that of his predecessor. Angered by Ursatius' attitude, they vowed revenge and crossed over the Rhine into Roman
4802:
2551:
901:, in Dacia in the western Balkans. The forces Gratian sent never reached Valens due to its commander feigning illness. Weeks later, Gratian had arrived in
3013:
1267:
801:
When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian inherited the administration of the western empire. Days later, Gratian's half-brother Valentinian was
502:. Gratian was his parents' only son together. At the time of his birth Gratian's father was living in exile. Gratian was named after his grandfather
3383:
3908:
995:
has been doubted by modern scholars, because there is no other mention of such a garment associated with the priesthood. Emperors from Gratian to
4772:
3325:
4702:
4570:
2794:
2717:
2698:
2660:
2635:
2583:
2385:
1913:
3028:
3915:
1278:
The PLRE wrongly says that Gratian and Constantia had a son that predeceased his father. None of the sources it cites supports the claim.
4777:
4538:
3332:
3288:
3240:
3196:
3152:
579:), raising questions about his succession. On recovery, he presented his then eight-year-old son to his troops on 24 August, as his co-
4782:
2937:
2918:
2899:
2869:
2850:
2831:
2812:
2738:
2679:
2652:
2627:
2610:
2520:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2442:
2423:
2404:
2361:
1939:
1028:
to Valentinian II. The same year, Gratian won a victory, possibly over the Alamanni, that was announced officially at Constantinople.
817:
770:. Valentinian's decision to establish garrisons across the Danube had angered them, and the situation escalated after the Quadi king,
1343:"Portrait head of emperor with sideburns (Gratian or Honorius?). Augusta Treverorum (Belgica II). Late fourth to early fifth century"
2971:
2539:
2342:
1523:
466:
359:
as a child and inherited the West after his father's death in 375. He nominally shared the government with his infant half-brother
4792:
3205:
619:
Valentinian, concerned with Gratian's age and inexperience, stated his son would assist commanders with upcoming campaigns. The
4812:
4787:
4767:
4762:
4504:
4487:
4314:
4302:
821:
1287:
McLynn suggested that the regiment of Alans was a pragmatic decision, which would also make the army's hostility well founded.
4817:
4475:
4267:
4229:
4189:
4156:
935:
813:
637:
224:
4735:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
3021:
4827:
4690:
4516:
4343:
4309:
4273:
4162:
3297:
3161:
837:
625:
4807:
4331:
3376:
3169:
752:
240:
4412:
4091:
3557:
1296:
Williams and Friell remarked that, “There is still no clear reason as to why Gratian's support crumbled so quickly.”
4822:
4722:
4678:
4656:
4607:
4494:
4285:
4054:
3396:
1327:
1087:
683:), forcing them to retire. An opportunity to further weaken the Alamanni occurred in the summer of 368, when king
4629:
4597:
4422:
3602:
714:
in the east to the Belgic channel, but the construction was attacked by Alamanni at Mount Pirus (the Spitzberg,
4797:
4639:
4592:
4139:
3786:
399:
31:
1321:
1047:
were threatening to cross the Rhine, now that Gratian had departed from the region. With the collapse of the
4447:
4427:
4201:
4081:
3369:
2955:
1507:
1219:
893:, and started to move his forces into the area. However, Gratian's arrival was delayed by an encounter with
534:(emperor). Within a month, motivated by senior officers, he proclaimed his brother Valens, Gratian's uncle,
4717:
4696:
4602:
3392:
3079:
1227:
809:
4651:
4646:
4622:
4617:
4533:
4370:
4358:
4129:
3754:
3353:
3349:
3043:
2789:, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 22, Berkeley: University of California Press,
980:
651:
visited Valentinian's headquarters to receive the customary gifts towards the end of 364, Ursatius, the
518:
403:
292:
2994:
2959:
1511:
1342:
1051:
under the incursions of the Huns and Goths, Gratian moved his seat from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) to
976:
on 19 January 379 to govern the east. On 3 August that year, Gratian issued an edict against heresy.
4634:
4582:
4442:
4417:
4382:
4297:
4211:
4061:
3892:
3361:
1071:
1025:
924:
873:
729:
715:
680:
661:
and Gaul in January 365, overwhelming the Roman defences. Although at first unsuccessful, eventually
387:
368:
346:
71:
2620:
Kienast, Dietmar (2017b) . "Theodosius I". In Kienast, Dietmar; Eck, Werner; Heil, Matthäus (eds.).
4757:
4752:
4565:
4550:
4528:
4463:
4452:
4407:
4353:
3843:
3781:
3744:
1901:
1197:
988:
984:
965:
was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian, now senior
877:
653:
629:
395:
322:
2891:
Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty, and Paideia from Constantius to Theodosius
1024:
Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of
4612:
4555:
4499:
4481:
4470:
4432:
4402:
4280:
3998:
3902:
3652:
3621:
3614:
2947:
2771:
2560:
2333:
Curran, John (1998). "Chapter 3: From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, A.; Garnsey, P. (eds.).
1499:
1067:, and the Roman Senate, shifting the balance of power within the factions of the western empire.
511:
503:
482:
476:
202:
2645:
Kienast, Dietmar (2017c) . "Gratian". In Kienast, Dietmar; Eck, Werner; Heil, Matthäus (eds.).
