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such as rope or plastic. When nesting on roofs in urban environments, previous year's nests are often reused over and over again. The female lays usually three eggs sometime between late April and late June. When only two eggs are found in a nest, the reason is almost always that one egg, for one reason or another, has been destroyed. It takes around one week for the female to produce the three eggs, and the incubation doesn't begin until all three eggs are laid. Hence all three chicks are hatched the same day. The birds are usually successful in bringing up all the three chicks.
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a broken blackish band near the tip. The bill of the juvenile is brownish-black with white tip and the legs dark bluish-gray with some pink tones. As the young gull ages, the gray-brown coloration gradually fades to more contrasting plumage and the bill darkens to black before growing paler. By the third year, the young gulls resemble a streakier, dirtier-looking version of the adult. They take at least four years to reach maturity, development in this species being somewhat slower than that of other large gulls. The call is a deep "laughing" cry,
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young, defending the nest and gathering food. Young great black-backed gulls leave the nest area at 50 days of age and may remain with their parents for an overall period of around six months, though most fledglings choose to congregate with other immature gulls in the search for food by fall. These gulls reach breeding maturity when they obtain adult plumage at four years, though may not successfully breed until they are six years old.
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artificial nesting sites has resulted in the great black-backed gull rapidly increasing in number and range. It is now a widespread and abundant species in its range and its numbers have increased to such high levels in some areas that it is often seen as a pest species, especially near airports where it risks collisions with airplanes, and in some coastal areas where it sometimes outcompetes or hunts rarer seabirds, such as
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69:
593:) is distinctly smaller, typically weighing about half as much as a great black-back. The lesser black-back has yellowish legs and a mantle that can range from slate-gray to brownish-colored but it is never as dark as the larger species. A few superficially similar dark-backed, fairly large gulls occur in the Pacific Ocean or in the tropics, all generally far outside this species' range, such as the
218:
585:. In other white-headed North Atlantic gulls, the mantle is generally a lighter gray color and, in some species, it is a light powdery color or even pinkish. It is grayish-black on the wings and back, with conspicuous, contrasting white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The legs are pinkish, and the bill is yellow or yellow-pink with some orange or red near tip of lower bill. The adult
823:
1140:). When attacking other flying birds, the great black-backed gulls often pursue them on the wing and attack them by jabbing with their bill, hoping to bring down the other bird either by creating an open wound or simply via exhaustion. They may kill healthy adult birds weighing up to at least 750 g (1.65 lb) but take exclusively the small young of larger birds such as
1460:. Although there are no known major threats to the great black-backed gull, high levels of toxic pollutants, which are ingested with contaminated prey, are often found in individuals and eggs, reducing reproductive success. Breeding is also interrupted by human disturbance, which can lead to eggs being abandoned, leaving them vulnerable to exposure and predation.
1506:
470: lb) and averaged 1.96 kg (4 lb 5 oz). An exceptionally large glaucous gull was found to outweigh any known great black-backed gull, although usually that species is slightly smaller. The great black-backed gull is bulky and imposing in appearance with a large, powerful bill. The standard measurements are: the
1255:) off its kill, although the goshawk attempted to strike the gull before leaving. Due to their method of using intimidation while encountering other water and raptorial birds, the species has been referred to as a "merciless tyrant". Naturally, these gulls are attracted to the surface activity of large marine animals, from
1180:
842:, most provided directly by humans, locally constituting more than half of their diet. The proliferation of garbage or refuse dumps has become a major attractant to this and all other non-specialized gull species in its range. A study to investigate how much time they spend foraging at refuse dumps in
620:
Juvenile birds of under a year old have scaly, checkered black-brown upper parts, the head and underparts streaked with gray brown, and a neat wing pattern. The face and nape are paler and the wing flight feathers are blackish-brown. The juvenile's tail is white with zigzag bars and spots at base and
1306:
They make a lined nest on the ground often on top of a rocky stack, fallen log or other obstructing object which can protect the eggs from the elements. Usually, several nest scrapes are made before the one deemed best by the parents is selected and then lined with grass, seaweed or moss or objects
1451:
Historically, the great black-backed gull was harvested for its feathers, which were used in the hat-making trade, and this species was extirpated from large parts of its range as a result of this exploitation. Today, however, its adaptability to human presence and the use of urban environments as
1310:
The eggs are greenish-brown with dark speckles and blotches. Both parents participate in the incubation stage, which lasts for approximately 28 days. During this time, the birds attempt to avoid being noticed and stay silent. The breeding pair are devoted parents who both take shifts brooding the
1302:
colony. Young adult pair formation occurs in March or April. The following spring the same birds usually form a pair again, meeting at the previous year's nest. If one of the birds doesn't appear, the other bird begins looking for a new mate. Usually a single bird does not breed in that season.
