339:, but the gray of the hairs combining with the black tips, in the general effect produce a mottled appearance; the gray colour predominates on the lower part of the sides; ears short, deep brownish-black, with a patch of gray hair on the anterior side within; muzzle blackish above; superior lifjs, anterior to the canine teeth, gray; inferior jaw at tip and extending in a narrowed line backwards, nearly to the origin of the neck, gray; beneath dusky ferruginous, greyish with long hair between the hind thighs, and with a large white spot on the breast; the ferruginous colour is very much narrowed on the neck, but is dilated on the lower part of the cheeks; legs brownish- black, with but a slight admixture of gray hairs, excepting on the anterior edge of the hind thighs, and the lower edgings of the toes, where the gray predominates; the tail is short, fusiform, a little tinged with ferruginous, black above near the base and at tip, the tip of the trunk hardly attaining to the
210:
529:
31:
75:
380:
50:
610:. He noted that some wolf skull specimens appeared not to be full-blooded wolves as their molars indicated a hybrid. There have been many stories in this region about ferocious hybrid wolf-dogs, and it is possible that the wolf's tameness and lack of fear of humans might be due admixture with domestic dogs. In North Dakota, by 1875 sightings of the wolf became rare, by 1887 they were almost gone. On the
1420:
355:
In 1995, the
American mammalogist Robert M. Nowak analyzed data on the skull morphology of wolf specimens from around the world. For North America, he proposed that there were only five subspecies of gray wolf. One of these he described as a moderate-sized wolf that was originally found from Texas to
562:
They are described as a large, light-colored wolf but with black and white varying between individual wolves, with some all white or all black. The average body length ranges from 1.4 m (4.6 ft) to 1.96 m (6.4 ft) with a weight of the male averaging 100 lb (45 kg) and
590:
wrote about these wolves several times during his trips to North Dakota, noting how they fed extensively on buffalo carcasses. They were bold around humans, sometimes approaching people and entering their tents while they slept. He recorded that
Indians occasionally dug up wolf pups from their
622:. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species in 1974. Since then, their population became larger in the Great Lakes region and by 2009, their estimate grew to 2,992 wolves in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan and 626 in Wisconsin. A R
290:. The subspecies was thought to be extinct in 1926, until studies declared that its descendants were found in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. They were described as a large, light-colored wolf but with black and white varying between individual wolves, with some all white or all black. The
445:". All North American wolves group together with those from Eurasia, except for the southern clade which form a group exclusive to North America. The wide distribution area of the southern clade indicates that gene flow was extensive across the recognized limits of its subspecies.
672:
Account of an expedition from
Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring
961:
Koblmüller, Stephan; Vilà, Carles; Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)".
894:
Nowak, R.M. 1995. Pp. 375–397 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts and D.R. Seip, eds. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world: proceedings of the second North
American symposium on wolves. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
333:. Dusky, the hair cinereous at base, then brownish-black then gray, then black; the proportion of black upon the hairs, is so considerable, as to give to the whole animal a much darker colour, than the darkest of the
472:, southern California were similar in limb morphology to the Beringian wolves of Alaska. Modern wolves in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America possess longer legs that evolved during the
618:. The last known wolf was shot in 1922. The Great Plains wolf was declared extinct in 1926. However, later studies found wolves in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan that were descendants of
780:
Great Plains wolf; buffalo wolf; loafer. This is another extinct subspecies. It once extended throughout the Great Plains from southern
Manitoba and Saskatchewan southward to northern Texas.
433:
of modern wolves, which suggests that the mDNA diversity of the wolves eradicated from the western US was more than twice that of the modern population. Some haplotypes possessed by the
398:) migrated from Eurasia into North America 70,000–23,000 years ago and gave rise to at least two morphologically and genetically distinct groups. One group is represented by the extinct
59:
599:, where the Indians operated wolf pits and traded wolves to him in exchange for two rolls of tobacco each. He found the Indian's dogs to be more of a personal danger than the wolves.
