3765:
3736:
3689:
1377:
Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into
Vietnam in other incidents. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. These 100 men were taken prisoner around the same time as Wu Rui and the historian Leo K. Shin believes all of them may have been involved in illegal trade instead of being blown off course by wind. The over 100 Chinese men who were castrated and made into eunuchs by the Vietnamese remained captives in Vietnam when the incident was reported. Both the incidents of the young Chinese man Wu Rui and the more than 100 Chinese men being castrated and used as eunuchs point to possible involvement in trade according to historians John K. Whitmore and Tana Li which was then suppressed by the Vietnamese government instead of them really being blown off course by the wind. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.
1120:
1427:
1392:
1047:
be taken every six years. Other public works that were undertaken including building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Dai Viet's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. By 1471, the kingdom employed more than 5,300 officials (0.1 percent of the population) into the bureaucrat army, equally divided between the court and the provinces, with at least one supervising officer every three villages.
1183:
1131:
1174:
defeat of Champa in 1471, he sent large groups of ethnic
Vietnamese, including prisoners and criminals, to settle in the new conquered territories. Lands were distributed fair equally, bureaucrats and military garrisons were set up to help people in the new provinces. The fall of Champa enabled the Vietnamese to monopolize Central Highlands' products which most desired in oversea markets. At the end of 15th century, according to Hall, "Vietnamese civilization had reached its zenith in prosperity."
1139:
1084:
80:
4567:
1043:, he divided the government into six ministries: Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works. Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. A Board of Censors was set up with royal authority to monitor governmental officials and report exclusively to the king. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level. The villages were ruled by their own councils.
1552:. In 1480 a battle occurred on the Vietnamese coast between Vietnamese and a shipwrecked Ryukyuan ship. The Ming received a message requesting aid by Lan Song in 1481 against the Vietnamese invasion. Lê Thánh Tông claimed as tributaries the countries of Melaka, Java, Siam, Laos and Champa in "The Regulations concerning Tribute Missions from Vassals to the Imperial Capital" (Chư phiên sứ thần triều cống kinh quốc lệ) in 1485. The
3103:○金星昼见于辰位○辛卯吴瑞者广东文昌县人成化中与同乡刘求等十三人于钦州贸易遭风飘至安南海边罗者得之送本国求等俱发屯田以瑞独少宫之弘治十年国王黎灏卒瑞往东津点军得谅山卫军杨三知归路缘山行九日达龙州主头目韦琛家谋告守备官送还琛不欲久之安南国知之恐泄其国事遣探儿持百金为赎琛少之议未决而凭祥州知州李广宁闻之卒兵夺送于分守官都御史邓廷瓒遣送至京礼部请罪琛为边人之戒奖广宁为土官之劝从之瑞送司礼监给役 Traditional Chinese:○金星晝見於辰位○辛卯吳瑞者廣東文昌縣人成化中與同鄉劉求等十三人於欽州貿易遭風飄至安南海邊羅者得之送本國求等俱發屯田以瑞獨少宮之弘治十年國王黎灝卒瑞往東津點軍得諒山衛軍楊三知歸路緣山行九日達龍州主頭目韋琛家謀告守備官送還琛不欲久之安南國知之恐洩其國事遣探兒持百金為贖琛少之議未決而憑祥州知州李廣寧聞之卒兵奪送於分守官都御史鄧廷瓚遣送至京禮部請罪琛為邊人之戒獎廣寧為土官之勸從之瑞送司禮監給役]
4555:
1565:
970:(東京). In 1445, Le Nhan Tong issued a decree and conferred Le Tu Thanh as Prince of Binh Nguyen (Bình Nguyên Vương), and sent to kinh sư, to study with other kings in Kinh Dien. Officials in Kinh Dien such as Tran Phong noticed that Binh Nguyen Vuong had a dignified appearance and was more intelligent than other people, so they considered him an extraordinary person.
1233:
4300:
4579:
4591:
1341:
chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to
Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to
1376:
escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into
Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out that more than 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the
1173:
In 1461 he warned the provincial officials not to pursue the insignificant trade/commerce to ensure internal welfare and prohibit foreigners from entering the kingdom. He also introduced a marketplaces code to standardize weights and measures. In 1469 he nationalized gunpowder and weapons. After the
1046:
In 1469, all of Dai Viet was mapped and a full census, listing all the villages in the kingdom, was taken. Around this time, the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces). Each was administrated by a
Governor, a Judge, and the local army commander. Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should
1454:
had been captured and brought to King
Chakkaphat. The elephant being a potent symbol of kingship was common throughout Southeast Asia, and Thánh Tông requested the animal's hair to be brought as a gift to the Đại Việt court. The request was seen as an affront, and according to legend a box filled
1110:
The new laws were "based on
Chinese law but included distinctly Vietnamese features, such as recognition of the higher position of women in Vietnamese society than in Chinese society. Under the new code, parental consent was not required for marriage, and daughters were granted equal inheritance
1328:
for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the
Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the
1292:
slaves to the
Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with
3381:
Simplified
Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来 上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional
3817:
The first part of this history is based on the doctoral thesis of John K. Whitmore "The Development of the Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam" (Cornell University, 1968). The thesis is mostly concerned with the structure and make-up of the Le government from 1427 to
3638:
3164:
3382:
Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來 上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之
1411:
for help. Champa was defeated and the balance of power between the Cham and the Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end. The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is still employing troops there."
950:
as "Magnificently gifted, his mind and body are marvelous, his looks elegantly strong; kind-hearted and generous, bright, earnest, truly the brilliant kind who deserves the title of Emperor, whose ingenuity and bravery will preserve the nation".
