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such as rope or plastic. When nesting on roofs in urban environments, previous year's nests are often reused over and over again. The female lays usually three eggs sometime between late April and late June. When only two eggs are found in a nest, the reason is almost always that one egg, for one reason or another, has been destroyed. It takes around one week for the female to produce the three eggs, and the incubation doesn't begin until all three eggs are laid. Hence all three chicks are hatched the same day. The birds are usually successful in bringing up all the three chicks.
632:
a broken blackish band near the tip. The bill of the juvenile is brownish-black with white tip and the legs dark bluish-gray with some pink tones. As the young gull ages, the gray-brown coloration gradually fades to more contrasting plumage and the bill darkens to black before growing paler. By the third year, the young gulls resemble a streakier, dirtier-looking version of the adult. They take at least four years to reach maturity, development in this species being somewhat slower than that of other large gulls. The call is a deep "laughing" cry,
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young, defending the nest and gathering food. Young great black-backed gulls leave the nest area at 50 days of age and may remain with their parents for an overall period of around six months, though most fledglings choose to congregate with other immature gulls in the search for food by fall. These gulls reach breeding maturity when they obtain adult plumage at four years, though may not successfully breed until they are six years old.
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artificial nesting sites has resulted in the great black-backed gull rapidly increasing in number and range. It is now a widespread and abundant species in its range and its numbers have increased to such high levels in some areas that it is often seen as a pest species, especially near airports where it risks collisions with airplanes, and in some coastal areas where it sometimes outcompetes or hunts rarer seabirds, such as
1299:
1535:
80:
604:) is distinctly smaller, typically weighing about half as much as a great black-back. The lesser black-back has yellowish legs and a mantle that can range from slate-gray to brownish-colored but it is never as dark as the larger species. A few superficially similar dark-backed, fairly large gulls occur in the Pacific Ocean or in the tropics, all generally far outside this species' range, such as the
229:
596:. In other white-headed North Atlantic gulls, the mantle is generally a lighter gray color and, in some species, it is a light powdery color or even pinkish. It is grayish-black on the wings and back, with conspicuous, contrasting white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The legs are pinkish, and the bill is yellow or yellow-pink with some orange or red near tip of lower bill. The adult
834:
1151:). When attacking other flying birds, the great black-backed gulls often pursue them on the wing and attack them by jabbing with their bill, hoping to bring down the other bird either by creating an open wound or simply via exhaustion. They may kill healthy adult birds weighing up to at least 750 g (1.65 lb) but take exclusively the small young of larger birds such as
1471:. Although there are no known major threats to the great black-backed gull, high levels of toxic pollutants, which are ingested with contaminated prey, are often found in individuals and eggs, reducing reproductive success. Breeding is also interrupted by human disturbance, which can lead to eggs being abandoned, leaving them vulnerable to exposure and predation.
1517:
481: lb) and averaged 1.96 kg (4 lb 5 oz). An exceptionally large glaucous gull was found to outweigh any known great black-backed gull, although usually that species is slightly smaller. The great black-backed gull is bulky and imposing in appearance with a large, powerful bill. The standard measurements are: the
1266:) off its kill, although the goshawk attempted to strike the gull before leaving. Due to their method of using intimidation while encountering other water and raptorial birds, the species has been referred to as a "merciless tyrant". Naturally, these gulls are attracted to the surface activity of large marine animals, from
1191:
853:, most provided directly by humans, locally constituting more than half of their diet. The proliferation of garbage or refuse dumps has become a major attractant to this and all other non-specialized gull species in its range. A study to investigate how much time they spend foraging at refuse dumps in
631:
Juvenile birds of under a year old have scaly, checkered black-brown upper parts, the head and underparts streaked with gray brown, and a neat wing pattern. The face and nape are paler and the wing flight feathers are blackish-brown. The juvenile's tail is white with zigzag bars and spots at base and
1317:
They make a lined nest on the ground often on top of a rocky stack, fallen log or other obstructing object which can protect the eggs from the elements. Usually, several nest scrapes are made before the one deemed best by the parents is selected and then lined with grass, seaweed or moss or objects
1462:
Historically, the great black-backed gull was harvested for its feathers, which were used in the hat-making trade, and this species was extirpated from large parts of its range as a result of this exploitation. Today, however, its adaptability to human presence and the use of urban environments as
1321:
The eggs are greenish-brown with dark speckles and blotches. Both parents participate in the incubation stage, which lasts for approximately 28 days. During this time, the birds attempt to avoid being noticed and stay silent. The breeding pair are devoted parents who both take shifts brooding the
1313:
colony. Young adult pair formation occurs in March or April. The following spring the same birds usually form a pair again, meeting at the previous year's nest. If one of the birds doesn't appear, the other bird begins looking for a new mate. Usually a single bird does not breed in that season.