2104:
Key to North
American Birds: Containing a Concise Account of Every Species of Living and Fossil Bird at Present Known from the Continent North of the Mexican and United States Boundary, Inclusive of Greenland and Lower California, with which are Incorporated General Ornithology ... and Field
424:), come close to matching this species' size. It is 64–79 cm (25–31 in) long with a 1.5–1.7 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 7 in) wingspan and a body weight of 0.75–2.3 kg (1 lb 10 oz – 5 lb 1 oz). In a sample of 2009 adults from the
1323:
have been known to live for over 44 years and generally larger birds can outlive smaller ones. Mortality typically occurs in the early stages of life, when harsh weather conditions (including flooding) and starvation can threaten them, as well as predators. Chicks and eggs are preyed on by
3152:
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Like most gulls, Great Black-backed Gulls regularly capture fish and any fish smaller than itself found close to the surface of the water are potential prey. Stomach contents of great black-backed gulls usually show fish to be the primary food. On
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Most foods are swallowed whole, including most fish and even other gulls. When foods are too large to be swallowed at once, they will sometimes be shaken in the bill until they fall apart into pieces. Like some other gulls, when capturing
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794:. They are generally found within striking distance of large bodies of water while ranging inland. Today, it is a common fixture at refuse dumps both along coasts and relatively far inland. The species also makes extensive use of
1041:
eggs alone. Adult or fledged juveniles of various bird species have also been predaceously attacked. Some fully-fledged or adult birds observed to be hunted in flight or on the ground by great black-backed gulls have included
275:
and is fairly sedentary, though some move farther south or inland to large lakes and reservoirs. The adult great black-backed gull has a white head, neck and underparts, dark grey wings and back, pink legs and yellow bill.
1231:) occasionally also attack nestling and fledgling terns but in a great majority of cases were immediately pirated of their catch by great black-backs. In one observation, an adult great black-back was seen to rob a female
1183:
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846:
found great black-backed gulls were only observed actively foraging 19% of their time there, eating less garbage than other common gulls, and spent most of their time roosting or loafing.
1009:
and curved, tearing beak of a raptor, the great black-backed gull relies on aggression, physical strength and endurance when hunting. When attacking other animals, they usually attack
838:. They will investigate any small organism they encounter and will readily eat almost anything that they can swallow. They get much of their dietary energy from scavenging, with
1319:
This is a relatively long-lived bird. The maximum recorded age for a wild great black-backed gull is 27.1 years. This species is rarely kept in captivity, but domestically kept
1456:, possibly resulting in conservationist intervention. The increase and expansion of great black-backed gulls has been attributed to increasing winter fishery activities in the
1440:
1593:
1156:, which they typically target while the small birds are exhausted from migration and swallow them immediately. Great black-backed gull also feed on land animals, including
1574:
1732:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
271:
as "the king of the
Atlantic waterfront", it is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger. It breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the
1181:
19:"King of gulls" redirects here. For the small gull which is a non-migratory breeding resident endemic to the Atlantic Ocean coastline of South Africa and Namibia, see
3974:
2516:
Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M.; Hall, C.S.; Kress, S.W. (2007). "Effects of gull predation and predator control on tern nesting success at
Eastern Egg Rock, Maine".
4096:
1483:
802:, are their most prevalent nesting sites. It generally breeds in areas free of or largely inaccessible to terrestrial predators, such as vegetated islands, sand
4039:
2885:
Prehranska niša orla belorepca (Haliaeetus albicilla) z idejnim predlogom za izvedbo dodatnega krmljenja vrste v širši okolici Reškega jezera pri Kočevski reki
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also reportedly prey upon adult and juvenile birds at sea. In some biomes, where large eagles are absent the great black-backed gull may be considered the
581:
The adult great black-backed gull is fairly distinctive, as no other very large gull with blackish coloration on its upper-wings generally occurs in the
1219:
who will readily pirate fish and other prey captured by other birds and dominate over other gulls when they encounter them. At tern colonies in coastal
2500:
Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in rocky intertidal pools of New
England
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859:
671:
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731:. Though formerly mainly just a non-breeding visitor south of Canada in North America, the species has spread to include several colonies in the
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2014:
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1971:
739:. Individuals breeding in harsher environments will migrate south, wintering on northern coasts of Europe from the Baltic Sea to southern
1623:
1037:, 10% of the stomach contents of great black-backed gulls was made up of birds, while a further 17% of stomach contents was made up of
3948:
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2320:
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1807:. Reprinted Lerwick: The Shetland Folk Society, 1985. (1st ed.). Shaftesbury Avenue, London: David Nutt (A. G. Berry). pp.
