432:(1716–1795) in a piece he published in 1764, and by Friedrich Andreas Stroth (1750–1785) in an article he published anonymously in 1781. Griesbach (1745–1812), to whom this source hypothesis was first accredited, alluded to his conclusion that Matthew wrote the first of the canonical gospels and that Luke, not Mark, made first use of Matthew in composing the second of the canonical gospels in an address celebrating the Easter season at the University of Jena in 1783. Later, for similar Whitsun programs at Jena (1789–1790), Griesbach published a more detailed "Demonstration that the Whole Gospel of Mark is Excerpted from the Narratives of Matthew & Luke."
390:) state that information unique to Matthew ("M") and Luke ("L") came from unknown sources. The two-gospel hypothesis, by placing the authorship of the gospels earlier, assumes "M" to be mostly Saint Matthew's eyewitness testimony and "L" to be eyewitness account interviewed by Luke mentioned in the first verses of Luke's gospel. The two-gospel theory is more of a conjecture, as it depends on assuming the accounts of the early church of Matthean priority to be correct, despite there being some good scholarly reasons for skepticism, most notably the long time gaps between the creation of the gospels and the earliest surviving accounts of their authors.
551:, writing 30 years earlier than Irenaeus from the same location (Rome), loosely quotes gospels but does not give them their modern attributions, suggesting that these attributions were made at some point between 150–180. If the stories of Mark recording Peter's speeches truly originated from Rome circa 60 AD, why did Justin not refer to Mark or Peter? Even if Justin simply omitted mention coincidentally, it is still a long time for a chain of oral transmission traditions on authorship before it is recorded. As such, the Church Fathers should not be assumed to have special insight into the truth on this matter.
225:
40:
354:
preached on the contents of
Matthew. Knowing Matthew better than Luke, Peter was more likely to mention details found in Matthew and not Luke than vice versa. This would explain why there are more details found in Mark and Matthew but not Luke than there are details found in Mark and Luke but not Matthew. It also explains why Mark is so much shorter than Matthew and Luke, is more anecdotal and emotional, is less polished, and why only it begins immediately with
345:, to testify that Luke's account was accurate. According to early church sources, Peter gave a series of speeches to senior Roman army officers. Due to the commonality between Mark and Luke, these speeches would have constituted Peter's public "seal of approval" upon Luke's gospel. These church sources suggest that Peter was ambivalent when Mark asked him if he could write down the words of the speeches. However, since the
498:"The argument from omission": why would Mark and Peter omit such remarkable and miraculous events as virgin birth of Jesus and particularly his appearance to apostles following resurrection? Both Matthew and Luke explicitly attest that Jesus appeared to the eleven disciples, including Peter, after his resurrection, and it seems incredible that Peter would not testify to that fact in his public speeches. And why is the
568:
495:
do share a lot of text which is not present in Mark, almost all of it is confined to teachings and parables. Construction of the gospels in accordance with the two-gospel hypothesis would require Luke to rewrite major parts of
Matthew's narrative – even though Matthew was presumably an eyewitness who lived in Jerusalem and was surrounded by other eyewitnesses, and Luke was neither.
358:. Peter was giving public speeches as to what he saw, and never intended his speeches to become a full gospel. This was asserted by early church historians, and explains why there are so few commentaries on Mark (as opposed to Matthew, Luke and John) until a relatively late date. It appears to have been considered the least important gospel in the early church.
371:. The two-gospel hypothesis leans very heavily on this external evidence: it embraces the views of the early church, and claims that a strong reason needs to be provided to justify dismissing the traditions of the early Church maintained over the authorship of the gospels. The two-source hypothesis, in contrast, is based largely on the internal evidence for
399:
216:. Proponents of the two-gospel hypothesis generally also support the traditional claims of authorship as accurate to disciples and their direct associates, which implies the gospels were written comparatively soon after Jesus's death, rather than the later dates of authorship supported by other schools of thought.