2115:
Key to North
American Birds: Containing a Concise Account of Every Species of Living and Fossil Bird at Present Known from the Continent North of the Mexican and United States Boundary, Inclusive of Greenland and Lower California, with which are Incorporated General Ornithology ... and Field
435:), come close to matching this species' size. It is 64–79 cm (25–31 in) long with a 1.5–1.7 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 7 in) wingspan and a body weight of 0.75–2.3 kg (1 lb 10 oz – 5 lb 1 oz). In a sample of 2009 adults from the
1334:
have been known to live for over 44 years and generally larger birds can outlive smaller ones. Mortality typically occurs in the early stages of life, when harsh weather conditions (including flooding) and starvation can threaten them, as well as predators. Chicks and eggs are preyed on by
3163:
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Like most gulls, Great Black-backed Gulls regularly capture fish and any fish smaller than itself found close to the surface of the water are potential prey. Stomach contents of great black-backed gulls usually show fish to be the primary food. On
2975:
1205:
Most foods are swallowed whole, including most fish and even other gulls. When foods are too large to be swallowed at once, they will sometimes be shaken in the bill until they fall apart into pieces. Like some other gulls, when capturing
1197:
1195:
1193:
1196:
805:. They are generally found within striking distance of large bodies of water while ranging inland. Today, it is a common fixture at refuse dumps both along coasts and relatively far inland. The species also makes extensive use of
1052:
eggs alone. Adult or fledged juveniles of various bird species have also been predaceously attacked. Some fully-fledged or adult birds observed to be hunted in flight or on the ground by great black-backed gulls have included
286:
and is fairly sedentary, though some move farther south or inland to large lakes and reservoirs. The adult great black-backed gull has a white head, neck and underparts, dark grey wings and back, pink legs and yellow bill.
1242:) occasionally also attack nestling and fledgling terns but in a great majority of cases were immediately pirated of their catch by great black-backs. In one observation, an adult great black-back was seen to rob a female
1194:
2991:
857:
found great black-backed gulls were only observed actively foraging 19% of their time there, eating less garbage than other common gulls, and spent most of their time roosting or loafing.
1020:
and curved, tearing beak of a raptor, the great black-backed gull relies on aggression, physical strength and endurance when hunting. When attacking other animals, they usually attack
849:. They will investigate any small organism they encounter and will readily eat almost anything that they can swallow. They get much of their dietary energy from scavenging, with
1330:
This is a relatively long-lived bird. The maximum recorded age for a wild great black-backed gull is 27.1 years. This species is rarely kept in captivity, but domestically kept
1467:, possibly resulting in conservationist intervention. The increase and expansion of great black-backed gulls has been attributed to increasing winter fishery activities in the
1451:
1604:
1167:, which they typically target while the small birds are exhausted from migration and swallow them immediately. Great black-backed gull also feed on land animals, including
1585:
1743:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
282:
as "the king of the
Atlantic waterfront", it is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger. It breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the
1192:
30:"King of gulls" redirects here. For the small gull which is a non-migratory breeding resident endemic to the Atlantic Ocean coastline of South Africa and Namibia, see
3985:
2527:
Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M.; Hall, C.S.; Kress, S.W. (2007). "Effects of gull predation and predator control on tern nesting success at
Eastern Egg Rock, Maine".
4107:
1494:
813:, are their most prevalent nesting sites. It generally breeds in areas free of or largely inaccessible to terrestrial predators, such as vegetated islands, sand
4050:
2896:
Prehranska niša orla belorepca (Haliaeetus albicilla) z idejnim predlogom za izvedbo dodatnega krmljenja vrste v širši okolici Reškega jezera pri Kočevski reki
2921:
4221:
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also reportedly prey upon adult and juvenile birds at sea. In some biomes, where large eagles are absent the great black-backed gull may be considered the
592:
The adult great black-backed gull is fairly distinctive, as no other very large gull with blackish coloration on its upper-wings generally occurs in the
1230:
who will readily pirate fish and other prey captured by other birds and dominate over other gulls when they encounter them. At tern colonies in coastal
2511:
Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in rocky intertidal pools of New
England
3936:
870:
682:
658:
4231:
3998:
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742:. Though formerly mainly just a non-breeding visitor south of Canada in North America, the species has spread to include several colonies in the
670:
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4089:
3105:
3084:
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2050:
2025:
1772:
60:
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1982:
750:. Individuals breeding in harsher environments will migrate south, wintering on northern coasts of Europe from the Baltic Sea to southern
1634:
1048:, 10% of the stomach contents of great black-backed gulls was made up of birds, while a further 17% of stomach contents was made up of
3959:
3884:
3038:
2331:
2225:
1908:
1818:. Reprinted Lerwick: The Shetland Folk Society, 1985. (1st ed.). Shaftesbury Avenue, London: David Nutt (A. G. Berry). pp.
