354:
31:
420:
411:, giving live birth: the female births five to 48 offspring from July to September. The young measure about 24 mm (0.94 in) SVL and weigh each about 1 g (0.035 oz). The young have no horns yet and are able to take care of themselves within a few hours; they are not able to fully crawl until they are a day old. Males become sexually active after their first year of life, and females generally take two years before they can start reproducing.
84:
215:
59:
341:(SVL) and is a flat-bodied, squat lizard with scales around the top of the head, normally called a "crown". It has a snub-nosed profile and short legs. The trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales, while the belly scales are smooth. The color is gray, yellowish, or reddish-brown, and there are two rows of large dark spots on the back. When threatened or aggressive, its colors become more intense.
394:
from continuing their attack. It is rare for horned lizards to squirt blood at humans however, reserving this unique defense primarily for canids (i.e. foxes, coyotes, dogs), which have a strong reaction of distaste to the blood. Squirting blood has been observed in the greater short-horned lizard,
344:
Females grow to larger sizes than males: females average about 7 cm (about 2.75 inches) SVL, with a maximum total length (including tail) of about 15 cm (about 6 inches), and weigh about 18 g (0.63 oz); whereas males have an SVL of only about 5 cm (about 2 inches), and
385:
to avoid predators. Horned lizards have been shown to darken their skin when threatened or to regulate temperature. Typically, greater short-horned lizards will remain as still as possible when a predator is nearby, attempting to blend in with the environment. However if provoked, some species of
539:
in these habitats can be stony or rocky but usually has fine loose soil or sand present. The greater short-horned lizard is more cold tolerant than other species and is able to reach higher elevations and a greater distribution where the temperature is much cooler.
329:
occupying the northwest portion of the United States and extreme southern
British Columbia. When placed together the two are easily distinguished at full size, the pygmy short-horned lizard being much smaller.
353:
1153:
804:
334:
is a highly variable species with different geographic populations exhibiting differences in color, pattern and size with some authorities describing five subspecies.
1057:
345:
weigh on the average about 10 g (0.35 oz). The adult male dermatocranial shape resembles that to be expected of a subadult female of the same body size.
1109:
1186:
1206:
1031:
1070:
921:
649:
591:
317:, which has the same basic body type consisting of small pointed scales around the head and back. Until recent mitochondrial DNA evidence,
892:
1216:
1201:
298:
1075:
509:
from semiarid plains to high elevations in the mountains. This species is frequently found in a wide range of habitats like
204:
873:
265:
to western North
America. Like other horned lizards, it is often called a "horned toad" or "horny toad", but it is not a
1211:
1196:
768:"Plesiomorphic Escape Decisions in Cryptic Horned Lizards ( Phrynosoma ) Having Highly Derived Antipredatory Defenses"
83:
30:
1114:
818:
581:
973:
909:
689:
310:
841:
419:
556:
301:(1514–1587) a Spanish physician who wrote an early account of a horned lizard, which was published in 1615.
290:
935:
338:
188:
767:
613:
1018:
982:
1191:
48:
1101:
853:
845:
672:
637:
633:
568:
510:
463:
78:
381:
creature, being most active during the evening and burrowing at night. It relies extensively on
1062:
728:
1135:
1005:
987:
917:
889:
787:
748:
693:
645:
587:
439:
387:
278:
1163:
1148:
1140:
837:
779:
740:
709:
564:
255:
1088:
337:
The greater short-horned lizard ranges in size from 2 to 5 inches (5.1 to 12.7 cm) in
214:
1122:
896:
877:
481:
dweller living in the range of 900–11,300 feet (170–3440 m). It is the only member of its
258:
155:
39:
629:
386:
horned lizards can build up blood pressure in regions behind their eyes and accurately
1180:
1083:
783:
494:
435:
431:
165:
68:
63:
857:
365:
The greater short-horned lizard is a "sit-and-wait" predator. It feeds primarily on
1010:
455:
451:
447:
145:
1096:
1044:
967:
471:
370:
235:
958:
325:. They are now considered distinct species with the pygmy short-horned lizard (
870:
713:
408:
382:
378:
377:. Often, it can be found sitting in the vicinity of a nest or trails. It is a
791:
752:
309:
The greater short-horned lizard is often mistaken for its close relative the
744:
514:
95:
497:. It is also considered an endangered species in Saskatchewan and Alberta.
1127:
997:
694:"Shape Variation in the Dermatocranium of the Greater Short-Horned Lizard
952:
478:
274:
262:
135:
115:
38:
Gravid female greater short-horned lizard in the
Mogollon Rim region of
1036:
849:
521:
506:
486:
459:
391:
270:
247:
125:
1049:
532:
517:
467:
443:
374:
251:
105:
929:
916:. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa.