4577:
4523:
4364:
4262:
4237:
4086:
3948:
3684:
3669:
3547:
3515:
3249:
3213:
2967:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2790:
2734:
2713:
2694:
2675:
2656:
2631:
2606:
2589:
2579:
2535:
2516:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2357:
2338:
1935:
1909:
1519:
1001:
572:
491:
181:
1929:
4707:
4684:
4587:
4560:
4545:
4511:
4437:
4397:
4387:
4112:
4039:
4009:
3872:
3827:
3822:
3694:
3173:
2763:
2371:
1167:
914:
832:
724:
667:
662:
621:
530:
525:
507:
495:
429:
413:
408:
364:
355:
276:
177:
128:
80:
53:
4348:
4338:
4247:
4034:
3942:
3930:
3924:
3776:
3597:
3567:
3510:
3490:
869:
779:
687:
was murdered in a coup, and Valentinian and his son Gratian crossed the river Moenus (the
876:, Valens also requested that Sebastianus be sent to him for the war, though according to
592:
4242:
4206:
4151:
4044:
3967:
3865:
3859:
3791:
3771:
3525:
3485:
3310:
3281:
3262:
3126:
3097:
3003:
2951:
2889:
2784:
1503:
1188:
1110:
1091:
1075:
1048:
942:
930:
906:
748:
585:
447:
360:
334:
269:
134:
108:
2200:
4746:
4712:
4672:
4216:
4024:
3832:
3227:
3183:
3141:
3072:
3008:
2775:
1114:
902:
898:
890:
499:
350:
342:
312:
302:
98:
66:
691:) laying waste to Alamannic territories. Gratian was awarded the victory titles of
4457:
4252:
4184:
4179:
4169:
3992:
3854:
3495:
3341:
3106:
1257:
Heather estimates 10,000 Roman dead, Williams & Friell state 20,000 Roman dead.
1162:
1083:
970:
872:, had sent a request to Gratian for reinforcements against the Goths. According to
771:
688:
544:
539:
417:
391:
376:
140:
860:
2728:
2646:
2621:
2510:
2375:
880:
Sebastianus went to Constantinople of his own accord as a result of intrigues by
4321:
4196:
4146:
4071:
3645:
3592:
3535:
1014:
824:, Gratian ruled the western Roman empire himself. His tutor Ausonius became his
719:
684:
421:
272:
259:
2911:
The Emergence of Christianity: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective
4377:
4292:
4257:
4222:
4134:
4049:
3809:
3802:
3749:
3729:
3674:
3639:
3632:
3577:
3542:
3405:
3217:
2754:
1209:
1052:
1032:
886:
849:
842:
802:
782:, one force attacking from the northwest, while Valentinian himself headed to
767:
762:
The necessity to make peace was the increasing threat from other peoples, the
672:
557:
433:
219:
2593:
4124:
4076:
3986:
3973:
3760:
3689:
3662:
3657:
3626:
3572:
3520:
3455:
3450:
2549:
Johnson, Mark J. (1991). "On the Burial Places of the Valentinian Dynasty".
1070:
In 382, Gratian issued edicts that removed the statue of the winged goddess
737:
676:
266:
2805:
Christianity, Empire and the Spirit: (Re)Configuring Faith and the Cultural
2989:
2573:
4392:
4174:
4066:
4019:
3979:
3961:
3881:
3816:
3796:
3766:
3739:
3734:
3719:
3709:
3679:
3587:
3582:
3530:
3505:
3500:
3465:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3321:
3115:
2862:
Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD
2672:
The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy
1172:
1044:
1036:
826:
787:
783:
658:
648:
599:
of Valentinian I showing Valentinian and Gratian on the reverse, marked:
560:
455:
443:
198:
146:
17:
3017:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 378.
2767:
4326:
4029:
3936:
3704:
3480:
2710:
Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D
2564:
1064:
1040:
996:
979:
On 27 February 380, Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius issued the
949:
of Theodosius I showing Theodosius and Gratian on the reverse, marked:
881:
741:
487:
451:
287:
173:
2473:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
607:"). A palm bough is between them and Victory crowns each with a wreath
4098:
3955:
3837:
3609:
3475:
3305:
3276:
3257:
3232:
3188:
3145:
3088:
1106:
1079:
1060:
919:
846:
on 24 August, but whether the visit actually took place is disputed.
775:
733:
718:). In 369 (or 370) Valentinian then sought to enlist the help of the
711:
576:
425:
372:
124:
732:
and his son Theodosius (the Theodosi) attacked the Alamanni through
2648:
Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
2623:
Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
1105:
In the summer of 383 Gratian was again at war with the Alamanni in
1090:, which in turn was counter-protested by Christian senators led by
3699:
3470:
3460:
3440:
2603:
Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500
1135:
1126:
1099:
1056:
941:
929:
894:
859:
848:
763:
756:
641:
591:
465:
383:
245:
57:
2964:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395
2335:
The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
1516:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume I, AD 260–395
905:
with a few thousand men, by which time Valens was at Adrianople (
3445:
3435:
1176:
1118:
1010:
206:
3365:
2183:
2181:
486:, Valentinian's eldest son Gratian was born on 18 April 359 at
3002:
2492:
The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395
868:
Gratian's uncle Valens, returning from a campaign against the
2397:
A Dangerous Mind: The Ideas and Influence of Delbert L. Wiens
563:, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem.
1373:
1371:
2532:
The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300
1655:
1653:
1651:
1518:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 812–813.
2078:
2076:
2074:
1906:
The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter
2786:
Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital
2224:
2222:
2220:
1796:
1794:
1757:
1755:
1059:) in 381. He became increasingly aligned with the city's
671:
in Gaul inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at Scarpona (
2144:
2142:
2093:
2091:
1718:
1716:
1323:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar
991:' report that Gratian refused the robe of office of the
2416:
Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire
2239:
2237:
1977:
1975:
1859:
1857:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1535:
3031:
shows laws passed by Gratian relating to Christianity.