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48:
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858:, 25% of the stomach contents consisted of fish, but 96% of the regurgitations given to young consisted of fish. Similarly, on
289:
208:
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Hüppop, O.; Wurm, S. (2000). "Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls
1641:
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1803:(2 volumes). Printed by S. L. Møller, Copenhagen. Foreword by Anna Horsböl, née Jakobsen. Originally published in Danish as
569:
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in North
America. During the winter in the Baltic Sea, the bird usually stays close to the ice boundary. North of the
4148:
1388:, great black-backed gulls were the fifth highest frequency prey item for white-tailed eagles and gulls are prone to
1203:, they will fly into the air with it and drop it on rocks or hard earth to crack it open. Alternate foods, including
866:, 25% of the stomach contents were fish but 68% of regurgitants were fish. The most regularly reported fish eaten in
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1384:) are the only birds known to habitually predate healthy, fully grown great black-backed gulls. In one study from
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Adult great black-backed gull steals a bird carcass from a juvenile of the same species, then swallows it whole
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1404:) was filmed in Scotland unsuccessfully attempting to kill a second or third year great black-backed gull. In
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93:
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37:
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means "marine", or when taken together, "sea gull". This predates
Linnean taxonomy, as it had been called
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759:, and then the bird migrates to open waters. Exceptionally, the species can range as far south as the
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these huge eagles. The great black-backed gull has also been observed engaging in aerial combat with
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The great black-backed gull is found in a variety of coastal habitats, including rocky and sandy
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3292:
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Wells, J.V. (1994). "Correlates of the distribution and abundance of wintering gulls in Maine".
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islands. During the winter, the great black-backed gull often travels far out to sea to feed.
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2900:. Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. 84 pgs.
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This species can be found breeding in coastal areas from the extreme northwest portion of
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1247:). In another case, a third-year great black-back was observed fighting an adult female
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The ornithology of
Francis Willughby of Middleton in the county of Warwick, esq. ...
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2874:(A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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1211:, are eaten when available. They will readily exploit easy food sources, including
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2553:"Gull Predation and Breeding Success of Common Eiders on Stratton Island, Maine"
1953:
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The great black-backed gull was one of the many species originally described by
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1922:
1713:"Great Black-backed Gull Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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as rocky-shore predators: patterns and implications for intertidal communities
1730:
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This species breeds singly or in small colonies, sometimes in the middle of a
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2887:. Poročilo v okviru projekta LIFE Kočevsko (LIFE13 NAT/SI/000314), Ljubljana.
1907:
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Population dynamics, foraging ecology and management of gulls on
Monomoy NWR
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453:
105:
20:
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711:. Across the northern portion of the Atlantic, this gull is distributed in
3197:
3187:
2439:
The reproductive behaviour and ecology of the
Herring Gull in Newfoundland
629:-like sound. The voice is distinctly deeper than most other gull species.
3734:
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979:
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795:
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748:
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125:
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3112:
How Nature Works: Gull
Territoriality – from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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A study of the breeding biology of two species of gulls in Nova Scotia
3192:
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Havørn i Norge: Næring, Forplantningsøkologi, Konkurrenter Og Fiender
2613:
2415:
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1735:(in Latin). Vol. v.1. Holmiae : (Laurentii Salvii). p. 136.
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when they come across the opportunity. From observations in northern
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115:
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2769:[The tough gull and the hawk] (in Norwegian). Natur i Bilder
2144:
1938:
1505:
438: oz) and females were found to average 1,488 g (3 lb
3865:
2595:"Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls"
2313:
Birds and Birding at Cape May: What to See and When and Where to Go
1408:, great black-backed gulls have also been reported to fall prey to
1013:
eggs, nestlings or fledglings at the nest, perhaps most numerously
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This is the largest gull in the world, considerably larger than a
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and kill any prey smaller than themselves, behaving more like a
807:
803:
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471:
308:
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135:
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3201:
2967:[Some observations of owls (Bubo Bubo L.) in Rogaland]
1353:
1333:
1157:
1271:), to capture fish driven to the surface by such creatures.
452: oz). Some adult gulls with access to fisheries in the
2728:
Human interference and gull predation in cormorant colonies
2530:
10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0029:EOGPAP]2.0.CO;2
1800:
An etymological dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland
376:'back') are local names from the Shetland Islands.
1786:
London, United Kingdom: A.C. for John Martyn. p. 344.
2715:
Gull predation and creching behaviour in the common eider
2461:(PhD Thesis). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
2441:(PhD Thesis). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
2250:"The Great Black-backed Gull: a Gulf Coast status review"
2965:"Noen iakttagelser over hubro (Bubo bubo L.) i Rogaland"
3380:
Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
2487:(Master's Thesis). University of New Hampshire, Durham.
1832:
A dictionary of English and Folk-names of British Birds
625:, with the first note sometimes drawn out in an almost
428:, males were found to average 1,830 g (4 lb
3026:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992).