453:
began to be seriously proposed in the 18th century, was fleshed out during the 19th century, and became established scholarly fact by the 20th century, with the two-source hypothesis the most popular variant. By the 1960s, scholars considered the two-source hypothesis to be the unquestioned solution
366:
Proponents generally separate arguments made from the text of the gospels themselves ("internal evidence") and evidence from preserved writings of the early church ("external evidence"). For example, early church documents claim that Mark's Gospel was created after Mark made fifty copies of a series
494:
If Luke had access to the final version of
Matthew (as opposed to both drawing independently on other sources), why are there so many significant differences between Luke and Matthew on issues such as Jesus' genealogy, circumstances of birth, and events following resurrection? While Luke and Matthew
334:. Paul commissioned his associate, Luke, who consulted the Gospel of Matthew as well as other sources. Once the gospel had been written, its publication was delayed, however. Paul decided that he needed Peter's public testimony as to its accuracy, since neither Paul nor Luke had known Jesus before
282:
The proposal suggests that
Matthew was written by the apostle Matthew, probably in the 40s AD. At the time, the church had yet to extend outside of Jerusalem. The primary political problem within the church community was caused by the fact that Jewish authorities were outright hostile to Jesus and
536:
Proponents also cite the early Church
Fathers as holding a position of Matthaean priority. However, the early Church Fathers disagreed with each other on many issues, and held various positions given credence by essentially no one today. The earliest reference to all four canonical gospels that
349:
who heard the speeches liked them, they asked for copies, and so Mark made fifty copies of Peter's speeches. These copies began circulating, and became Mark's gospel. Only after the speeches by Peter were made (and Mark's transcriptions began circulating) did Paul feel confident enough to publish
554:
Conversely, if the early Church
Fathers really are reliable, then why not trust them on their ordering of Matthew - Mark - Luke? The two-gospel hypothesis introduces a delay in the dissemination of Luke to explain the traditional order, but such a delay is never described explicitly in ancient
353:
The two-gospel hypothesis assumes that Peter made sure that his speeches agreed with both
Matthew and the still unpublished Luke. Since Matthew was the primary source for Luke, and Matthew's gospel (the only published gospel at the time) would have been well known to Peter, he mostly would have
283:
his followers. Matthew wrote his account in order to show that Jesus was actually the fulfillment of what Jewish scripture had prophesied. It has been long recognized that
Matthew is the most "Jewish" of the gospels. It, for example, heavily references Jewish scripture and Jewish history.
435:
Griesbach's theory was what German scholars came to call a "utilization hypothesis." Griesbach's main support for his thesis lies in passages where
Matthew and Luke agree over and against Mark (e.g. Matthew 26:68; Luke 22:64; Mark 14:65), the so-called Minor Agreements.
382:. By the two-gospel hypothesis, this material was copied by Luke from Matthew, but not testified to by Mark because Peter had not seen it. Proponents of later dates of authorship (due to seeming familiarity with the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in the
375:. Since the two-source hypothesis does not accept the conjecture of the early church, it follows from internal evidence (such as the shortness of Mark) and logic (e.g. 'why would Mark write a shorter version of a gospel in existence?')
509:
are not unusual in antiquity, with thousands of references by surviving works to books that were not preserved. Even strictly theologically, lost works are attested to directly in scripture: an
228:
Almost all of Mark's content is found in
Matthew, and much of Mark is similarly found in Luke. Additionally, Matthew and Luke have a large amount of material in common that is not found in Mark.
409:
The Church Fathers settled on Matthaean priority themselves, but kept to the order seen in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, then John. This would later be referred to as the
490:
also work as arguments against the two-gospel hypothesis. While it is impossible to list all arguments in favor and against the theory, some notable arguments are as follows.
378:
Approximately 25% of Matthew and 25% of Luke are identical, but are not found in Mark. This has been explained in the two-source hypothesis as coming from the hypothetical
1912:
424:. The Griesbach hypothesis is similar to the modern two-gospel hypothesis. However, unlike the two-gospel hypothesis, the Griesbach hypothesis is principally a
439:
A related theory has Luke drawing not directly from Matthew, but from a common source, seen as a proto-Matthew. This was advanced in the nineteenth century by
1907:
939:
1965:
1729:
1635:
1268:
521:, a deuterocanonical book considered scripture in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions, directly states it is an abridgement of a five-volume work by
327:
237:
1690:
1670:
1275:
470:. At a conference in 1979, proponents agreed to change the name from "Griesbach hypothesis" to "two-gospel hypothesis". Others such as
2011:
971:
1685:
721:
2106:
1927:
1124:
912:
884:
862:
845:
793:
525:, but this original work has been lost. Even if taken on its own terms, the two-gospel hypothesis cites patristic evidence such as
440:
2057:
1650:
932:
755:
2178:
1958:
1932:
368:
342:
311:
299:
241:
233:
1721:
2173:
2080:
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208:, the most popular and accepted scholarly hypothesis. Supporters say that it does not require lost sources like the
1660:
1362:
1290:
925:
1917:
828:
For Griesbach's life and work, including the full text of the cited work in Latin and in English translation, cf.
