Stegosauria - Knowledge (XXG)

3096: 811: 6911: 1660: 1313:- two parasagittal rows of staggered alternates, after the discovery of an almost complete skeleton preserved in this manner in rock. Furthermore, no two plates share the same size and shape, making the possibility of bilaterally paired rows even less likely. Plates are usually found with distinct vascular grooves on their lateral surfaces, suggesting the presence of a circulatory network. Stegosaurids also have osteoderms on the throat in the form of small depressed ossicles and two pairs of elongated spike-like tail-spines. With 754:. Although defense, thermo-regulation and display have been theorized to be the possible functions of these dorsal plates, a study of the ontogenetic histology of the plates and spikes suggests that the plates serve different functions at different stages of the stegosaurids’ life histories. The terminal spikes in the tail are thought to have been used in old adults, at least, as a weapon for defence. However, the function of stegosaurid plates and spikes, at different life stages, still remains a matter of great debate. 6158: 911: 1359:, a strong protein, would indeed allow the plates to bear more weight, suggesting they may have been used for active defense. A keratinous covering would also allow greater surface area for the plates to be uses as a mating display structures, which could be potentially coloured like the beaks of modern birds. At the same time this finding implies that the use of plates for thermo-regulation may be less likely because the keratinous covering would make heat transfer from the bone highly ineffective. 6165: 6178: 6185: 2062: 1923: 6171: 2033: 199: 140: 1961: 1793: 2091: 1751: 1722: 1607: 2149: 1901: 1368: 6934: 1983: 2993: 2267: 2207: 2245: 2185: 2120: 2879:. argue that the formation of nourishing vascular networks in young adults supported the growth of large plates. This would have enhanced the size of the animal, which may have helped attract mates and deter rivals. Furthermore, the presence of the vascular networks in the plates of the young adult indicate a secondary use of the plates as a thermoregulatory device for heat loss much like the 2441: 1131: 2892:

in young adults, facilitated the further enlargement of the spikes by increasing the amount of nourishment supplied. On the other hand, plates do not show a similar degree of bone compaction or cortical thickening indicating they would not be capable of taking much weight from above. This suggests they were not as important as spikes in active defense.

2926:, also in Utah. Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurians have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet. From this, scientists were able to predict the appearance of stegosaurian tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of 1343:. (2008) observed that the discovered specimen, from which the spine is described, has a completely different morphology than the parascapular spine specimens of other stegosaurs. They suggest it may be a fragmentary tail spine instead. Stegosaurids also lack lateral scute rows that run longitudinally on either side of the trunk in 750:. The stegosaurids like all other stegosaurians were quadrupedal herbivores that exhibited the characteristic stegosaurian dorsal dermal plates. These large, thin, erect plates are thought to be aligned parasagittally from the neck to near the end of the tail. The end of the tail has pairs of spikes, sometimes referred to as a 881:. At first, Marsh still entertained some incorrect notions about its morphology. He assumed that the plates formed a flat skin cover — hence the name, meaning "roof saurian" — and that the animal was bipedal with the spikes sticking out sideways from the rear of the skull. A succession of additional discoveries from the 1351:, indicating yet another secondary loss of a plesiomorphic characters. However, the absence of lateral scutes as well as pre-maxillary teeth mentioned above are not specifically diagnostic of stegosaurids, since these features are also present in some other stegosaurians, whose phylogenetic relationships are unclear. 3184:

may have used a tripodal stance on their hindlimbs and tail to double the foraging height from the general low browsing height under one metre for stegosaurids. This challenged the view that stegosaurs are primarily low vegetation feeders because of their small heads, short necks and short forelimbs,

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inferred that stegosaurids may have used an erect limb posture, like that of most mammals, for habitual locomotion while using a sprawled crocodilian pose for defensive behavior. The sprawled pose would allow them to tolerate the large lateral forces used in swinging the spiked tail against predators

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of already existing fibrous networks in the skin. However, the many structural features, seen in the spikes and plates of old adults specimens, are acquired at different stages of development. Extensive vascular networks form in the plates during the change from juveniles to young adults and persist

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had several types. On its neck, back, and tail were two rows of paired small vertical plates and spikes. The very tail end bore a small club. Each flank had a row of smaller osteoderms, culminating in a long shoulder spine in front, curving to the rear. Later forms show very variable configurations,

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were reinforced by a fusion into two blocks, an ulnar and a radial. The front feet of stegosaurians are commonly depicted in art and in museum displays with fingers splayed out and slanted downward. However, in this position, most bones in the hand would be disarticulated. In reality, the hand bones

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still had seven per side. The upper and lower jaws are equipped with rows of small teeth. Later species have a vertical bone plate covering the outer side of the lower jaw teeth. The structure of the upper jaw, with a low ridge above, and running parallel to, the tooth row, indicates the presence of

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sites allowed a quick update of the presumed build. In 1882, Marsh was able to publish the first skeletal reconstruction of a stegosaur. Hereby, stegosaurians became much better known to the general public. The American finds at the time represented the bulk of known stegosaurian fossils, with about

3125:, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, remarked that Saitta had misidentified features in his specimen's bone tissue sections and said “there’s no evidence the animal has stopped growing”. Paidan also expressed ethical concerns about the use of private specimens in the study. 3118:

dorsal plates, with one morph having a wide, oval plate with a surface area 45% larger than the narrow, tall morph. Considering that dorsal plates most likely functioned as display structures and that the wide oval shape allowed a broad continuous display, Saitta assigns the wider morph with larger

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osteoderms. The thickening of the cortical section of the bone and the compaction of bone in the terminal tail-spikes in old adults suggest that they were used as defence weapons, but not until an ontogenetically late stage. The development of the large axial channel in old adults from small canals

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Stegosaurids are distinguished from other stegosaurians in that the former have lost the plesiomorphic pre-maxillary teeth and lateral scute rows along the trunk. Furthermore, stegosaurids have long narrow skulls and longer hindlimbs compared to their forelimbs. However, these two features are not

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The discovery of an impression of the skin covering the dorsal plates has implications for all possible functions of stegosaurian plates. Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) found that the skin was smooth with long, parallel, shallow grooves indicating a keratinous structure covering the plates. The

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The long hindlimbs elevated the tail base, such that the tail pointed out behind the animal almost horizontally from that high position. While walking, the tail would not have sloped downwards as this would have impeded the function of the tail base retractor muscles, to pull the thighbones

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The protective nature of dorsal plates has also been questioned in the past Davitashvili (1961) noted that narrow dorsal location of the plates still left the sides vulnerable. Since the pattern of plates and spines vary between species, he suggested it could be important for intraspecific

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recognition and as a display for sexual selection. This is corroborated by Spassov's (1982) observations that the plates are arranged for maximum visible effect when viewed laterally during non-aggressive agonistic behaviour, as opposed to from a head-on aggressive stance.

2827:(southern India); however, Galton & Ayyasami (2017) interpreted the specimen as a bone of a sauropod dinosaur. Nevertheless, the authors considered the survival of stegosaurians into the Maastrichtian to be possible, noting the presence of the stegosaurian ichnotaxon 4282:

Skutschas, Pavel P.; Gvozdkova, Vera A.; Averianov, Alexander O.; Lopatin, Alexey V.; Martin, Thomas; Schellhorn, Rico; Kolosov, Petr N.; Markova, Valentina D.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Grigoriev, Dmitry V.; Kuzmin, Ivan T. (2021-03-17). Pardo-Pérez, Judith (ed.).

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had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Initially, Marsh described

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that stegosaurians could rear on their hind legs to reach higher layers of plants, the tail then being used as a "third leg". The mobility of the tail was increased by a reduction or absence of ossified tendons, that with many Ornithischia stiffen the hip region.