2934:
Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations Ngọg Huy Nguy~en ... In 1464 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông warned people against reckless selfcastration ( TT 3 : 189 )
3296:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume
3426:
Simplified Chinese:○癸亥广东守珠池奉御陈彝奏南海县民为风飘至安南国被其国王编以为军其后逸归言中国人飘泊被留及所为阉禁者百余人奏下户部请移文巡抚镇守等官禁约军民人等毋得指以□贩私通番国且令守珠军人设法堤备从之 Traditional Chinese:○癸亥廣東守珠池奉禦陳彝奏南海縣民為風飄至安南國被其國王編以為軍其後逸歸言中國人飄泊被留及所為閹禁者百余人奏下戶部請移文巡撫鎮守等官禁約軍民人等毋得指以□販私通番國且令守珠軍人設法堤備從之]
1288:) and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become
2903:
D. Homosexuality and Vietnamese Law Proschan (Aronson 1999; "Frank" 2000) writes that neither homosexual identity nor behaviors had ... a prohibition of castration and selfcastration (Le Code, Article 305; Nguyen Code, Article
1276:
Article 344 of the Nguyen dynasty code and Article 305 of the Le dynasty code both forbade self-castration and castration of Vietnamese men. Self-castration of Vietnamese men was banned by Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor, in 1464.
1498:. The Dai Viet forces suffered a defeat after facing Lan Xang-Lanna allied forces, which resulted in their troops diminishing. By November 1484, Thanh Tong and his forces had withdrawn back to Dai Viet. According to the
1070:
The new government proved to be effective and represented a successful adaptation of the Chinese Confucian system of government outside of China. However, following the deaths of Thánh Tông and of his son and successor,
998:
was successfully carried out, and Nghi Dân was killed in the royal palace. The plotters asked Prince Tư Thành to become the new emperor and he accepted. Two days after Lê Nghi Dân's death, Lê Hạo was proclaimed Emperor.
3724:(A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in Southeast Asian Studies (Interdisciplinary program)). Graduate School Chulalongkorn University. pp. 70, 71.
3168:
1575:
A group of 28 poets were formally recognized by the court (the Tao Dan). Lê Thánh Tông himself was a poet and some of his poems have survived. He wrote the following at the start of his campaign against the Champa:
1050:
A national-wide census was conducted in 1490, reported approximately 8,000 village-level jurisdictions throughout the country including the thirty-six urban wards that lay between the royal compound and the
1166:, has yielded numerous Vietnamese ceramic products of the fifteenth century. However, he took an unfavorable view toward international trade, and emphasized for a national self-sustaining economy based on
1342:
China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the
1459:
who had previously acknowledged Vietnamese suzerainty and had regularly paid tribute to Đại Việt. Thus, the campaigns to reassert Dai Viet's authority over the Tai tribes led to the invasion of Laos.
1358:) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.
1261:
in 1471, the Vietnamese informed the Ming court that the fall of Champa's ruling house had come about as "a result of civil war." In 1472, as Vietnamese pirates attacked Chinese and merchant ships in
3248:
Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục Quyển XII Kỷ Nhà Lê Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)".
4239:——— (2011), "Vân Đồn, the "Mạc Gap" and the End of Jiaozhi Ocean system: Trade and state of Đại Việt, Circa 1450-1550", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A.; Cooke, Nola (eds.),
2922:. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Văn Tài Tạ. Ohio University Press. p. 174.
1426:
1119:
1190:
Thánh Tông devoted much of his time to the advancement of learning. He expanded the national university, perfected examinations, encouraged literature, patronized the publication of
4362:
1391:
1365:
were attacked and captured in 1469 by Vietnamese navy as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.
2998:此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。
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1226:
947:
785:
1442:
in northeastern Laos, and Thánh Tông made that territory a prefecture of Đại Việt in 1471. Began in 1478, Thánh Tông felt it was the time to take his revenge on
850:
territory in the south, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars. His reign was later praised as the
1508:
embassy in China complained about Dai Viet's incursion into its territory. In the next year (1489) the Ming court sent envoys to admonish Dai Viet to stop.
1280:
The Vietnamese under Emperor Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong (
4462:
3315:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1
602:
3218:
3191:
4641:
2919:
The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Volume 2
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4175:
Yi, Insun (2006), "Lê Văn Hưu and Ngô Sĩ Liên: A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
1202:
built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new
1257:
to the test. The first was the final destruction of Champa in 1471, and the other, the invasion of Laos between 1479 and 1481. After destroying
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1324:(吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the
1039:
oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations. Following the
1421:
1198:
treaties. and issued the first complete map of Vietnam. He also encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout the kingdom by having
1040:
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1014:. The pair had been out of power since the 1440s, but they still commanded respect due to their association with the dynasty's founder,
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When Tư Thành was three years old, he was brought to the royal palace and was educated just like his half-brother, the ruling emperor
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4230:
4142:
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4621:
771:
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including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from
990:. Nghi Dân then proclaimed himself Emperor. Nine months later, a counter-coup against Lê Nghi Dân led by two military leaders
839:
4631:
4116:
4059:
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
3699:
3650:
2927:
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1325:
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2891:. Updates by J. Pastoetter; contributor Beldina Opiyo-Omolo (illustrated, revised ed.). A&C Black. p. 1350.
1617:
1404:
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4646:
2342:
370:
195:
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778:
4221:
Wang, Gungwu (1998), "Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John K. (eds.),
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The leaders of the counter-coup which removed and killed Nghi Dân were two of the last surviving friends and aides of
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85:
70:
1320:'s rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest Chinese man,
959:
4545:
3718:
THE RISE OF THE NGUYỄN DYNASTY AND CHANGE IN THE POWER PARADIGM OF EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA
3195:
1569:
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His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted,
562:
4532:
3954:
1333:
guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi; 楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to
1075:(r. 1498–1504), this new model of government crashed not once but twice in the next three following centuries.
922:
in her dream, and started to become pregnant with Tư Thành the following day. He was the fourth son of emperor
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Lectures Sur L'histoire D'Annam: Depuis L'avènement Des Lê Suivies de Notions Élémentaires D'administration
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1072:
927:
915:
744:
663:
642:
532:
210:
121:
1443:
1088:
827:, and is widely praised as one of the greatest emperors in Vietnamese history. He came to power through a
4433:
3743:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 147.
3397:
3350:
3330:
946:) were related (cousins or perhaps sisters). Young Tư Thành was described in the national chronicle, the
572:
48:
in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
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2014:
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622:
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became one of the king's councilors, and Đinh Liệt was gifted command over the royal army of Đại Việt.