2966:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 401.
1429:
1427:
1425:
1358:
1356:
2730:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455
1121:
with a large army. Maximus, who had served under the
2843:
Gregory of Nyssa's Doctrinal Works: A Literary Study
1039:, only to be defeated by Gratian. Consequently, the
4665:
4111:
4008:
3891:
3718:
3556:
3404:
1412:
1410:
744:in 372, but eventually made peace with him in 374.
736:, taking many prisoners and resettling them in the
318:
308:
298:
286:
258:
233:
213:
188:
160:
156:
114:
104:
94:
79:
65:
41:
740:in Italy. Valentinian made one attempt to capture
640:, was sent by Valentinian to campaign against the
1074:from the Senate floor, removed the privileges of
927:along with Sebastianus and the emperor himself.
528:, on 26 February 364, Valentinian was proclaimed
2454:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568
747:Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to
2337:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110.
790:, Hungary) where he died suddenly in November.
548:by his father. Gratian was seven when entitled
2575:The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
2211:
2187:
2005:
1966:
1848:
1812:
1773:
864:Location of the battle of Argentovaria in 378.
446:. In 383, faced with rebellion by the usurper
3377:
583:, passing over the customary initial step of
538:of the Eastern empire. Gratian was appointed
8:
2824:Galla Placidia Augusta. A Biographical Essay
1481:
1377:
1268:Roman military frontiers and fortifications
454:(Paris). His army deserted him. He fled to
437:
3888:
3384:
3370:
3362:
3034:
2928:Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1995).
1659:
1125:Theodosius and had won a victory over the
552:, which indicated he was to be proclaimed
47:
38:
2552:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2354:Late Antiquity: A Very Short Introduction
571:In summer 367, Valentinian became ill at
3029:list of Roman laws of the fourth century
1954:
1824:
1566:
710:Valentinian fortified the frontier from
394:to replace him in 379. Gratian favoured
2651:(in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt:
2377:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
2303:
2279:
2228:
1836:
1800:
1761:
1309:
1239:
2315:
2291:
2267:
2255:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2133:
2109:
2097:
2082:
2053:
2041:
1993:
1981:
1887:
1863:
1785:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1583:
1541:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1401:
1389:
1362:
255:
2626:(in German) (6 ed.). Darmstadt:
2243:
2065:
2029:
2017:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1113:had raised the standard of revolt in
1102:. Both marriages remained childless.
1082:. This resulted in protests from the
7:
2750:"Constantia: The Last Constantinian"
2691:From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565
2121:
1875:
1005:, "honorable pontiff". The title of
969:following Valens's death, appointed
363:, who was also acclaimed emperor in
353:, Gratian was raised to the rank of
341:; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was
4803:People executed by the Roman Empire
2512:Theodosius and the Limits of Empire
1416:
1315:
1313:
751:'s 13 year-old posthumous daughter
524:Following the death of the emperor
450:, Gratian marched his army towards
349:from 367 to 383. The eldest son of
2712:. University of California Press.
2653:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
2628:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
442:after him, which later evolved to
25:
3326:Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
1902:"From Petrus to Pontifex Maximus"
934:Marble portrait head of Gratian (
390:, which led to Gratian elevating
2988:
2894:. University of Michigan Press.
1212:
2841:Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew (2018).
2826:. University of Chicago Press.
952:
470:Marble head of a young Gratian.
3206:Sex. Claudius Petronius Probus
2708:Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002).
2693:. Edinburgh University Press.
2578:. Cambridge University Press.
2456:. Cambridge University Press.
2380:. Cambridge University Press.
1202:'the Divine Gratian'.
936:Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier
498:, to Valentinian's first wife
225:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan
87:24 August 367 – 25 August 383
1:
4773:4th-century murdered monarchs
2930:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay
2572:Johnson, Mark Joseph (2009).
2435:The Roman Imperial Succession
2399:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
375:, who was later succeeded by
89:(senior from 17 November 375)
27:Roman emperor from 367 to 383
2822:Oost, Stewart Irvin (1968).
2674:. Harvard University Press.
2670:Kulikowski, Michael (2019).
2601:Jolly, Karen Louise (1997).
367:on Valentinian's death. The
3311:Valentinian junior Augustus
3282:Valentinian junior Augustus
3263:Valentinian junior Augustus
3001:Freese, John Henry (1911).
2864:. Oxford University Press.
2845:. Oxford University Press.
2733:. Oxford University Press.
2475:. Oxford University Press.
2356:. Oxford University Press.
4844:
4778:4th-century Roman emperors
4657:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4608:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4495:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2888:Vanderspoel, John (1995).
2883:. Oxford University Press.
2509:Hebblewhite, Mark (2020).
2490:Hebblewhite, Mark (2019).
2418:(2nd ed.). Meridian.
2212:Williams & Friell 1995
2188:Williams & Friell 1995
1967:Williams & Friell 1995
1849:Williams & Friell 1995
1813:Williams & Friell 1995
1774:Williams & Friell 1995
1328:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1035:tribe of Goths moved into
958:the Victory of the Augusti
494:in Serbia, the capital of
400:traditional Roman religion
29:
4783:4th-century Roman consuls
4733:
4630:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4598:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4423:Constantine IX Monomachos
3346:
3330:
3318:
3302:
3286:
3273:
3254:
3238:
3224:
3210:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3150:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3037:
2932:. Yale University Press.
2881:The Emperor Valentinian I
2530:Hinson, E. Glenn (1995).
2433:Grainger, John D (2020).
1928:Hekster, Olivier (2022).
