375:
the leading coupled axle, the inside cylinder of a locomotive with
Gresley valve gear is typically positioned higher than the outside cylinders and angled downward. To maintain a smooth flow of torque, the crank angles are offset from equal 120 degree spacing to compensate for the angle of the inside cylinder (e.g. 120/113/127 degrees). The resultant timing of the blast from steam exiting the cylinders gives these three-cylinder locomotives a regular exhaust beat.
393:
increased play in the bearing was enough to knock the ends off the middle cylinder. This happened during the 113 miles per hour (200 km/h) run of "Silver Fox". Although the problem could be contained in a peacetime environment with regular maintenance and inspections, it proved to be poorly suited to the rigors of heavy running and low maintenance levels of
388:"Footballer"/"Sandringham" 4-6-0s avoided this particular problem by being designed with the conjugated gear behind, rather than in front of, the cylinders. The main difficulty with this valve gear was that at high speeds, inertial forces caused the long conjugating lever to bend or "whip". This had the effect of causing the middle cylinder to operate at a longer
22:
69:
427:
383:
There were a number of issues with the
Gresley gear. Because the conjugation apparatus was mounted at the opposite end of the valve spindles from the valve gear, as the valve spindles lengthened with the heat of steam in the cylinders the valve timing would be affected, and the gear would need to be
77:
The
Gresley conjugated gear is effectively an adding machine, where the position of the valve for the inside cylinder is the sum of the positions of the two outside cylinders, but reversed in direction. It can also be thought of as a rocking lever between one outside cylinder and the inside cylinder,
470:
for the moving parts of the
Gresley mechanism. In Australia, the VR S class Pacifics avoided many of the middle cylinder problems that beset Gresley by placing a 'set' in the axle of the leading driving wheels, thus allowing all three cylinders to be in the same horizontal plane. Later VR and NSWGR
401:
suffered centre cylinder big-end damage (indicated to the driver by the fracture of a "stink bomb" attached to the bearing, which fractures during overheating of the white metal) during its world record run and was forced to limp back to its depot for repairs afterwards. Gresley's successor at the
374:
Locomotives with
Gresley valve gear must have the three pistons operating at precisely 120 degree intervals. (Different spacings could be accommodated by different lever proportions, if there were any advantage to a spacing other than 120-120-120.) In order for the inside connecting rod to clear
81:
If we approximate the motion of each valve by a sine wave — if we say the position of a valve in its back-and-forth travel is exactly proportional to the sine of the "driver angle", once we have set the zero point of driver angle at the position it needs to be for that valve — then the
498:
Beyer-Garrett six-cylinder locomotives supplied to the New
Zealand Railways in 1928. The manufacturer Beyer Peacock advised against the three/six-cylinder option with Gresley gear but it was required by G S Lynde the NZR CME. These three articulated locomotives were not a success, and they were
392:
than the outer cylinders, therefore producing a disproportionate share of the total power output, leading to increased wear of the middle big end. Sustained high speed running could sometimes cause the big end to wear rapidly enough that the increased travel afforded to the middle piston by the
56:. It enables a three-cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two sets of valve gear for the outside cylinders, and derives the valve motion for the inside cylinder from them by means of levers (the "2 to 1" or "conjugating" lever and the "equal" lever). The gear is sometimes known as the
397:. This gave rise to big-end problems on the centre cylinder connecting rod on the famous A4 class of streamlined Pacifics and many of these locomotives were fitted with a reduced diameter piston and had the inside cylinder sleeved down as a temporary measure.
490:
on the right valve stem to rotate a transverse rod, which through a second rack and pinion gave motion to the equal lever pivot. While in theory an improvement over the
Gresley system, this proved in practice to be even more problematic.
72:
New South Wales
Government Railways D57 class 4-8-2, with Gresley conjugated gear visible at front below the smokebox. The longer 2 to 1 Lever is located on the right side of the locomotive, and the shorter Equal Lever on the left
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340:
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153:
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As in the UK, the mechanism was not without its problems. Some of the Union
Pacific 9000 class locomotives were converted to a "double Walschaerts" valve gear, while later examples were built with
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workshop practices for precise alignment of the valve gear and in the manufacture and lubrication of the inside big end bearing effectively solved the problems.
