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156:. In order to cool and fragment the slag, a granulation process can be applied in which molten slag is subjected to jet streams of water or air under pressure. Alternatively, in the pelletization process, the liquid slag is partially cooled with water and subsequently projected into the air by a rotating drum. In order to obtain a suitable reactivity, the obtained fragments are ground to reach the same fineness as
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between 50% and 70%, although levels as high as 85% can be used. GGBS cement also produces a smoother, more defect-free surface, due to the fineness of the GGBS particles. Dirt does not adhere to GGBS concrete as easily as concrete made with
Portland cement, reducing maintenance costs. GGBS cement prevents the occurrence of
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Bulk
Electrical Resistivity is a test method that can measure the resistivity of concrete samples. (ASTM 1876–19) The higher electrical resistivity can be an indication of higher ion transfer resistivity and thus higher durability. By replacing up to 50% GGBS in concrete, researchers have shown that
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and is decanted for separation. Slow cooling of slag melts results in an unreactive crystalline material consisting of an assemblage of Ca-Al-Mg silicates. To obtain a good slag reactivity or hydraulicity, the slag melt needs to be rapidly cooled or quenched below 800 °C in order to prevent the
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GGBS cement is routinely specified in concrete to provide protection against both sulfate attack and chloride attack. GGBS has now effectively replaced sulfate-resisting
Portland cement (SRPC) on the market for sulfate resistance because of its superior performance and greatly reduced cost compared
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in Hong Kong, etc. as improving the sustainability of the project and will therefore add points towards LEED and BEAM Plus certifications. In this respect, GGBS can also be used for superstructure in addition to the cases where the concrete is in contact with chlorides and sulfates — provided that
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The use of GGBS in addition to
Portland cement in concrete in Europe is covered in the concrete standard EN 206:2013. This standard establishes two categories of additions to concrete along with ordinary Portland cement: nearly inert additions (Type I) and pozzolanic or latent hydraulic additions
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In contrast to the stony grey of concrete made with
Portland cement, the near-white color of GGBS cement permits architects to achieve a lighter color for exposed fair-faced concrete finishes, at no extra cost. To achieve a lighter color finish, GGBS is usually specified at replacement levels of
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GGBS is also routinely used to limit the temperature rise in large concrete pours. The more gradual hydration of GGBS cement generates both lower temperature peak and less total overall heat than
Portland cement. This reduces thermal gradients in the concrete, which prevents the occurrence of
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GGBS cement can be added to concrete in the concrete manufacturer's batching plant, along with
Portland cement, aggregates and water. The normal ratios of aggregates and water to cementitious material in the mix remain unchanged. GGBS is used as a direct replacement for Portland cement, on a
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structure of the quenched glass largely depends on the proportions of network-forming elements such as Si and Al over network-modifiers such as Ca, Mg and to a lesser extent Al. Increased amounts of network-modifiers lead to higher degrees of network depolymerization and reactivity.
445:(CSH) than concrete made with Portland cement only, and a reduced content of free lime, which does not contribute to concrete strength. Concrete made with GGBS continues to gain strength over time, and has been shown to double its 28-day strength over periods of 10 to 12 years.
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Concrete made with GGBS cement sets more slowly than concrete made with ordinary
Portland cement, depending on the amount of GGBS in the cementitious material, but also continues to gain strength over a longer period in production conditions. This results in lower heat of
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To protect against chloride attack, GGBS is used at a replacement level of 50% in concrete. Instances of chloride attack occur in reinforced concrete in marine environments and in road bridges where the concrete is exposed to splashing from road de-icing salts. In most
196:; the latter being mostly expressed as the binder compressive strength. The glass content of slags suitable for blending with Portland cement typically varies between 90 and 100% and depends on the cooling method and the temperature at which cooling is initiated. The
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Two major uses of GGBS are in the production of quality-improved slag cement, namely
Portland Blastfurnace cement (PBFC) and high-slag blast-furnace cement (HSBFC), with GGBS content ranging typically from 30 to 70%; and in the production of
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content show the same trend up to respectively 10-12% and 14%, beyond which no further improvement can be obtained. Several compositional ratios or so-called hydraulic indices have been used to correlate slag composition with
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292:(Type II). GGBS cement falls in the latter category. As GGBS cement is slightly less expensive than Portland cement, concrete made with GGBS cement will be similarly priced to that made with ordinary Portland cement.