1908:, Brill, pp. 43–57,
1347:Last Statues of Antiquity
406:, refusing the office of
265:
254:
46:
4593:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3322:Decimius Magnus Ausonius
2783:McLynn, Neil B. (1994),
2748:McEvoy, Meaghan (2016).
2727:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013).
1900:Curran, John R. (2020),
1320:Weitzmann, Kurt (1977).
830:, and together with the
542:in 366 and was entitled
458:and was later murdered.
32:Gratian (disambiguation)
4793:Executed Roman emperors
4448:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4082:Tiberius II Constantine
3014:Encyclopædia Britannica
2909:White, Cynthia (2011).
2803:Medina, Néstor (2018).
2471:Heather, Peter (2006).
2352:Clark, Gillian (2011).
1220:Byzantine Empire portal
1187:Gratian was deified in
1161:Gratian was pursued by
1129:in 382, was proclaimed
1009:was not adopted by the
371:was ruled by his uncle
203:Gallia Lugdunensis
121:Valentinian I (367–375)
4813:Sons of Roman emperors
4788:Deified Roman emperors
4768:4th-century executions
4763:4th-century Christians
4603:Michael IX Palaiologos
1228:List of Roman emperors
1192:
1153:
1020:In September 380, the
961:
939:
918:
910:
865:
857:
810:praetorian prefectures
608:
471:
438:
338:
218:Imperial mausoleum at
4818:Valentinianic dynasty
4697:Thessalonian emperors
4691:Trapezuntine emperors
4652:John VIII Palaiologos
4647:Manuel II Palaiologos
4618:John VI Kantakouzenos
4534:Andronikos I Komnenos
4371:Constantine Lekapenos
3399:and empresses regnant
3044:Valentinianic dynasty
2452:Halsall, Guy (2007).
2414:Dill, Samuel (1958).
2201:Gratian (367-83 A.D.)
1341:Lenaghan, J. (2012).
1139:
999:styled themselves as
981:Edict of Thessalonica
945:
933:
863:
852:
595:
519:Constantine the Great
469:
404:Edict of Thessalonica
178:Pannonia Secunda
4828:Romans from Pannonia
4635:John VII Palaiologos
4583:Theodore II Laskaris
4443:Constantine X Doukas
4383:Nikephoros II Phokas
3228:Valentinian Augustus
3184:Valentinian Augustus
3142:Valentinian Augustus
2997:at Wikimedia Commons
925:Battle of Adrianople
874:Ammianus Marcellinus
730:Theodosius the Elder
716:Rottenburg am Neckar
628:, together with the
573:Civitas Ambianensium
556:. His tutor was the
388:Battle of Adrianople
347:Western Roman Empire
223:(now Sant'Aquilino,
56:of Gratian found in
30:For other uses, see
4808:People from Sirmium
4566:Theodore I Laskaris
4551:Alexios III Angelos
4529:Alexios II Komnenos
4453:Romanos IV Diogenes
4408:Romanos III Argyros
4354:Romanos I Lekapenos
3342:Theodosius Augustus
2948:Martindale, John R.
2879:Tomlin, R. (1973).
2768:10.1017/ann.2016.10
2437:. Pen & Sword.
2306:, pp. 210–211.
2199:Walter E. Roberts,
2175:, pp. 152–153.
2112:, pp. 167–168.
2006:Radde-Gallwitz 2018
1934:. CUP. p. 36.
1788:, pp. 119–121.
1500:Martindale, John R.
1146:victoria augustorum
1144:of Gratian marked:
985:Nicene Christianity
697:Alamannicus Maximus
654:magister officiorum
605:the Victors Augusti
477:Chronicle of Jerome
412:, and removing the
396:Nicene Christianity
323:Nicene Christianity
4685:Britannic emperors
4679:Palmyrene emperors
4613:John V Palaiologos
4556:Alexios IV Angelos
4505:Constantine Doukas
4500:Alexios I Komnenos
4488:Constantine Doukas
4471:Michael VII Doukas
4433:Michael VI Bringas
3999:Romulus Augustulus
3622:Trebonianus Gallus
3615:Herennius Etruscus
3397:Byzantine emperors
3134:Political offices
2913:. Fortress Press.
2689:Lee, A. D (2013).
2282:, p. 502-503.
1154:
1150:the Victory of the
983:. This edict made
962:
940:
866:
858:
693:Germanicus Maximus
609:
483:Chronicon Paschale
472:
4823:Illyrian emperors
4740:
4739:
4578:John III Vatatzes
4524:Manuel I Komnenos
4263:Michael I Rangabe
4107:
4106:
3949:Petronius Maximus
3548:Severus Alexander
3516:Septimius Severus
3360:
3359:
3347:Succeeded by
3303:Succeeded by
3268:
3255:Succeeded by
3214:Domitius Modestus
3211:Succeeded by
3167:Succeeded by
3124:Succeeded by
3024:(AD 359 – AD 383)
3022:Flavius Gratianus
2993:Media related to
2796:978-0-520-08461-2
2719:978-0-520-23332-4
2700:978-0-7486-2790-5
2662:978-3-534-26724-8
2637:978-3-534-26724-8
2585:978-0-521-51371-5
2387:978-0-521-84026-2
2372:Cooley, Alison E.
2318:, pp. 83–92.
2085:, pp. 83–84.
1915:978-90-04-42568-2
1815:, pp. 27–28.
1776:, pp. 18–19.
1484:, pp. 18–19.
1460:, pp. 83–84.