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2160:
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three cylinder locomotive designs used alternative mechanisms to the
Gresley system in an effort to overcome its high maintenance overhead. The
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as is common on 4-cylinder steam locomotives, but with the pivot point being moved back and forth by a lever from the other outside cylinder.
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between 1926 and 1930. These were the largest locomotives to use this valve gear. It was also used in Australia for the
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410:. As well as introducing new two-cylinder designs, he set about rebuilding Gresley locomotives with separate sets of
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Information on Union Pacific ALCO-built three cylinder 4-12-2 UP9000, including sound recordings and photographs
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Diagram of Gresley and Walschaerts valve gear arrangement on LNER A4 locomotive - retrieved 4 October 2006
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mathematics is simple. The position of the valve that is pinned to the long end of the 2-to-1 lever is
28:. Note Gresley conjugated valve gear located ahead of the piston valves, driven from the valve spindles
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Slee, David E. (January 2000). "D57 and D58 Classes - Design Differences and Power Comparisons".
579:"The Last Steam Locomotives of British Railways", Ransome-Wallis, P., Ian Allan, Shepperton, 1966
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1930:
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conjugated valve gear mechanism which was judged to be superior to the Gresley system.
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1197:
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Bill Harvey's 60 years in steam, Harvey, D.W. David & Charles. Newton Abbot, 1986
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for each cylinder. Under later British Railways ownership, the application of former
366:. So a 1-to-1 lever pivoted on the short arm of the 2-to-1 lever will do the trick.
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The third cylinder and Gresley gear are visible below the smokebox of this 4-12-2.
2012:
1986:
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of 1950 replaced the long conjugating lever with a transverse rod, which used a
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removed before it was possible to remove valves for maintenance. However, the
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Southern California Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society
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Public Record Office Victoria photograph of cylinder castings for VR S class
16:
Type of mechanism for controlling steam flow in a reciprocating steam engine
68:
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gear, acknowledging Holcroft's major contributions to its development.
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108:, while the positions of the other two valves are supposed to be
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561:-retrieved 4 October 2006. Note incline of centre cylinder.
570:"Locomotive Adventure" Harold Holcroft, Ian Allan. London
238:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle -{\tfrac {1}{2}}\sin \theta }
335:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sin(\theta -120^{\circ })}
288:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sin(\theta +120^{\circ })}
202:. The position of the short end of the 2-to-1 lever is
195:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sin(\theta -120^{\circ })}
148:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sin(\theta +120^{\circ })}
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716:. Melbourne University Publishing Ltd. p. 165.
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597:Allen, CJ, "Two Million Miles of Train Travel",
674:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
438:under license for the 4-12-2 locomotives, the
434:Gresley conjugated valve gear was used by the
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101:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sin \;\theta }
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638:AHRS Railway Museum History: 1900 - 1950
614:(LNER) Encyclopedia Edward Thompson page
533:Restoration of Gresley A4 #60019 Bittern
499:rebuilt into six "Pacific" locomotives.
422:North America, Australia and New Zealand
359:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \;\!\theta }
248:—which, it turns out, is midway between
2161:Glossary of steam locomotive components
525:
691:. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 201.
7:
494:Gresley valve gear was used on the
455:New South Wales Government Railways
48:, chief mechanical engineer of the
2013:National Museum of Scotland engine
714:The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004
689:Locomotives of Australia 1854-2007
406:, was critical of this particular
14:
475:of 1941 was fitted with a German
2195:List of steam technology patents
1074:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
2180:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2166:History of steam road vehicles
328:
309:
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262:
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141:
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26:LNER Class V2 4771 Green Arrow
1:
2107:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
626:(LNER) Encyclopedia A1/1 page
514:South African Class 18 2-10-2
34:Gresley conjugated valve gear
1830:Return connecting rod engine
657:australiansteam.com NSW page
1754:Condensing steam locomotive
738:"D58 Conjugated Valve Gear"
436:American Locomotive Company
2252:
2061:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
473:Victorian Railways H class
448:Victorian Railways S class
399:LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard
2067:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1736:Single- and double-acting
1009:AAR type A switcher truck
643:27 September 2007 at the
1906:Newcomen Memorial Engine
659:retrieved 1 October 2006
647:retrieved 1 October 2006
628:retrieved 1 October 2006
616:retrieved 1 October 2006
440:Union Pacific 9000 class
2210:Timeline of steam power
2205:Stationary steam engine
2088:Woolf's compound engine
1995:Soho Manufactory engine
1850:Steeple compound engine
1517:straight line mechanism
482:In New South Wales the
2215:Water-returning engine
2189:Lean's Engine Reporter
1962:Chacewater Mine engine
1835:Six-column beam engine
1049:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
444:Union Pacific Railroad
431:
412:Walschaerts valve gear
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336:
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2236:Locomotive valve gear
2055:London Steam Carriage
1064:Radial steering truck
881:AAR wheel arrangement
557:10 March 2007 at the
538:12 March 2007 at the
429:
416:Great Western Railway
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290:
240:
197:
150:
103:
71:
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2001:Bradley Works engine
1825:Reciprocating engine
1648:Babcock & Wilcox
1491:Centrifugal governor
891:Swiss classification
712:Lee, Robert (2007).
