305:
498:
245:
31:
534:, who himself drew inspiration from ancient Roman architecture. Furthermore, it can be argued that styles of architecture not typically considered classical, like Gothic, can contain classical elements. Therefore, a simple delineation of the scope of classical architecture is difficult to make. The more or less defining characteristic can still be said to be a reference to ancient Greek or Roman architecture, and the architectural rules or theories that derived from that architecture.
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during this period, at different times and places in the Greek world, that the use of dressed and polished stone replaced the wood in these early temples, but the forms and shapes of the old wooden styles were retained in a skeuomorphic fashion, just as if the wooden structures had turned to stone, thus the designation "petrification" or sometimes "petrified carpentry" for this process.
603:
368:. During this time period, the study of ancient architecture developed into the architectural theory of classical architecture; somewhat over-simplified, that classical architecture in its variety of forms ever since have been interpretations and elaborations of the architectural rules set down during antiquity.
581:
This careful preservation of the traditional wooden appearance in the stone fabric of the newer buildings was scrupulously observed and this suggests that it may have been dictated by religion rather than aesthetics, although the exact reasons are now lost in antiquity. Not everyone within the reach
521:
As noted above, classical styles of architecture dominated
Western architecture for a long time, roughly from the Renaissance until the advent of Modernism. That is to say, that classical antiquity at least in theory was considered the prime source of inspiration for architectural endeavours in the
577:
emerged as the predominant element. The most widely accepted theory in classical studies is that the earliest temple structures were of wood and the great forms, or elements of architectural style, were codified and rather permanent by the time the
Archaic became emergent and established. It was
128:
The term classical architecture also applies to any mode of architecture that has evolved to a highly refined state, such as classical
Chinese architecture, or classical Mayan architecture. It can also refer to any architecture that employs classical aesthetic philosophy. The term might be used
586:
in Italy were, from their earliest period, greatly influenced by their contact with Greek culture and religion, but they retained their wooden temples (with some exceptions) until their culture was completely absorbed into the Roman world, with the great wooden
200:(with which classical architecture is often posed), can also incorporate classical elements and details but do not to the same degree reflect a conscious effort to draw upon the architectural traditions of antiquity; for example, they do not observe the idea of
352:, and to some extent by studying the actual remains of ancient Roman buildings in Italy. Nonetheless, the classical architecture of the Renaissance from the outset represents a highly specific interpretation of the classical ideas. In a building like the
473:
however rose to popularity during the early 1800s, and the later part the 19th century was characterised by a variety of styles, some of them only slightly or not at all related to classicism (such as
526:. Even so, because of liberal, personal or theoretically diverse interpretations of the antique heritage, classicism covers a broad range of styles, some even so to speak cross-referencing, like
591:
on the
Capitol in Rome itself being a good example. Nor was it the lack of knowledge of stone working on their part that prevented them from making the transition from timber to dressed stone.
109:. Although classical styles of architecture can vary greatly, they can in general all be said to draw on a common "vocabulary" of decorative and constructive elements. In much of the
1110:
1164:
385:. The elements of classical architecture have been applied in radically different architectural contexts than those for which they were developed, however. For example,
481:. Although classical architecture continued to play an important role and for periods of time at least locally dominated the architectural scene, as exemplified by the
1639:
340:
to revive the language of architecture of first and foremost ancient Rome. This was done in part through the study of the ancient Roman architectural treatise
1726:
1780:
381:
165:. The first conscious efforts to bring back the disused language of form of classical antiquity into Western architecture can be traced to the
1748:
1157:
1099:
926:
412:(1508–1580) had a great influence long after his death, above all in Britain, where it was adopted for many of the grander buildings of the
1644:
364:, one of the earliest Renaissance buildings (built 1419–1445), the treatment of the columns for example has no direct antecedent in
1351:
588:
1882:
1671:
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were among the more radical and influential. Neoclassical architecture held a particularly strong position on the architectural scene
1120:
1041:
1016:
985:
960:
882:
857:
802:
777:
752:
721:
690:
665:
626:
1056:
Gagarin, Michael. The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Vol. 1. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford
University Press, 2010. p. 210.