1764:
59:
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869:, 25% of the stomach contents consisted of fish, but 96% of the regurgitations given to young consisted of fish. Similarly, on
300:
219:
2069:
Hüppop, O.; Wurm, S. (2000). "Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls
1652:
4003:
1814:(2 volumes). Printed by S. L. Møller, Copenhagen. Foreword by Anna Horsböl, née Jakobsen. Originally published in Danish as
580:
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in North
America. During the winter in the Baltic Sea, the bird usually stays close to the ice boundary. North of the
4159:
1399:, great black-backed gulls were the fifth highest frequency prey item for white-tailed eagles and gulls are prone to
1214:, they will fly into the air with it and drop it on rocks or hard earth to crack it open. Alternate foods, including
877:, 25% of the stomach contents were fish but 68% of regurgitants were fish. The most regularly reported fish eaten in
3915:
3127:
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2199:
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1395:) are the only birds known to habitually predate healthy, fully grown great black-backed gulls. In one study from
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Adult great black-backed gull steals a bird carcass from a juvenile of the same species, then swallows it whole
597:
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1616:
1415:) was filmed in Scotland unsuccessfully attempting to kill a second or third year great black-backed gull. In
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104:
3442:
1858:
48:
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3822:
3728:
3711:
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means "marine", or when taken together, "sea gull". This predates
Linnean taxonomy, as it had been called
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3370:
3150:
1331:
1267:
1235:
412:
199:
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1819:
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770:, and then the bird migrates to open waters. Exceptionally, the species can range as far south as the
4172:
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3786:
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3338:
2139:
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these huge eagles. The great black-backed gull has also been observed engaging in aerial combat with
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The great black-backed gull is found in a variety of coastal habitats, including rocky and sandy
373:
99:
4133:
3578:
3533:
3487:
3303:
3076:
3070:
2347:
Wells, J.V. (1994). "Correlates of the distribution and abundance of wintering gulls in Maine".
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1990:
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islands. During the winter, the great black-backed gull often travels far out to sea to feed.
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2911:. Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk. 84 pgs.
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This species can be found breeding in coastal areas from the extreme northwest portion of
331:
156:
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1678:
17:
2090:
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1290:
1258:). In another case, a third-year great black-back was observed fighting an adult female
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1794:
The ornithology of
Francis Willughby of Middleton in the county of Warwick, esq. ...
1792:
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3385:
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2885:(A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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1222:, are eaten when available. They will readily exploit easy food sources, including
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2564:"Gull Predation and Breeding Success of Common Eiders on Stratton Island, Maine"
1964:
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866:
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The great black-backed gull was one of the many species originally described by
228:
4185:
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1933:
1724:"Great Black-backed Gull Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
4180:
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3437:
3185:
3121:
2946:
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as rocky-shore predators: patterns and implications for intertidal communities
1741:
1508:
1408:
1372:
1309:
This species breeds singly or in small colonies, sometimes in the middle of a
1112:
1068:
1060:
998:
986:
982:
954:
938:
833:
822:
810:
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2898:. Poročilo v okviru projekta LIFE Kočevsko (LIFE13 NAT/SI/000314), Ljubljana.
1918:
3625:
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3044:
2395:
Population dynamics, foraging ecology and management of gulls on
Monomoy NWR
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1164:
1160:
1136:
1009:
926:
771:
731:
621:
464:
116:
31:
3889:
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722:. Across the northern portion of the Atlantic, this gull is distributed in
3208:
3198:
2450:
The reproductive behaviour and ecology of the
Herring Gull in Newfoundland
640:-like sound. The voice is distinctly deeper than most other gull species.
3745:
3706:
3176:
990:
966:
806:
802:
759:
751:
136:
3814:
2632:
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3123:
How Nature Works: Gull
Territoriality – from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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1021:
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166:
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A study of the breeding biology of two species of gulls in Nova Scotia
3203:
2909:
Havørn i Norge: Næring, Forplantningsøkologi, Konkurrenter Og Fiender
2624:
2426:
2409:
1746:(in Latin). Vol. v.1. Holmiae : (Laurentii Salvii). p. 136.
1592:
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when they come across the opportunity. From observations in northern
798:
763:
735:
711:
699:
126:
3977:
3722:
2780:[The tough gull and the hawk] (in Norwegian). Natur i Bilder
2155:
1949:
1516:
449: oz) and females were found to average 1,488 g (3 lb
3876:
2606:"Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls"
2324:
Birds and Birding at Cape May: What to See and When and Where to Go
1419:, great black-backed gulls have also been reported to fall prey to
1024:
eggs, nestlings or fledglings at the nest, perhaps most numerously
3871:
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This is the largest gull in the world, considerably larger than a
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1644:
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and kill any prey smaller than themselves, behaving more like a
818:
814:
790:
786:
482:
319:
275:
146:
3726:
3212:
2978:[Some observations of owls (Bubo Bubo L.) in Rogaland]
1364:
1344:
1168:
1282:), to capture fish driven to the surface by such creatures.
463: oz). Some adult gulls with access to fisheries in the
2739:
Human interference and gull predation in cormorant colonies
2541:
10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0029:EOGPAP]2.0.CO;2
1811:
An etymological dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland
387:'back') are local names from the Shetland Islands.
1797:
London, United Kingdom: A.C. for John Martyn. p. 344.