687:Oberg, Leon (2007).
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299:
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206:
159:
112:
86:
1542:Sun and planet gear
509:Holcroft valve gear
2042:Richard Trevithick
1640:Water-tube boilers
1454:Gresley conjugated
1139:Klien-Lindner axle
886:UIC classification
863:Dual Control Stand
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1164:Road–rail vehicle
1149:Luttermöller axle
1019:Articulated bogie
873:Wheel arrangement
723:978-0-522-85134-2
698:978-1-877058-54-7
477:Henschel und Sohn
342:for any value of
222:
46:Sir Nigel Gresley
42:steam locomotives
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2173:fardier Ă vapeur
2007:Whitbread Engine
1968:Smethwick Engine
1936:
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1694:Feedwater heater
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1913:Fairbottom Bobs
1898:Newcomen engine
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1810:Expansion valve
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1769:Watt's separate
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1527:Parallel motion
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1414:Stephenson link
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488:rack and pinion
468:roller bearings
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404:Edward Thompson
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1234:exhaust system
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1189:Exhaust system
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1169:Trailing wheel
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1109:Carrying wheel
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1104:Beugniot lever
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1069:Scheffel bogie
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896:Whyte notation
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759:External links
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52:, assisted by
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:Puffing Devil
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2034:High-pressure
2031:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:Rotative beam
1984:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1887:Savery Engine
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1860:Working fluid
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
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1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
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1798:
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1780:
1777:
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1767:
1765:
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1757:
1755:
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1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
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1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
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1669:
1666:
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1618:
1617:
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1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1593:
1590:
1588:
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1580:
1578:
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1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Rotative beam
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:hypocycloidal
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1457:
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1407:
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1357:
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1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:Steam engines
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Leading wheel
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Gölsdorf axle
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Driving wheel
1117:
1115:
1114:Coupled wheel
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Grovers bogie
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Arnoux system
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Bagnall–Price
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
907:
903:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
812:
808:
803:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
776:
773:
766:
763:
762:
758:
739:
733:
730:
725:
719:
715:
708:
705:
700:
694:
690:
683:
680:
675:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
650:
646:
642:
639:
634:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
610:
607:
604:
603:0-7110-0298-3
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
529:
526:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
492:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
464:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
391:
387:
378:
376:
369:
367:
352:
323:
319:
315:
312:
306:
303:
276:
272:
268:
265:
259:
256:
231:
228:
225:
219:
216:
210:
183:
179:
175:
172:
166:
163:
136:
132:
128:
125:
119:
116:
94:
90:
79:
70:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
23:
19:
2200:Modern steam
2187:
2172:
2134:Porter-Allen
2113:
2047:
1974:
1954:
1911:
1845:Safety valve
1774:"Pickle-pot"
1668:Thimble tube
1453:
1159:Railway tire
1085:running gear
1044:Jacobs bogie
1024:Bissel truck
954:
813:positioning
744:. Retrieved
732:
713:
707:
688:
682:
673:
652:
633:
621:
609:
593:
584:
575:
566:
547:
528:
493:
481:
465:
453:of 1928 and
433:
395:World War II
382:
373:
370:Crank angles
80:
76:
57:
44:designed by
33:
31:
18:
1931:Watt engine
1731:Oscillating
1687:Boiler feed
1532:Plate chain
1511:Tusi couple
1424:Walschaerts
1309:Atmospheric
1174:Train wheel
1154:Radial axle
1134:Journal box
1054:Mason Bogie
990:Walschaerts
828:Cab forward
496:NZR G class
2140:Ljungström
2126:High-speed
2019:Lap Engine
1975:Resolution
1879:Precursors
1764:Kirchweger
1726:Locomotive
1673:Three-drum
1653:Field-tube
1620:Locomotive
1602:Lancashire
1522:Link chain
1506:Crankshaft
1473:Mechanisms
1401:Valve gear
1094:Adams axle
1059:Pony truck
1029:Blomberg B
985:Stephenson
970:Kuhn slide
906:Valve gear
838:Steeplecab
816:Short hood
802:Locomotive
520:References
408:valve gear
38:valve gear
2171:Cugnot's
2114:Salamanca
1815:Hydrolock
1800:Crosshead
1746:Condenser
1582:Egg-ended
1243:Blastpipe
960:Hackworth
853:Cowl unit
848:Hood unit
833:Sharknose
820:Long hood
484:D58 class
463:of 1929.
