200:. It has a layered geometry with calcium silicate sheet structure separated by an interlayer space. The silicates in C-S-H exist as dimers, pentamers and 3n-1 chain units (where n is an integer greater than 0) and calcium ions are found to connect these chains making the three dimensional nano structure as observed by
58:
When water is added to cement, each of the compounds undergoes hydration and contributes to the final state of the concrete. Only calcium silicates contribute to the strength. Tricalcium silicate is responsible for most of the early strength (first 7 days). Dicalcium silicate, which reacts more
539:
Andalibi, M. Reza; Kumar, Abhishek; Srinivasan, Bhuvanesh; Bowen, Paul; Scrivener, Karen; Ludwig, Christian; Testino, Andrea (2018). "On the mesoscale mechanism of synthetic calcium–silicate–hydrate precipitation: a population balance modeling approach".
214:
Synthetic C-S-H can be divided in two categories separated at the Ca/Si ratio of about 1.1. There are several indications that the chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of C-S-H varies noticeably between these two categories.
583:
Renaudin, Guillaume; Russias, Julie; Leroux, Fabrice; Frizon, Fabien; Cau-dit-Coumes, Céline (December 2009). "Structural characterization of C–S–H and C–A–S–H samples—Part I: Long-range order investigated by
Rietveld analyses".
59:
slowly, only contributes to late strength. Calcium silicate hydrate (also shown as C-S-H) is a result of the reaction between the silicate phases of
Portland cement and water. This reaction typically is expressed as:
673:
Brunet, F.; Bertani, Ph.; Charpentier, Th.; Nonat, A.; Virlet, J. (October 2004). "Application of Si
Homonuclear and H− Si Heteronuclear NMR Correlation to Structural Studies of Calcium Silicate Hydrates".
701:
Kumar, Abhishek; Walder, Brennan J.; Kunhi
Mohamed, Aslam; Hofstetter, Albert; Srinivasan, Bhuvanesh; Rossini, Aaron J.; Scrivener, Karen; Emsley, Lyndon; Bowen, Paul (7 July 2017).
771:
176:
in water or through the double precipitation method using various salts. These methods provide the flexibility of producing C-S-H at specific C/S (Ca/Si, or CaO/SiO
237: – Rare phyllosilicate mineral crystallizing in spherules (a rare mineral from hydrothermal alteration, or an ageing product of alkali-silica reaction)
211:
The scanning electron microscope micrographs of C-S-H does not show any specific crystalline form. They usually manifest as foils or needle/oriented foils.
169:
paste is variable and the state of chemically and physically bound water in its structure is not transparent, which is why "-" is used between C, S, and H.
42:. Only well defined and rare natural crystalline minerals can be abbreviated as CSH while extremely variable and poorly ordered phases without well defined
757:
496:
Allen, Andrew J.; Thomas, Jeffrey J.; Jennings, Hamlin M. (25 March 2007). "Composition and density of nanoscale calcium–silicate–hydrate in cement".
208:. The exact nature of the interlayer remains unknown. One of the greatest difficulties in characterising C-S-H is due to its variable stoichiometry.
646:
Cong, Xiandong; Kirkpatrick, R.James (April 1996). "29Si and 17O NMR investigation of the structure of some crystalline calcium silicate hydrates".
778:
417:
349:
355:
465:
828:
201:
732:
343:
808:
205:
838:
441:
104:
47:
593:
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361:
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techniques. The underlying atomic structure of C-S-H is similar to the naturally occurring mineral
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513:
391:
181:
813:
31:
597:
509:
632:
619:
Taylor, Harry F.W. (June 1986). "Proposed
Structure for Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel".
659:
158:
or, tricalcium silicate + water → calcium silicate hydrate + calcium hydroxide + heat
802:
569:
231: – Nesosilicate alteration mineral also sometimes found in hydrated cement paste
162:
80:
43:
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solution in order to induce calcium leaching, and so to achieve a given C/S ratio.
278: – Hydrated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing carbonate anions
281:
269:
252:
197:
192:
C-S-H is a nano sized material with some degree of crystallinity as observed by
38:
of cement-based materials. They are the main binding phase (the "glue") in most
605:
472:
255: – Inosilicate alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and in skarn
246:
243: – Inosilicate alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and in skarn
718:
561:
403:
736:
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228:
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234:
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358: – Class of cements, mechanically processed to transform reactivity
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240:
687:
703:"The Atomic-Level Structure of Cementitious Calcium Silicate Hydrate"
517:
166:
772:"Potential Application of Nanotechnology on Cement Based Materials"
382:
Richardson, I.G. (February 2008). "The calcium silicate hydrates".