2726:
Gull predation and creching behaviour in the common eider
2472:(PhD Thesis). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
2452:(PhD Thesis). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
2261:"The Great Black-backed Gull: a Gulf Coast status review"
2976:"Noen iakttagelser over hubro (Bubo bubo L.) i Rogaland"
3391:
Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
2498:(Master's Thesis). University of New Hampshire, Durham.
1843:
A dictionary of English and Folk-names of British Birds
636:, with the first note sometimes drawn out in an almost
439:, males were found to average 1,830 g (4 lb
3037:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992).
1816:
Etymologisk ordbog over det norröne sprog på Shetland
1028:, but also including smaller gull species as well as
841:
Great black-backed gulls are opportunistic feeders,
3735:
3684:
3666:
3648:
3623:
3605:
3587:
3506:
3466:
3421:
3272:
3251:
2410:"The food of three species of gull in Newfoundland"
2397:(PhD Thesis). University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
2376:"7 species of Gulls simultaneously at the Landfill"
1591:Flock taking off during southern migration through
1016:than a typical larid gull. Lacking the razor-sharp
997:, 23% of observed prey was echinoderms and 63% was
395:in the 17th century, noting that it was called the
2679:"Sea Bird Colonies of Ireland, Wales and Scotland"
2513:(PhD Thesis). Philadelphia, PA: Drexel University.
1896:
1702:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694324A132342572.en
1488:Great black-backed gull has a bulky, powerful beak
1407:, attacking the eagles and chasing them away. A
1008:gulls, they are highly predatory and frequently
762:islands, the sea often freezes all the way from
588:with fish, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, United States
3265:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2224:del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (1996).
1786:
1784:
1294:Great black-backed gulls nesting in Sweden 2016
837:Great black-backed gull grabs an eider duckling
2857:"A marked decline in Great Black-backed Gulls"
2703:Russell, J., & Montevecchi, W. A. (1996).
785:, as well as inland wetland habitats, such as
3224:
2877:Good, T. P.. 1998. "Great Black-backed Gull (
2776:Karlsen, Rune Sveinsgjerd (27 January 2012).
2064:
2062:
1226:lines made by boats at sea. They are skilled
774:and off the coast of northern South America.
8:
3094:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
1895:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
1760:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
3182:Audio recordings of Great black-backed gull
2831:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2011:
2009:
2007:
3723:
3443:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
3231:
3217:
3209:
3142:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
322:or other large seabird. The specific name
306:, and it still bears its original name of
227:
78:
56:
47:
38:
3020:Field Guide to the Birds of North America
2728:. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 799-810.
2425:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2138:Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.).
1932:Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.).
1899:Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia
1700:
2800:"Longevity, ageing, and life history of
2737:Kury, C. R., & Gochfeld, M. (1975).
3097:Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America
2741:. Biological Conservation, 8(1), 23-34.
2522:
2520:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2461:
2459:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1669:
1478:
642:
3544:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
2681:. New England Seabirds. Archived from
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1455:Juvenile walking alongside a human at
746:states and now breeds as far south as
710:coasts, to the coasts of northwestern
3965:great-black-backed-gull-larus-marinus
3164:Great black-backed gull photo gallery
1846:. London: Witherby and Co. p. 9.
1763:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1567:Great black-backed gull nest and eggs
1210:or other hard-surfaced foods such as
933:). Other prey often includes various
467:can weigh up to roughly 2.5 kg (
419:). Only a few other gulls, including
7:
4199:28F10871-BA2C-4C73-832A-4C4645486E56
3929:ee808e4a-9e2d-4a66-940b-74fed09dbd08
2724:Munro, J., & Bédard, J. (1977).
2562:Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M. (2008).
4222:IUCN Red List least concern species
1688:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1540:Great black-backed gulls displaying
1143:) and even predatory birds such as
3040:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2322:Sutton, Pat; Sutton, Clay (2006).
2227:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2041:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1859:"Bird count more than just a game"
1857:Richman, Talia (January 1, 2018).
25:
2948:Great Skua vs. GBB Gull, Shetland
2613:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
2374:Zufelt, Kirk (15 November 2009).
2148:The Birds of North America Online
2077:in the south-eastern North Sea".
2043:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
2018:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
1942:The Birds of North America Online
1175:ssp.) at garbage dumps, rabbits (
1651:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1603:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1545:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1493:
1481:
821:and sometimes amongst bushes on
754:, and regularly down to coastal
681:
669:
657:
645:
103:
3199:Field Guide: Birds of the World
3151:"Great black-backed gull media"
2955:from the original on 2021-12-12
1677:BirdLife International (2018).
817:, flat-topped stacks, building
274:) is the largest member of the
4232:Native birds of Eastern Canada
2855:Marcotte, Bob (24 June 2011).
2079:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1903:. Princeton University Press.
1808:Jakobsen, Jakob (1928–1932) .
1163:. They will also catch flying
734:and on the Atlantic coasts of
318:appears to have referred to a
310:. The scientific name is from
1:
3022:. National Geographic. 2002.