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4507:
4248:——— (2016), "The Emergence of the state of Vietnam", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
3970:. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1450:, preparing his army along the Annamite border in preparation for an invasion. Around the same time a
1350:
to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監). The
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1059:, the only city in the country; with the total population was approximately 3.7 million people, the
542:
322:
Sùng Thiên Quảng Vận Cao Minh Quang Chính Chí Đức Đại Công Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Đạt Hiếu Thuần Hoàng đế
3879:
3225:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành. Archived from
1203:
1199:
1083:
428:
386:
4457:
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892:
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was captured and the Laotian ruler Chakkaphat was killed. His forces pushed further to the upper
1343:
911:
885:
4522:
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with dung was sent instead. Thánh Tông also realized that Laos was expanding its authority over
734:
3447:
3439:
3019:
3011:
1556:
system was used to rule "barbarian" ethnic minorities in peripheral and mountain border areas.
1528:, who killed thirty thousand Vietnamese soldiers. In 1485, envoys of Champa, Lan Xang, Melaka,
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79:
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Hall, Kenneth (1999), "Economic History of Early Southeast Asia", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.),
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During his reign, Vietnamese Confucian scholarship had reached its golden era, with over 501
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1007:
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552:
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1605:
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In fall 1479, Thánh Tông led an army of 180,000 men marched westward, attacked Muang Phuan,
1317:
1254:
1186:
First page of an essay to encourage people study Confucian literature, written by Thánh Tông
4502:
3793:"Later-seventeenth-century Cham-Viet interactions: New lightfrom French missionary sources"
1330:
694:
4571:
2982:
2742:. Library of Congress: Federal Research Division. p. 19 – via Internet Archive.
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1321:
1103:
In 1483 Lê Thánh Tông created a new code for Đại Việt, called the Hồng Đức Code, which is
1060:
914:) in the third year of Đại Bảo (1442). A legend surrounding his birth is that, his mother
315:
33:
2583:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội, 1993, bản điện tử, trang 428, 429.
1407:
arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at Huế. The local commander sent appeals to
1092:
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3964:"8 EPIDEMICS, TRADE, AND LOCAL WORSHIP IN VIETNAM, LEIZHOU PENINSULA, AND HAINAN ISLAND"
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400:
4583:
4559:
3992:
3821:
The second part is based in part on the Library of Congress Country studies for Vietnam
1679:
Lê Thánh Tông may have had Cham women as concubines, dancers and singers in his court.
1541:
1537:
1505:
1064:
4383:
1793:
1568:
Blue and white bowl with dragon decoration, during Lê Thánh Tông's years (1460–1497).
1015:
1003:
931:
4605:
4372:
4190:, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore
4013:
Shin, Leo K. (2007). "5 Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Lary, Diana (ed.).
2519:
1471:
1439:
871:
824:
813:
468:
350:
3897:
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
3645:. New Perspectives in SE Asian Studies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 103, 104.
1225:(1401–1489) to compile an official national history book, and in 1479 the chronicle
4340:
3502:
3484:
3319:
3301:
3279:
3254:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành
3151:
3133:
3059:
1467:
1251:
1018:. The new king appointed these men to the highest positions in his new government:
919:
1123:
Ewer in shape of a dragon made in Chu Đậu, Vietnam during the years of 1460–1497,
1036:
4106:
4014:
1316:), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the
3951:
Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
3914:
1549:
1456:
1435:
1210:
temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land.
1191:
1167:
1155:
907:
823:, reigning from 1460 to 1497, the fifth and the longest-reigning emperor of the
806:
329:
3190:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (22 April 2013).
3163:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (28 March 2013).
2592:
Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám Cương mục, Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục, 1998, trang 467.
3409:
3365:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九"
3364:
3087:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三"
3086:
2885:"Vietnam (Cộng hoà Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)"
1564:
1500:
1369:
1297:
1134:
Coins issued by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông during his later reign from 1469 to 1497
1052:
49:
4079:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800
3888:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c.1800
1269:, the Ming emperor called on Thánh Tông to end such activities. The court of
4250:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2
3410:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六"
2952:
1309:
1266:
1163:
878:
4299:
3338:
1430:
Map shows the Vietnamese conquest and immigration to the south (Nam tiến).
1337:
after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority
1232:
4259:
Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History
1521:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1301:
1159:
986:
staged a coup in the middle of the night, assassinating reigning emperor
181:
4077:
Taylor, K. W. (1999), "The early kingdoms", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.),
3741:
Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia
17:
3770:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 127, 128.
3677:(11). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 23, 24.
1491:
1483:
1347:
1313:
1195:
345:
37:
4152:
Loke, Alexander; Chen-Wishart, Mindy; Vogenauer, Stefan, eds. (2018).
455:
452:
449:
410:
407:
142:
139:
136:
1545:
1495:
1487:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1262:
1258:
843:
4185:
3827:
New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia
3792:
1107:
and is kept in the National Library in form of woodblocks No A.314.
3876:
The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)
1536:
arrived Dai Viet. In 1470 he sent an anti-pirate expedition in the
1221:
graduated from 1076 to 1911. In 1460, he ordered Confucian scholar
4243:, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 101–116
1563:
1425:
1408:
1390:
1231:
1181:
1150:
During the reign of Thánh Tông, Vietnamese export porcelains from
1137:
1118:
1096:
1082:
1056:
967:
866:
Lê Thánh Tông is known by several names, including his birth name
978:
On the 3rd of the 10th lunar month, 1459, 6th year of Diên Ninh,
3836:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
1553:
1533:
1338:
4344:
2889:
The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
2562:, Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội, 1993, bản điện tử, trang 429.
1329:
palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However, the
2951:. 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived from
2751:
2749:
4225:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–332,
3639:"3 Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca.1390–1497"
3192:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
3165:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
2639:
2637:
1540:, secured the maritime transit. Also in 1475, pirates from
1250:
During the reign of Thánh Tông, two related events put the
4223:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty
4187:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
4063:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72–120,
2981:. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from
1354:
records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now
1035:
Lê Thánh Tông introduced reforms designing to replace the
4252:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–233
4204:
Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor
3541:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3219:"Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a) Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472).)"