1201:
1002:pontifex inclytus
701:Francicus Maximus
681:Châlons-sur-Marne
550:nobilissimus puer
545:nobilissimus puer
492:Sremska Mitrovica
474:According to the
328:
327:
282:
281:
182:Sremska Mitrovica
16:(Redirected from
4835:
4588:John IV Laskaris
4561:Alexios V Doukas
4546:Isaac II Angelos
4512:John II Komnenos
4438:Isaac I Komnenos
4398:Constantine VIII
4388:John I Tzimiskes
4115:Byzantine Empire
3889:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3319:Preceded by
3274:Preceded by
3266:
3225:Preceded by
3181:Preceded by
3139:Preceded by
3070:Preceded by
3060:
3053:
3035:
3018:
3006:
2992:
2977:
2943:
2924:
2905:
2884:
2875:
2856:
2837:
2818:
2799:
2779:
2744:
2723:
2704:
2685:
2666:
2641:
2616:
2597:
2568:
2545:
2526:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2367:
2348:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1587:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1496:
1485:
1482:Hebblewhite 2019
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1378:Vanderspoel 1995
1375:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1317:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1196:
1168:magister equitum
1157:Death and burial
1147:
1007:pontifex maximus
993:pontifex maximus
955:
954:
833:magister militum
725:magister equitum
705:Gothicus Maximus
668:magister equitum
647:When a party of
622:magister peditum
602:
601:victores augusti
496:Pannonia Secunda
441:
414:Altar of Victory
409:pontifex maximus
256:
228:
195:
170:
168:
90:
51:
39:
21:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4798:Illyrian people
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4673:Gallic emperors
4661:
4349:Constantine VII
4130:Constantine III
4117:
4114:
4103:
4012:
4004:
3943:Valentinian III
3931:Constantius III
3925:Priscus Attalus
3909:Constantine III
3895:
3887:
3777:Valerius Valens
3722:
3714:
3560:
3552:
3511:Didius Julianus
3491:Marcus Aurelius
3408:
3400:
3390:
3356:
3352:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3306:Valens Augustus
3294:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3277:Valens Augustus
3269:
3265:
3261:
3258:Valens Augustus
3246:
3244:
3236:
3233:Valens Augustus
3231:
3220:
3216:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3189:Valens Augustus
3187:
3176:
3172:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3146:Valens Augustus
3144:
3129:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3004:"Gratian"
3000:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2958:, eds. (1971).
2952:Jones, A. H. M.
2946:
2940:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2859:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2797:
2782:
2747:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2644:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2605:. M.E. Sharpe.
2600:
2586:
2571:
2548:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2483:
2470:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2432:
2426:
2413:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:Kulikowski 2019
1658:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1512:"Sebastianus 2"
1510:, eds. (1971).
1504:Jones, A. H. M.
1498:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1193:Divus Gratianus
1159:
1145:
1049:Danube frontier
1011:bishops of Rome
950:
870:Sasanian Empire
799:
780:pincer movement
617:
600:
569:
464:
250:
229:
222:
197:
193:
172:
166:
164:
152:
143:(East, 379–383)
88:
75:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4632:
4627:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4492:
4468:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Theodora (III)
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4324:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4290:
4278:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Constantine VI
4240:
4235:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Theodosius III
4204:
4199:
4194:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4152:Constantine IV
4149:
4144:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:Eastern Empire
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:Western Empire
3886:
3885:
3878:
3866:Magnus Maximus
3862:
3860:Valentinian II
3857:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3792:Constantius II
3789:
3787:Constantine II
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Antoninus Pius
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3409:27 BC – AD 235
3402:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3345:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3301:
3285:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3256:
3253:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3209:
3193:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3168:
3165:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3127:Magnus Maximus
3125:
3122:
3098:Valentinian II
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:Regnal titles
3062:
3061:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3009:Chisholm, Hugh
2998:
2984:
2983:External links
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2944:
2939:978-0300061734
2938:
2925:
2920:978-0472104857
2919:
2906:
2901:978-0472104857
2900:
2885:
2876:
2871:978-0199768998
2870:
2857:
2852:978-0199668977
2851:
2838:
2833:978-0226630502
2832:
2819:
2814:978-9004357365
2813:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2745:
2740:978-0199664818
2739:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2686:
2681:978-0674660137
2680:
2667:
2661:
2642:
2636:
2617:
2612:978-1563244674
2611:
2598:
2584:
2569:
2559:(4): 501–506.
2546:
2540:
2527:
2522:978-1138102989
2521:
2506:
2501:978-0367880682
2500:
2487:
2482:978-0195159547
2481:
2468:
2463:978-0521435437
2462:
2449:
2444:978-1526766045
2443:
2430:
2425:978-1346615486
2424:
2411:
2406:978-1498203975
2405:
2392:
2386:
2368:
2363:978-0199546206
2362:
2349:
2343:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2294:, p. 164.
2284:
2272:
2260:
2258:, p. 155.
2248:
2246:, p. 154.
2233:
2231:, p. 186.
2216:
2204:
2192:
2177:
2165:
2163:, p. 153.
2153:
2151:, p. 105.
2138:
2136:, p. 165.
2126:
2114:
2102:
2100:, p. 154.
2087:
2070:
2058:
2056:, p. 151.
2046:
2044:, p. 218.
2034:
2032:, p. 407.
2022:
2010:
1998:
1996:, p. 104.
1986:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1941:978-1009226790
1940:
1920:
1914:
1892:
1890:, p. 123.
1880:
1868:
1853:
1841:
1839:, p. 187.
1829:
1827:, p. 244.
1817:
1805:
1803:, p. 183.
1790:
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. 181.
1751:
1739:
1737:, p. 366.