2492:and Great Black-backed Gulls
2020:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1658:Great black-backed gull chick
3166:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2709:by Great Black‐backed Gulls
2349:Journal of Field Ornithology
4257:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3075:. New York: Knopf. p.
2705:Predation on adult Puffins
1875:– via Newspapers.com.
1791:Willughby, Francis (1681).
4273:
2951:. YouTube. 9 August 2009.
2883:The Birds of North America
2861:Democrat and Chronicle.com
2778:"Den tøffe måka og hauken"
2583:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.454
2259:Duncan, Robert A. (1981).
2200:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2140:"Great Black-backed Gull (
1934:"Great Black-backed Gull (
1554:Cape May Point, New Jersey
702:, through much of coastal
393:great black and white gull
280:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
29:
3702:
3170:Interactive range map of
3072:The Sibley Guide to Birds
2834:. Guinness Superlatives.
2752:"Great black-backed gull"
2414:Canadian Field-Naturalist
2192:"Great black-backed gull"
1983:"Great Black-backed Gull"
1969:Norwegian Polar Institute
1965:"Great Black-backed Gull"
1757:Jobling, James A (2010).
1695:: e.T22694324A132342572.
809:, which, in the state of
278:family. Described by the
235:
226:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
55:
46:
41:
18:Greater black-backed gull
3406:Lesser black-backed gull
3334:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
3156:Internet Bird Collection
2990:: 93–110. Archived from
2907:Willgohs, J. F. (1984).
2808:Genomics.senescence.info
2715:. Ibis, 138(4), 791-794.
2713:at a Newfoundland colony
2604:Donehower, C.E. (2006).
2296:. BirdLife International
2016:Harrison, Peter (1991).
1840:Swann, H. Kirke (1913).
1829:– via archive.org.
1377:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
694:Distribution and habitat
598:lesser black-backed gull
485:is 5.4 to 7.25 cm (
236:Distribution across the
42:Great black-backed gull
4252:Birds described in 1758
4108:great-black-backed-gull
3952:great-black-backed-gull
3329:Great black-backed gull
2984:Stavanger Museums årbok
2408:Threlfall, W. (1968a).
2393:Cavanagh, P.M. (1992).
2380:larusology.blogspot.com
2112:Coues, Elliott (1903).
1326:Longevity and mortality
549:is 6.6 to 8.8 cm (
517:is 44.5 to 53 cm (
425:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
377:
369:
356:'black back'),
346:
266:great black-backed gull
3712:Hybridisation in gulls
3635:Black-legged kittiwake
2974:Hagen, Yngvar (1950).
1459:
1332:European herring gulls
1306:
1295:
1280:Megaptera novaeangliae
1250:) of a freshly caught
1236:American herring gulls
1202:
838:
589:
251: Year-round range
4129:Paleobiology Database
3376:American herring gull
3371:European herring gull
2828:Wood, Gerald (1983).
2448:Pierotti, R. (1979).
2119:D. Estes. p. 986
1454:
1301:
1293:
1268:Atlantic bluefin tuna
1200:
1177:Oryctolagus cuniculus
836:
583:
257: Wintering range
4247:Birds of Scandinavia
3924:Fauna Europaea (new)
3640:Red-legged kittiwake
3339:Glaucous-winged gull
2881:)", version 2.0. In
2867:on January 21, 2013.
2509:Dumas, J.V. (1996).
2286:"Species factsheet:
1157:Somateria mollissima
1133:Plegadis falcinellus
931:Ammodytes hexapterus
328:Larus ingens marinus
245: Breeding range
3694:Swallow-tailed gull
3569:Slender-billed gull
3067:Sibley, David Allen
2894:Vrezec, A. (2016).
2756:The Wildlife Trusts
2486:Good, T.P. (1992).
2326:. Stackpole Books.
2091:2000MEPS..194..241H
1421:Eurasian eagle-owls
1097:Gallinula chloropus
1089:Podilymbus podiceps
238:Northern Hemisphere
70:Conservation status
3453:Mediterranean gull
3381:Yellow-legged gull
3349:Yellow-footed gull
3177:IUCN Red List maps
2707:Fratercula arctica
2099:10.3354/meps194241
1867:. Tronc. p. 1
1460:
1381:white-tailed eagle
1307:
1296:
1264:Accipiter gentilis
1203:
1179:) and even sickly
1109:Fratercula arctica
1085:pied-billed grebes
1065:Oxyura jamaicensis
1004:Unlike most other
839:
590:
545: in) and the
4209:
4208:
4116:Open Tree of Life
3729:Taxon identifiers
3720:
3719:
3707:Gull eggs as food
3564:Black-headed gull
3559:Brown-headed gull
3554:Black-billed gull
3539:Brown-hooded gull
3401:Slaty-backed gull
3314:Short-billed gull
3299:Black-tailed gull
3107:978-0-7136-7087-5
3100:. A&C Black.
3086:978-0-679-45122-8
3058:978-84-87334-10-8
3029:978-0-7922-6877-2
2841:978-0-85112-235-9
2468:Lock, A. (1973).