2668:
2666:
2664:
2543:
2541:
2539:
1656:
Imperial Consort Kinh of Nguyen clan (敬妃阮氏; 1444 - 1485)
906:
Lê Tư Thành was born on the 20th of the 7th lunar month (
3668:"Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet: c. 1390-1497"
2695:
2693:
4179:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–71
2600:
2598:
1642:
Imperial Consort Minh of Pham clan (明妃范氏; 1448 - 1498)
3737:"The Vietnamese Empire and Its Expansion, c.980–1840."
2887:. In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.).
2793:
2791:
2778:
2776:
1236:
Stele dated 1478 inscribes names of graduated scholars
4543:
3919:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
3691:
Ming-Southeast Asian Overland Interactions, 1368-1644
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3217:
Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993).
1434:
Back in 1448, the Vietnamese had annexed the land of
4108:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3498:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3480:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3275:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
3048:
3046:
1651:
Princess Lan Minh Lê Lan Khuê (兰明公主黎兰圭; 1470 - 14??)
1631:
Empress Nhu Huy of Phung clan (柔徽皇后馮氏; 1444 - 1489)
801:(黎聖宗; 25 August 1442 – 3 March 1497), personal name
3767:
A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830
3764:Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015).
1217:(royal scholars) graduated, out of the total 2,896
441:
427:
399:
385:
366:
356:
344:
328:
314:
308:
Quang Thuận (光順)(lit. Follower of Light): 1460–1469
302:
292:
201:
191:
170:
158:
131:
127:
117:
107:
99:
92:
61:
4043:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History
3825:Aung-Thwin, Michael Arthur; Hall, Kenneth (2011).
3694:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 266.
1520:, Thánh Tông led ninety thousand troops to invade
1091:dish, was made during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông.
3122:
3120:
1403:In 1470, a Cham army numbered 100,000 under king
103:13 June 1460 – 13 March 1497 (36 years, 250 days)
1229:was finished, and was presented to the emperor.
447:
433:
405:
391:
310:Hồng Đức (洪德)(lit. Great Virtue): 1470–1497
3641:. In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.).
1063:had been the most densely inhabited region of
27:Emperor of Đại Việt (1442–1497) (r. 1460–1497)
4356:
3351:"明實錄憲宗實錄 : 大明憲宗純皇帝實錄卷之二百十九 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃"
1346:magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to
938:and it is likely that his mother and consort
779:
8:
4202:———; Sun, Laichen (2010).
4006:Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation
3675:Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series
4284:Maybon, Charles B.; Russier, Henri (1921),
3867:Vietnam: a Dragon Embattled: Vietnam at war
3446:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
3018:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
4363:
4349:
4341:
4309:
3968:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours
3966:. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.).
3129:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours
3012:"5 | Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
2755:
1696:
1687:
786:
772:
464:
78:
58:
1611:Consort(s) and their Respective Issue(s):
3847:. Harvard University. pp. 205–212.
3803:. The Australian National University: 8.
3624:
3612:
3194:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
3167:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
2870:
2655:
2643:
2616:
2547:
1659:Princess Minh Kinh Lê Thụy Hoa (明敬公主黎瑞华)
1326:Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long
1300:recorded that thirteen Chinese men from
1273:denied its people would do such things.
1129:
4550:
4154:Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries
4081:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
3930:Lary, Diana (2007). Lary, Diana (ed.).
3899:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
3890:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
3530:
2834:
2711:
2672:
2535:
1580:One hundred thousand officers and men,
918:, was bestowed a Tiên đồng (仙童) by the
467:
84:Statue of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông in the
3440:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
2699:
2628:
2604:
2571:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2251:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2031:
1923:
1919:
1907:
1810:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1490:borrowed troops of Dai Viet to invade
419:
377:
289:
3545:
2455:
2452:
2442:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2341:
2331:
2319:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2269:
2259:
2255:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2182:
2172:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2121:
2111:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1901:
1891:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1850:
1840:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1740:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1648:Princess Loi Y Lê Oánh Ngọc (雷懿公主黎莹玉)
1620:of Nguyen Clan (徽嘉皇后阮氏; 1441 - 1505)
1616:Empress Huy Gia (Empress Truong Lac)
7:
4111:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press.
3557:
3393:
3334:
3070:
2858:
2797:
2782:
2767:
1524:but was chased by the troops of the
1079:Legal reforms and a new national law
4019:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press.
3934:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press.
3600:
3588:
3576:
3513:
4050:Smith, R.B.; Williams, B. (2014).
3797:Annalen der Hamburger Vietnamistik
2846:
2723:
2684:
1623:Crown Prince Le Tranh, so Emperor
25:
4241:The Tongking Gulf Through History
3843:Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1840).
3147:The Tongking Gulf Through History
3055:The Tongking Gulf Through History
2883:Pastoetter, Ph.D., Jakob (2004).
1691:Ancestry of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông
1634:Prince Le Tan, father of Emperor
1512:Other regional powers and pirates
1399:during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông
948:Complete Annals of the Great Viet
4642:15th-century Vietnamese monarchs
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4298:
4016:The Chinese State at the Borders
3932:The Chinese State at the Borders
3444:The Chinese State at the Borders
3016:The Chinese State at the Borders
1582:Start out on a distant journey.
1422:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80)
1372:reported that some Chinese from
930:. He was the fourth grandson of
4135:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
3666:Sun, Laichen (September 2003).
2810:Karnow, Stanley (1 June 1997).
2736:Ronald J. Cima, Ronald (1989).
1675:Lady Nguyen (才人阮氏; 1444 - 1479)
1588:Softens the sounds of the army.
1584:Falling on the sails, the rain
4206:. Hong Kong University Press.
4177:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
4133:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
4105:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996).
4090:. Cambridge University Press.
4086:——— (2013).
4061:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
3895:——— (2011).
3643:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
1361:Several Malay envoys from the
1146:(安南國圖) of Hồng Đức era (1490).
448:
406:
1:
4637:15th-century Vietnamese poets
3845:Chronology of Tonkinese Kings
3838:. Cambridge University Press.
44:, but is often simplified to
4261:. Harvard University Press.
4257:Woodside, Alexander (2009).