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1951:
1753:
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514:
510:
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1347:
1327:
586:
303:
224:
2116:
2096:
2052:
833:
295:
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194:
129:
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2111:
2042:
1468:
1433:
1397:
1337:
530:
487:
205:
147:
39:
1382:
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526:
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335:
1207:
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813:
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307:
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253:
505:
Proponents cite the simplicity of not having to include an unknown lost tradition in Q. However,
428:
hypothesis. What came to be labeled the Griesbach Hypothesis was anticipated by the Welsh scholar
268:
gave public testimonies that validated Luke's gospel. These public speeches were transcribed into
1714:
1665:
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467:
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315:
213:
840:, Volume 34 in SNTS Monograph Series (Cambridge University Press, hardback 1978, paperback 2005
232:
The hypothesis states that Matthew was written first, while Christianity was still centered in
2047:
1991:
1352:
1332:
1258:
1248:
1243:
948:
880:
858:
841:
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737:
717:
581:
455:
355:
198:
182:
162:
135:
713:
The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels
1983:
1974:
1891:
1453:
1448:
1402:
1372:
1357:
1315:
1280:
872:
471:
174:
143:
Hypothesis that the synoptic gospels were authored in the order of Matthew, Luke, then Mark
2034:
1745:
1478:
1428:
1387:
894:
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522:
483:
463:
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372:
767:
2072:
2001:
1996:
1630:
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1493:
1473:
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1295:
810:
Die "Minor Agreements". Untersuchungen zu einer offenen Frage des synoptischen Problems
591:
190:
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1253:
1211:
961:
548:
323:
287:
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17:
1589:
1458:
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331:
291:
611:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1503:
1377:
1320:
781:
518:
462:, but this view did not receive much uptake among scholars; exceptions included
265:
177:, which concerns the pattern of similarities and differences between the three
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101:
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The first major proponent of something like a Matthew-Luke-Mark ordering was
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1771:
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in 1964 and given its current designation of two-gospel hypothesis in 1979.
756:
Mark's Gospel: Prior Or Posterior? A Reappraisal of the Phenomenon of Order
318:
and claimed the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles" realized the need for a
2142:
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2132:
1737:
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547:(written around 170–200 AD) - over a century after Jesus's death.
276:
249:
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1599:
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1523:
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310:) towns. There they began preaching, and a large number of pagans in
917:
1943:
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1443:
956:
397:
261:
223:
537:
calls them by the names ascribed to them now is from Irenaeus's
405:, who suggested a Matthew, Luke, Mark order on literary grounds.
1947:
921:
417:, from around 380, state that Mark used both Matthew and Luke.
197:
writing in the 1780s; it was introduced in its current form by
838:
J. J. Griesbach: Synoptic and Text-Critical Studies 1776–1976
533:". If such a document existed, it too has since been lost.
474:
have kept up support for the two-gospel hypothesis since.
899:
The Order of the Synoptics: Why Three Synoptic Gospels?
2125:
2089:
2071:
2033:
2010:
1981:
1900:
1764:
1706:
1613:
1547:
1411:
1234:
1123:
970:
955:
279:. Paul then allowed Luke's gospel to be published.
248:, Luke wrote a gospel with an intended audience of
125:
117:
107:
97:
92:
84:
76:
71:
63:
51:
46:
613:Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels
517:, but is generally considered lost. The book of
322:specifically to the Gentiles. This gospel would
193:. The hypothesis is generally first credited to
169:, and that both were written earlier than the
1959:
933:
314:became Christians. By the mid 50s, Paul, who
204:The two-gospel hypothesis contrasts with the
8:
697:
341:Paul asked Peter, who was the leader of the
27:
502:completely omitted from both Mark and Luke?
1966:
1952:
1944:
967:
940:
926:
918:
38:
744:. New York: Western North Carolina Press.