2245:978-84-87334-20-7
2052:978-0-8493-4258-5
2027:978-0-395-60291-1
1963:Strøm, Hallvard.
1864:The Baltimore Sun
1774:978-1-4081-2501-4
1413:Stercorarius skua
1393:Aquila chrysaetos
1302:Eggs, Collection
1198:
1081:Puffinus puffinus
1073:Bucephala albeola
911:Atlantic mackerel
907:Microgadus tomcod
891:Mallotus villosus
433:Larus hyperboreus
389:Francis Willughby
386:
355:
262:
261:
93:
61:
16:(Redirected from
4264:
4242:Birds of Iceland
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4043:NBNSYS0000000036
4033:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3967:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3805:E826E9F3FBAED223
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3724:
3574:Bonaparte's gull
3319:Ring-billed gull
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3160:
3146:
3141:
3124:
3111:
3090:
3062:
3033:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2986:(in Norwegian).
2981:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2926:Academic.oup.com
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:. Archived from
2852:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2677:Tarry, Emmalee.
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2656:"Moorhen Murder"
2651:
2645:
2644:
2625:10.1676/05-113.1
2610:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2490:Larus argentatus
2483:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:10.5962/p.342875
2405:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2188:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2071:Larus argentatus
2066:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1674:
1655:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1607:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1549:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1505:Larus argentatus
1497:
1485:
1465:Atlantic puffins
1311:Larus argentatus
1304:Museum Wiesbaden
1260:northern goshawk
1248:Falco peregrinus
1244:peregrine falcon
1240:L. smithsonianus
1199:
1105:Atlantic puffins
1077:Manx shearwaters
972:Asterias forbesi
951:Cancer irroratus
919:Atlantic herring
915:Scomber scombrus
685:
673:
661:
649:
576:
575:
571:
568:
562:
561:
557:
554:
544:
543:
539:
536:
530:
529:
525:
522:
512:
511:
507:
504:
498:
497:
493:
490:
480:
479:
475:
472:
462:
461:
457:
454:
448:
447:
443:
417:Larus argentatus
381:
350:
301:10th edition of
256:
250:
244:
231:
211:
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
63:
62:
51:
39:
21:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4237:Birds of Europe
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4077:Observation.org
4075:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3698:
3680:
3662:
3644:
3619:
3601:
3583:
3579:Saunders's gull
3534:Hartlaub's gull
3523:Red-billed gull
3509:Chroicocephalus
3502:
3488:Franklin's gull
3462:
3433:White-eyed gull
3417:
3324:California gull
3304:Heermann's gull
3268:
3247:
3237:
3149:
3134:"Larus marinus"
3132:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3065:
3059:
3043:. Vol. 3.
3036:
3030:
3018:
3015:
3013:Further reading
3010:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2230:. Vol. 3.
2223:
2222:
2207:
2196:All About Birds
2190:
2189:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2156:10.2173/bna.330
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:Ornithology ...
2111:
2110:
2106:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:10.2173/bna.330
1931:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1449:
1328:
1288:
1276:humpback whales
1272:Thunnus thynnus
1228:kleptoparasites
1190:
1093:common moorhens
978:Asterias rubens
963:Carcinus maenas
943:Cancer borealis
923:Clupea harengus
903:Atlantic tomcod
845:, and are very
831:
696:
689:
686:
677:
674:
665:
662:
653:
650:
618:L. occidentalis
610:L. schistisagus
573:
569:
566:
564:
559:
555:
552:
550:
541:
537:
534:
532:
527:
523:
520:
518:
513: in), the
509:
505:
502:
500:
495:
491:
488:
486:
477:
473:
470:
468:
459:
455:
452:
450:
445:
441:
440:
409:
332:Carolus Clusius
303:Systema Naturae
293:
258:
254:
252:
248:
246:
242:
222:
213:
207:
194:
191:L. marinus
157:Charadriiformes
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
57:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4086:
4073:
4060:
4047:
4034:
4021:
4008:
3995:
3982:
3969:
3956:
3946:
3933:
3920:
3911:Fauna Europaea
3907:
3894:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3832:
3819:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3772:
3757:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Audouin's gull
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:Heuglin's gull
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3289:Belcher's gull
3286:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3189:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3147:
3130:
3117:
3116:External links
3114:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3063:
3057:
3034:
3028:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2966:
2938:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2870:
2847:
2840:
2820:
2791:
2768:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2696:
2685:on 25 May 2014
2669:
2654:Yates, Barry.
2646:
2619:(3): 420–422.
2596:
2577:(3): 454–462.
2554:
2516:
2501:
2488:Herring Gulls
2475:
2455:
2433:
2420:(3): 176–180.
2400:
2385:
2366:
2355:(3): 283–294.