773:, from which the group acquired its name, and which is still by far the most famous stegosaurian. During the latter half of the twentieth century, many important Chinese finds were made, representing about half of the presently known diversity of stegosaurians. 1261:

combining plates of various shape and size on the neck and front torso with spikes more to the rear of the animal. They seem to have lost the tail club and the flank rows are apparently absent also, with the exception of the shoulder spine, still shown by

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in build, with a higher and shorter skull, a short neck, a low torso, long slender forelimbs, short hindlimbs, large condyles on the thighbone, a narrow pelvis, long ischial and pubic shafts, and a relatively long tail. Its small tail club might be a

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From the 1950s onwards, the geology of China was systematically surveyed in detail and infrastructural works led to a vast increase of digging activities in that country. This resulted in a new wave of Chinese stegosaurian discoveries, starting with

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from Northern China, the exact age of which is highly uncertain More recent discoveries from Asia however would later begin to fill out the Early Cretaceous diversity of the group. Indeterminate stegosaurs are known from the Early Cretaceous of

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could have maneuvered its rear easily by keeping its large hindlimbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. In 2010, analysis of a digitized model of

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have given rise to the incorrect notion of a "second brain". Despite the downwards curvature of the rump, the neck base was not very low and the head was held a considerable distance off the ground. The neck was flexible and moderately long.

739:, which could ward off even large predators because the tail was in a higher position, pointing horizontally to the rear from the broad pelvis. Stegosaurids had complex arrays of spikes and plates running along their backs, hips and tails. 1301:. They are found in varying sizes along the dorsum, with the central region of the back usually having the largest and tallest plates. The arrangement of these parasagittal dorsal plates has been intensely debated in the past. Discoverer 3167:

and humans. The finding suggests that these dinosaurs would be capable of breaking smaller branches and leaves with their teeth, but would not be able to bite through a thick object (12 mm or more in diameter). Parrish

1379:, from which the name of the family ‘Stegosauridae’ was erected in 1880. In comparison to basal stegosaurians, notable synapomorphies of Stegosauridae include a large antitrochanter (supracetabular process) in the 4475:

Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M., Kenrick, P. and Penn, M.G., 2009, "Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm co-evolution",

3221:"Purported earliest bones of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria): a "dermal tail spine" and a centrum from the Aalenian-Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of England, with comments on other early thyreophorans" 2781:

where new groups of herbivores evolved. Although in general the case for such a causal relation is poorly supported by the data, stegosaurians are an exception in that their decline coincides with that of the

1551:, known from specimens from younger Late Jurassic deposits of the Shaximiao Formation. Huayangosauridae is either the sister taxon to all other stegosaurs, or close to the origin of the clade, with taxa like 3958:

Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Galton, Peter M.; Mallison, Heinrich; Novas, Fernando (2013). "A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation".

3195:. This dinosaur's neck has at least 17 cervical vertebrae achieved through the transformation of thoracic vertebrae into cervical vertebrae and possible lengthening of the centrum. This is more than most 1334:

has been found with parascapular spines, which project posteriorly out of the lower part of the shoulder plates. These spines are long, rounded and comma-shaped in lateral view and have an enlarged base.

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supports this finding. The flora during this time-period was dominated by seasonal small, fast-growing herbaceous plants, which stegosaurids could consume easily if Reichel's reconstruction is accurate.

2862:. (2012) examined their structure and function through juveniles to old adults. They found that throughout the ontogeny, the dorsal osteoderms are composed of dense ossified collagen fibres in both the 1074:

in front of the eye socket, is small, sometimes reduced to a narrow horizontal slit. In general, stegosaurids have proportionally long, low and narrow snouts with a deep mandible, compared to that of

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were based on fragmentary material and were not recognised as possible stegosaurians until the twentieth century. They gave no reason to suspect the existence of a new distinctive group of dinosaurs.

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Jia, Lei; Li, Ning; Dong, Liyang; Shi, Jianru; Kang, Zhishuai; Wang, Suozhu; Xu, Shichao; You, Hailu (2024-01-31). "A new stegosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China".

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In 2001, a study of tail spikes by McWhinney et al., showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage. This too supports the theory that the spikes were used in combat. There is also evidence for

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Peter M. Galton; Krishnan Ayyasami (2017). "Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India".

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pointing obliquely upwards to almost the level of the neural spine top. Stegosaurian back vertebrae can easily be identified by this unique configuration. The tall neural arches often house deep

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tracks suggests their occurrence in this country from at least the Middle to Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Tithonian). A single plaster cast of one of these handprints is in the collections of the

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still possessed them. In species that had short forelimbs, the relatively short torso towards the front curved strongly downwards. The dorsal vertebrae typically were very high, with very tall

1428:. The vast majority of stegosaurian dinosaurs thus far recovered belong to the Stegosauridae, which lived in the later part of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and which were defined by 1224:

formed wide horizontal plates with flaring front blades to allow for an enormous belly-gut. The ilia were attached to the sacral vertebrae via a sacral yoke formed by fused sacral ribs.

4578:"Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" in Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pg. 238 1297:, have very large and flat back plates. Stegosaurid plates have a thick base and central portion, but are transversely thin elsewhere. The plates become remarkably large and thin in 6411: 821:

In 1874, extensive remains of what was clearly a large herbivore equipped with spikes were uncovered in England; the first partial stegosaurian skeleton known. They were named

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The first known discovery of a possible stegosaurian was probably made in the early nineteenth century in England. It consisted of a lower jaw fragment and was in 1848 named

4788:"The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia" 1273:. As far as is known, all forms possessed some sort of thagomizer, though these are rarely preserved articulated allowing to establish the exact arrangement. A fossil of 1209:. Later forms tend to have a strongly expanded acromion, while the coracoid, largely attached to the acromion, no longer extends to the rear lower corner of the scapula. 5098: 4967: 4163:

Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India".

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Bakker, R.T., 1998, "Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado", In: S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, & J.W. Estep (eds.)

5166:"Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism in the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus mjosi (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western USA" 3765:

Lull, R. S. (1910a). Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh, recently mounted at the Peabody Museum of Yale University. American Journal of Science, 4th series, 30, 361–377

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of stegosaurians were arranged into vertical columns, with the main fingers, orientated outwards, forming a tube-like structure. This is similar to the hands of

4904: 4693: 4829:"Footprints of large theropod dinosaurs in the Middle–UpperJurassic (lower Callovian–lower Tithonian) Walloon Coal Measures of southern Queensland, Australia" 7075: 3188:

Another piece of evidence suggesting that some stegosaurids may have consumed more than just low vegetation was the discovery of the long-necked stegosaurid

2584:, from China much larger species are known, with long, "graviportal" (adapted for moving only in a slow manner on land due to a high body weight) hindlimbs: 4243:"Bol'shoi Ilek as the ilek formation stratotype of the Lower Cretaceous, and the new dinosaur and mammoth faunae site in the south-east of Western Siberia" 2946:

footprint measures less than 6 cm in length and represents the smallest known stegosaurian track. Some tracks preserve exquisite scaly skin pattern.

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of the lower thighbone are short from the front to the rear. This would have limited the supported rotation of the knee joint, making running impossible.

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was reported, the first Chinese dinosaur named since 1994. Nevertheless, European and North-American sites have become productive again during the 1990s,

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Spassov, N. B. (1982). The ‘‘bizarre’’ dorsal plates of stegosaurs: ethological approach. Comptes rendus de l’academie bulgare des Sciences, 35, 367–370.

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have forelimbs much shorter than their hindlimbs. Their hindlimbs are long and straight, designed to carry the weight of the animal while stepping. The

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fossils found in India. Though originally thought to be stegosaurian, in 1991 these badly-eroded fossils were suggested to instead have been based on

1545:, suggesting that the origins of stegosaurs lay in Asia. Following phylogenetic analyses, Huayangosauridae was expanded to also include the taxon 2447:

is the oldest and most basal stegosaurian of which good material is known, giving an impression of the build of the earliest members of the group

727:). Originally, they did not differ much from more primitive members of that group, being small, low-slung, running animals protected by armored 7070: 5375: 4493:

Chatterjee, S., and Rudra, D.K., 1996, "KT events in India: impact, rifting, volcanism and dinosaur extinction," in: Novas & Molnar, eds.,

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skeletons having been excavated in Wyoming. Apart from the fossils per se, important new insights have been gained by applying the method of

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Carpenter, Kenneth; Sanders, Frank; McWhinney, Lorrie A. & Wood, Lowell (2005). "Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for

763:, was discovered in 1874 in England. Soon after, in 1877, the first nearly-complete skeleton was discovered in the United States. Professor 3833:

Maidment, S.C.R.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".