1805:
Etymologisk ordbog over det norröne sprog på Shetland
1017:, but also including smaller gull species as well as
830:
Great black-backed gulls are opportunistic feeders,
3724:
3673:
3655:
3637:
3612:
3594:
3576:
3495:
3455:
3410:
3261:
3240:
2399:"The food of three species of gull in Newfoundland"
2386:(PhD Thesis). University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
2365:"7 species of Gulls simultaneously at the Landfill"
1580:Flock taking off during southern migration through
1005:than a typical larid gull. Lacking the razor-sharp
986:, 23% of observed prey was echinoderms and 63% was
384:in the 17th century, noting that it was called the
2668:"Sea Bird Colonies of Ireland, Wales and Scotland"
2502:(PhD Thesis). Philadelphia, PA: Drexel University.
1885:
1691:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694324A132342572.en
1477:Great black-backed gull has a bulky, powerful beak
1396:, attacking the eagles and chasing them away. A
997:gulls, they are highly predatory and frequently
751:islands, the sea often freezes all the way from
577:with fish, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, United States
3254:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2213:del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (1996).
1775:
1773:
1283:Great black-backed gulls nesting in Sweden 2016
826:Great black-backed gull grabs an eider duckling
2846:"A marked decline in Great Black-backed Gulls"
2692:Russell, J., & Montevecchi, W. A. (1996).
774:, as well as inland wetland habitats, such as
3213:
2866:Good, T. P.. 1998. "Great Black-backed Gull (
2765:Karlsen, Rune Sveinsgjerd (27 January 2012).
2053:
2051:
1215:lines made by boats at sea. They are skilled
763:and off the coast of northern South America.
8:
3083:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
1884:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
1749:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
3171:Audio recordings of Great black-backed gull
2820:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2000:
1998:
1996:
3712:
3432:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
3220:
3206:
3198:
3131:
2175:
2173:
2171:
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311:or other large seabird. The specific name
295:, and it still bears its original name of
216:
67:
45:
36:
27:
3009:Field Guide to the Birds of North America
2717:. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 799-810.
2414:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2127:Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.).
1921:Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.).
1888:Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia
1689:
2789:"Longevity, ageing, and life history of
2726:Kury, C. R., & Gochfeld, M. (1975).
3086:Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America
2730:. Biological Conservation, 8(1), 23-34.
2511:
2509:
2470:
2468:
2452:
2450:
2448:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
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1658:
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631:
3533:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
2670:. New England Seabirds. Archived from
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1444:Juvenile walking alongside a human at
735:states and now breeds as far south as
699:coasts, to the coasts of northwestern
3954:great-black-backed-gull-larus-marinus
3153:Great black-backed gull photo gallery
1835:. London: Witherby and Co. p. 9.
1752:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1556:Great black-backed gull nest and eggs
1199:or other hard-surfaced foods such as
922:). Other prey often includes various
456:can weigh up to roughly 2.5 kg (
408:). Only a few other gulls, including
7:
4188:28F10871-BA2C-4C73-832A-4C4645486E56
3918:ee808e4a-9e2d-4a66-940b-74fed09dbd08
2713:Munro, J., & Bédard, J. (1977).
2551:Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M. (2008).
4211:IUCN Red List least concern species
1677:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1529:Great black-backed gulls displaying
1132:) and even predatory birds such as
3029:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2311:Sutton, Pat; Sutton, Clay (2006).
2216:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2030:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1848:"Bird count more than just a game"
1846:Richman, Talia (January 1, 2018).
14:
2937:Great Skua vs. GBB Gull, Shetland
2602:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
2363:Zufelt, Kirk (15 November 2009).
2137:The Birds of North America Online
2066:in the south-eastern North Sea".
2032:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
2007:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
1931:The Birds of North America Online
1164:ssp.) at garbage dumps, rabbits (
1640:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1592:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1534:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1482:
1470:
810:and sometimes amongst bushes on
743:, and regularly down to coastal
670:
658:
646:
634:
92:
3188:Field Guide: Birds of the World
3140:"Great black-backed gull media"
2944:from the original on 2021-12-12
1666:BirdLife International (2018).
806:, flat-topped stacks, building
263:) is the largest member of the
4221:Native birds of Eastern Canada
2844:Marcotte, Bob (24 June 2011).
2068:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1892:. Princeton University Press.
1797:Jakobsen, Jakob (1928–1932) .
1152:. They will also catch flying
723:and on the Atlantic coasts of
307:appears to have referred to a
299:. The scientific name is from
1:
3011:. National Geographic. 2002.
2481:and Great Black-backed Gulls
2009:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1647:Great black-backed gull chick
3155:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2698:by Great Black‐backed Gulls
2338:Journal of Field Ornithology
4246:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3064:. New York: Knopf. p.
2694:Predation on adult Puffins
1864:– via Newspapers.com.
1780:Willughby, Francis (1681).
4262:
2940:. YouTube. 9 August 2009.
2872:The Birds of North America
2850:Democrat and Chronicle.com
2767:"Den tøffe måka og hauken"
2572:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.454
2248:Duncan, Robert A. (1981).