1136:
184:
thus displays a system of alternating attached columns and arches which could be an almost direct paraphrase of e.g., that of the
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1733:
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1514:
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are styles which, although classical at root, display an architectural language much in their own right. During these periods,
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1808:
1634:
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periods (about the 6th and early 5th centuries BC), the architectural forms of the earliest temples had solidified and the
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during the 1920s, classical architecture in its stricter form never regained its former dominance. With the advent of
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1999:
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1803:
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621:
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309:
235:
157:, the architectural traditions of the Roman empire ceased to be practised in large parts of western Europe. In the
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80:
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2040:
2004:
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353:
166:
2074:
1948:
1617:
1374:
1269:
1189:
1173:
289:
193:
130:
102:
2035:
1958:
1938:
1875:
1504:
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1207:
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401:
263:
189:
162:
2047:
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1892:
1384:
1289:
1257:
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451:
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329:
497:
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2020:
1968:
1897:
1865:
1540:
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1339:
1334:
1329:
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439:
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Classical architecture is derived from the architecture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. With the
62:
430:
again consciously and earnestly attempted to emulate antiquity, supported by recent developments in
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1922:
1907:
1813:
1691:
1590:
1519:
1456:
1429:
1389:
1225:
608:
562:
486:
390:
325:
204:. In general, therefore, they are not considered classical architectural styles in a strict sense.
197:
114:
106:
98:
84:
1126:
1912:
1855:
1473:
405:
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Europe can be described as classical architecture. This broad use of the term is employed by Sir
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2062:
1870:
1610:
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1116:
1095:
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Watkin, David. A history of
Western architecture. 4th ed. London: Laurence King, 2005. p. 25.
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during the early 20th century, classical architecture arguably almost ceased to be practised.
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333:
34:
1989:
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1230:
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38:
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531:
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343:
317:
201:
89:
58:
1112:
The
Elements of Classical Architecture (Classical America Series in Art and Architecture)
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still referred to classical ideas but rather less sincerely than during the
Renaissance.
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17:
1818:
1545:
1281:
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such as temples, mainly with reference to developments in the Greek world. During the
161:, the ancient ways of building lived on but relatively soon developed into a distinct
30:
2104:
1775:
1708:
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110:
1973:
1953:
1828:
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and with the demise of Gothic style, major efforts were made by architects such as
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72:
42:
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118:
50:
46:
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27:
Architectural style, inspired by classical Greco-Roman architectural principles
1785:
1770:
1129:– project for free educational content about classical architecture (video on
598:
530:, which draws its inspiration from the works of Italian Renaissance architect
502:
459:
136:
For contemporary buildings following authentic classical principles, the term
419:
As a reaction to late
Baroque and Rococo forms, architectural theorists from
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1499:
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94:
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1963:
1902:
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and a desire for an architecture based on clear rules and rationality.
313:
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316:(1578–90) was designed by the influential Renaissance architect
506:
231:
1137:
The
Foundations of Classical Architecture Part Two: Greek Classicism
1139:– free educational program by the ICAA (published August 29, 2018)
541:
496:
303:
29:
75:
which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of
1146:
238:
architectural element taken up by later classical architecture.
1199:
125:. Classical architecture continues to inform many architects.
685:(4th ed.). Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 6–8.
288:, an example of the architectural style of the short-lived
101:
of classical architecture have arguably existed since the
772:(4 ed.). Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 6–8.
915:
Architectural Theory from the Renaissance to the Present
1001:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1986).
945:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1986).
737:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1986).
706:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1986).
650:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1986).
446:
were among the first theorists of Neoclassicism, while
262:
have inspired much later classical architecture, e.g.
902:(7th ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 177–178.
169:
of the late 8th and 9th centuries. The gatehouse of
117:
have dominated the history of architecture from the
2013:
1982:
1931:
1796:
1533:
1492:
1367:
1280:
1198:
582:of Hellenic civilization made this transition. The
133:" although it can share underlying axioms with it.
561:is often used when discussing the development of
837:(7 ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 45–47.
155:collapse of the western part of the Roman empire
1158:
292:, a first classical movement in architecture.
202:a systematic order of proportions for columns
8:
308:The emphatically classical church façade of
1007:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. p.
951:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. p.
743:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. p.
712:(3rd ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. p.
341:
1165:
1151:
1143:
549:in England, opened in 1920 and built in a
656:(3 ed.). Penguin Books Ltd. p.
557:In the grammar of architecture, the word
913:Evers, Bernd; Thoenes, Christof (2011).
1036:. Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 7–8.
877:. Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 7–8.
852:. Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 7–8.
797:. Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 7–8.
642:
513:and built 1816–30, an example of
371:Most of the styles originating in post-
87:, or sometimes more specifically, from
1093:The Classical Language of Architecture
1034:The Classical Language of Architecture
980:. Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 114.
978:The Classical Language of Architecture
875:The Classical Language of Architecture
850:The Classical Language of Architecture
795:The Classical Language of Architecture
382:The Classical Language of Architecture
940:
938:
7:
416:of the 18th and early 19th century.
900:An Outline of European Architecture
835:An Outline of European Architecture
129:differently from "traditional" or "
632:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
93:(c. 10 AD) by the Roman architect
25:
770:A History of Western Architecture
683:A History of Western Architecture
627:Outline of classical architecture
210:Origins of classical architecture
37:, the first to canonize the five
601:
404:developed from the style of the
271:
243:
216:
1091:Sir John Summerson (rev. 1980)
1:
1425:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
463:
426:through what became known as
420:
282:
174:
105:, and prominently since the
61:), as examples of classical
469:–1850. The competing
2127:
1105:Gromort Georges (Author),
1004:Dictionary of architecture
948:Dictionary of architecture
898:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1964).
833:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1964).
740:Dictionary of architecture
709:Dictionary of architecture
653:Dictionary of architecture
622:New Classical architecture
528:Neo-Palladian architecture
366:ancient Roman architecture
338:Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
138:New Classical architecture
1180:
617:Neoclassical architecture
515:Neoclassical architecture
1032:Summerson, John (1980).
976:Summerson, John (1980).
873:Summerson, John (1980).
848:Summerson, John (1980).
793:Summerson, John (1980).
354:Ospedale degli Innocenti
196:and even to some extent
18:Greco-Roman architecture
1190:History of construction
1174:History of architecture
290:Carolingian Renaissance
167:Carolingian Renaissance
131:vernacular architecture
103:Carolingian Renaissance
2111:Classical architecture
1185:Architectural timeline
1109:(Introductory Essay).
820:Classical Architecture
768:Watkin, David (2005).
681:Watkin, David (2005).
554:
518:
402:Palladian architecture
342:
321:
264:Virginia State Capitol
250:The fronts of ancient
190:Byzantine architecture
113:, different classical
69:Classical architecture
65:
1727:America and Australia
1347:Medieval Scandinavian
1127:OpenSource Classicism
822:. Viking. p. 16.
818:Adam, Robert (1992).
545:
500:
452:Claude Nicolas Ledoux
448:Étienne-Louis Boullée
432:Classical archaeology
414:Georgian architecture
330:Leon Battista Alberti
307:
281:gatehouse (Germany),
33:
1969:Critical regionalism
440:Marc-Antoine Laugier
395:architectural theory
362:Filippo Brunelleschi
115:architectural styles
63:architectural theory
1908:Stripped Classicism
1883:International style
1866:Rationalist-Fascist
1515:Portuguese Colonial
1265:Pre-Islamic Persian
609:Architecture portal
391:Rococo architecture
326:Italian Renaissance
234:), an example of a
198:Gothic architecture
140:is sometimes used.
107:Italian Renaissance
85:classical antiquity
1913:Postconstructivism
1856:Streamline Moderne
555:
519:
322:
180:), in present-day
81:Roman architecture
66:
2098:
2097:
1100:978-0-500-20177-0
928:978-3-8365-3198-6
921:. pp. 6–19.
589:Temple of Jupiter
563:sacred structures
522:West for much of
483:Nordic Classicism
334:Sebastiano Serlio
35:Sebastiano Serlio
16:(Redirected from
2118:
1990:Deconstructivism
1749:Spanish Colonial
1510:Spanish Colonial
1410:Western Chalukya
1218:Ancient Egyptian
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1160:
1153:
1144:
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471:neo-Gothic style
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310:Santa Maria Nova
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159:Byzantine Empire
71:usually denotes
39:Classical orders
21:
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2125:
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2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
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2101:
2100:
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2009:
1978:
1927:
1861:Totalitarianism
1851:New Objectivity
1792:
1645:Serbo-Byzantine
1640:Russo-Byzantine
1529:
1488:
1363:
1340:Islamic Persian
1276:
1194:
1176:
1171:
1107:Richard Sammons
1088:
1086:Further reading
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917:. Vol. 1.