343:; the longer hairs of the back, particularly over the shoulders, resemble a short sparse mane.....The aspect of this animal is far more fierce and formidable than either the common
209:
1692:
1224:
Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Wayne, Robert K. (2004). "FAST TRACK: Legacy lost: Genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus)".
1006:
1682:
1580:
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prairie dens and dug large pitfalls to capture wolves and foxes. Members of his group dug up wolf pups and found them very tame and easy to train. In 1833
421:
of modern wolves from across North
America with those from thirty-four specimens dated between 1856 and 1915 collected from the western United States,
1621:
1515:
1541:
480:, including the Beringian wolf. Holocene wolves from Middle Butte Cave (dated less than 7,600 YBP) and Moonshiner Cave (dated over 3,000 YBP) in
528:
614:, bounty payments for wolves commenced in 1878 in Manitoba, and 1899 in Saskatchewan and Alberta. In North Dakota, two were sighted in 1915 by
1672:
1667:
1125:
1098:
814:
773:
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564:
291:
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476:, possibly driven by the loss of slower prey. However, shorter legs survived well into the Holocene after the extinction of much of the
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1205:
607:
1702:
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234:
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448:
A study published in 2018 looked at the limb morphology of modern and fossil North
American wolves. The major limb bones of the
1559:
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and the Great Plains wolf. The
Mexican wolf is the most ancestral of the gray wolves that live in North America today.
1554:
362:
650:
1585:
713:
417:(mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years. A 2005 study compared the mitochondrial
587:
318:'s expedition to the Great Plains. Say was the first person to document the difference between a "prairie wolf" (
263:
1480:
1424:
798:
Recovery of Gray wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States, An
Endangered Subpecies Success Story
74:
452:, Beringian wolf, and most modern North American gray wolves can be clearly distinguished from one another.
1442:
1431:
183:
1368:"Predator Bounties in Western Canada Cause Animal Suffering and Compromise Wildlife Conservation Efforts"
1634:
891:
690:
481:
477:
461:
315:
1141:
Arora, Devender; Singh, Ajeet; Sharma, Vikrant; Bhaduria, Harvendra Singh; Patel, Ram
Bahadur (2015).
671:
1502:
1280:
1021:
971:
603:
457:
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709:
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possessed shorter legs when compared with most modern wolves. The Late Pleistocene wolves from the
39:
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30:
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384:
222:
69:
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told of how only three of these wolves could bring down a buffalo, including a large old bull.
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1306:
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866:
810:
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747:
737:
727:
615:
611:
505:
465:
430:
414:
1269:"Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story"
1005:
Leonard, J. A.; Vilà, C; Fox-Dobbs, K; Koch, P. L.; Wayne, R. K.; Van Valkenburgh, B (2007).
865:
Nowak, R. (2003). "9-Wolf Evolution and Taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (eds.).
1389:
1379:
1348:
1296:
1288:
1233:
1166:
1158:
1037:
1029:
979:
933:
925:
802:
496:) resembled the Late Pleistocene and Holocene fossil gray wolves due to their shorter legs.
453:
379:
796:
914:"Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves"
655:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC): Not at Risk (4/1/1999)
508:
analysis of North American wolf-like canines indicates that the extinct Late Pleistocene
1284:
1025:
975:
1394:
1367:
1301:
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938:
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being very abundant throughout the Great Plains. After the mass extirpations of the
1612:
1494:
568:
552:
544:
517:
485:
434:
295:
275:
267:
586:), they were poisoned and trapped for their pelts until few remained. The pioneer
1327:
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391:
1419:
1033:
806:
311:
199:
1465:
1147:: Haplogroups Database to understand migration and molecular risk assessment"
1007:"Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph"
606:
gathered together a collection of this wolf's skulls which now reside in the
741:
449:
413:
found in an organism that are inherited together from one of their parents.
406:
340:
160:
126:
86:
1403:
1310:
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1200:. Oxford Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107.
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344:
271:
106:
795:
Wydeven, Adrian P; Van Deelen, Timothy R; Heske, Edward J, eds. (2009).
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1520:
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1042:
762:
Mech, L. (1970). "Appendix A – Subspecies of wolves – North American".