482:
474:
418:
352:
692:; Russell, A.P.; Jamniczky, H.A.; HallgrĂmsson, B. (June 2017).
536:
525:
266:
1023:
933:
430:
The greater short-horned lizard is the most widely distributed
529:
366:
644:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
395:
but has not been observed in the pygmy short-horned lizard.
842:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1114:bsvihl]2.0.co;2
766:
Cooper Jr, William E.; Sherbrooke, Wade C. (October 2010).
910:
COSEWIC status report on the
Greater Short-horned Lizard
729:"Physiological (rapid) change of color in horned lizards"
817:
Sherbrooke, Wade C.; George A. Middendorf, III (2001).
942:
908:Powell, G. Lawrence; Russell, Anthony P. (1992).
819:"Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (
677:A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians
618:Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America
583:Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America
289:The genus Phrynosoma, means toad-bodied. The
8:
668:
666:
664:
662:
609:
607:
605:
603:
569:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64076A12741970.en
361:, Culberson County, Texas, USA (19 May 2018)
563:". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
477:. This species of lizard is mostly an arid
930:
213:
57:
29:
20:
505:The greater short-horned lizard occupies
390:at attacking predators, which will deter
321:was considered to be the same species as
549:
277:. It is one of seven native species of
698:(Reptilia: Squamata: Phrynosomatidae)"
7:
805:"Horned Toad (Short Horned Lizards)"
620:. California Natural History Guides.
1187:IUCN Red List least concern species
1207:Fauna of the Western United States
727:Sherbrooke, Wade C. (1997-01-01).
586:. University of California Press.
580:Sherbrooke, Wade C. (2003-05-08).
438:and occurs in the widest range of
407:is in spring (May to June). It is
14:
642:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
807:National Geographic Society 2009
784:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01805.x
82:
679:. 3rd ed. Peterson Field Guides
369:, but also takes an occasional
244:Hernández's short-horned lizard
357:Mountain short-horned lizard (
1:
890:Endangered Species and Spaces
423:Greater short-horned lizard,
240:mountain short-horned lizard
24:Greater short-horned lizard
225:greater short-horned lizard
1233:
1217:Reptiles described in 1858
714:10.1007/s11692-016-9403-6
311:pygmy short-horned lizard
212:
194:
187:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1202:Lizards of North America
470:, with a few pockets in
745:10.1163/156853897X00044
462:, and then south into
427:
403:The mating season for
362:
359:Phrynosoma hernandesi)
988:Phrynosoma_hernandesi
974:Phrynosoma hernandesi
944:Phrynosoma hernandesi
912:Phrynosoma hernandesi
696:Phrynosoma hernandesi
654:Phrynosoma hernandesi
561:Phrynosoma hernandesi
425:Phrynosoma hernandesi
422:
356:
315:Phrynosoma douglasii)
230:Phrynosoma hernandesi
198:Phrynosoma hernandesi
702:Evolutionary Biology
454:, north to southern
442:: West into central
339:snout-to-vent length
673:Stebbins, Robert C.
614:Sherbrooke, Wade C.
511:shortgrass prairies
299:Francisco Hernández
49:Conservation status
1212:Reptiles of Canada
1197:Reptiles of Mexico
895:2013-02-10 at the
876:2011-03-18 at the
464:eastern New Mexico
428:
388:squirt their blood
363:
180:P. hernandesi
16:Species of reptile
1174:
1173:
1136:Open Tree of Life
936:Taxon identifiers
922:978-0-662-46037-4
733:Amphibia-Reptilia
650:978-1-4214-0135-5
593:978-0-520-22825-2
279:lizards in Canada
261:. The species is
221:
220:
72:
1224:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
978:
977:
976:
963:
962:
961:
931:
924:
906:
900:
887:
881:
868:
862:
861:
836:(4): 1114–1122.
827:
814:
808:
802:
796:
795:
763:
757:
756:
724:
718:
717:
686:
680:
670:
657:
638:Grayson, Michael
634:Watkins, Michael
627:
621:
611:
598:
597:
577:
571:
554:
415:Geographic range
269:at all. It is a
217:
200:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
21:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
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1221:
1177:
1176:
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1170:
1162:
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1152:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1123:Observation.org
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1004:
996:
994:
986:
981:
972:
971:
966:
957:
956:
951:
938:
928:
927:
907:
903:
897:Wayback Machine
888:
884:
878:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
825:
816:
815:
811:
803:
799:
778:(10): 920–928.