2189:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2129:"Great Black-backed Gull (
1923:"Great Black-backed Gull (
1543:Cape May Point, New Jersey
691:, through much of coastal
382:great black and white gull
269:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
18:
3691:
3159:Interactive range map of
3061:The Sibley Guide to Birds
2823:. Guinness Superlatives.
2741:"Great black-backed gull"
2403:Canadian Field-Naturalist
2181:"Great black-backed gull"
1972:"Great Black-backed Gull"
1958:Norwegian Polar Institute
1954:"Great Black-backed Gull"
1746:Jobling, James A (2010).
1684:: e.T22694324A132342572.
798:, which, in the state of
267:family. Described by the
224:
215:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
44:
35:
30:
3395:Lesser black-backed gull
3323:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
3145:Internet Bird Collection
2979:: 93–110. Archived from
2896:Willgohs, J. F. (1984).
2797:Genomics.senescence.info
2704:. Ibis, 138(4), 791-794.
2702:at a Newfoundland colony
2593:Donehower, C.E. (2006).
2285:. BirdLife International
2005:Harrison, Peter (1991).
1829:Swann, H. Kirke (1913).
1818:– via archive.org.
1366:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
683:Distribution and habitat
587:lesser black-backed gull
474:is 5.4 to 7.25 cm (
225:Distribution across the
31:Great black-backed gull
4241:Birds described in 1758
4097:great-black-backed-gull
3941:great-black-backed-gull
3318:Great black-backed gull
2973:Stavanger Museums årbok
2397:Threlfall, W. (1968a).
2382:Cavanagh, P.M. (1992).
2369:larusology.blogspot.com
2101:Coues, Elliott (1903).
1315:Longevity and mortality
538:is 6.6 to 8.8 cm (
506:is 44.5 to 53 cm (
414:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
366:
358:
345:'black back'),
335:
255:great black-backed gull
3701:Hybridisation in gulls
3624:Black-legged kittiwake
2963:Hagen, Yngvar (1950).
1448:
1321:European herring gulls
1295:
1284:
1269:Megaptera novaeangliae
1239:) of a freshly caught
1225:American herring gulls
1191:
827:
578:
240: Year-round range
4118:Paleobiology Database
3365:American herring gull
3360:European herring gull
2817:Wood, Gerald (1983).
2437:Pierotti, R. (1979).
2108:D. Estes. p. 986
1443:
1290:
1282:
1257:Atlantic bluefin tuna
1189:
1166:Oryctolagus cuniculus
825:
572:
246: Wintering range
4236:Birds of Scandinavia
3913:Fauna Europaea (new)
3629:Red-legged kittiwake
3328:Glaucous-winged gull
2870:)", version 2.0. In
2856:on January 21, 2013.
2498:Dumas, J.V. (1996).
2275:"Species factsheet:
1146:Somateria mollissima
1122:Plegadis falcinellus
920:Ammodytes hexapterus
317:Larus ingens marinus
234: Breeding range
3683:Swallow-tailed gull
3558:Slender-billed gull
3056:Sibley, David Allen
2883:Vrezec, A. (2016).
2745:The Wildlife Trusts
2475:Good, T.P. (1992).
2315:. Stackpole Books.
2080:2000MEPS..194..241H
1410:Eurasian eagle-owls
1086:Gallinula chloropus
1078:Podilymbus podiceps
227:Northern Hemisphere
59:Conservation status
3442:Mediterranean gull
3370:Yellow-legged gull
3338:Yellow-footed gull
3166:IUCN Red List maps
2696:Fratercula arctica
2088:10.3354/meps194241
1856:. Tronc. p. 1
1449:
1370:white-tailed eagle
1296:
1285:
1253:Accipiter gentilis
1192:
1168:) and even sickly
1098:Fratercula arctica
1074:pied-billed grebes
1054:Oxyura jamaicensis
993:Unlike most other
828:
579:
534: in) and the
4198:
4197:
4105:Open Tree of Life
3718:Taxon identifiers
3709:
3708:
3696:Gull eggs as food
3553:Black-headed gull
3548:Brown-headed gull
3543:Black-billed gull
3528:Brown-hooded gull
3390:Slaty-backed gull
3303:Short-billed gull
3288:Black-tailed gull
3096:978-0-7136-7087-5
3089:. A&C Black.
3075:978-0-679-45122-8
3047:978-84-87334-10-8
3018:978-0-7922-6877-2
2830:978-0-85112-235-9
2457:Lock, A. (1973).
2234:978-84-87334-20-7
2041:978-0-8493-4258-5
2016:978-0-395-60291-1
1952:Strøm, Hallvard.