1105:Vietnam's National Treasures
4088:A History of the Vietnamese
3834:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
2976:"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15-17 世紀廣東人與越南"
2515:List of Vietnamese monarchs
1604:Mother: Empress Quang Thuc
1154:kilns were found as far as
852:Prospered reign of Hồng Đức
831:against his second brother
86:Temple of Literature, Hanoi
4668:
4324:(ruled from 1460 to 1497)
4008:. Long Beach Publications.
2916:Nguy~en, Ngọg Huy (1987).
2360:
2352:
2245:
2140:
2136:
2025:
1921:
1913:
1804:
1707:
1703:
1664:Consort Nguyen thi (貴妃阮氏)
1570:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1419:
1387:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)
1384:
31:
4379:
4329:
4320:
4312:
3995:; Yian, Goh Geok (2016).
2436:
2418:
2410:
2386:
2368:
2364:
2325:
2307:
2299:
2275:
2257:
2253:
2217:
2199:
2191:
2166:
2148:
2144:
2105:
2087:
2079:
2055:
2037:
2033:
1997:
1979:
1971:
1947:
1929:
1925:
1885:
1867:
1859:
1834:
1816:
1812:
1776:
1757:
1749:
1724:
1711:
1067:in the early-modern era.
434:
422:
392:
380:
335:
321:
307:
297:
288:
94:Emperor of the Lê dynasty
77:
68:
4288:, Impr. d'Extrême-Orient
4004:SarDesai, D. R. (1988).
3955:Cornell University Press
3739:. In Wade, Geoff (ed.).
3442:. In Lary, Diana (ed.).
3014:. In Lary, Diana (ed.).
2814:. Penguin. p. 117.
2739:Vietnam: A Country Study
1142:National map of Vietnam
846:states and expansion of
4158:Oxford University Press
4054:. Taylor & Francis.
4052:Pre-Communist Indochina
4045:. Taylor & Francis.
3923:Oxford University Press
3874:Coedès, George (2015),
3829:. Taylor & Francis.
3251:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
3223:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
2560:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1352:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1227:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
1125:Cleveland Museum of Art
1089:Blue and white patterns
974:Ascension to the throne
324:(崇天廣運高明光正至德大功聖文神武達孝淳皇帝)
303:Era name and dates
3997:Ancient Southeast Asia
3735:Shiro, Momoki (2014).
2756:Miksic & Yian 2016
1608:(光淑文皇后吳氏; 1421 - 1496)
1590:
1572:
1431:
1400:
1312:'s Qin subprefecture (
1237:
1187:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1100:
958:, and other brothers,
934:, the half-brother of
278:Princess Lê Cẩm Thương
236:Princess Lê Thanh Toại
4632:Vietnamese male poets
4307:at Wikimedia Commons
4041:Simms, Sanda (2013).
3715:Vu, Duc Liem (2012).
3688:Sun, Laichen (2000).
3637:SUN, LAICHEN (2006).
3438:Shin, Leo K. (2007).
3144:Cooke (2011), p. 108
3114:《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯
3052:Cooke (2011), p. 109
3010:Shin, Leo K. (2007).
2947:黄啟臣 (16 March 2008).
1741:Lê Khoáng (1350–1402)
1578:
1567:
1438:in what is today the
1429:
1394:
1235:
1200:temples of literature
1185:
1141:
1133:
1122:
1086:
275:Princess Lê Lan Đường
269:Princess Lê Bảo Huyền
263:Princess Lê Bính Hiểu
260:Princess Lê Triệt San
257:Princess Lê Minh Kính
254:Princess Lê Oánh Ngọc
211:Crown Prince Lê Tranh
4627:Vietnamese reformers
4322:Emperor of Đại Việt
4184:Wade, Geoff (2005),
3880:Taylor & Francis
3791:Cooke, Nola (2010).
3229:on 21 September 2013
2955:on 21 September 2013
1368:A 1472 entry in the
1296:A 1499 entry in the
1031:Bureaucratic reforms
819:, was an emperor of
281:Princess Lê Mỹ Thuần
272:Princess Lê Lệ Khanh
266:Princess Lê Lan Khuê
4652:Vietnamese monarchs
4622:Lê dynasty emperors
3993:Miksic, John Norman
3126:Li (2015), p. 202
2861:, pp. 327–328.
1548:raided the port of
1356:Quảng Ninh Province
1293:foreign countries.
1111:rights with sons."
856:Hồng Đức Thịnh trị;
429:Vietnamese alphabet
387:Vietnamese alphabet
71:Emperor of Đại Việt
3171:on 2 December 2013
2812:Vietnam: A History
2122:Lê Hạo (1442–1497)
2015:Phạm Thị Ngọc Trần
1672:Lady Nguyen (修容阮氏)
1573:
1504:, in 1488 Burmese
1432:
1401:
1238:
1188:
1148:
1136:
1128:
1101:
982:'s firstborn son,
912:Gregorian calendar
896:Thiên Nam động chủ
889:Tao Đàn nguyên súy
4541:
4540:
4339:
4338:
4330:Succeeded by
4303:Media related to
4268:978-0-67404-534-7
4213:978-9971-69-448-7
4167:978-0-192-53564-1
4097:978-0-521-87586-8
4070:978-1-316-44504-4
3962:Li, Tana (2015).
3949:Li, Tana (2018).
3906:978-0-742-56762-7
3863:Buttinger, Joseph
3854:978-1-377-64408-0
3548:, pp. 51–52.
2949:"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展"
2821:978-0-14-026547-7
2646:, pp. 35–37.