1727:
1725:, p. 339.
1712:
1710:, p. 356.
1700:
1688:
1676:
1674:, p. 357.
1664:
1647:
1635:
1633:, p. 105.
1623:
1621:, p. 103.
1611:
1588:
1571:
1546:
1531:
1524:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 107.
1438:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1380:, p. 183.
1367:
1352:
1333:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1207:
1204:
1171:and killed at
1158:
1155:
1111:Magnus Maximus
1076:Vestal Virgins
798:
792:
749:Constantius II
616:
610:
568:
565:
463:
460:
448:Magnus Maximus
424:. The city of
402:, issuing the
361:Valentinian II
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
280:
279:
263:
262:
252:
251:
249:
248:
243:
237:
235:
231:
230:
217:
215:
211:
210:
196:(aged 24)
190:
186:
185:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
144:
138:
135:Valentinian II
132:
122:
118:
116:
112:
111:
109:Magnus Maximus
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4840:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4310:Theodora (II)
4308:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:Constantine V
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Anastasius II
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Theodosius II
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Valentinian I
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:Constantine I
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Constantius I
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3120:(Jan–Aug 383)
3118:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3080:Roman emperor
3074:
3073:Valentinian I
3068:
3063:
3059:25 August 383
3058:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2973:0-521-07233-6
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:"Gratianus 2"
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2541:0-86554-436-0
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:. Routledge.
2514:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:. Routledge.
2493:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2344:0-521-30200-5
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:, p. 66.
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:, p. 36.
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2190:, p. 37.
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:, p. 38.
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:, p. 75.
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:, p. 45.
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 14.
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:, p. 85.
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:, p. 29.
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:Kienast 2017b
1951:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:, p. 26.
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:, p. 92.
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:, p. 26.
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:Grainger 2020
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:, p. 76.
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1698:, p. 62.
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:, p. 85.
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1662:, p. 80.
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:, p. 86.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 85.
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:, p. 84.
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Kienast 2017c
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:, p. 83.
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:0-521-07233-6
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:, p. 49.
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:, p. 90.
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:, p. 21.
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:, p. 14.
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:, p. 50.
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1330:. p. 25.
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:in the west.
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1140:Reverse of a
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
972:
968:
959:
948:
944:
937:
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:
916:
912:
911:Hadrianopolis
908:
904:
903:Castra Martis
900:
899:Castra Martis
896:
892:
889:(Edirne) and
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
862:
855:
851:
847:
845:
844:
839:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
797:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
645:
643:
639:
636:
635:
634:rei militaris
632:
627:
624:
623:
615:
611:
606:
598:
594:
590:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
500:Marina Severa
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
439:Gratianopolis
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:Valentinian I
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
321:
317:
314:
313:Marina Severa
311:
307:
304:
303:Valentinian I
301:
297:
294:
293:Valentinianic
291:
289:
285:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
226:
221:
216:
212:
208:
205:(present-day
204:
200:
192:25 August 383
191:
187:
183:
180:(present-day
179:
175:
163:
159:
155:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:Valentinian I
97:
93:
86:
84:
83:
78:
73:
68:
67:Roman emperor
64:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4640:Andronikos V
4638:
4621:
4569:
4537:
4515:
4503:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4462:
4456:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4330:
4313:
4301:
4284:
4272:
4266:
4253:Nikephoros I
4228:
4227:
4221:
4188:
4185:Justinian II
4180:Tiberius III
4170:Justinian II
4161:
4155:
4138:
4090:
4062:Anastasius I
4053:
3997:
3993:Julius Nepos
3985:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3855:Theodosius I
3849:
3842:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3772:Maximinus II
3759:
3661:
3644:
3631:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3534:
3496:Lucius Verus
3339:
3333:Roman consul
3331:
3295:
3289:Roman consul
3287:
3247:
3241:Roman consul
3239:
3203:
3197:Roman consul
3195:
3159:
3153:Roman consul
3151:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3107:Theodosius I
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3056:
3052:18 April 359
3049:
3042:
3012:
2963:
2956:Morris, John
2929:
2910:
2890:
2880:
2861:
2842:
2823:
2804:
2785:
2759:
2753:
2729:
2709:
2690:
2671:
2647:
2622:
2602:
2574:
2556:
2550:
2531:
2511:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2376:
2353:
2334:
2311:
2304:Johnson 2009
2299:
2287:
2280:Johnson 1991
2275:
2263:
2251:
2229:Halsall 2007
2207:
2195:
2168:
2156:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1931:Caesar rules
1930:
1923:
1905:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1844:
1837:Heather 2006
1832:
1820:
1808:
1801:Heather 2006
1781:
1769:
1762:Heather 2006
1742:
1730:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1515:
1508:Morris, John
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1404:, p. 1.
1397:
1385:
1346:
1336:
1322:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1163:Andragathius
1160:
1149:
1141:
1130:
1122:
1117:and invaded
1104:
1096:
1092:Pope Damasus
1084:Roman Senate
1069:
1031:By 380, the
1030:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1000:
992:
978:
973:
971:Theodosius I
966:
963:
957:
946:
867:
853:
841:
831:
825:
805:
800:
795:
761:
746:
723:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
666:
652:
646:
633:
630:
620:
618:
613:
604:
596:
584:
580:
570:
553:
549:
543:
535:
529:
523:
515:of Britannia
512:
506:, who was a
481:
475:
473:
436:was renamed
418:Roman Senate
407:
381:
377:Theodosius I
354:
330:
329:
171:18 April 359
141:Theodosius I
81:
36:
4699:(1224–1242)
4693:(1204–1461)
4482:Konstantios
4359:Christopher
4332:Constantine
4322:Michael III
4303:Constantine
4286:Constantine
4268:Theophylact
4197:Philippicus
4147:Constans II
4072:Justinian I
3968:Severus III
3916:Constans II
3670:Claudius II
3646:Silbannacus
3593:Gordian III
3568:Maximinus I
3536:Diadumenian
2762:: 154–179.