180:) ratios. The C-S-H from cement phases can also be treated with an
65:
172:
Synthetic C-S-H can be prepared from the reaction of CaO and SiO
265:
Other calcium aluminium silicate hydrate, (C-A-S-H) minerals:
352: – Expansive chemical reaction damaging concrete
284: – Calcium aluminium silicate hydrate mineral (
249: – Complex calcium silicate hydrate mineral
16:Main product of the hydration of Portland cement
8:
30:) are the main products of the hydration of
346: – Chemical reaction damaging concrete
339:Mechanisms of formation of C-S-H phases:
330:
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621:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
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756:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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34:and are primarily responsible for the
7:
707:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
676:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
633:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07446.x
14:
586:Journal of Solid State Chemistry
542:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
272: – Calcium aluminium garnet
46:, as it is commonly observed in
648:Advanced Cement Based Materials
396:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.005
418:"Hydration of Portland Cement"
1:
660:10.1016/S1065-7355(96)90045-0
356:Energetically modified cement
384:Cement and Concrete Research
202:dynamic nuclear polarisation
466:"Portland Cement Hydration"
261: – Inosilicate mineral
855:
606:10.1016/j.jssc.2009.09.026
206:nuclear magnetic resonance
50:(HCP), are denoted C-S-H.
350:Alkali–aggregate reaction
20:Calcium silicate hydrates
719:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02439
105:cement chemist notation
344:Alkali–silica reaction
224:Other C-S-H minerals:
48:hardened cement paste
442:"Building Materials"
829:Inorganic compounds
713:(32): 17188–17196.
682:(40): 15494–15502.
598:2009JSSCh.182.3312R
510:2007NatMa...6..311A
362:Pozzolanic reaction
554:10.1039/C7TA08784E
809:Calcium compounds
688:10.1021/jp031174g
592:(12): 3312–3319.
204:surface-enhanced
194:X-ray diffraction
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182:ammonium nitrate
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839:Phyllosilicates
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32:Portland cement
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163:stoichiometry
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154:+ 3 CH + heat
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44:stoichiometry
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786:. Retrieved
779:the original
766:
741:. Retrieved
737:the original
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473:the original
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449:. Retrieved
446:indiabix.com
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425:. Retrieved
422:engr.psu.edu
421:
412:
387:
383:
377:
338:
276:Hydrotalcite
264:
223:
213:
210:
191:
171:
165:of C-S-H in
160:
157:
107:, (CCN) as:
102:
94:O + 3 Ca(OH)
57:
27:
23:
19:
18:
307:, and also
282:Tacharanite
270:Hydrogarnet
253:Tobermorite
198:tobermorite
54:Preparation
803:Categories
788:2013-02-21
743:2013-06-01
482:2013-02-21
451:2022-11-29
427:2022-11-29
369:References
247:Thaumasite
188:Properties
98:+ 173.6 kJ
834:Silicates
570:103781671
562:2050-7488
498:Materials
404:0008-8846
259:Xonotlite
229:Afwillite
824:Hydrates
819:Concrete
752:cite web
526:17384634
235:Gyrolite
219:See also
124:+ 7 H →
79:O → 3
40:concrete
36:strength
594:Bibcode
506:Bibcode
241:Jennite
814:Cement
568:
560:
524:
402:
329:· 18 H
167:cement
782:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
566:S2CID
476:(PDF)
469:(PDF)
90:· 4 H
75:+ 7 H
28:C-S-H
758:link
558:ISSN
522:PMID
400:ISSN
325:(OH)
302:(OH)
161:The
83:· 2
715:doi
711:121
684:doi
680:108
656:doi
629:doi
602:doi
590:182
550:doi
514:doi
392:doi
85:SiO
81:CaO
70:SiO
26:or
24:CSH
805::
754:}}
750:{{
709:.
705:.
678:.
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625:69
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588:.
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444:.
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398:.
388:38
386:.
323:51
319:18
317:Si
313:Al
311:12
309:Ca
304:36
300:33
296:18
294:Si
290:Al
288:12
286:Ca
111:2
66:Ca
64:2
791:.
760:)
746:.
721:.
717::
690:.
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658::
652:3
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552::
546:6
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516::
508::
502:6
485:.
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430:.
406:.
394::
335:)
333:O
331:2
327:2
321:O
315:2
298:O
292:2
178:2
174:2
149:4
144:H
140:2
135:S
131:3
126:C
122:S
118:3
113:C
96:2
92:2
87:2
77:2
72:5
68:3
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.