1204:
474:
642:
132:
2556:
398:
2859:
109:
692:(the appendages are particularly similar) and of more derived pterygotids, revealed that the Slimonidae was more closely related to the Pterygotidae than the Hughmilleriidae was, establishing Hughmilleriidae as the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids. The family has been recovered as
464:
The family is characterized by the presence of spines in the second to fifth pair of appendages, swimming legs with the 7th and 8th leg segments narrow, both twice as long as wide, and the 9th segment small, small and streamlined bodies, slightly enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) and a
715:
itself, the slight enlargement of their chelicerae and their small and streamlined bodies. However, the marginal ornamentation of the telson and the possession of 12-13 gnathobasic (of the gnathobase, a lower appendage used in feeding) teeth in the appendage VI suggests that
405:
Hughmilleriid eurypterids ranged in size from 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches), representing a group of relatively small eurypterids. Hughmilleriids would be dwarfed by some of their more derived (more "advanced") relatives within their superfamily, especially the
1967:
339:(that is, 7th and 8th leg segments narrow and 9th segment very small), and whose second to fifth pair of appendages were spiniferous. Some further diagnostic characters unite the group, such as the slightly enlarged
445:(abdomen). The appendages were attached to the prosoma, and were characterized in hughmilleriids as being spiniferous (possessing spines), a feature that distinguishes the group from the pterygotids and the
368:(the posteriormost segment of the body, this feature is shared by both derived families) and enlarged cheliceral claws (exclusive to the pterygotids). In spite of the great similarity of both genera,
364:
The hughmilleriids were the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids, lacking the derived features that would come to evolve in the
Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as flattened and expanded
633:, by O. Erik Tetlie in 2006. With two genera of hughmilleriids known, several diagnostic traits of the family could properly be established, such as the presence of spiniferous appendages.
461:
had a keel and marginal ornamentation, characteristics also noted within
Pterygotidae. The lanceolate shape of their telsons suggests they did not use it as a rudder to swim.
724:
lacked the marginal ornamentation of the telson and its appendage VI had 18-20 gnathobasic teeth, so it is considered the most basal genus of
Pterygotioidea. The triangular
1924:
1838:
Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider
Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at
372:
had derived characteristics that suggest a close relationship with
Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as the marginal ornamentation of the telson. On the other hand,
2935:
1765:
328:. Despite their classification as pterygotioids, the hughmilleriids possessed several characteristics shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the lanceolate
745:
The cladogram presented below, derived from a 2007 study by researcher O. Erik Tetlie, showcases the interrelationships between the pterygotioid eurypterids.
1916:
453:(the posteriormost segment of the body), which was lanceolate and styliform, is a feature shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the closely related
2922:
2973:
700:
and does thus not form an actually valid scientific grouping. Nevertheless, the family is retained and routinely used by eurypterid researchers.
2100:
2635:
2625:
2147:
2030:
1789:
2587:
2602:
2846:
2630:
2572:
1386:
353:, though other genera have been referred to the family in the past, such as genera now considered part of families such as the
2101:"Fossilworks - Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Temeside Shale, Ludlow and Perton, England (Silurian of the United Kingdom)"
2620:
2610:
2564:
131:
2582:
2577:
2108:
2082:
2615:
2592:
662:
suborder. The
Hughmilleriidae has sometimes been interpreted as the sister-taxon of the Pterygotidae. Sarle interpreted
1805:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family
Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)".
434:
1293:(at the lowest level of water) environment near an intertidal sandy shore and intertidal sandy mudflat environments.
1983:
708:
589:
2963:
2248:
2140:
1381:
558:
in 1912. The family
Hughmilleriidae was created by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1951, who considered the genera
1949:
1538:
Erik Tetlie; Paul A Selden; Dong Ren (2007). "A new
Silurian eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from China".
1487:
Tollerton, V. P. (1989). "Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order
Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843".