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The optimum dosage of Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for replacement in concrete was reported to be 20-30% by mass to provide higher compressive strength compared to the concrete made with only cement.
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for protection against chloride attack. The use of GGBS in such instances will increase the life of the structure by up to 50% had only
Portland cement been used, and precludes the need for more expensive
523:
Askarian, Mahya; Fakhretaha Aval, Siavash; Joshaghani, Alireza (22 January 2019). "A comprehensive experimental study on the performance of pumice powder in self-compacting concrete (SCC)".
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Common crystalline constituents of blast-furnace slags are merwinite and melilite. Other minor components which can form during progressive crystallization are
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Concrete containing GGBS cement has a higher ultimate strength than concrete made with Portland cement. It has a higher proportion of the strength-enhancing
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75:, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a latent hydraulic binder forming
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one-to-one basis by weight. Replacement levels for GGBS vary from 30% to up to 85%. Typically 40% to 50% is used in most instances.
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content and lower permeability, GGBS is effective in preventing efflorescence when used at replacement levels of 50%-to-60%.
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materials. GGBS has been widely used in Europe, and increasingly in the United States and in Asia (particularly in Japan and
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which can weaken the concrete and reduce its durability, and was used for this purpose in the construction of the
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The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the composition of the raw materials in the
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GGBS is used to make durable concrete structures in combination with ordinary Portland cement and/or other
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175:(8-24%), MnO, and MgO (1-18%). In general increasing the CaO content of the slag results in raised slag
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ingress — reducing the risk of reinforcement corrosion — and provides higher resistance to attacks by
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Samples of "ground granulated blast furnace slag" (left) and "granulated blast furnace slag" (right)
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Since GGBS is a by-product of steel manufacturing process, its use in concrete is recognized by
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Granular slag by-product of iron and steel-making used as supplementary cementitious material
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of the slag. In the case of pig iron production, the flux consists mostly of a mixture of
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Snellings, R.; Mertens, G.; Elsen, J. (2012). "Supplementary cementitious materials".
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projects in Ireland GGBS is now specified in structural concrete for bridge piers and
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easier, but may also affect construction schedules where quick setting is required.
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the slower setting time for casting of the superstructure is justified.
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setting and concrete curing, or to cast concrete during hot summer.
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Use of GGBS significantly reduces the risk of damages caused by
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224:. Minor amounts of reduced sulphur are commonly encountered as
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The main components of blast furnace slag are CaO (30-50%), SiO
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some durability properties can be significantly improved.
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143:. In the blast furnace the slag floats on top of the
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Building Environmental Assessment Method (BEAM) Plus
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process. Silicate and aluminate impurities from the
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574:and limestone fines on the properties of concrete
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260:and lower temperature rises, and makes avoiding
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525:Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
91:). Its main advantage is its slow release of
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674:"Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS)"
654:"Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS)"
634:"Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS)"
566:Cementitious Materials: The effect of GGBS,
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83:. It is a component of metallurgic cement (
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349:Learn how and when to remove this message
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425:, the staining of concrete surfaces by
295:It is used partially as per mix ratio.
594:"Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag"
485:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
299:Architectural and engineering benefits
271:(ASR), provides higher resistance to
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824:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
331:adding citations to reliable sources
18:Ground granulated blast furnace slag
1241:Institution of Structural Engineers
590:U.S. Federal Highway Administration
252:or site-batched durable concrete.
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429:deposits. Due to its much lower
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71:in water or steam, to produce a
39:Ground granulated blast-furnace
318:needs additional citations for
739:Roman architectural revolution
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537:10.1080/21650373.2018.1511486
614:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1256:Portland Cement Association
1231:American Concrete Institute
1383:
734:Ancient Roman architecture
612:Civil and Marine Company.
367:to SRPC. Most projects in
103:Production and composition
63:(a by-product of iron and
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1246:Indian Concrete Institute
443:calcium silicate hydrates
77:calcium silicate hydrates
632:EnGro Corporation Ltd.