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argued in favour of bilaterally paired arrangement throughout the series. Current scientific consensus lies in the arrangement proposed by

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Though Late Cretaceous stegosaurian fossils have been reported, these have mostly turned out to be misidentified. A well-known example is

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sp. has been reported with three pairs of spikes pointing outwards and a fourth pair pointing to the rear. The most derived species, like

969:. This increased the age range of good fossil stegosaurian material, as they represented the first relatively complete skeletons from the 2701:, far fewer finds are known and it seems that the group had declined in diversity. Some fragmentary fossils have been described, such as 2694:

was quite large (some specimens indicate a length of at least seven metres), had high plates, no shoulder spine, and a short, deep rump.

735:, became larger, and developed long hindlimbs that no longer allowed them to run. This increased the importance of active defence by the 731:. An early evolutionary innovation was the development of spikes as defensive weapons. Later species, belonging to a subgroup called the 7060: 5348: 2531:

represent the oldest probable record of stegosaurians reported so far. Outside that, there are assigned fossils to stegosauria from the

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Sereno, Paul C., and Dong Zhimin. "The Skull of the Basal Stegosaur Huayangosaurus Taibaii and a Cladistic Diagnosis of Stegosauria."

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dinosaurs, which also achieved the elongation of the neck through similar mechanisms and had access to fodder higher off the ground.

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There has been debate about whether the spikes were used simply for display, as posited by Gilmore in 1914, or used as a weapon.

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Xing, Lida; Lockley, Martin G.; Persons, W. Scott; Klein, Hendrik; Romilio, Anthony; Wang, Donghao; Wang, Miaoyan (2021-02-28).

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dinosaurs because it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the tail as a weapon. He also observed that

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showed that the tail could bring the thagomizer around to the sides of the dinosaur, possibly striking an attacker beside it.

1236:. In more derived species, these became more horizontal and shorter to the rear, while the front prepubic process lengthened. 6927: 5337: 3941:

Sereno, P.C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria",

2055: 1916: 6184: 2624:, stegosaurid finds from England and France of approximately equivalent age to the Chinese specimens, are likely the same 6170: 2773:

It has often been suggested that the decline in stegosaur diversity was part of a Jurassic-Cretaceous transition, where

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Galton, Peter; Paul Upchurch (2004). "16: Stegosauria". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.).

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Maidment, S.C.R. (2010). "Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships".

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mount showing to a good effect the high neck posture, the throat ossicles and the robust shoulder girdle and forelimbs

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have been discovered with parascapular spines, or spines emerging from the shoulder region. Among stegosaurids, only

198: 4642:"First evidence of stegosaurianDeltapodusfootprints in North Africa (Iouaridène Formation, Upper Jurassic, Morocco)" 1580:

In 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:

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in old adults but spikes acquire a thick cortex with a large axial vascular channel only in old adults. Hayashi

1659: 6543: 5463: 3780:"Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus 2871: 2084: 1744: 1716: 1637: 709: 4037: 4010: 2972:

While has no body fossil evidence currently known for stegosaurs, handprints from underground coal mines near

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is an ichnogenus attributed as stegosaurian prints, and are known across Europe, North Africa, and China. One

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The first stegosaurian finds in the early 19th century were fragmentary. Better fossil material, of the genus

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Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems; New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

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Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (2005). "Stegosauria:Hot Plates". In Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (eds.).

2961:(honours the late Paddy Roe, OAM who went by the name 'Lulu') have been considered registered by stegosaurs. 2953:, Western Australia includes tracks of several different thyreophoran track-makers. Of these, the ichnogenus 2803:

pelvis and hindlimb material, and none of the fossils are demonstrably stegosaurian. The reinterpretation of

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To date, several genera from China bearing names have been proposed but not formally described, including "

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fossils also ossicles have been found in the throat region, bony skin discs that protected the lower neck.

910: 6954: 5559: 2142: 1894: 1653: 5302:"Jurassic "savannah"—plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA)" 7027: 6570: 5805: 5361: 3353:"A review of the Late Jurassic stegosaurs (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the People's Republic of China" 2460: 1976: 1302: 868: 764: 312: 149: 4786:

Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12).

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are also suggested to have exhibited dimorphism in the form of three extra sacral ribs in the females.

1127:, and is also supported by evidence from stegosaurian footprints and fossils found in a lifelike pose. 1001: 5253:"A model for the bite mechanics in the herbivorous dinosaur Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)" 3756:

Marsh, O. C. (1891). Restoration of Stegosaurus. American Journal of Science, 3rd series, 42, 179–182.

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https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011652/http://www.kheper.net/evolution/dinosauria/Stegosauria.htm

5035: 4705: 4296: 3364: 2923: 2470: 2260: 2200: 1833: 1564: 1396: 1156: 985: 550: 173: 4285:"Wear patterns and dental functioning in an Early Cretaceous stegosaur from Yakutia, Eastern Russia" 3873:"Exceptional stegosaur integument impressions from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming" 3352: 7055: 6937: 6105: 5680: 4533: 4529: 4403: 2824: 2640: 2542: 2238: 2178: 2113: 1786: 1573: 1534: 1174: 1110:

had relatively long and slender arms. The forelimbs of later forms are very robust, with a massive

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took place in which a vast increase in scientific attention was given to the Dinosauria. In 2007,

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David E. Fastovsky , David B. Weishampel. The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs. p. 123

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suggested a single median row of plates running post-cranially along the longitudinal axis and

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diagnostic of Stegosauridae because they may also be present in non-stegosaurid stegosaurians.

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Wilson, J. A., Barrett, P. M., & Carrano, M. T. (2011). An associated partial skeleton of

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Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).

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In order to explore the feeding habits of stegosaurids, Reichel (2010) created a 3-D model of

3111: 2981: 2973: 2934:. None, however, have preserved traces of the front feet and stegosaurian traces remain rare. 2604: 2581: 1960: 1692: 1553: 1322: 1269: 965: 362: 167: 139: 6992: 6740: 6731: 5937: 5316: 5264: 5195: 5177: 5128: 5043: 4990: 4840: 4799: 4713: 4653: 4604: 4433: 4408: 4363: 4322: 4304: 4254: 4172: 4060: 4052: 3976: 3968: 3884: 3842: 3712: 3704: 3660: 3553: 3505: 3451: 3411: 3372: 3320: 3310: 3270: 3232: 3024: 2834: 2759: 2698: 2586: 1874: 1547: 1395:

have an elongated neural arch. The first exact clade definition of Stegosauria was given by

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Stegosaurians had characteristic small, long, flat, narrow heads and a horn-covered beak or

1018:, allowing for the first time to exactly calculate stegosaurian evolutionary relationships. 974: 947: 915: 680: 420: 44: 5117:"CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915" 4495:

Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium, Brisbane, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum

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noted that it is likely that the stegosaur tail was much more flexible than those of other

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were present. While older finds had been limited to the northern continents, in this phase

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outside the Stegosauridae-Huayangosauridae split. Huayangosauridae was formally defined in

1104:

had a thighbone like a running animal. The upper leg was always longer than the lower leg.

6876: 6800: 6720: 6662: 6528: 6380: 6085: 5953: 5448: 5423: 3008: 2998: 2867: 2778: 2672: 2598: 2592: 2570: 2424: 2090: 1816: 1750: 1721: 1538: 1530: 1182: 990: 970: 959: 941: 929: 844:. Other English nineteenth century and early twentieth century finds would be assigned to 643: 612: 580: 501: 185: 40: 4352:"First Record of Stegosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia" 2965:

includes the largest stegosaur tracks measuring 80 cm in length. Trackway data show

2815:

are certainly not plesiosaurian, and noted the need to redescribe the fossil material of

1567:

by Daniel Madzia and colleagues, who used the previous definitions of all taxa closer to

5039: 5024:"A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains" 4709: 4300: 3693:"A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs" 3368: 1606: 1524: 1516: 1252:

that were not part of the skeleton proper but skin ossifications instead: the so-called

6779: 6748: 6395: 6375: 6326: 6251: 6036: 5946: 5884: 5849: 5776: 5200: 5165: 4934:

McWhinney, L. A.; Rothschild, B. M. & Carpenter, K. (2001). "Posttraumatic Chronic

4876: 4327: 4284: 3717: 3692: 3492:

Hayashi, Shoji; Carpenter, Kenneth; Watabe, Mahito; McWHINNEY, Lorrie A. (2012-01-01).