2339:
2333:978-0811731348
2332:
2307:
2277:
2268:American Birds
2251:
2244:
2205:
2168:
2130:
2104:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2026:
2003:
1974:
1955:
1924:
1910:978-0691119977
1909:
1878:
1849:
1832:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1749:
1729:
1715:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1457:Ogunquit Beach
1448:
1445:
1327:
1324:
1287:
1284:
1149:Circus cyaneus
843:apex predators
830:
827:
748:North Carolina
716:United Kingdom
695:
692:
691:
690:
688:Fourth winter
687:
680:
678:
675:
668:
666:
663:
656:
654:
651:
644:
626:L. dominicanus
594:North Atlantic
437:North Atlantic
408:
405:
391:called it the
292:
289:
284:North Atlantic
260:
259:
253:
247:
241:
233:
232:
224:
223:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4186:Larus-marinus
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:Larus_marinus
3788:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3767:Larus marinus
3762:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3737:Larus marinus
3734:
3730:
3725:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3676:Sabine's gull
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Laughing gull
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Armenian gull
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3364:Thayer's gull
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Glaucous gull
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:Larus marinus
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:Larus marinus
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3049:Lynx Edicions
3046:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2997:on 2017-02-10
2993:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Larus marinus
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:Larus marinus
2795:
2792:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:Larus marinus
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2658:. RX Wildlife
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:Larus marinus
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:Larus marinus
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:Lynx Edicions
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:Larus marinus
2134:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2045:. CRC Press.
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1993:on 2012-01-06
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:Larus marinus
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1681:Larus marinus
1673:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:Larus marinus
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Larus marinus
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1441:apex predator
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Killer whales
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Procyon lotor
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Anas strepera
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Columba livia
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:glossy ibises
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
856:
855:Massachusetts
852:
848:
844:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:dredge spoils
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:United States
737:
733:
729:
728:Faroe Islands
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
684:
679:
672:
667:
664:Second winter
660:
655:
648:
643:
641:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
586:Larus marinus
582:
578:
548:
516:
484:
466:
438:
434:
430:
429:glaucous gull
426:
422:
421:Pallas's gull
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
401:Faroe Islands
398:
394:
390:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Larus marinus
305:
304:
298:
297:Carl Linnaeus
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
271:Larus marinus
267:
239:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
209:Larus marinus
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3736:
3685:
3667:
3649:
3624:
3607:Rhodostethia
3606:
3589:Hydrocoloeus
3588:
3528:Huahine gull
3507:
3478:Dolphin gull
3467:
3422:
3386:Caspian gull
3359:Iceland gull
3344:Western gull
3328:
3294:Olrog's gull
3284:Pacific gull
3273:
3260:
3197:
3192:
3171:
3154:
3137:
3096:
3071:
3039:
3019:
2999:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2987:
2983:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2947:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2865:the original
2860:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:
2801:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2649:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2535:(1): 29–39.
2532:
2528:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2469:
2449:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2369:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2323:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:Birdlife.org
2293:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2254:
2226:
2195:
2159:. Retrieved
2147:
2141:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2114:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2042:
2036:
2017:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1898:
1869:. Retrieved
1862:
1852:
1842:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1738:Linnaeus, C.
1732:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1692:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1640:
1610:ID composite
1504:
1500:
1461:
1433:Orcinus orca
1432:
1424:
1412:
1392:
1389:golden eagle
1385:H. albicilla
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1348:
1340:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1204:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1156:
1153:common eider
1148:
1145:hen harriers
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1054:
1042:Newfoundland
1036:and various
1005:
1003:
981:) and other
976:
970:
962:
950:
942:
930:
922:
914:
906:
899:Gadus morhua
898:
895:Atlantic cod
890:
883:Newfoundland
875:Newfoundland
871:Great Island
863:Sable Island
859:
840:
776:
697:
676:Third winter
652:First winter
633:
630:
625:
617:
609:
606:slaty-backed
601:
591:
585:
432:
424:
416:
413:herring gull
410:
396:
392:
361:
357:
338:
336:
327:
323:
315:
307:
302:
299:in his 1758
294:
270:
269:
265:
263:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
36:
4142:SeaLifeBase
4064:Neotropical
4025:NatureServe
3973:iNaturalist
3761:Wikispecies
3615:Ross's gull
3597:Little gull
3549:Andean gull
3518:Silver gull
3469:Leucophaeus
3458:Relict gull
3424:Ichthyaetus
3309:Common gull
2959:19 December
2161:19 December
2085:: 241–247.
1405:bald eagles
1371:ssp.). The
1349:Felis catus
1113:Little auks
1069:buffleheads
1061:ruddy ducks
1046:Nova Scotia
999:crustaceans
995:New England
987:crustaceans
983:echinoderms
959:green crabs
955:sea urchins
939:Jonah crabs
879:Nova Scotia
867:Nova Scotia
744:New England
730:, southern
704:Scandinavia
577: in).