742:The Synoptic Problem: A Critical Analysis
458:raised objections to it in his 1964 book
362:Contrasted with the two-source hypothesis
913:A Web Site for the Two Gospel Hypothesis
603:
788:. HarperCollins. p. 63–67.
26:
238:hostility between Jews and Christians
7:
367:of speeches that Peter had given in
1730:The Gospel According to St. Matthew
482:Many generic arguments in favor of
173:. It is a proposed solution to the
25:
2107:Priority of the Gospel of Marcion
330:in order to appeal to Greeks and
290:was martyred, as recorded in the
272:gospel, as recorded by the early
2058:Matthean Posteriority hypothesis
566:
543:(written around 185 AD) and the
855:Rethinking the Synoptic Problem
1:
386:in 70 AD in passages such as
814:J. C. B. Mohr
529:who believed there to be a "
2081:Jerusalem school hypothesis
2195:
1661:Five Discourses of Matthew
901:. Mercer University Press.
454:to the synoptic problem.
145:
1928:American Standard Version
1754:The Visual Bible: Matthew
1264:Massacre of the Innocents
616:, Kregel Academic, p. 10.
511:Epistle to the Laodiceans
212:and was supported by the
133:Friedrich Andreas Stroth
37:
32:
2102:Hebrew Gospel hypothesis
2063:Four-document hypothesis
1681:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
1328:Jesus preaches in a ship
897:; Riley, Harold (1987).
786:Jesus Before the Gospels
710:Powers, B. Ward (2010).
698:Orchard & Riley 1987
610:Robert L. Thomas (ed.),
587:Four-document hypothesis
240:. After Matthew, as the
146:Not to be confused with
2117:Independence hypothesis
2097:Multi-source hypothesis
2053:Three-source hypothesis
1686:Rabbinical translations
879:. Kregel Publications.
816:, Tübingen 1994. p. 28.
260:) were eyewitnesses of
165:was written before the
2025:Augustinian hypothesis
1641:Augustinian hypothesis
1479:Mary, sister of Martha
834:Thomas R. W. Longstaff
768:"The Priority of Mark"
716:. B&H Publishing.
422:Johann Jakob Griesbach
411:Augustinian hypothesis
406:
403:Johann Jakob Griesbach
384:First Jewish-Roman War
356:Jesus' public ministry
324:deemphasize Mosaic Law
229:
195:Johann Jakob Griesbach
130:Johann Jakob Griesbach
2179:Christian terminology
2043:Two-source hypothesis
2020:Two-gospel hypothesis
1933:World English Version
1651:Matthean Posteriority
1646:Two-gospel hypothesis
1338:Feeding the multitude
1301:Behold the bridegroom
531:Gospel of the Hebrews
488:Two-source hypothesis
401:
328:recent Jewish history
302:into Gentile (mostly
227:
206:two-source hypothesis
155:two-gospel hypothesis
148:Two-source hypothesis
67:No additional sources
28:Two-gospel hypothesis
2112:Q+/Papias hypothesis
2090:Other or no priority
1698:Joseph Smith–Matthew
1383:Crucifixion of Jesus
853:Beck, David (2001).
460:The Synoptic Problem
415:Monarchian Prologues
159:Griesbach hypothesis
112:On Dispensing with Q
33:Griesbach hypothesis
18:Griesbach hypothesis
1306:Sermon on the Mount
808:Ennulat, Andreas.
700:, pp. 208–209.
545:Muratorian fragment
500:Sermon on the Mount
256:(nor his associate
29:
2174:Biblical criticism
2012:Matthaean priority
1923:King James Version
1715:St Matthew Passion
1666:Calling of Matthew
1656:Genealogy of Jesus
1269:Return to Nazareth
857:. Baker Academic.
738:Farmer, William R.
468:David Laird Dungan
407:
230:
64:Additional Sources
47:Theory Information
2151:
2150:
2048:Farrer hypothesis
1992:Gospel of Matthew
1941:
1940:
1671:Kingdom of heaven
1353:Great Commandment
1333:Calming the storm
1291:Galilean ministry
1276:Kingdom of heaven
1259:Flight into Egypt
1249:Star of Bethlehem
1230:
1229:
949:Gospel of Matthew
877:Why Four Gospels?