3325: 3298: 2729: 2620: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2148: 1900: 1459: 1206: 1076: 1057: 953: 856: 471: 430: 161: 5301: 5069:

Carpenter, K. & Galton, P. M. (2001). "Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked

4592: 3645: 3185:

since the tripodal stance would also give them access to young trees and high bushes.

3074:. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. 1982: 1367: 7049: 6869: 6860: 6811: 6786: 6759: 6706: 6691: 6676: 6669: 6655: 6648: 6343: 6293: 6051: 6022: 6008: 5992: 5877: 5870: 5769: 5689: 5613: 5606: 5574: 5150: 5055: 4991: 4935: 4860: 4733: 4675: 4658: 4641: 4216:

Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages

4214: 4184: 3990: 3928:

Galton, P.M., 1997, "Stegosauria", pp. 701-703 in: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (eds.),

3906: 3779: 3510: 3493: 3244: 3101: 2863: 2820: 2791: 2738: 2703: 2686: 2677: 2659: 2629: 2609: 2490: 2465: 2459:

and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of

2413: 2013: 1559: 1542: 1498: 1451: 1287: 1194: 1010: 799: 732: 700: 688: 666: 591: 481: 392: 372: 352: 342: 332: 128: 82: 5311:. Reconstruction of the Extinct Ecosystem of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. 5286: 4626: 4593:"New Finds of Stegosaur Tracks from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Portugal" 4591:

Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Romano, Michael; Whyte, Martin A. (September 2011).

4383: 4074: 3854: 3674: 3565: 3384: 2992: 2266: 2206: 6891: 6849: 6827: 6772: 6699: 6555: 6503: 6385: 6336: 6279: 6265: 6258: 6213: 6029: 5984: 5912: 5891: 5794: 5668: 5660: 5636: 5590: 5525: 5512: 5475: 5384: 4259: 3122: 3040: 3028: 3013: 2870:

sections of the bone, suggesting that plates and spikes are formed from the direct

2808: 2800: 2719: 2714: 2650: 2614: 2558: 2510: 2502: 2478: 2244: 2184: 2119: 1773: 1490: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1403: 1380: 1356: 1348: 1293: 1263: 1160: 1119: 935: 899: 864: 850: 826: 788: 633: 601: 560: 519: 461: 382: 259: 155: 4844: 4804: 4787: 4437: 4412: 3455: 5320: 5182: 4514:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, central India. 4309: 3972: 3646:"Evidence for a sauropod-like metacarpal configuration in stegosaurian dinosaurs" 3082:

A digital articulation and manipulation of digital scans of specimen material of

2819:. A purported stegosaurian dermal plate was reported from the latest Cretaceous ( 707:. Their geographical origins are unclear; the earliest unequivocal stegosaurian, 7014: 6986: 6884: 6835: 6793: 6512: 6314: 6286: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6062: 5961: 5926: 5863: 5749: 5628: 5598: 5551: 5543: 4828: 4176: 3274: 3236: 3033: 2783: 2774: 2749: 2744: 2709: 2634: 2555: 2537: 2440: 2418: 1587: 1485: 1442: 1429: 1400: 1281: 1245: 1152: 1067: 1061:, stegosaurians subsequently lost all premaxillary teeth within the upper beak. 877: 840: 793: 783: 769: 759: 724: 623: 540: 491: 440: 275: 179: 57: 17: 1508: 6820: 6713: 6307: 6300: 6094: 6043: 6015: 6000: 5976: 5919: 5898: 5783: 5762: 5738: 5731: 5717: 5703: 5652: 5644: 5620: 5269: 5252: 5133: 5116: 4367: 3889: 3872: 3846: 3557: 3416: 3399: 3376: 3053: 2938: 2918: 2913: 2829: 2754: 2667: 2663: 2518: 2514: 2486: 2456: 2452: 1497:. Huayangosaurinae was originally differentiated by the remaining taxa within 1233: 1221: 1216:. Later species, however, convergent to the Ankylosauria developed very broad 1143: 1044: 1040: 1015: 882: 751: 736: 677: 530: 402: 102: 67: 6977: 5278: 5191: 5142: 5047: 4852: 4813: 4725: 4667: 4618: 4445: 4375: 4318: 4268: 3898: 3519: 3463: 3425: 2632:, stegosaurids seem to have experienced their greatest radiation. In Europe, 6272: 5905: 5696: 5582: 4540:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 343–362. 4351: 3196: 2888: 2796: 2577: 2566: 1253: 1130: 1124: 1089: 981:, which provided unique information about the early evolution of the group. 890: 834: 830: 714: 663: 210: 107: 51: 5209: 4336: 4065: 4013:[Note on the new Mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China] 3788:

Series: Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulletin 89

3726: 3708: 3691:

Mateus, Octávio; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Christiansen, Nicolai A. (2009).

3471: 3334: 5300:

Parrish, Judith Totman; Peterson, Fred; Turner, Christine E (2004-05-15).

4717: 4609: 3665: 2930:

stegosaurian tracks. More trackways have been found since the erection of

6971: 6494: 6485: 6223: 5724: 5567: 5432: 5408: 3003: 2922:

was erected for another set of stegosaurian tracks which were found near

2905: 2880: 2851: 2645: 2532: 2524: 2474: 2416:". Until formal descriptions are published, these genera are regarded as 1763: 1472: 1468: 1446:. This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, 1425: 1392: 1198: 1190: 1005: 673: 669: 291: 243: 230: 124: 120: 97: 92: 77: 72: 62: 3315: 2904:

Stegosaurian tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only

6351: 5414: 4056: 3981: 3594: 3017: 2725: 2528: 1464: 1388: 1229: 1202: 1111: 907:

being rather small and having long rows of spikes on the hip and tail.

872: 112: 87: 7019: 4827:

Romilio, Anthony; Salisbury, Steven W.; Jannel, Andréas (2020-06-12).

3633:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 361. 889:

The next important discovery was made when a German expedition to the

6479: 5402: 4905:"Heinrich's digital Kentrosaurus: the SJG stegosaur special, part II" 4241:

Leshchinskiy, S. V.; Fayngerts, A. V.; Ivantsov, S. V. (2019-10-20).

3164: 3152: 2884: 2767: 2763: 2655: 1447: 1217: 1212:

The stegosaurian pelvis was originally moderately large, as shown by

1048: 696: 692: 220: 6948: 5023: 2717:. Up until recently, the only substantial discoveries were those of 848:; later they would, together with French fossils, be partly renamed 3220: 2736:. The youngest known definitive remains of stegosaurs are those of 2535:: the specimen "IVPP V.219", a chimaera with bones of the sauropod 1371:

Illustration comparing three stegosaurids by Danny Cicchetti, 2013.

1172:

still had the probably original number of nine cervical vertebrae;

4997:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 3114:

in stegosaurids. Saitta (2015) presents evidence of two morphs of

3094: 2991: 2969:

track-makers were capable of bipedal and quadrupedal progression.

2625: 2498: 2439: 1502: 1476: 1384: 1366: 1249: 1129: 909: 809: 804: 728: 7006: 3172:.’s (2004) description of Jurassic flora in the stegosaurid-rich 3057:

tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a

2545:. The perhaps most basal known stegosaurian, the four-metre-long 2505:; the author argued that this finding indicates a probable early 1092:, with hoof-like toes on all four limbs. All stegosaurians after 5969: 1479:. The group is defined as all taxa closer to the namesake genus 1115: 1097: 1052: 1036: 704: 6952: 6472: 6434: 6200: 5510: 5395: 5357: 5353: 6430: 3805:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–130. 2658:. No unequivocal stegosaurian fossils have been reported from 2811:

and Upchurch (2004), who stated that the skull and plates of

1489:, and was originally named as the family Huayangosaurinae by 1339:

was also believed to have a parascapular spine, but Maidment

829:

in 1875. Later, this name was shown to be preoccupied by the

4399:"The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China" 4165:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

3442:

Sereno, Paul C. (1999-06-25). "The Evolution of Dinosaurs".