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
1851:Trịnh Ngọc Thương
1526:Malacca Sultanate
1516:According to the
1363:Malacca sultanate
1282:Leizhou Peninsula
1265:and the coast of
1241:Foreign relations
796:
795:
763:
762:
463:
462:
418:
417:
376:
375:
340:
339:
298:Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠)
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4647:Lê dynasty poets
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4373:Later Lê dynasty
4371:Emperors of the
4365:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4313:Preceded by
4310:
4302:
4289:
4272:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4217:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4171:
4148:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4101:
4082:
4073:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4009:
4000:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3958:
3945:
3926:
3910:
3891:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3839:
3830:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3414:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3406:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3369:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3361:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3328:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3282:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3160:
3154:
3142:
3136:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3091:明實錄 (Ming Shilu)
3083:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2453:Đinh Thị Ngọc Kế
2343:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
1697:
1688:
1606:Ngo Thi Ngoc Dao
1318:Chenghua Emperor
1255:tributary system
1178:Education policy
928:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
926:and his consort
916:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
825:Later Lê dynasty
788:
781:
774:
479:
478:
465:
459:
458:
437:
436:
420:
414:
413:
395:
394:
378:
371:Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
290:
196:Nguyễn Thị Huyên
185:
165:
153:
151:
82:
59:
21:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4375:
4369:
4335:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4296:
4283:
4280:
4278:Further reading
4275:
4269:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4233:
4220:
4214:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4174:
4168:
4151:
4145:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4003:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3961:
3948:
3942:
3929:
3913:
3907:
3894:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3813:
3808:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3494:
3490:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3307:
3289:
3285:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3198:on 27 July 2013
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3143:
3139:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3051:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2511:
2506:
1685:
1667:Prince Le Thoan
1618:Nguyễn Thị Hằng
1595:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1562:
1514:
1476:Irrawaddy River
1444:King Chakkaphat
1424:
1418:
1395:The kingdom of
1389:
1383:
1248:
1243:
1180:
1117:
1115:Economic policy
1081:
1061:Red River delta
1033:
1028:
976:
942:(the mother of
904:
882:Đạo Am chủ nhân
864:
792:
336:Thánh Tông (聖宗)
323:
316:Posthumous name
309:
284:
245:Prince Lê Thoan
239:Prince Lê Chiêu
233:Prince Lê Tương
227:Prince Lê Thông
221:Prince Lê Tranh
187:
179:
163:
149:
147:
146:
88:
63:
57:
34:Vietnamese name
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4533:Lê Chiêu Thống
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4319:
4314:
4295:
4294:External links
4292:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4231:
4218:
4212:
4199:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4149:
4143:
4137:. SUNY Press.
4130:
4117:
4102:
4096:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4026:978-0774813334
4025:
4010:
4001:
3989:
3977:978-9814620536
3976:
3959:
3946:
3941:978-0774813334
3940:
3927:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3777:978-0521889926
3776:
3756:
3750:978-1135043520
3749:
3727:
3707:
3700:
3680:
3658:
3651:
3629:
3627:, p. 111.
3617:
3615:, p. 110.
3605:
3603:, p. 104.
3593:
3591:, p. 103.
3581:
3579:, p. 102.
3562:
3560:, p. 328.
3550:
3535:
3533:, p. 211.
3518:
3516:, p. 100.
3506:
3488:
3470:
3457:978-0774813334
3456:
3430:
3401:
3386:
3356:
3342:
3323:
3305:
3283:
3265:
3240:
3209:
3182:
3155:
3137:
3116:
3107:
3078:
3063:
3042:
3029:978-0774813334
3028:
3002:
2988:on 29 May 2013
2966:
2939:
2928:
2908:
2897:
2875:
2873:, p. 109.
2863:
2851:
2839:
2837:, p. 208.
2827:
2820:
2802:
2800:, p. 269.
2787:
2785:, p. 248.
2772:
2770:, p. 247.
2760:
2758:, p. 525.
2745:
2728:
2726:, p. 171.
2716:
2714:, p. 212.
2704:
2702:, p. 206.
2689:
2687:, p. 169.
2677:
2675:, p. 205.
2660:
2658:, p. 210.
2648:
2633:
2631:, p. 213.
2621:
2609:
2607:, p. 204.
2594:
2585:
2576:
2574:, p. 205.
2564:
2552:
2550:, p. 200.
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1903:Lê Nguyên Long
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:Prince Le Tung
1640:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1561:
1558:
1542:Ryukyu Islands
1538:Gulf of Tonkin
1513:
1510:
1482:in modern-day
1452:white elephant
1420:Main article:
1417:
1416:Laos and Burma
1414:
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1179:
1176:
1144:An Nam quốc đồ
1116:
1113:
1080:
1077:
1065:Southeast Asia
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
975:
972:
940:Nguyễn Thị Anh
903:
900:
863:
860:
794:
793:
791:
790:
783:
776:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
741:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
721:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
639:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
615:
609:
608:
605:
599:
598:
595:
589:
588:
585:
579:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
475:
474:
461:
460:
445:
439:
438:
431:
425:
424:
416:
415:
403:
397:
396:
389:
383:
382:
374:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
348:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
332:
326:
325:
319:
318:
312:
311:
305:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:Prince Lê Kiện
249:
248:Prince Lê Kinh
246:
243:
242:Prince Lê Cảnh
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:Prince Le Tung
216:
213:
207:
205:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
174:
172:
168:
167:
166:(aged 54)
160:
156:
155:
154:25 August 1442
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
90:
89:
83:
75:
74:
66:
65:
62:Lê Thánh Tông
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4664:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4547:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Lê Thuần Tông
4516:
4514:
4513:Lê Duy Phường
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Lê Huyền Tông
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Lê Trung Tông
4461:
4459:
4458:Lê Trang Tông
4456:
4454:
4453:Lê Cung Hoàng
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:Lê Chiêu Tông
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Lê Thánh Tông
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Lê Thánh Tông
4301:
4293:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4232:0-521-24333-5
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4144:0-791-42687-4
4140:
4136:
4131:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3625:Whitmore 2011
3621:
3618:
3614:
3613:Whitmore 2011
3609:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:, p. 245, at
3500:
3499:
3495:Tsai (1996),
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:Tsai (1996),
3474:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:, p. 252, at
3317:
3316:
3312:Rost (1887),
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:, p. 252, at
3299:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3272:Tsai (1996),
3269:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:, p. 108, at
3149:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:, p. 202, at
3131:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:, p. 109, at
3057:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2871:Whitmore 2011
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2849:, p. 46.
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:Bridgman 1840
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:SarDesai 1988
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:, p. 84.