2316:McEvoy 2013
2292:McLynn 1994
2268:McEvoy 2013
2256:McLynn 1994
2173:McLynn 1994
2161:McLynn 1994
2149:Curran 1998
2134:McEvoy 2016
2110:McEvoy 2016
2098:McLynn 1994
2083:McEvoy 2013
2054:Crosby 2015
2042:Hinson 1995
1994:Curran 1998
1982:McEvoy 2013
1888:McEvoy 2013
1864:Medina 2018
1786:McEvoy 2013
1747:McEvoy 2013
1735:Lenski 2002
1723:Lenski 2002
1708:Lenski 2002
1696:McEvoy 2013
1684:McLynn 1994
1672:Lenski 2002
1643:Curran 1998
1631:McEvoy 2013
1619:Lenski 2002
1607:Curran 1998
1584:Curran 1998
1542:Curran 1998
1470:McEvoy 2013
1458:Curran 1998
1446:McEvoy 2013
1434:Lenski 2002
1402:Tomlin 1973
1390:Tomlin 1973
1363:Lenski 2002
1247:noblest boy
1165:, Maximus'
1015:Renaissance
720:Burgundians
685:Vithicabius
638:Sebastianus
422:Curia Julia
260:Regnal name
194:(383-08-25)
149:(East, 383)
95:Predecessor
4758:383 deaths
4753:359 births
4747:Categories
4476:Andronikos
4464:Nikephoros
4413:Michael IV
4378:Romanos II
4298:Theophilos
4293:Michael II
4274:Staurakios
4258:Staurakios
4230:Nikephoros
4223:Artabasdos
4135:Heraclonas
4092:Theodosius
4050:Basiliscus
3810:Nepotianus
3803:Magnentius
3797:Constans I
3750:Severus II
3730:Diocletian
3675:Quintillus
3640:Aemilianus
3633:Volusianus
3578:Gordian II
3543:Elagabalus
3406:Principate
3298:Merobaudes
3218:Arinthaeus
3162:Dagalaifus
2755:Antichthon
2534:. Mercer.
2244:White 2011
2066:Clark 2011
2030:Testa 2015
2018:Jolly 1997
1349:. LSA-584.
1304:References
1053:Mediolanum
1033:Greuthungi
1013:until the
887:Adrianople
856:of Gratian
843:decennalia
838:Merobaudes
768:Sarmatians
753:Constantia
673:Dieulouard
626:Merobaudes
510:and later
462:Early life
434:Roman Gaul
392:Theodosius
275:Gratianus
241:Constantia
220:Mediolanum
131:, 367–378)
4718:Classical
4703:Empresses
4687:(286–296)
4681:(267–273)
4675:(260–274)
4418:Michael V
4344:Alexander
4157:Heraclius
4125:Heraclius
4077:Justin II
3987:Glycerius
3974:Anthemius
3844:Procopius
3782:Martinian
3761:Maxentius
3690:Florianus
3663:Saloninus
3658:Gallienus
3627:Hostilian
3603:Philip II
3573:Gordian I
3521:Caracalla
3456:Vespasian
3451:Vitellius
3354:Eucherius
3170:Lupicinus
3111:(379–383)
3102:(375–383)
3093:(375–378)
2807:. Brill.
2776:151430655
2594:309835740
2122:Oost 1968
1876:Dill 1958
1266:See also
1152:augusti")
1088:Symmachus
1026:Macedonia
951:victoria
818:Illyricum
803:acclaimed
742:Macrianus
738:Po Valley
677:Catalauni
675:) and at
504:Gratianus
432:river in
416:from the
339:Gratianus
267:Imperator
209:, France)
184:, Serbia)
167:359-04-18
137:(375–383)
115:Co-rulers
105:Successor
18:Gratianus
4713:Usurpers
4708:Augustae
4666:See also
4571:Nicholas
4393:Basil II
4190:Tiberius
4175:Leontius
4163:Tiberius
4140:Tiberius
4118:610–1453
4113:Eastern/
4067:Justin I
4020:Arcadius
3980:Olybrius
3962:Majorian
3903:Honorius
3882:Eugenius
3817:Vetranio
3767:Licinius
3740:Galerius
3735:Maximian
3720:Dominate
3710:Numerian
3680:Aurelian
3653:Valerian
3598:Philip I
3588:Balbinus
3583:Pupienus
3531:Macrinus
3506:Pertinax
3501:Commodus
3466:Domitian
3431:Claudius
3426:Caligula
3421:Tiberius
3416:Augustus
3350:Syagrius
3250:Equitius
3116:Arcadius
3039:Gratian
2374:(2012).
1417:Lee 2013
1206:See also
1181:augustus
1173:Lugdunum
1131:augustus
1080:treasury
1045:Alemanni
1037:Pannonia
974:augustus
967:augustus
827:quaestor
806:augustus
796:augustus
784:Aquincum
766:and the
707:in 369.