3263:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

3225:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

2912:, which is located near Price, Utah. Two years later, a new 4038:"A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" 3943:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

2473:

of the clade uniting stegosaurians and ankylosaurians, the

4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4397:

Li, Ning; Li, Daqing; Peng, Guangzhao; You, Hailu (2024).

3299:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs" 2481:(2019) interpreted plates of an armored dinosaur from the 903:. The finds increased the known variability of the group, 131:

records in the form of fossil tracks and referred fossils.

4528:

Peter M. Galton; Paul Upchurch (2004). "Stegosauria". In

3871:

Christiansen, Nicolai A.; Tschopp, Emanuel (2010-09-07).

3615:

David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska. The

2684:(perhaps several species thereof) and the somewhat older 2676:. The most derived Jurassic stegosaurians are known from 791:, remains were discovered that much later would be named 3494:"Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes" 984:

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the so-called

3697:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

933:

in 1957. Chinese finds of the 1970s and 1980s included

897:, from 1909 to 1912 excavated over a thousand bones of 3398:

Billon-Bruyat, Jean-Paul; Marty, Daniel (2010-09-04).

2608:. Most of these are considered members of the derived 1416:. Thus defined, the Stegosauria are by definition the 6412:

List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks

767:

that year classified such specimens in the new genus

683:. Stegosaurian fossils have been found mostly in the 3961:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