2618:
2617:Baldanza 2016
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:Whitmore 2016
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Luang Phabang
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Plain of Jars
1437:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:, capital of
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:Chinese model
1038:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:Lê Khắc Xương
957:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:courtesy name
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
814:courtesy name
811:
808:
804:
800:
799:Lê Thánh Tông
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
769:
767:
766:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
725:Lê Thuần Tông
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:Lê Duy Phường
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
675:Lê Huyền Tông
673:
672:
668:
666:(second time)
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
604:
603:Lê Trung Tông
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:Lê Trang Tông
591:
590:
586:
584:
583:Lê Cung Hoàng
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:Lê Chiêu Tông
571:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:Lê Thánh Tông
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
466:
457:
454:
451:
446:
444:
440:
435:Lê Thánh Tông
432:
430:
426:
421:
412:
409:
404:
402:
398:
390:
388:
384:
381:Personal name
379:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
347:
343:
334:
331:
327:
320:
317:
313:
306:
301:
296:
291:
287:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
230:Prince Lê Táo
229:
226:
224:Prince Lê Cảo
223:
220:
217:
215:Prince Lê Tân
214:
212:
209:
208:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
183:
178:
173:
169:
161:
157:
144:
141:
138:
135:Lê Tư Thành (
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
72:
67:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4528:Lê Hiển Tông
4488:Lê Chân Tông
4483:Lê Thần Tông
4478:Lê Kính Tông
4445:
4438:
4429:Lê Quang Trị
4424:Lê Tương Dực
4409:Lê Hiến Tông
4403:
4394:Lê Nhân Tông
4389:Lê Thái Tông
4333:Lê Hiến Tông
4321:
4297:
4285:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4222:
4203:
4192:, retrieved
4186:
4176:
4153:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4107:
4087:
4078:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4015:
4005:
3999:. Routledge.
3996:
3981:. Retrieved
3967:
3950:
3931:
3918:
3915:Kiernan, Ben
3896:
3887:
3875:
3866:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3766:
3759:
3740:
3730:
3717:
3710:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3661:
3642:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3553:
3546:Simms (2013)
3531:Kiernan 2019
3509:
3503:Google Books
3496:
3491:
3485:Google Books
3483:, p. 16, at
3478:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3443:
3433:
3425:
3418:. Retrieved
3416:(in Chinese)
3413:
3404:
3389:
3380:
3373:. Retrieved
3371:(in Chinese)
3368:
3359:
3345:
3326:
3320:Google Books
3313:
3308:
3302:Google Books
3294:
3286:
3280:Google Books
3278:, p. 15, at
3273:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3250:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:the original
3222:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:the original
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3158:
3152:Google Books
3145:
3140:
3134:Google Books
3127:
3110:
3102:
3095:. Retrieved
3093:(in Chinese)
3090:
3081:
3066:
3060:Google Books
3053:
3033:. Retrieved
3015:
3005:
2997:
2990:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2942:
2933:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2888:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2835:Kiernan 2019
2830:
2811:
2805:
2763:
2738:
2731:
2719:
2712:Kiernan 2019
2707:
2680:
2673:Kiernan 2019
2651:
2624:
2612:
2588:
2579:
2567:
2555:
1770:Nguyễn Quách
1678:
1636:Lê Tương Dực
1625:Lê Hiến Tông
1600:Lê Thái Tông
1587:
1579:
1574:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1461:
1433:
1402:
1367:
1360:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1249:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1192:mathematical
1189:
1172:
1149:
1143:
1109:
1102:
1093:Musée Guimet
1073:Lê Hiến Tông
1069:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1001:
988:Lê Nhân Tông
980:Lê Thái Tông
977:
956:Lê Nhân Tông
953:
944:Lê Nhân Tông
936:Lê Nhân Tông
924:Lê Thái Tông
920:Jade Emperor
905:
895:
893:formal title
888:
881:
874:
867:
865:
855:
851:
837:
816:
809:
802:
798:
797:
745:Lê Hiển Tông
664:Lê Thần Tông
654:Lê Chân Tông
645:(first time)
643:Lê Thần Tông
633:Lê Kính Tông
563:Lê Tương Dực
533:Lê Hiến Tông
522:
503:Lê Nhân Tông
493:Lê Thái Tông
361:Lê Thái Tông
175:Chiêu Tomb,
164:(1497-03-03)
162:3 March 1497
122:Lê Hiến Tông
69:
53:
45:
41:
29:
4617:1497 deaths
4612:1442 births
4498:Lê Gia Tông
4473:Lê Thế Tông
4468:Lê Anh Tông
4414:Lê Túc Tông
4399:Lê Nghi Dân
4316:Lê Nghi Dân
3331:Wade (2005)
3291:Rost (1887)
2700:Taylor 2013
2629:Taylor 2013
2605:Taylor 2013
2572:Taylor 2013
2017:(1386–1425)
1905:(1423–1442)
1796:(1385–1433)
1457:Tai peoples
1436:Muang Phuan
1223:Ngô Sĩ Liên
1168:agriculture
984:Lê Nghi Dân
964:Lê Nghi Dân
908:August 25th
886:rhymed name
833:Lê Nghi Dân
829:coup d'état
807:temple name
685:Lê Gia Tông
623:Lê Thế Tông
613:Lê Anh Tông
543:Lê Túc Tông
513:Lê Nghi Dân
423:Temple name
330:Temple name
180: [
112:Lê Nghi Dân
108:Predecessor
4606:Categories
4508:Lê Dụ Tông
4503:Lê Hy Tông
4447:Thiên Hiến
4384:Lê Thái Tổ
4327:1442–1497
4194:6 November
4118:0791426874
3869:. Praeger.
3701:0599833289
3652:0299217736
3396:, p.
3337:, p.
3073:, p.