407:Description
397:swarth-back
4216:Categories
4181:Xeno-canto
3658:Ivory gull
3438:Sooty gull
3246:: Laridae)
3186:Xeno-canto
3001:2017-05-22
2571:Waterbirds
2529:Waterbirds
2075:L. marinus
1997:2012-01-30
1871:August 25,
1826:2020-03-24
1664:References
1552:Juvenile,
1507:together,
1409:great skua
1373:bald eagle
1185:Ovis aries
1165:passerines
1161:cormorants
1137:rock doves
947:rock crabs
927:sand lance
823:salt marsh
811:New Jersey
799:wet fields
708:Baltic Sea
620:) and the
515:wing chord
337:The terms
3650:Pagophila
3498:Grey gull
3493:Lava gull
3045:Barcelona
2922:"The Auk"
2813:23 August
2300:23 August
2232:Barcelona
2123:23 August
1919:869139988
1708:29 August
1469:North Sea
1425:Bubo bubo
1351:), other
1117:Alle alle
783:estuaries
772:Caribbean
732:Greenland
706:, on the
634:kaa-ga-ga
622:kelp gull
602:L. fuscus
465:North Sea
374:Old Norse
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
32:King gull
4030:2.104344
4017:22694324
3991:10718209
3828:22694324
3823:BirdLife
3812:BioLib:
3746:Wikidata
3686:Creagrus
3069:(2000).
2953:Archived
2931:21 March
2641:86547842
2633:20455898
2591:86007882
2549:86328050
1740:(1758).
1357:raccoons
1286:Breeding
1208:molluscs
991:mollusks
967:starfish
803:moorland
752:Portugal
738:and the
347:swartbak
291:Taxonomy
216:Linnaeus
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
4194:ZooBank
3942:2481172
3851:bob6000
3800:Avibase
3262:Species
3138:Avibase
3128:YouTube
2784:28 June
2689:28 June
2662:28 June
2361:4513942
2087:Bibcode
1767:, 242.
1597:Ontario
1509:Øresund
1475:Gallery
1401:mobbing
1343:ssp.),
1252:gadwall
1220:insects
1216:berries
1127:ssp.),
1059:ducks,
1034:gannets
1022:seabird
887:capelin
847:curious
768:Finland
756:Florida
724:Iceland
720:Ireland
614:western
612:), the
572:⁄
558:⁄
540:⁄
526:⁄
508:⁄
494:⁄
476:⁄
458:⁄
444:⁄
399:in the
385:
372:, from
354:
339:swaabie
324:marinus
173:Genus:
167:Laridae
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
4173:137146
4134:373629
4121:887691
4095:137146
4069:gbbgul
4004:176815
3949:GNAB:
3898:EURING
3877:gbbgul
3838:gbbgul
3780:gbbagu
3752:Q26629
3244:family
3204:Flickr
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2761:9 July
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1987:ARKive
1917:
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1771:
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1579:Chicks
1447:Status
1437:sharks
1435:) and
1417:Norway
1397:Norway
1387:) and
1369:Rattus
1363:) and
1341:Corvus
1173:Rattus
1159:) and
1125:Fulica
1038:alcids
1030:eiders
1018:talons
1014:raptor
925:) and
851:refuse
795:rivers
779:coasts
764:Sweden
736:Canada
726:, the
714:, the
712:France
700:Russia
584:Adult
547:tarsus
427:) and
362:baigie
358:baagie
341:(from
255:
249:
243:
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4168:WoRMS
4147:75058
3986:IRMNG
3916:96944
3885:EUNIS
3872:eBird
3864:3SBQM
3835:BOW:
3626:Rissa
3275:Larus
3253:Genus
3240:Gulls
2995:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2637:S2CID
2629:JSTOR
2609:(PDF)
2587:S2CID
2567:(PDF)
2545:S2CID
2357:JSTOR
2264:(PDF)
1822:, 918
1353:gulls
1337:crows
1274:) to
1232:Maine
1181:lambs
1121:coots
1101:terns
1040:. In
1026:terns
1006:Larus
935:squid
885:were
819:roofs
815:dunes
791:ponds
787:lakes
760:Åland
638:bovid
316:Larus
312:Latin
178:Larus
4160:9050
4103:ODNR
4090:OBIS
4056:8912
4051:NCBI
4012:IUCN
3999:ITIS
3978:4368
3937:GBIF
3903:6000
3890:1112
3815:8702
3668:Xema
3102:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3053:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2961:2012
2933:2022
2836:ISBN
2815:2012
2786:2013
2763:2021
2691:2013
2664:2013
2328:ISBN
2302:2012
2274:(2).
2240:ISBN
2163:2012
2125:2012
2073:and
2047:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1915:OCLC
1905:ISBN
1873:2018
1769:ISBN
1710:2023
1693:2018
1645:MHNT
1503:and
1365:rats
1345:cats
1224:chum
1218:and
1212:eggs
1169:rats
1056:Anas
1050:tern
1044:and
1010:hunt
989:and
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881:and
829:Diet
801:and
781:and
718:and
483:bill
383:lit.
370:bagi
366:Norn
360:and
352:lit.
343:Norn
320:gull
276:gull
264:The
220:1758
147:Aves
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4082:112
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3960:IBC
3859:CoL
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3776:ABA
3202:on
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3184:on
3175:at
3126:on
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