3619:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 639: 629: 619: 608: 597: 587: 576: 568: 556: 546: 536: 526: 515: 507: 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 449: 436: 426: 416: 408: 398: 388: 378: 368: 358: 348: 338: 328: 6961: 6859: 6810: 6758: 6730: 6632: 6581: 6554: 6527: 6404: 6368: 6324: 6211: 6116: 6093: 6084: 6061: 5936: 5847: 5816: 5793: 5748: 5679: 5523: 5474: 5447: 3552:(Supplement 2, Symposium on Stegosauria): 199–210. 3106:, including variation in plate shape and coloration 1267:and extremely developed, as its name indicates, in 4875: 4213: 4112:, pp 3-24. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2670:, though. A Late Jurassic Chinese stegosaurian is 875:excavated a fossil that Marsh the same year named 4640:BELVEDERE, MATTEO; MIETTO, PAOLO (January 2010). 4138:. In James O. Farlow; M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.). 2469:, is proposed to be morphologically close to the 797:. In 1874, other remains from England were named 742:Stegosauria includes two families, the primitive 4350:Tumanova, T. A.; Alifanov, V. R. (2018-12-01). 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3400:"Preface: Symposium on Stegosauria proceedings" 3351:Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Guangbiao Wei (2006). 787:. In 1845, in the area of the present state of 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3346: 3344: 1066:a fleshy cheek. In stegosaurians, the typical 6446: 5369: 5077:. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–102. 4946:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–56. 4942:dermal spikes". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4687: 4685: 4586: 4584: 3803:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs 3790:(89). Government Printing Office, Washington. 3686: 3684: 3110:There have been several findings of possible 1440:. They include per definition the well-known 1432:as all stegosaurians more closely related to 1228:still had rather long and obliquely oriented 1142:backwards. However, it has been suggested by 1080:. Stegosaurids also lack premaxillary teeth. 8: 5097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3773: 3771: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3256: 3254: 1375:In 1877, Othniel Marsh discovered and named 1039:, which covered the front of the snout (two 147:Six stegosaurs (top left to bottom right): 4771:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4212:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Rey, Luis V. (2007). 4004: 4002: 4000: 3214: 3212: 3070:as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike 1193:, a process on the lower front edge of the 6949: 6764: 6640: 6629: 6560: 6533: 6524: 6469: 6453: 6439: 6431: 6208: 6197: 6090: 5855: 5754: 5535: 5531: 5520: 5507: 5453: 5444: 5392: 5376: 5362: 5354: 4749:"Tiny cat-sized stegosaur leaves its mark" 3739:Z. Dong, S. Zhou, and Y. Zhang, 1983, "". 3155:. The model finds that the bite forces of 2513:Stegosauria. Footprints attributed to the 1537:, was proposed to be intermediate between 1201:was about as wide as the lower end of the 138: 31: 5268: 5199: 5181: 5132: 4803: 4657: 4608: 4326: 4308: 4258: 4142:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4064: 3980: 3888: 3716: 3664: 3509: 3415: 3324: 3314: 2996:A fossil melee involving a stegosaurian ( 2541:is known from the Maanshan Member of the 2463:thyreophorans. One such described genus, 817:bones illustrated by Arthur Lakes in 1879 5224:"Dino 'sexing' study slammed by critics" 1047:) bones. Similar structures are seen in 867:, a fossil hunter working for Professor 4009:Dong, Z.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, S.W. (1982). 3208: 1248:, stegosaurians were protected by bony 5246: 5244: 5090: 4959: 4764: 4036:Raven, T.j.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2017). 3159:was significantly weaker than that of 2777:become the dominant plants, causing a 2576:A few million years later, during the 1467:reptile") is a family of stegosaurian 1178:has an elongated neck with seventeen. 723:Stegosaurians were armored dinosaurs ( 5110: 5108: 4108:, the earliest complete dinosaur" in 4087:Zhu Songlin, 1994, "记四川盆地营山县一剑龙化石 ", 3866: 3864: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 2957:(a Nyulnyulan word for 'shield') and 2509:origin for both Ankylosauria and its 1493:and colleagues in the description of 7: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3437: 3435: 3051:defending itself, in the form of an 2573:, about 166 million years ago. 1008:and a number of relatively complete 7076:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh 3835:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3741:Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C 2807:as a plesiosaur wasn't accepted by 2762:of China, all of which date to the 2231: 2171: 2164: 2135: 2106: 2077: 2048: 2019: 1947: 1887: 1880: 1870: 1808: 1779: 1769: 1737: 1708: 1684: 1629: 1622: 1593: 1583: 1529:. Huayangosaurinae, known from the 1383:, a long prepubic process and long 5164:Saitta, Evan Thomas (2015-04-22). 4792:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3587:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3099:Hypothetical sexual dimorphism of 25: 5115:Mallison, Heinrich (2010-09-07). 838:and the stegosaurian was renamed 6933: 6932: 6909: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6156: 5073:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4989:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4659:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00928.x 4501:(3): iv + 489–731 : 489-532 3511:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01122.x 2949:Australia's 'Dinosaur Coast' in 2265: 2243: 2205: 2183: 2147: 2118: 2089: 2060: 2031: 1981: 1959: 1921: 1899: 1791: 1749: 1720: 1658: 1605: 1197:, was moderately developed; the 197: 4512:Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis 4478:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3180:Mallison (2010) suggested that 2648:was colonised also as shown by 2451:Like the spikes and shields of 2428:, for a long time considered a 1457:Huayangosauridae (derived from 687:, predominantly in what is now 5338:Timeline of stegosaur research 5251:Reichel, Miriam (2010-08-31). 4260:10.31857/S0869-56524885513-516 2056:Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis 1917:Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis 1387:relative to the length of the 1: 7071:Fossil taxa described in 1877 4845:10.1080/08912963.2020.1772252 4805:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539 4597:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4438:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308214 4413:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852 3653:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3456:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137 7066:Early Cretaceous extinctions 5321:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004 5257:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 5183:10.1371/journal.pone.0123503 5121:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 4882:. New York: William Morrow. 4310:10.1371/journal.pone.0248163 3973:10.1080/03115518.2012.702531 3877:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 3546:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 3404:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2027:Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis 886:twenty skeletons collected. 5028:American Journal of Science 3932:, Academic Press, San Diego 2858:plates and spikes, Hayashi 1955:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus 1320:Many basal stegosaurs like 1205:, with which it formed the 977:. Especially important was 7092: 7061:Bajocian first appearances 5344:Stegosauria on Palaeos.com 5335: 4247:Доклады Академии Наук СССР 4220:. New York: Random House. 3589:12, no. 3 (1992): 318-43. 2523:from the Middle Jurassic ( 2501:as fossils of a member of 1601:Lesothosaurus diagnosticus 1043:) and lower jaw (a single 27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs 6922: 6907: 6767: 6643: 6628: 6609: 6563: 6536: 6523: 6468: 6207: 6196: 6153: 5858: 5757: 5538: 5534: 5519: 5506: 5456: 5443: 5391: 5270:10.1007/s00015-010-0025-1 5134:10.1007/s00015-010-0024-2 4993:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs 4368:10.1134/S0031030118140186 3930:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 3890:10.1007/s00015-010-0026-0 3847:10.1017/S1477201908002459 3558:10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3 3417:10.1007/s00015-010-0027-z 3377:10.1017/S0016756806002500 3151:teeth using the software 2976:, Queensland, resembling 2854:histological analysis of 2432:, was described in 1994. 2258: 2236: 2229: 2198: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2140: 2133: 2111: 2104: 2082: 2075: 2053: 2046: 2024: 2017: 1974: 1952: 1945: 1914: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1868: 1830: 1813: 1806: 1784: 1777: 1767: 1742: 1735: 1713: 1706: 1689: 1682: 1651: 1634: 1627: 1620: 1598: 1591: 1163:; enlarged canals in the 1000:having been found in the 325: 320: 194:Scientific classification 192: 146: 137: 34: 5048:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513 3219:Peter M. Galton (2017). 3041:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 2742:from Mongolia, possibly 2638:and the closely related 2085:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 1745:Alcovasaurus longispinus 1717:Scelidosaurus harrisonii 1638:Laquintasaura venezuelae 1406:more closely related to 710:Bashanosaurus primitivus 4356:Paleontological Journal 4177:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 4104:Norman, David (2001). " 4089:Sichuan Cultural Relics 3778:Gilmore, C. W. (1914). 3275:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671 3237:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0667 4903:Naish, Darren (2010). 4874:Bakker, R. T. (1986). 4130:Galton, Peter (1997). 4021:(in Chinese (China)). 4019:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 3709:10.1098/rspb.2008.1909 3119:surface area as male. 3107: 3087:as a clubbing device. 3020: 2910:Cleveland-Lloyd quarry 2448: 2143:Loricatosaurus priscus 1895:Huayangosaurus taibaii 1654:Scutellosaurus lawleri 1569:Huayangosaurus taibaii 1372: 1138: 1088:All stegosaurians are 923: 818: 672:that lived during the 7028:Paleobiology Database 5075:The Armored Dinosaurs 4944:The Armored Dinosaurs 4878:The Dinosaur Heresies 4718:10.2110/palo.2020.036 4610:10.4202/app.2009.0055 4140:The Complete Dinosaur 4110:The Armored Dinosaurs 3666:10.4202/app.2009.1105 3098: 2995: 2833:in the Maastrichtian 2443: 1977:Paranthodon africanus 1370: 1303:Othniel Charles Marsh 1240:Armor and ornamention 1133: 913: 869:Othniel Charles Marsh 813: 765:Othniel Charles Marsh 746:and the more derived 150:Stegosaurus ungulatus 5022:Marsh, O. C (1877). 4407:(in press). 105852. 4011:"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙" 2924:Arches National Park 2549:, is still close to 2471:last common ancestor 2436:Evolutionary history 2261:Wuerhosaurus homheni 2201:Miragaia longicollum 1834:Euoplocephalus tutus 1397:Peter Malcolm Galton 1185:was very robust. In 1157:transverse processes 1144:Robert Thomas Bakker 1084:Postcranial skeleton 986:Dinosaur Renaissance 5681:Heterodontosauridae 5309:Sedimentary Geology 5040:1877AmJS...14..513M 4710:2021Palai..36...68X 4530:David B. Weishampel 4404:Cretaceous Research 4301:2021PLoSO..1648163S 3644:Senter, P. (2010). 3450:(5423): 2137–2147. 