765:
764:
760:
726:
725:
721:
688:
687:
683:
671:
660:
628:
624:
612:
601:
594:
579:
578:
574:
555:
551:
546:
503:
489:, which counts
417:
401:
351:
307:
287:
259:Phrynosomatidae
208:
202:
196:
183:
156:Phrynosomatidae
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
40:Payson, Arizona
17:
12:
11:
5:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1002:
992:
979:
964:
948:
946:
940:
939:
934:
926:
925:
901:
882:
863:
809:
797:
758:
739:(2): 155–175.
719:
708:(2): 240–260.
681:
658:
622:
599:
592:
572:
548:
547:
545:
542:
502:
499:
416:
413:
400:
397:
350:
347:
306:
305:Identification
303:
286:
283:
219:
218:
210:
209:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
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159:
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153:
149:
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139:
138:
133:
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119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
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1182:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
969:
965:
960:
954:
950:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
923:
919:
915:
913:
905:
902:
898:
894:
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886:
883:
879:
875:
872:
867:
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859:
855:
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847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
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801:
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789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
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691:
685:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
606:
604:
600:
595:
589:
585:
584:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
495:state reptile
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:North America
433:
432:horned lizard
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
405:P. hernandesi
398:
396:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
355:
348:
346:
342:
340:
335:
333:
332:P. hernandesi
328:
327:P. douglasii)
324:
320:
319:P. hernandesi
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:specific name
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:known as the
237:
233:
231:
226:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
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157:
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147:
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127:
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121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
943:
911:
904:
885:
880:. uregina.ca
866:
833:
829:
820:
812:
800:
775:
771:
761:
736:
732:
722:
705:
701:
695:
690:Powell, G.L.
684:
676:
653:
641:
625:
617:
582:
575:
560:
557:Hammerson GA
552:
504:
490:
456:Saskatchewan
452:South Dakota
446:, east into
429:
424:
404:
402:
399:Reproduction
364:
358:
343:
336:
331:
326:
323:P. douglasii
322:
318:
314:
308:
294:
288:
243:
239:
229:
228:
224:
222:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
18:
1097:NatureServe
1045:iNaturalist
968:Wikispecies
630:Beolens, Bo
472:Trans-Pecos
466:to central
371:grasshopper
1192:Phrynosoma
1181:Categories
1154:hernandesi
899:. pc.gc.ca
821:Phrynosoma
544:References
491:Phrynosoma
409:viviparous
383:camouflage
295:hernandesi
167:Phrynosoma
142:Suborder:
914:in Canada
792:0179-1613
753:1568-5381
656:, p.122).
559:(2007). "
515:sagebrush
297:, honors
285:Etymology
275:amphibian
273:, not an
174:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
1102:2.106178
1063:11098411
995:BioLib:
959:Q2218279
953:Wikidata
893:Archived
874:Archived
871:Reptiles
858:86061329
772:Ethology
640:(2011).
507:habitats
479:mountain
440:habitats
349:Behavior
236:commonly
152:Family:
136:Squamata
126:Reptilia
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1037:5222456
850:1448403
675:(2003)
616:(2003)
533:forests
522:juniper
518:deserts
501:Habitat
493:as its
487:Wyoming
460:Alberta
379:diurnal
271:reptile
263:endemic
254:in the
248:species
246:, is a
234:, also
162:Genus:
146:Iguania
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
1164:202150
1161:uBio:
1141:297699
1128:102232
1115:107382
1076:564594
1024:791084
998:185019
920:
856:
848:
830:Copeia
790:
751:
648:
590:
535:. The
520:, and
468:Mexico
444:Nevada
392:canids
375:beetle
256:family
252:lizard
207:, 1858
205:Girard
1089:64076
1058:IRMNG
1050:36315
1011:4GWSX
854:S2CID
846:JSTOR
826:(PDF)
528:, or
483:genus
475:Texas
448:North
1110:NCBI
1084:IUCN
1071:ITIS
1032:GBIF
918:ISBN
834:2001
788:ISSN
749:ISSN
646:ISBN
588:ISBN
537:soil
526:pine
458:and
450:and
367:ants
267:toad
223:The
1019:EoL
1006:CoL
983:ADW
838:doi
780:doi
776:116
741:doi
710:doi
652:. (
565:doi
530:fir
485:in
434:in
373:or
250:of
242:or
1183::
1151::
1149:RD
1138::
1125::
1112::
1099::
1086::
1073::
1060::
1047::
1034::
1021::
1008::
985::
970::
955::
852:.
844:.
832:.
828:.
823:)"
786:.
774:.
770:.
747:.
737:18
735:.
731:.
706:44
704:.
700:.
661:^
636:;
632:;
602:^
524:,
513:,
293:,
281:.
42:.
860:.
840::
794:.
782::
755:.
743::
716:.
712::
596:.
567::
313:(
232:)
227:(
71:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