1853:The Baltimore Sun
1763:978-1-4081-2501-4
1402:Stercorarius skua
1382:Aquila chrysaetos
1291:Eggs, Collection
1187:
1070:Puffinus puffinus
1062:Bucephala albeola
900:Atlantic mackerel
896:Microgadus tomcod
880:Mallotus villosus
422:Larus hyperboreus
378:Francis Willughby
375:
344:
251:
250:
82:
50:
4253:
4231:Birds of Iceland
4191:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4125:
4113:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4086:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4032:NBNSYS0000000036
4022:
4021:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3982:
3970:
3969:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3920:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:E826E9F3FBAED223
3784:
3783:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3713:
3563:Bonaparte's gull
3308:Ring-billed gull
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3149:
3135:
3130:
3113:
3100:
3079:
3051:
3022:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2975:(in Norwegian).
2970:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2915:Academic.oup.com
2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2852:. Archived from
2841:
2835:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2666:Tarry, Emmalee.
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2645:"Moorhen Murder"
2640:
2634:
2633:
2614:10.1676/05-113.1
2599:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2479:Larus argentatus
2472:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:10.5962/p.342875
2394:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2210:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2060:Larus argentatus
2055:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1978:. Archived from
1968:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1663:
1644:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1596:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1538:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1494:Larus argentatus
1486:
1474:
1454:Atlantic puffins
1300:Larus argentatus
1293:Museum Wiesbaden
1249:northern goshawk
1237:Falco peregrinus
1233:peregrine falcon
1229:L. smithsonianus
1188:
1094:Atlantic puffins
1066:Manx shearwaters
961:Asterias forbesi
940:Cancer irroratus
908:Atlantic herring
904:Scomber scombrus
674:
662:
650:
638:
565:
564:
560:
557:
551:
550:
546:
543:
533:
532:
528:
525:
519:
518:
514:
511:
501:
500:
496:
493:
487:
486:
482:
479:
469:
468:
464:
461:
451:
450:
446:
443:
437:
436:
432:
406:Larus argentatus
370:
339:
290:10th edition of
245:
239:
233:
220:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
52:
51:
40:
28:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4226:Birds of Europe
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4066:Observation.org
4064:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3991:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3651:
3633:
3608:
3590:
3572:
3568:Saunders's gull
3523:Hartlaub's gull
3512:Red-billed gull
3498:Chroicocephalus
3491:
3477:Franklin's gull
3451:
3422:White-eyed gull
3406:
3313:California gull
3293:Heermann's gull
3257:
3236:
3226:
3138:
3123:"Larus marinus"
3121:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3054:
3048:
3032:. Vol. 3.
3025:
3019:
3007:
3004:
3002:Further reading
2999:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2865:
2861:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2219:. Vol. 3.
2212:
2211:
2196:
2185:All About Birds
2179:
2178:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2145:10.2173/bna.330
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:Ornithology ...
2100:
2099:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:10.2173/bna.330
1920:
1919:
1915:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1487:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1438:
1317:
1277:
1265:humpback whales
1261:Thunnus thynnus
1217:kleptoparasites
1179:
1082:common moorhens
967:Asterias rubens
952:Carcinus maenas
932:Cancer borealis
912:Clupea harengus
892:Atlantic tomcod
834:, and are very
820:
685:
678:
675:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
607:L. occidentalis
599:L. schistisagus
562:
558:
555:
553:
548:
544:
541:
539:
530:
526:
523:
521:
516:
512:
509:
507:
502: in), the
498:
494:
491:
489:
484:
480:
477:
475:
466:
462:
459:
457:
448:
444:
441:
439:
434:
430:
429:
398:
321:Carolus Clusius
292:Systema Naturae
282:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
211:
202:
196:
183:
180:L. marinus
146:Charadriiformes
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
46:
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4127:
4114:
4101:
4088:
4075:
4062:
4049:
4036:
4023:
4010:
3997:
3984:
3971:
3958:
3945:
3935:
3922:
3909:
3900:Fauna Europaea
3896:
3883:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3831:
3821:
3808:
3798:
3785:
3772:
3761:
3746:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Audouin's gull
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:Heuglin's gull
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Belcher's gull
3275:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3178:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3136:
3119:
3106:
3105:External links
3103:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3052:
3046:
3023:
3017:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2955:
2927:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2859:
2836:
2829:
2809:
2780:
2757:
2732:
2719:
2706:
2685:
2674:on 25 May 2014
2658:
2643:Yates, Barry.
2635:
2608:(3): 420–422.
2585:
2566:(3): 454–462.
2543:
2505:
2490:
2477:Herring Gulls
2464:
2444:
2422:
2409:(3): 176–180.
2389:
2374:
2355:
2344:(3): 283–294.