3369:2006GeoM..143..621M 3357:Geological Magazine 3316:10.7717/peerj.12362 3063:Stegosaurus stenops 2825:Kallamedu Formation 2543:Ziliujing Formation 2408:Undescribed species 2239:Stegosaurus stenops 2179:Hesperosaurus mjosi 2114:Dacentrurus armatus 1787:Sauropelta edwardsi 1574:Stegosaurus stenops 1535:Shaximiao Formation 1525:mandibular fenestra 1517:antorbital fenestra 1501:by the presence of 1377:Stegosaurus armatus 1072:antorbital fenestra 1070:skull opening, the 777:History of research 718:Shaximiao Formation 713:, was found in the 685:Northern Hemisphere 6391:Hypsilophodontidae 6129:Pachycephalosauria 6118:Pachycephalosauria 4915:on January 9, 2011 4833:Historical Biology 4429:Historical Biology 4057:10.1111/pala.12291 3174:Morrison Formation 3108: 3021: 3002:) and a mid-sized 2908:discovered at the 2734:Batylykh Formation 2449: 1373: 1139: 1125:sauropod dinosaurs 1002:Lourinhã Formation 924: 895:German East Africa 819: 129:Late Maastrichtian 7043: 7042: 6955:Taxon identifiers 6946: 6945: 6918: 6917: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6685:Gigantspinosaurus 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6359:Serendipaceratops 6192: 6191: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5711:Heterodontosaurus 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5084:978-0-253-33964-5 5008:978-0-253-34539-4 4953:978-0-253-33964-5 4839:(10): 2135–2146. 4547:978-0-520-24209-8 4518:, 54(5), 981-998. 4362:(14): 1771–1779. 4227:978-0-375-82419-7 3812:978-0-521-81172-9 3703:(1663): 1815–21. 3112:sexual dimorphism 3091:Sexual dimorphism 2982:Queensland Museum 2837:(western India). 2707:from England and 2605:Gigantspinosaurus 2565:lived during the 2404: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2277: 2218: 2217: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1934: 1933: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1693:Emausaurus ernsti 1671: 1670: 1554:Gigantspinosaurus 1323:Gigantspinosaurus 1270:Gigantspinosaurus 1181:The stegosaurian 966:Gigantspinosaurus 657: 656: 363:Gigantspinosaurus 316: 168:Gigantspinosaurus 132: 16:(Redirected from 7083: 7036: 7035: 7023: 7022: 7010: 7009: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6950: 6936: 6935: 6913: 6765: 6741:Chungkingosaurus 6732:Huayangosauridae 6641: 6630: 6561: 6534: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6470: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6209: 6198: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6091: 5938:Thescelosauridae 5856: 5755: 5536: 5532: 5521: 5508: 5454: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5393: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5325: 5324: 5315:(3–4): 137–162. 5306: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5272: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5185: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5136: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4996: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4957: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4911:. Archived from 4909:Tetrapod Zoology 4900: 4894: 4893: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4588: 4579: 4576: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4534:Halszka Osmólska 4532:; Peter Dodson; 4525: 4519: 4508: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4473: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4312: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4127: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4006: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3955: 3949: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3892: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3775: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3598: 3583: 3570: 3569: 3541: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3318: 3294: 3279: 3278: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3216: 2835:Lameta Formation 2760:Zuoyun Formation 2728:, including the 2699:Early Cretaceous 2666:, Australia, or 2587:Chungkingosaurus 2269: 2247: 2232: 2209: 2187: 2172: 2165: 2151: 2136: 2122: 2107: 2093: 2078: 2064: 2049: 2035: 2020: 1985: 1963: 1948: 1925: 1903: 1888: 1881: 1875:Huayangosauridae 1871: 1809: 1795: 1780: 1770: 1753: 1738: 1724: 1709: 1685: 1662: 1630: 1623: 1609: 1594: 1584: 1548:Chungkingosaurus 1526: 1518: 1510: 1276:Chungkingosaurus 1165:sacral vertebrae 975:Early Cretaceous 948:Chungkingosaurus 916:life restoration 744:Huayangosauridae 641: 631: 621: 610: 599: 589: 578: 570: 558: 548: 538: 528: 517: 509: 499: 489: 479: 469: 459: 451: 438: 428: 421:Chungkingosaurus 418: 412:Huayangosauridae 410: 400: 390: 380: 370: 360: 350: 340: 330: 311: 306: 290: 274: 258: 202: 201: 142: 118: 117: 54: 45:Early Cretaceous 38:Temporal range: 32: 21: 18:Huayangosauridae 7091: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6914: 6897: 6877:Jiangjunosaurus 6855: 6806: 6801:Tuojiangosaurus 6754: 6726: 6721:Yingshanosaurus 6663:Chialingosaurus 6637: 6616: 6597: 6577: 6550: 6544:Avemetatarsalia 6529:Avemetatarsalia 6519: 6475: 6474: 6464: 6459: 6429: 6416: 6400: 6381:Phytodinosauria 6364: 6320: 6203: 6188: 6175: 6168: 6155: 6135: 6112: 6086:Marginocephalia 6080: 6057: 5954:Changchunsaurus 5932: 5852: 5835: 5812: 5789: 5744: 5675: 5528: 5515: 5490: 5470: 5464:Avemetatarsalia 5449:Avemetatarsalia 5439: 5424:Avemetatarsalia 5398: 5397: 5387: 5382: 5340: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5176:(4): e0123503. 5163: 5162: 5158: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4958: 4954: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4798:(sup1): 1–152. 4785: 4784: 4780: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4509: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4474: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4295:(3): e0248163. 4281: 4280: 4276: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4103: 4099: 4086: 4082: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3998: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3832: 3831: 3820: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3738: 3734: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3601: 3584: 3573: 3543: 3542: 3527: 3491: 3490: 3479: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3296: 3295: 3282: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3145: 3093: 3080: 3009:Monolophosaurus 2999:Tuojiangosaurus 2990: 2902: 2848: 2843: 2779:faunal turnover 2673:Jiangjunosaurus 2599:Tuojiangosaurus 2593:Chialingosaurus 2571:Middle Jurassic 2438: 2425:Yingshanosaurus 2410: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2248: 2219: 2210: 2188: 2152: 2123: 2094: 2065: 2036: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1964: 1935: 1926: 1904: 1855: 1846: 1817:Gastonia burgei 1796: 1754: 1672: 1663: 1610: 1539:Scelidosaurinae 1531:Middle Jurassic 1528: 1520: 1512: 1365: 1242: 1220:, in which the 1183:shoulder girdle 1086: 1033: 1024: 991:Jiangjunosaurus 971:Middle Jurassic 960:Yingshanosaurus 942:Tuojiangosaurus 930:Chialingosaurus 893:, then part of 779: 644:Yingshanosaurus 613:Jiangjunosaurus 581:Chialingosaurus 502:Tuojiangosaurus 310: 304: 288: 272: 256: 196: 186:Tuojiangosaurus 133: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 49: 48: 41:Middle Jurassic 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7089: 7087: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7024: 7011: 6998: 6983: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6930: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6865: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6780:Loricatosaurus 6776: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6749:Huayangosaurus 6745: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6537: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6482: 6473: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6405:Other articles 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6396:Jeholosauridae 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6376:Ornithoscelida 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6330: 6327:Incertae sedis 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6252:Ferganocephale 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6217: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6037:Thescelosaurus 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5947:Albertadromeus 5942: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5885:Kulindadromeus 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5850:Neornithischia 5848: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5777:Scutellosaurus 5773: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5457: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5333: 5332:External links 5330: 5327: 5326: 5292: 5263:(2): 235–240. 5240: 5228:Science | AAAS 5215: 5156: 5127:(2): 211–233. 5104: 5083: 5061: 5034:(84): 513–14. 5014: 5007: 4973: 4952: 4926: 4895: 4888: 4866: 4819: 4778: 4739: 4681: 4652:(1): 233–240. 4632: 4603:(3): 651–658. 4580: 4562: 4553: 4546: 4538:The Dinosauria 4520: 4503: 4486: 4468: 4451: 4418: 4389: 4342: 4274: 4253:(5): 513–516. 4249:(in Russian). 4233: 4226: 4204: 4190: 4171:(2): 205–219. 4155: 4148: 4122: 4097: 4080: 4051:(3): 401–408. 4028: 3996: 3950: 3934: 3921: 3912: 3883:(2): 163–171. 3860: 3841:(4): 367–407. 3818: 3811: 3793: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3732: 3680: 3659:(3): 427–432. 3636: 3621: 3599: 3571: 3525: 3504:(1): 145–161. 3477: 3431: 3410:(2): 139–141. 3390: 3363:(5): 621–634. 3340: 3280: 3250: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3144: 3141: 3092: 3089: 3079: 3076: 2989: 2986: 2901: 2898: 2872:mineralization 2847: 2846:Plate function 2844: 2842: 2839: 2752:of China, and 2730:Ilek Formation 2621:Loricatosaurus 2563:Huayangosaurus 2547:Huayangosaurus 2507:Early Jurassic 2495:Kota Formation 2483:Lower Jurassic 2445:Huayangosaurus 2437: 2434: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1495:Huayangosaurus 1481:Huayangosaurus 1460:Huayangosaurus 1438:Huayangosaurus 1364: 1363:Classification 1361: 1345:Huayangosaurus 1337:Loricatosaurus 1328:Huayangosaurus 1258:Huayangosaurus 1241: 1238: 1226:Huayangosaurus 1214:Huayangosaurus 1207:shoulder joint 1187:Huayangosaurus 1170:Huayangosaurus 1149:Huayangosaurus 1108:Huayangosaurus 1102:Huayangosaurus 1094:Huayangosaurus 1085: 1082: 1077:Huayangosaurus 1063:Huayangosaurus 1058:Huayangosaurus 1041:premaxillaries 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 979:Huayangosaurus 954:Huayangosaurus 857:Loricatosaurus 778: 775: 662:is a group of 655: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 637: 627: 617: 606: 595: 585: 566: 565: 564: 554: 544: 534: 524: 505: 495: 485: 475: 472:Loricatosaurus 465: 447: 446: 445: 434: 431:Huayangosaurus 424: 406: 396: 386: 376: 366: 356: 346: 336: 323: 322: 318: 317: 302: 295: 294: 286: 279: 278: 270: 263: 262: 254: 247: 246: 241: 234: 233: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 190: 189: 162:Huayangosaurus 144: 143: 135: 134: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 55: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7088: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6939: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6912: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6870:Hesperosaurus 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6861:Stegosaurinae 6858: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6812:Dacentrurinae 6809: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787:Mongolostegus 6784: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Stegosauridae 