2929:0821406302
2898:0826414885
2526:References
2520:Lê dynasty
1518:Ming Shilu
1501:Ming Shilu
1486:. In 1482
1405:Maha Sajan
1370:Ming Shilu
1298:Ming Shilu
1246:Ming China
1196:scientific
1087:A Chu Đậu
902:Early life
870:(黎灝), his
810:Thánh Tông
705:Lê Dụ Tông
695:Lê Hy Tông
483:Lê Thái Tổ
469:Lê dynasty
186:, Đại Việt
150:1442-08-25
50:given name
4596:Biography
4523:Lê Ý Tông
4419:Lê Uy Mục
4124:5 January
4032:4 January
3983:5 January
3558:Wang 1998
3463:5 January
3420:5 January
3394:Wade 2005
3335:Wade 2005
3097:5 January
3071:Wade 2005
3035:5 January
2992:5 January
2859:Wang 1998
2798:Hall 1999
2783:Hall 2011
2768:Hall 2011
2531:Citations
2237:1370–1453
1560:As a poet
1530:Ayutthaya
1478:, around
1344:Pingxiang
1310:Guangdong
1267:Guangzhou
1164:Majapahit
1156:West Asia
1152:Hải Dương
1057:Dong Kinh
1053:Red River
1037:Thanh Hoá
1020:Nguyễn Xí
1012:Đinh Liệt
1008:Nguyễn Xí
996:Đinh Liệt
992:Nguyễn Xí
968:Đông Kinh
879:pseudonym
840:conquests
835:in 1460.
759:1786–1789
755:Lê Mẫn Đế
749:1740–1786
739:1735–1740
735:Lê Ý Tông
729:1732–1735
719:1729–1732
709:1705–1729
699:1676–1705
689:1674–1675
679:1663–1671
669:1649–1662
658:1643–1649
648:1619–1643
637:1600–1619
627:1573–1599
617:1556–1573
607:1548–1556
597:1533–1548
587:1522–1527
577:1516–1522
567:1509–1516
557:1505–1509
553:Lê Uy Mục
537:1498–1504
527:1460–1497
517:1459–1460
507:1443–1459
497:1434–1442
487:1428–1433
118:Successor
4572:Monarchy
3917:(2019).
3865:(1967).
3601:Sun 2006
3589:Sun 2006
3577:Sun 2006
3514:Sun 2006
2509:See also
2183:Ngô Kinh
1683:Ancestry
1598:Father:
1550:Qui Nhơn
1522:Lan Xang
1480:Kengtung
1464:Lan Xang
1397:Đại Việt
1335:Longzhou
1331:Lạng Sơn
1302:Wenchang
1271:Đại Việt
1204:Buddhist
1160:Trowulan
898:(天南洞主).
891:(騷壇元帥),
884:(道庵主人),
875:Tư Thành
848:Đại Việt
821:Đại Việt
817:Tư Thành
472:monarchs
351:Later Lê
177:Lam Kinh
32:In this
18:Hồng Đức
4584:History
4560:Vietnam
4546:Portals
4440:Đại Đức
3811:Sources
3398:2078/79
3375:26 July
3339:3785/86
3258:26 July
3233:26 July
3202:26 July
3175:26 July
3075:2704/05
2959:26 July
2847:Yi 2006
2724:Li 2018
2685:Li 2018
1718:Lê Đinh
1484:Myanmar
1348:Beijing
1314:Qinzhou
1219:tiến sĩ
1215:tiến sĩ
858:洪德盛治).
443:Chữ Hán
401:Chữ Hán
346:Dynasty
38:surname
4265:
4229:
4210:
4164:
4141:
4115:
4094:
4067:
4023:
3974:
3938:
3903:
3851:
3774:
3747:
3698:
3649:
3454:
3026:
2926:
2895:
2818:
2235:Ngô Từ
1794:Lê Lợi
1593:Family
1546:Champa
1532:, and
1496:Lan Na
1492:Hsenwi
1488:Momeik
1381:Champa
1374:Nanhai
1322:Wu Rui
1306:Hainan
1290:eunuch
1286:Hainan
1263:Hainan
1259:Champa
1208:Taoist
1016:Lê Lợi
1004:Lê Lợi
932:Lê Lợi
877:(思誠),
868:Lê Hạo
844:Champa
803:Lê Hạo
393:Lê Hạo
367:Mother
357:Father
192:Spouse
171:Burial
36:, the
3818:1471.
3722:(PDF)
3671:(PDF)
2986:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2974:李慶新.
2904:344).
1409:Hanoi
1097:Paris
1026:Reign
293:Names
203:Issue
184:]
100:Reign
4263:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4208:ISBN
4196:2012
4162:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4126:2013
4113:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4065:ISBN
4034:2013
4021:ISBN
3985:2019
3972:ISBN
3936:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3465:2013
3452:ISBN
3422:2013
3377:2013
3260:2013
3235:2013
3204:2013
3177:2013
3099:2013
3037:2013
3024:ISBN
2994:2013
2961:2013
2924:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2816:ISBN
1554:Tusi
1544:and
1534:Java
1494:and
1466:and
1448:Laos
1339:Tusi
1284:and
1252:Ming
1194:and
1010:and
994:and
962:and
862:Name
547:1504
159:Died
132:Born
3801:4–5
1506:Ava
1468:Nan
1446:of
1308:to
1206:or
1055:at
966:in
910:in
842:of
64:黎聖宗
54:Hạo
40:is
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4160:.
4156:.
3953:.
3921:.
3878:,
3799:.
3795:.
3673:.
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3538:^
3521:^
3450:.
3448:92
3424:.
3412:.
3379:.
3367:.
3333:,
3293:,
3221:.
3119:^
3101:.
3089:.
3045:^
3022:.
3020:91
2996:.
2932:.
2901:.
2790:^
2775:^
2748:^
2692:^
2663:^
2636:^
2597:^
2538:^
1470:.
1170:.
1158:.
1095:,
1006:-
812:,
805:,
182:vi
52:,
46:Le
42:Lê
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4364:e
4357:t
4350:v
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4216:.
4170:.
4147:.
4128:.
4100:.
4036:.
3987:.
3957:.
3944:.
3925:.
3909:.
3857:.
3780:.
3753:.
3704:.
3655:.
3467:.
3353:.
3297:1
3262:.
3237:.
3206:.
3179:.
3039:.
2963:.
2935:.
2824:.
1099:.
854:(
787:e
780:t
773:v
456:宗
453:聖
450:黎
411:灝
408:黎
152:)
148:(
145:)
143:誠
140:思
137:黎
56:.
20:)
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