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told of how only three Great Plains wolves could bring down any sized
422:
348:
334:
319:
279:
116:
96:
1436:
326:. He described one of these wolves that had been caught in a trap:
726:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577.
556:
543:
The Great Plains wolf's distribution once extended throughout the
527:
513:
442:
410:
378:
299:
283:
146:
723:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1507:
441:
and the Great Plains wolf were found to form a unique "southern
1440:
360:. This proposal was not recognized in the taxonomic authority
692:
Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834
367:, which classified this wolf as one of the 27 subspecies of
322:) and on the next page of his journal a wolf which he named
765:
The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species
748:
https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
676:. Philadelphia : H.C. Carey and I. Lea ... p. 169-173.
356:
Hudson Bay and from Oregon to Newfoundland which he named
429:. The historic population was found to possess twice the
563:
the heaviest recorded at 150 lb (68 kg). The
310:
This wolf was first recorded in 1823 by the naturalist
1090:
Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach
1087:
Cox, C. B.; Moore, Peter D.; Ladle, Richard (2016).
595:
recorded that these wolves were common in the upper
1596:
1449:
533:Buffalo Hunt, White Wolves Attacking Buffalo Bull
492:) and pre-1900 samples of the Great Plains wolf (
704:
702:
328:
1219:
1217:
907:
905:
903:
901:
8:
1267:Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021).
871:. University of Chicago Press. p. 245.
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
1693:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
868:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
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757:
755:
484:were similar to the Beringian wolves. The
48:
29:
20:
1393:
1383:
1300:
1170:
1041:
937:
912:Tomiya, Susumu; Meachen, Julie A (2018).
665:
663:
402:and the other by the modern populations.
1366:Proulx, Gilbert; Rodtka, Dwight (2015).
1343:
1341:
1322:
1320:
1197:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition
790:
788:
642:
512:was the ancestor of the southern wolf
7:
1683:Extinct animals of the United States
849:A Biological Survey of North Dakota
695:. Vol. 2. Coblenz. p. 95.
608:National Museum of Natural History
266:that once extended throughout the
217:Distribution of great plains wolf
14:
687:Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied
1418:
1238:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02389.x
1093:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 106.
208:
73:
351:, and is of a more robust form.
1114:Editorial Board (April 2012).
1:
1117:Concise Dictionary of Science
892:Another look at wolf taxonomy
1673:Mammals of the United States
1668:Carnivorans of North America
632:Three Toes of Harding County
456:wolves on both sides of the
439:Southern Rocky Mountain wolf
1678:Wolves in the United States
363:Mammal Species of the World
1719:
593:Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied
1698:Mammals described in 1823
1688:Fauna of the Great Plains
1663:Subspecies of Canis lupus
1432:International Wolf Center
1034:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072
855:: Number 49: pp. 150–156.
807:10.1007/978-0-387-85952-1
228:
221:
216:
207:
189:
182:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1703:Taxa named by Thomas Say
720:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
964:Journal of Biogeography
574:Early records indicate
264:subspecies of gray wolf
16:Subspecies of gray wolf
1194:Miklosi, Adam (2015).
1163:10.6026/97320630011272
1120:. V&s Publishers.
930:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613
851:, Vernon, B., (1926),
669:Say, T. et al. (1823)
555:southward to northern
540:
388:
353:
282:southward to northern
1635:Paleobiology Database
1273:Ecology and Evolution
801:. link.springer.com.
651:"Canis lupus nubilus"
531:
516:, which includes the
482:Bingham County, Idaho
478:Pleistocene megafauna
462:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
383:"Roping gray wolf" -
382:
254:), also known as the
853:North American Fauna
458:Laurentide Ice Sheet
1481:Canis lupus nubilus
1451:Canis lupus nubilus
1425:Canis lupus nubilus
1349:"Great Plains Wolf"
1328:"Great Plains Wolf"
1285:2021EcoEv..11.9137W
1026:2007CBio...17.1146L
976:2016JBiog..43.1728K
620:Canis lupus nubilus
494:Canis lupus nubilus
314:in his writings on
251:Canis lupus nubilus
193:Canis lupus nubilus
40:Conservation status
1385:10.3390/ani5040397
541:
427:Labrador Peninsula
389:
385:John C. H. Grabill
371:in North America.