2328:
2322:978-0811731348
2321:
2296:
2266:
2257:American Birds
2240:
2233:
2194:
2157:
2119:
2093:
2047:
2040:
2022:
2015:
1992:
1963:
1944:
1913:
1899:978-0691119977
1898:
1867:
1838:
1821:
1789:
1769:
1762:
1738:
1718:
1704:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1446:Ogunquit Beach
1437:
1434:
1316:
1313:
1276:
1273:
1138:Circus cyaneus
832:apex predators
819:
816:
737:North Carolina
705:United Kingdom
684:
681:
680:
679:
677:Fourth winter
676:
669:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
615:L. dominicanus
583:North Atlantic
426:North Atlantic
397:
394:
380:called it the
281:
278:
273:North Atlantic
249:
248:
242:
236:
230:
222:
221:
213:
212:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4175:Larus-marinus
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:Larus_marinus
3777:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3756:Larus marinus
3751:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3726:Larus marinus
3723:
3719:
3714:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3665:Sabine's gull
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Laughing gull
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Armenian gull
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:Thayer's gull
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Glaucous gull
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:Larus marinus
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:Larus marinus
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:Lynx Edicions
3035:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2986:on 2017-02-10
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:Larus marinus
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:Larus marinus
2784:
2781:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:Larus marinus
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2647:. RX Wildlife
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2483:Larus marinus
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:Larus marinus
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:Lynx Edicions
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:Larus marinus
2123:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:. CRC Press.
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:on 2012-01-06
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:Larus marinus
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1670:Larus marinus
1662:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:Larus marinus
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Larus marinus
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1430:apex predator
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:Killer whales
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Procyon lotor
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Anas strepera
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Columba livia
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:glossy ibises
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
845:
844:Massachusetts
841:
837:
833:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:dredge spoils
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:United States
726:
722:
718:
717:Faroe Islands
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
673:
668:
661:
656:
653:Second winter
649:
644:
637:
632:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
575:Larus marinus
571:
567:
537:
505:
473:
455:
427:
423:
419:
418:glaucous gull
415:
411:
410:Pallas's gull
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
390:Faroe Islands
387:
383:
379:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Larus marinus
294:
293:
287:
286:Carl Linnaeus
279:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
260:Larus marinus
256:
228:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
198:Larus marinus
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3725:
3674:
3656:
3638:
3613:
3596:Rhodostethia
3595:
3578:Hydrocoloeus
3577:
3517:Huahine gull
3496:
3467:Dolphin gull
3456:
3411:
3375:Caspian gull
3348:Iceland gull
3333:Western gull
3317:
3283:Olrog's gull
3273:Pacific gull
3262:
3249:
3186:
3181:
3160:
3143:
3126:
3085:
3060:
3028:
3008:
2988:. Retrieved
2981:the original
2976:
2972:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2936:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2854:the original
2849:
2839:
2819:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:
2790:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2638:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2563:
2559:
2546:
2524:(1): 29–39.
2521:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2458:
2438:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2312:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:Birdlife.org
2282:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2215:
2184:
2148:. Retrieved
2136:
2130:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2103:
2096:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2031:
2025:
2006:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1975:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1887:
1858:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1831:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1727:Linnaeus, C.
1721:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1681:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1629:
1599:ID composite
1493:
1489:
1450:
1422:Orcinus orca
1421:
1413:
1401:
1381:
1378:golden eagle
1374:H. albicilla
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1337:
1329:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1193:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1145:
1142:common eider
1137:
1134:hen harriers
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1043:
1031:Newfoundland
1025:and various
994:
992:
970:) and other
965:
959:
951:
939:
931:
919:
911:
903:
895:
888:Gadus morhua
887:
884:Atlantic cod
879:
872:Newfoundland
864:Newfoundland
860:Great Island
852:Sable Island
848:
829:
765:
686:
665:Third winter
641:First winter
622:
619:
614:
606:
598:
595:slaty-backed
590:
580:
574:
421:
413:
405:
402:herring gull
399:
385:
381:
350:
346:
327:
325:
316:
312:
304:
296:
291:
288:in his 1758
283:
259:
258:
254:
252:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
25:
4131:SeaLifeBase
4053:Neotropical
4014:NatureServe
3962:iNaturalist
3750:Wikispecies
3604:Ross's gull
3586:Little gull
3538:Andean gull
3507:Silver gull
3458:Leucophaeus
3447:Relict gull
3413:Ichthyaetus
3298:Common gull
2948:19 December
2150:19 December
2074:: 241–247.
1394:bald eagles
1360:ssp.). The
1338:Felis catus
1102:Little auks
1058:buffleheads
1050:ruddy ducks
1035:Nova Scotia
988:crustaceans
984:New England
976:crustaceans
972:echinoderms
948:green crabs
944:sea urchins
928:Jonah crabs
868:Nova Scotia
856:Nova Scotia
733:New England
719:, southern
693:Scandinavia
566: in).