6757: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6707:Monkonosaurus 6704: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692:Isaberrysaura 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677:Dravidosaurus 6674: 6672: 6671: 6670:Craterosaurus 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6656:Bashanosaurus 6653: 6651: 6650: 6649:Baiyinosaurus 6646: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6615: 6614: 6608: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6344:Dravidosaurus 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6294:Syngonosaurus 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6052:Zephyrosaurus 6049: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6023:Oryctodromeus 6020: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6009:Nevadadromeus 6006: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993:Koreanosaurus 5990: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5878:Hypsilophodon 5875: 5873: 5872: 5871:Hexinlusaurus 5868: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5770:Scelidosaurus 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5690:Abrictosaurus 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614:Lesothosaurus 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607:Laquintasaura 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575:Eucoelophysis 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5331: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936:Osteomyelitis 4930: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4889:9780688042875 4885: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4646:Palaeontology 4643: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4516:Palaeontology 4513: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4149:9780253213136 4145: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4118:0-253-33964-2 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106:Scelidosaurus 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4066:10044/1/45349 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045:Palaeontology 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498:Palaeontology 3495: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3116:Hesperosaurus 3113: 3105: 3103: 3102:Hesperosaurus 3097: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029:ornithischian 3026: 3025:Robert Bakker 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900:Trace fossils 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2821:Maastrichtian 2818: 2817:Dravidosaurus 2814: 2813:Dravidosaurus 2810: 2806: 2805:Dravidosaurus 2802: 2801:plesiosaurian 2798: 2795:, known from 2794: 2793: 2792:Dravidosaurus 2787: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2739:Mongolostegus 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704:Craterosaurus 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2687:Hesperosaurus 2683: 2679: 2678:North-America 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:South-America 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630:Late Jurassic 2628:. During the 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610:Stegosauridae 2607: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2569:stage of the 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2551:Scelidosaurus 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:Pliensbachian 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2466:Scelidosaurus 2462: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414:Changdusaurus 2407: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2014:Stegosauridae 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1560:Isaberrysaura 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543:Stegosaurinae 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1499:Stegosauridae 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1452:South America 1450:and possibly 1449: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399:in 1997: all 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1288:Hesperosaurus 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:shoulderblade 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161:neural canals 1158: 1154: 1153:neural arches 1150: 1145: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1055:. Apart from 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1011:Hesperosaurus 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 992: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 961: 956: 955: 950: 949: 944: 943: 938: 937: 932: 931: 921: 917: 912: 908: 906: 902: 901: 896: 892: 887: 884: 880: 879: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 858: 853: 852: 847: 843: 842: 837: 836: 832: 828: 824: 816: 812: 808: 806: 802: 801: 800:Craterosaurus 796: 795: 790: 786: 785: 776: 774: 772: 771: 766: 762: 761: 755: 753: 749: 748:Stegosauridae 745: 740: 738: 734: 733:Stegosauridae 730: 726: 725:thyreophorans 721: 719: 716: 712: 711: 706: 702: 701:South America 698: 694: 690: 689:North America 686: 682: 679: 675: 671: 668: 667:ornithischian 665: 661: 646: 645: 638: 636: 635: 628: 626: 625: 618: 615: 614: 607: 604: 603: 596: 594: 593: 592:Hesperosaurus 586: 583: 582: 575: 574: 573: 572:Stegosaurinae 567: 563: 562: 555: 553: 552: 545: 543: 542: 535: 533: 532: 525: 522: 521: 514: 513: 512: 511:Dacentrurinae 506: 504: 503: 496: 494: 493: 486: 484: 483: 482:Mongolostegus 476: 474: 473: 466: 464: 463: 456: 455: 454: 453:Stegosauridae 448: 443: 442: 435: 433: 432: 425: 423: 422: 415: 414: 413: 407: 405: 404: 397: 395: 394: 393:Monkonosaurus 387: 385: 384: 377: 375: 374: 373:Isaberrysaura 367: 365: 364: 357: 355: 354: 353:Craterosaurus 347: 345: 344: 343:Bashanosaurus 337: 335: 334: 333:Baiyinosaurus 327: 326: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 200: 195: 191: 188: 187: 182: 181: 177:(or possibly 176: 175: 170: 169: 164: 163: 158: 157: 152: 151: 145: 141: 136: 130: 126: 122: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 50:169–100 46: 42: 33: 30: 19: 6962: 6892:Wuerhosaurus 6890: 6883: 6875: 6868: 6850:Thyreosaurus 6848: 6841: 6834: 6828:Alcovasaurus 6826: 6819: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6773:Kentrosaurus 6771: 6747: 6739: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6700:Lexovisaurus 6698: 6690: 6683: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6634: 6612: 6611: 6582: 6571:Ornithischia 6556:Ornithischia 6508: 6504:Ornithischia 6499: 6490: 6461: 6386:Silesauridae 6357: 6350: 6342: 6337:Ajkaceratops 6335: 6325: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6280:Notoceratops 6278: 6271: 6266:Gongbusaurus 6264: 6259:Geranosaurus 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214:Nomina dubia 6212: 6162: 6050: 6042: 6035: 6030:Parksosaurus 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5985:Jeholosaurus 5983: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5945: 5925: 5918: 5913:Sanxiasaurus 5911: 5904: 5897: 5892:Minimocursor 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5817: 5806:Ankylosauria 5795:Ankylosauria 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5669:Technosaurus 5667: 5661:Soumyasaurus 5659: 5651: 5643: 5637:Pisanosaurus 5635: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5591:Ignotosaurus 5589: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5526:Ornithischia 5513:Ornithischia 5476:Ornithischia 5428: 5419: 5385:Ornithischia 5312: 5308: 5295: 5260: 5256: 5232:. 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Retrieved 4752: 4742: 4704:(2): 68–76. 4701: 4697: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4600: 4596: 4556: 4537: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4427: 4421: 4402: 4392: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4215: 4207: 4193: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4048: 4044: 4031: 4022: 4018: 3967:(1): 65–78. 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3915: 3880: 3876: 3838: 3834: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3761: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3700: 3696: 3656: 3652: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3586: 3549: 3545: 3501: 3497: 3447: 3443: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3360: 3356: 3306: 3302: 3269:(1): 91–96. 3266: 3262: 3228: 3224: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3182:Kentrosaurus 3181: 3179: 3169: 3156: 3148: 3146: 3136: 3132: 3129:Kentrosaurus 3128: 3127: 3123:Kevin Padian 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3084:Kentrosaurus 3083: 3081: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061:tail spike. 3058: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3022: 3014:Field Museum 3007: 2997: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2917: 2903: 2894: 2876: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841:Paleobiology 2828: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2790: 2788: 2772: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2720:Wuerhosaurus 2718: 2715:South Africa 2708: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2651:Kentrosaurus 2649: 2639: 2633: 2619: 2615:Lexovisaurus 2613: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2575: 2562: 2559:synapomorphy 2550: 2546: 2536: 2517: 2511:sister group 2503:Ankylosauria 2464: 2450: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2259: 2237: 2199: 2177: 2141: 2112: 2083: 2054: 2025: 1975: 1953: 1915: 1893: 1864: 1832: 1831: 1815: 1814: 1785: 1774:Ankylosauria 1743: 1715: 1714: 1691: 1690: 1652: 1636: 1635: 1599: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1494: 1491:Dong Zhiming 1484: 1480: 1458: 1456: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1422:Ankylosauria 1418:sister group 1413:Ankylosaurus 1411: 1407: 1404:Ornithischia 1401:thyreophoran 1376: 1374: 1357:beta-keratin 1355:addition of 1353: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332:Kentrosaurus 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1298: 1294:Wuerhosaurus 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1264:Kentrosaurus 1262: 1257: 1243: 1225: 1213: 1211: 1186: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1093: 1087: 1075: 1068:archosaurian 1062: 1056: 1037:rhamphotheca 1034: 1025: 1009: 995: 989: 983: 978: 964: 958: 952: 946: 940: 936:Wuerhosaurus 934: 928: 925: 919: 905:Kentrosaurus 904: 900:Kentrosaurus 898: 888: 876: 865:Arthur Lakes 862: 855: 851:Lexovisaurus 849: 845: 839: 833: 827:Richard Owen 822: 820: 814: 803:. 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660:Stegosauria 624:Stegosaurus 541:Dacentrurus 492:Paranthodon 441:Regnosaurus 308:Stegosauria 276:Thyreophora 180:Dacentrurus 7056:Stegosaurs 7050:Categories 6926:See also: 6821:Adratiklit 6714:Yanbeilong 6592:see below↓ 6495:Dinosauria 6369:Other taxa 6308:Tichosteus 6301:Tatisaurus 6106:Ceratopsia 6095:Ceratopsia 6044:Yueosaurus 6016:Orodromeus 6001:Nanosaurus 5920:Xiaosaurus 5899:Nanosaurus 5784:Yuxisaurus 5763:Emausaurus 5739:Tianyulong 5732:Pegomastax 5718:Lycorhinus 5704:Fruitadens 5653:Silesaurus 5645:Sacisaurus 5621:Lewisuchus 5485:see below↓ 5433:Dinosauria 5415:Sauropsida 5336:See also: 5234:2016-06-04 4983:Allosaurus 4758:2021-04-25 4134:Stegosaurs 4095:(S1): 8-14 3631:Dinosauria 3617:Dinosauria 3309:: e12362. 3203:References 3072:S. stenops 3068:S. armatus 3054:Allosaurus 2959:Luluichnus 2944:Deltapodus 2939:Deltapodus 2932:Stegopodus 2919:Stegopodus 2914:ichnogenus 2868:cancellous 2830:Deltapodus 2755:Yanbeilong 2668:Antarctica 2664:Madagascar 2654:living in 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