316:Major Stephen Long
175:C. l. nubilus
24:Great Plains wolf
1650:
1649:
1443:Taxon identifiers
1332:www.wolfquest.org
1293:10.1002/ece3.7757
1279:(13): 9137–9147.
1226:Molecular Ecology
1127:978-93-81588-64-2
1100:978-1-118-96858-1
984:10.1111/jbi.12765
816:978-0-387-85951-4
775:978-0-307-81913-0
733:978-0-8018-8221-0
714:"Order Carnivora"
710:Wozencraft, W. C.
616:Remington Kellogg
612:Canadian Prairies
506:mitochondrial DNA
466:Natural Trap Cave
431:genetic diversity
415:Mitochondrial DNA
246:Great Plains wolf
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1423:Data related to
1422:
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1378:(4): 1034–1046.
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1062:. Archived from
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970:(9): 1728–1738.
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604:Lt. G. K. Warren
565:Native Americans
454:Late Pleistocene
292:Native Americans
270:, from southern
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1427:at Wikispecies
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1020:(13): 1146–50.
1014:Current Biology
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924:(1): 20170613.
918:Biology Letters
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1414:External links
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1353:wolf-stuff.com
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1207:978-0199545667
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547:from southern
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510:Beringian wolf
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470:Rancho La Brea
468:, Wyoming and
437:, the extinct
409:is a group of
400:Beringian wolf
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1069:on 2016-12-28
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553:Saskatchewan
545:Great Plains
542:
532:
518:Mexican wolf
503:
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486:Mexican wolf
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435:Mexican wolf
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357:
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349:prairie wolf
335:
330:
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296:North Dakota
276:Saskatchewan
268:Great Plains
259:
256:buffalo wolf
255:
250:
249:
245:
243:
235:Wied-Neuwied
230:
229:
192:
190:
174:
173:
169:Subspecies:
159:
147:
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1568:NatureServe
1529:iNaturalist
1475:Wikispecies
1232:(1): 9–17.
1043:10261/61282
584:Bison bison
524:Description
504:In 2021, a
396:Canis lupus
392:Gray wolves
369:Canis lupus
55:Not at risk
1657:Categories
1613:Q122930284
1073:2018-01-27
638:References
312:Thomas Say
231:variabilis
825:132793403
602:In 1856,
450:dire wolf
407:haplotype
347:, or the
341:os calcis
155:Species:
127:Carnivora
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1607:Wikidata
1573:2.741244
1560:14000768
1460:Wikidata
1404:26479482
1311:34257949
1254:11343074
1246:15643947
1181:26229286
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712:(2005).
689:(1841).
626:See also
597:Missouri
549:Manitoba
500:Ancestor
474:Holocene
425:and the
345:red wolf
306:Taxonomy
272:Manitoba
237:, 1841)
223:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
1627:8585515
1586:2841922
1521:6164217
1508:1267233
1466:Q718688
1395:4693201
1372:Animals
1302:8258226
1281:Bibcode
1172:4512000
1022:Bibcode
972:Bibcode
939:5803591
895:Canada.
375:Lineage
336:latrans
286:in the
262:, is a
143:Genus:
137:Canidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
60:COSEWIC
58: (
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365:(2005)
320:coyote
280:Canada
260:loafer
202:, 1823
1640:44868
1495:5G724
1250:S2CID
1143:"Hgs
1067:(PDF)
1056:S2CID
1010:(PDF)
988:S2CID
821:S2CID
716:. In
673:party
557:Texas
514:clade
443:clade
411:genes
300:bison
284:Texas
148:Canis
1622:GBIF
1581:NCBI
1542:ITIS
1516:GBIF
1400:PMID
1307:PMID
1242:PMID
1202:ISBN
1177:PMID
1122:ISBN
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770:ISBN
746:url=
738:OCLC
728:ISBN
551:and
539:1844
274:and
244:The
1555:MSW
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1490:CoL
1390:PMC
1380:doi
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1234:doi
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