659:Germania
649:Alamanni
614:augustus
581:augustus
561:Ausonius
554:Augustus
536:Augustus
531:Augustus
480:and the
456:Lugdunum
444:Grenoble
365:Pannonia
356:Augustus
319:Religion
277:Augustus
199:Lugdunum
147:Arcadius
82:Augustus
70:(in the
4723:Eastern
4623:Matthew
4517:Alexios
4365:Stephen
4327:Basil I
4212:Leo III
4087:Maurice
4030:Marcian
4013:395–610
3937:Joannes
3896:395–480
3850:Gratian
3723:284–610
3705:Carinus
3685:Tacitus
3561:235–285
3481:Hadrian
3174:Iovinus
3084:375–383
3011:(ed.).
2995:Gratian
2565:4436217
2326:Sources
1200:
1142:solidus
1115:Britain
1086:led by
1072:Victory
1065:Ambrose
1041:Vandals
1022:augusti
997:Marcian
989:Zosimus
947:Solidus
915:Turkish
882:eunuchs
878:Zosimus
854:Solidus
794:Senior
772:Gabinus
663:Jovinus
612:Junior
597:Solidus
508:tribune
488:Sirmium
452:Lutetia
428:on the
386:at the
345:of the
343:emperor
331:Gratian
288:Dynasty
273:Flavius
174:Sirmium
42:Gratian
4485:&
4461:&
4368:&
4339:Leo VI
4315:Thekla
4271:&
4238:Leo IV
4160:&
4099:Phocas
4055:Marcus
4040:Leo II
3956:Avitus
3873:Victor
3838:Valens
3828:Jovian
3823:Julian
3695:Probus
3630:&
3610:Decius
3558:Crisis
3476:Trajan
3267:in 376
3089:Valens
3055:
2970:
2936:
2917:
2898:
2868:
2849:
2830:
2811:
2793:
2774:
2737:
2716:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2634:
2609:
2592:
2582:
2563:
2538:
2519:
2498:
2479:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2360:
2341:
1938:
1912:
1522:
1107:Raetia
1061:bishop
920:Edirne
822:Africa
820:, and
776:Moesia
734:Raetia
712:Raetia
699:, and
665:, the
586:caesar
577:Amiens
558:rhetor
540:consul
526:Jovian
490:, now
426:Cularo
373:Valens
309:Mother
299:Father
270:Caesar
234:Spouse
214:Burial
125:Valens
4281:Leo V
4248:Irene
4035:Leo I
3700:Carus
3471:Nerva
3461:Titus
3441:Galba
3393:Roman
3340:with
3296:with
3248:with
3204:with
3160:with
3087:with
3057:Died:
3050:Born:
3027:This
3007:. In
2772:S2CID
2561:JSTOR
1234:Notes
1189:Latin
1127:Picts
1123:comes
1100:Laeta
1057:Milan
907:Latin
895:Alans
814:Italy
788:Szőny
764:Quadi
757:Trier
642:Quadi
631:comes
567:Reign
513:comes
430:Isère
398:over
384:Goths
335:Latin
246:Laeta
58:Trier
4637:(w.
4620:(w.
4568:(w.
4539:John
4536:(w.
4514:(w.
4502:(w.
4473:(w.
4455:(w.
4356:(w.
4329:(w.
4312:(w.
4300:(w.
4283:(w.
4265:(w.
4226:(w.
4187:(w.
4154:(w.
4137:(w.
4089:(w.
4052:(w.
4045:Zeno
3912:(w.
3869:(w.
3660:(w.
3624:(w.
3612:(w.
3600:(w.
3533:(w.
3526:Geta
3446:Otho
3436:Nero
3395:and
2968:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2590:OCLC
2580:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2339:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1198:lit.
1177:Lyon
1119:Gaul
1043:and
953:augg
891:Nice
703:and
695:and
689:Main
517:for
369:East
207:Lyon
189:Died
161:Born
129:East
72:West
54:Bust
4458:Leo
4403:Zoe
3649:(?)
3337:380
3293:377
3245:374
3201:371
3191:III
3186:III
3157:366
2764:doi
897:at
812:of
755:at
420:'s
4749::
4479:,
4362:,
3313:II
3308:VI
3235:IV
3230:IV
2962:.
2954:;
2950:;
2770:.
2760:50
2758:.
2752:.
2655:.
2630:.
2588:.
2557:40
2555:.
2236:^
2219:^
2180:^
2141:^
2090:^
2073:^
1974:^
1904:,
1856:^
1793:^
1754:^
1715:^
1650:^
1591:^
1574:^
1549:^
1534:^
1514:.
1506:;
1502:;
1489:^
1424:^
1409:^
1370:^
1355:^
1345:.
1326:.
1312:^
1195:,
1191::
1148:("
1094:.
1063:,
1017:.
960:")
956:("
917::
913:;
909::
836:,
816:,
759:.
728:,
644:.
603:("
589:.
521:.
379:.
337::
201:,
176:,
74:)
4643:)
4626:)
4574:)
4542:)
4520:)
4508:)
4491:)
4467:)
4374:)
4335:)
4318:)
4306:)
4289:)
4277:)
4234:)
4193:)
4166:)
4143:)
4095:)
4058:)
3920:)
3877:)
3666:)
3636:)
3618:)
3606:)
3539:)
3385:e
3378:t
3371:v
3279:V
3260:V
2976:.
2942:.
2923:.
2904:.
2874:.
2855:.
2836:.
2817:.
2778:.
2766::
2743:.
2722:.
2703:.
2684:.
2665:.
2640:.
2615:.
2596:.
2567:.
2544:.
2525:.
2504:.
2485:.
2466:.
2447:.
2428:.
2409:.
2390:.
2366:.
2347:.
1957:.
1944:.
1569:.
1528:.
1175:(
1055:(
938:)
679:(
575:(
333:(
227:)
169:)
165:(
127:(
60:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