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547:Croydon Airport
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532:Andrea Palladio
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456:Friedrich Gilly
436:Claude Perrault
423:
410:Andrea Palladio
344:De architectura
318:Andrea Palladio
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163:Byzantine style
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90:De architectura
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1352:Pre-Romanesque
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524:Modern history
511:Leo von Klenze
509:, designed by
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377:John Summerson
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2012:
2006:
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2000:New Classical
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1944:Structuralism
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1888:Functionalism
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1824:Expressionism
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1776:Liberty style
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1709:Neo-Manueline
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1682:Monumentalism
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1018:0-14-051013-3
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1005:
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987:0-500-20177-3
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829:
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779:0-8230-2277-3
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771:
764:
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750:
746:
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723:0-14-051013-3
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579:
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568:
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559:petrification
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538:Petrification
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428:Neoclassicism
417:
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256:Maison Carrée
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252:Roman temples
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111:Western world
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64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2058:Mesoamerican
2005:Contemporary
1983:2000–present
1974:Neo-futurism
1954:Blobitecture
1781:Modern Style
1697:Neoclassical
1445:Indo-Islamic
1420:Great Seljuk
1405:Vijayanagara
1299:East Slavic
1242:
1213:Mesopotamian
1111:
1092:
1068:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1003:
996:
977:
971:
947:
914:
908:
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893:
874:
868:
849:
843:
834:
828:
819:
813:
794:
788:
769:
763:
739:
732:
708:
701:
682:
676:
652:
645:
580:
558:
556:
551:Neoclassical
520:
444:Carlo Lodoli
418:
399:
380:
370:
323:
279:Lorsch Abbey
171:Lorsch Abbey
152:
135:
127:
123:World War II
97:. Different
88:
73:architecture
68:
67:
1918:PWA Moderne
1804:Rationalism
1766:Art Nouveau
1754:Territorial
1734:Renaissance
1718:Queen Anne
1591:Elizabethan
1484:Plateresque
1479:Renaissance
1462:Sondergotik
1357:Carolingian
1303:Kievan Rus'
479:Eclecticism
475:Art Nouveau
467: 1750
424: 1750
373:Renaissance
324:During the
300:Development
228:Erechtheion
119:Renaissance
2075:Portuguese
1949:Postmodern
1898:Organicism
1786:Modernisme
1771:Jugendstil
1630:Revivalism
1618:Industrial
1601:Portuguese
1375:Romanesque
1270:Achaemenid
1078:1856694593
1062:0195170725
638:References
569:and early
503:Glyptothek
460:John Soane
408:architect
286: 800
194:Romanesque
192:, just as
178: 800
55:Corinthian
2036:Dravidian
1995:Neomodern
1959:High-tech
1939:Brutalism
1932:1950–2000
1876:Stalinist
1809:Mycenaean
1797:1900–1950
1635:Byzantine
1611:Ukrainian
1596:Naryshkin
1561:Edwardian
1534:1750–1900
1505:Palladian
1500:Manueline
1493:1500–1750
1368:1000–1500
1308:Muscovite
1295:Byzantine
1243:Classical
1231:Mycenaean
1208:Neolithic
584:Etruscans
571:Classical
487:Modernism
350:Vitruvius
254:like the
224:Caryatids
188:in Rome.
186:Colosseum
95:Vitruvius
59:Composite
2105:Category
2048:Japanese
2026:Colonial
2014:Regional
1964:Arcology
1903:Art Deco
1893:Futurism
1836:De Stijl
1739:Romanian
1657:Egyptian
1652:Colonial
1606:Siberian
1416:Islamic
1385:Ottonian
1380:Galician
1290:Sasanian
1258:Herodian
1238:Etruscan
1115:, 2001,
595:See also
406:Venetian
358:Florence
2085:Spanish
2080:Russian
2021:Chinese
1841:Bauhaus
1744:Russian
1722:Britain
1704:Moorish
1687:Baroque
1677:Mission
1623:British
1586:Petrine
1581:Maltese
1576:Italian
1566:English
1541:Baroque
1440:Ottoman
1435:Timurid
1400:Hoysala
1396:Indian
1335:Fatimid
1330:Abbasid
1325:Moorish
1320:Umayyad
1315:Islamic
1222:Aegean
1131:YouTube
919:Taschen
567:Archaic
477:), and
387:Baroque
314:Vicenza
226:on the
182:Germany
149:Origins
144:History
2090:Somali
2070:Newari
2053:Korean
2031:Indian
1923:Googie
1829:Cubism
1814:Modern
1714:Pueblo
1692:Rococo
1662:Gothic
1571:French
1546:Andean
1520:Mughal
1457:Gothic
1430:Mamluk
1390:Norman
1226:Minoan
1119:
1098:
1076:
1060:
1040:
1015:
984:
959:
925:
881:
856:
801:
776:
751:
720:
689:
664:
553:style.
507:Munich
232:Athens
121:until
99:styles
57:, and
43:Tuscan
2041:Hindu
1759:Tudor
1667:Mayan
1556:Dutch
1551:Czech
1474:Aztec
1469:Incan
575:Doric
493:Scope
260:Nîmes
236:Greek
77:Greek
51:Ionic
47:Doric
2063:Maya
1871:Nazi
1525:Sikh
1117:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1013:ISBN
982:ISBN
957:ISBN
923:ISBN
879:ISBN
854:ISBN
799:ISBN
774:ISBN
749:ISBN
718:ISBN
687:ISBN
662:ISBN
501:The
458:and
442:and
400:The
336:and
79:and
1200:BCE
1009:234
505:in
389:or
379:in
360:by
356:in
348:by
258:in
230:, (
83:of
2107::
1011:.
955:.
953:76
937:^
747:.
745:76
716:.
714:76
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658:76
464:c.
454:,
450:,
438:,
421:c.
332:,
312:,
283:c.
175:c.
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1123:.
1102:.
1046:.
1021:.
990:.
965:.
931:.
887:.
862:.
807:.
782:.
757:.
726:.
695:.
670:.
517:.
320:.
266:.
173:(
41:(
20:)
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