458:D57 class
386:B17 Class
353:θ
324:∘
316:−
313:θ
307:
277:∘
266:θ
260:
232:θ
229:
211:−
184:∘
176:−
173:θ
167:
137:∘
126:θ
120:
95:θ
64:Operation
2230:Category
2154:See also
2080:Compound
1955:Old Bess
1795:Blowback
1718:Cylinder
1704:Injector
1663:Stirling
1658:Sentinel
1572:Haystack
1486:Cataract
1459:Southern
1449:Caprotti
1324:Compound
1248:Smokebox
1236:elements
1213:Lemaître
1179:Wheelset
1087:elements
980:Southern
940:Caprotti
843:Cab unit
746:7 August
641:Archived
555:Archived
536:Archived
503:See also
379:Problems
1870:History
1779:Surface
1597:Cornish
1557:Boilers
1439:Corliss
1376:Corliss
1359:D slide
1329:Uniflow
1319:Cornish
1253:Chimney
1232:Common
1223:Lemprex
1203:Kylchap
1099:Axlebox
955:Gresley
935:Bulleid
930:Baguley
676:: 3–19.
2182:(1784)
2176:(1769)
2142:(1908)
2136:(1862)
2117:(1812)
2109:(1805)
2099:Murray
2090:(1803)
2069:(1804)
2063:(1803)
2057:(1803)
2051:(1801)
2021:(1788)
2015:(1786)
2009:(1785)
2003:(1783)
1997:(1782)
1978:(1781)
1970:(1779)
1964:(1778)
1958:(1777)
1950:(1768)
1922:(1795)
1916:(1760)
1908:(1725)
1889:(1698)
1855:Stroke
1820:Piston
1805:Cutoff
1678:Yarrow
1630:Launch
1625:Scotch
1386:Sleeve
1381:Poppet
1366:Piston
1347:Valves
1339:Valves
1218:Lempor
1208:Kylpor
1083:Other
858:Boxcab
804:design
720:
695:
601:
402:LNER,
390:cutoff
246:
1788:Other
1592:Flued
1577:Wagon
1501:Crank
1444:Lentz
1434:Baker
1429:Allan
1354:Slide
1198:Giesl
1191:types
1002:types
1000:Bogie
975:Lentz
950:Gooch
920:Baker
915:Allan
908:types
741:(PDF)
461:4-8-2
451:4-6-2
73:side.
36:is a
1940:Beam
1481:Beam
1391:Bash
1371:Drop
1314:Watt
748:2024
718:ISBN
693:ISBN
599:ISBN
295:and
155:and
50:LNER
40:for
32:The
1759:Jet
1587:Box
1419:Joy
1409:Gab
965:Joy
945:Gab
811:Cab
320:120
304:sin
273:120
257:sin
226:sin
180:120
164:sin
133:120
117:sin
91:sin
2232::
818:/
664:^
1287:e
1280:t
1273:v
794:e
787:t
780:v
750:.
726:.
701:.
329:)
310:(
282:)
269:+
263:(
220:2
217:1
189:)
170:(
142:)
129:+
123:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