396:Description
386:swarth-back
4205:Categories
4170:Xeno-canto
3647:Ivory gull
3427:Sooty gull
3235:: Laridae)
3175:Xeno-canto
2990:2017-05-22
2560:Waterbirds
2518:Waterbirds
2064:L. marinus
1986:2012-01-30
1860:August 25,
1815:2020-03-24
1653:References
1541:Juvenile,
1496:together,
1398:great skua
1362:bald eagle
1174:Ovis aries
1154:passerines
1150:cormorants
1126:rock doves
936:rock crabs
916:sand lance
812:salt marsh
800:New Jersey
788:wet fields
697:Baltic Sea
609:) and the
504:wing chord
326:The terms
3639:Pagophila
3487:Grey gull
3482:Lava gull
3034:Barcelona
2911:"The Auk"
2802:23 August
2289:23 August
2221:Barcelona
2112:23 August
1908:869139988
1697:29 August
1458:North Sea
1414:Bubo bubo
1340:), other
1106:Alle alle
772:estuaries
761:Caribbean
721:Greenland
695:, on the
623:kaa-ga-ga
611:kelp gull
591:L. fuscus
454:North Sea
363:Old Norse
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
21:King gull
4019:2.104344
4006:22694324
3980:10718209
3817:22694324
3812:BirdLife
3801:BioLib:
3735:Wikidata
3675:Creagrus
3058:(2000).
2942:Archived
2920:21 March
2630:86547842
2622:20455898
2580:86007882
2538:86328050
1729:(1758).
1346:raccoons
1275:Breeding
1197:molluscs
980:mollusks
956:starfish
792:moorland
741:Portugal
727:and the
336:swartbak
280:Taxonomy
205:Linnaeus
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
4183:ZooBank
3931:2481172
3840:bob6000
3789:Avibase
3251:Species
3127:Avibase
3117:YouTube
2773:28 June
2678:28 June
2651:28 June
2350:4513942
2076:Bibcode
1756:, 242.
1586:Ontario
1498:Øresund
1464:Gallery
1390:mobbing
1332:ssp.),
1241:gadwall
1209:insects
1205:berries
1116:ssp.),
1048:ducks,
1023:gannets
1011:seabird
876:capelin
836:curious
757:Finland
745:Florida
713:Iceland
709:Ireland
603:western
601:), the
561:⁄
547:⁄
529:⁄
515:⁄
497:⁄
483:⁄
465:⁄
447:⁄
433:⁄
388:in the
374:
361:, from
343:
328:swaabie
313:marinus
162:Genus:
156:Laridae
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
4162:137146
4123:373629
4110:887691
4084:137146
4058:gbbgul
3993:176815
3938:GNAB:
3887:EURING
3866:gbbgul
3827:gbbgul
3769:gbbagu
3741:Q26629
3233:family
3193:Flickr
3093:
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2750:9 July
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1976:ARKive
1906:
1896:
1760:
1582:Ottawa
1568:Chicks
1436:Status
1426:sharks
1424:) and
1406:Norway
1386:Norway
1376:) and
1358:Rattus
1352:) and
1330:Corvus
1162:Rattus
1148:) and
1114:Fulica
1027:alcids
1019:eiders
1007:talons
1003:raptor
914:) and
840:refuse
784:rivers
768:coasts
753:Sweden
725:Canada
715:, the
703:, the
701:France
689:Russia
573:Adult
536:tarsus
416:) and
351:baigie
347:baagie
330:(from
244:
238:
232:
4216:Larus
4157:WoRMS
4136:75058
3975:IRMNG
3905:96944
3874:EUNIS
3861:eBird
3853:3SBQM
3824:BOW:
3615:Rissa
3264:Larus
3242:Genus
3229:Gulls
2984:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2626:S2CID
2618:JSTOR
2598:(PDF)
2576:S2CID
2556:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2346:JSTOR
2253:(PDF)
1811:, 918
1342:gulls
1326:crows
1263:) to
1221:Maine
1170:lambs
1110:coots
1090:terns
1029:. In
1015:terns
995:Larus
924:squid
874:were
808:roofs
804:dunes
780:ponds
776:lakes
749:Åland
627:bovid
305:Larus
301:Latin
167:Larus
4149:9050
4092:ODNR
4079:OBIS
4045:8912
4040:NCBI
4001:IUCN
3988:ITIS
3967:4368
3926:GBIF
3892:6000
3879:1112
3804:8702
3657:Xema
3091:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2950:2012
2922:2022
2825:ISBN
2804:2012
2775:2013
2752:2021
2680:2013
2653:2013
2317:ISBN
2291:2012
2263:(2).
2229:ISBN
2152:2012
2114:2012
2062:and
2036:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1904:OCLC
1894:ISBN
1862:2018
1758:ISBN
1699:2023
1682:2018
1634:MHNT
1492:and
1354:rats
1334:cats
1213:chum
1207:and
1201:eggs
1158:rats
1045:Anas
1039:tern
1033:and
999:hunt
978:and
964:and
870:and
818:Diet
790:and
770:and
707:and
472:bill
372:lit.
359:bagi
355:Norn
349:and
341:lit.
332:Norn
309:gull
265:gull
253:The
209:1758
136:Aves
4144:TSA
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4027:NBN
3949:IBC
3848:CoL
3835:BTO
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3765:ABA
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3115:on
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