1024:Alkali–silica reaction
782:Energetically modified
577:Cementitious materials
269:alkali–silica reaction
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505:10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6
279:and other chemicals.
87:in the European norm
33:
1009:Environmental impact
867:Reversing drum mixer
562:The Concrete Society
327:improve this article
181:compressive strength
119:are combined in the
652:Construct Ireland.
497:2012RvMG...74..211S
179:and an increase in
148:crystallization of
1352:Glass compositions
1112:Self-consolidating
804:Water–cement ratio
369:Dublin's docklands
194:hydraulic activity
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1326:Category:Concrete
1107:Roller-compacting
928:Climbing formwork
777:Calcium aluminate
749:Roman engineering
427:calcium carbonate
406:Jack Lynch Tunnel
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139:or in some cases
127:which lowers the
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16:(Redirected from
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1347:Amorphous solids
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1236:Concrete Society
1047:Fiber-reinforced
862:Volumetric mixer
754:Roman technology
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1200:Step barrier
1161:Applications
1072:Nanoconcrete
958:Power trowel
943:Power screed
933:Slip forming
906:Construction
823:
677:. Retrieved
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
642:. Retrieved
638:the original
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
602:. Retrieved
598:the original
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373:Spencer Dock
371:, including
365:
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325:Please help
320:verification
317:
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235:
232:Applications
218:wollastonite
210:monticellite
203:
167:(28-38%), Al
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106:
65:steel-making
49:
45:
38:
37:
1178:hollow-core
1137:Waste light
1132:Translucent
1092:Prestressed
1019:Segregation
1004:Degradation
892:Cover meter
829:Silica fume
764:Composition
572:silica fume
262:cold joints
250:ready-mixed
1341:Categories
1277:Eurocode 2
1215:Structures
1102:Reinforced
1062:Lunarcrete
1042:AstroCrete
999:Durability
994:Properties
872:Slump test
844:Production
834:Metakaolin
679:2013-05-27
664:2008-02-21
644:2007-01-24
624:2007-01-24
604:2007-01-24
583:References
416:Appearance
362:Durability
238:pozzolanic
222:forsterite
137:forsterite
1367:Materials
1308:Hempcrete
1270:Standards
1097:Ready-mix
1014:Recycling
809:Aggregate
792:Rosendale
545:139554392
389:abutments
339:July 2020
258:hydration
242:Singapore
226:oldhamite
214:rankinite
150:merwinite
133:limestone
129:viscosity
67:) from a
54:quenching
1362:Concrete
1301:See also
1292:EN 10080
1287:EN 206-1
1282:EN 197-1
1141:Aerated
1082:Polished
1077:Pervious
1052:Filigree
948:Finisher
923:Formwork
787:Portland
718:Concrete
672:Ecocem.
437:Strength
273:chloride
177:basicity
154:melilite
141:dolomite
81:concrete
1251:Nanocem
1210:Columns
1087:Polymer
987:Science
953:Grinder
913:Precast
819:Fly ash
726:History
568:fly ash
493:Bibcode
277:sulfate
123:with a
85:CEM III
56:molten
1357:Cement
1173:waffle
1122:Sulfur
978:Tremie
973:Sealer
938:Screed
882:Curing
772:Cement
543:
206:belite
97:cement
89:EN 197
73:glassy
1205:Roads
1127:Tabby
1034:Types
968:Float
897:Rebar
852:Plant
799:Water
541:S2CID
470:Notes
198:glass
50:GGBFS
1168:Slab
1150:RAAC
1067:Mass
1057:Foam
963:Pump
459:LEED
431:lime
410:Cork
220:and
152:and
145:iron
135:and
125:flux
117:coke
115:and
61:slag
58:iron
46:GGBS
41:slag
1145:AAC
533:doi
501:doi
408:in
385:NRA
329:by
113:ore
48:or
1343::
592:.
570:,
564:,
539:.
527:.
513:^
499:.
489:74
487:.
412:.
228:.
216:,
212:,
208:,
160:.
710:e
703:t
696:v
682:.
667:.
647:.
627:.
607:.
547:.
535::
529:7
507:.
503::
495::
352:)
346:(
341:)
337:(
323:.
189:3
187:O
185:2
173:3
171:O
169:2
165:2
44:(
20:)
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