754:Neville, David.
582:Farrer hypothesis
513:is referenced in
456:William R. Farmer
394:Scholarly history
336:Jesus's execution
298:scattered beyond
199:William R. Farmer
163:Gospel of Matthew
141:
140:
136:William R. Farmer
16:(Redirected from
2186:
2164:Synoptic problem
2126:Possible sources
1984:Synoptic Gospels
1975:Synoptic problem
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1918:Wycliffe Version
1892:Magdalen papyrus
1718:(Bach, 1727/29)
1636:Textual variants
1454:John the Baptist
1403:Great Commission
1373:Passion of Jesus
1358:Olivet Discourse
1343:Walking on water
968:
942:
935:
928:
919:
902:
895:Orchard, Bernard
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555:church writings.
540:Against Heresies
472:David Alan Black
441:Wilhelm de Wette
252:. Since neither
175:synoptic problem
118:Origination Date
108:Originating Work
72:Gospels' Sources
42:
30:
21:
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2035:Marcan priority
2029:
2006:
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1896:
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1348:Transfiguration
1236:
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1119:
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909:
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865:
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830:Bernard Orchard
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523:Jason of Cyrene
484:Markan Priority
480:
464:Bernard Orchard
451:Markan priority
445:Friedrich Bleek
396:
373:Marcan priority
364:
350:Luke's gospel.
242:church expanded
222:
151:
144:
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58:
56:
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22:
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2002:Gospel of Luke
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1997:Gospel of Mark
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1741:(1971 musical)
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1631:Gospel of Mark
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1605:Sea of Galilee
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1494:Pontius Pilate
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1474:Mary Magdalene
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1464:Judas Iscariot
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1296:Fishers of men
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1398:Resurrection
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161:is that the
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1765:Manuscripts
1757:(1993 film)
1749:(1973 film)
1733:(1964 film)
1504:Simon Peter
1378:Last Supper
1363:Ten Virgins
1321:Golden Rule
1237:and phrases
519:2 Maccabees
244:beyond the
2169:Hypotheses
2158:Categories
1908:Greek Text
1707:In culture
1393:Empty tomb
1311:Beatitudes
1286:Temptation
598:References
515:Colossians
430:Henry Owen
380:Q document
126:Proponents
102:Henry Owen
98:Originator
80:Matt, Luke
1772:Papyrus 1
1722:Structure
1585:Jerusalem
1570:Capernaum
1565:Bethsaida
1560:Bethlehem
1539:Sanhedrin
1534:Sadducees
1529:Pharisees
1368:Anointing
1133:Matthew 1
980:Matthew 1
478:Criticism
316:converted
306:but also
300:Jerusalem
296:disciples
246:Holy Land
234:Jerusalem
2143:L source
2138:M source
2133:Q source
1746:Godspell
1738:Godspell
1691:Shem Tob
1676:Immanuel
1626:M source
1621:Q source
1439:Jeremiah
1424:Caiaphas
972:Chapters
875:(2001).
784:(2016).
740:(1964).
560:See also
426:literary
343:Apostles
277:Irenaeus
250:Gentiles
220:Overview
210:Q source
1901:Sources
1614:Related
1600:Samaria
1580:Galilee
1555:Bethany
1514:Zebedee
1484:Matthew
1281:Baptism
1208:16:2b–3
836:(ed.),
824:Sources
486:and/or
388:Mark 13
312:Antioch
288:Stephen
183:Matthew
179:Gospels
1548:Places
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1520:Groups
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1193:13:1–3
1125:Verses
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527:Papias
413:. The
332:Romans
320:gospel
308:Syriac
294:, the
270:Mark's
189:, and
1595:Judea
1575:Egypt
1434:James
1429:Herod
957:Bible
688:Black
670:Black
652:Black
643:Black
634:Black
304:Greek
286:When
266:Peter
262:Jesus
57:Luke
55:Matt
52:Order
1982:The
1469:Mary
1449:John
1254:Magi
881:ISBN
859:ISBN
842:ISBN
832:and
790:ISBN
718:ISBN
679:Beck
661:Beck
625:Beck
466:and
443:and
369:Rome
326:and
258:Paul
254:Luke
191:Luke
187:Mark
153:The
121:1764
88:Matt
85:Luke
77:Mark
59:Mark
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