1421:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
532:
was first considered as a genus in the Pterygotidae, being one of the initial members of that family alongside
1203:
335:
Hughmilleriids are defined as pterygotioid eurypterids with swimming legs similar to those of the type genus,
2555:
2968:
954:
2877:
473:
418:
2055:
1738:
697:
641:
703:
Within the family, both genera shared several characteristics such as the carapace being much broader
2909:
2862:
2133:
1933:
1876:
1662:
1653:
Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988-01-01). "The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder".
1611:
1547:
1496:
1468:
343:(frontal appendages) and the streamlined shape of their bodies. The family contains only two genera,
930:
1995:
1814:
1635:
1573:
1520:
872:
126:
2451:
2384:
2376:
2026:
2014:
1987:
1894:
1785:
1678:
1627:
1512:
1460:
1442:
1208:
619:(including only one subordinate taxon). Hughmilleriidae remained monotypic until a species of
551:
454:
410:
which would surpass lengths of 2 metres and become the largest known arthropods to ever live.
2940:
2791:
2505:
2497:
2487:
2479:
2459:
2430:
2346:
2295:
1979:
1941:
1884:
1670:
1619:
1563:
1555:
1504:
1450:
1434:
1346:
1254:
1212:
605:
555:
495:
358:
2083:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Pittsford Shale, Pittsford, New York: Ludlow, New York"
1843:
711:, appendages II-V being spiniferous (possessing spines), swimming legs similar to those of
2820:
2666:
2464:
2420:
2323:
2310:
2068:
2022:
1751:
1425:
847:
647:
629:
616:
349:
295:
266:
1602:
Tetlie, O. Erik (2006). "Eurypterida (Chelicerata) from the Welsh Borderlands, England".
654:
The Hughmilleriidae are classified as part of the Pterygotioidea superfamily, within the
1937:
1880:
1666:
1615:
1551:
1500:
1253:
The fossils of the hughmilleriids have been found in Silurian deposits ranging from the
592:
in its own family, the Slimonidae. The other hughmilleriids would also be reclassified,
2736:
2694:
2652:
2515:
2442:
2402:
2394:
2318:
1968:"Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York"
1674:
1455:
752:
655:
377:
317:
212:
199:
457:. Although these telsons were not flattened and expanded as in both derived families,
2957:
2743:
2715:
2708:
2680:
2659:
2412:
2351:
2341:
2333:
2287:
2277:
2269:
2225:
2189:
2047:
1999:
1889:
1864:
1700:
1559:
1358:
1352:
1325:
1262:
1217:
734:
597:
381:
354:
66:
1639:
1577:
1524:
1420:
397:
108:
2701:
2533:
2469:
2425:
2300:
1391:
1334:
1308:
1258:
1111:
1094:
1070:
1046:
899:
885:
812:
793:
767:
739:
693:
680:
572:
479:
407:
386:
321:
290:
274:
245:
236:
118:
2900:
1945:
1779:
2798:
2775:
2673:
2367:
2260:
2198:
2180:
1726:
1320:
1282:
659:
499:
442:
414:
301:
173:
41:
2764:
2750:
2729:
2722:
2687:
2528:
2216:
2207:
2156:
2048:"Environment preference of eurypterids–indications for freshwater adaptation?"
1623:
1508:
1396:
1340:
1332:
have been discovered, was home to a wide array of different eurypterids, like
1314:
1302:
1241:
1235:
1229:
995:
978:
534:
494:, which was recovered for the first time in the Pittsford Shale Member of the
340:
325:
305:
186:
86:
51:
1991:
1898:
1682:
1631:
1516:
1446:
2841:
2825:
2815:
2174:
1223:
546:
309:
298:
163:
143:
91:
35:
1464:
1438:
417:, and other arthropods in general, the hughmilleriid eurypterids possessed
2894:
2784:
2757:
1364:
1278:
725:
704:
540:
503:
446:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
28:
1727:"A new eurypterid fauna from the base of the Salina of western New York"
1296:
The Silurian deposits of the Pittsford Shale Member in which fossils of
674:, being closer to the latter. For this to happen, the loss of spines in
2927:
1818:
1290:
1270:
465:
marginal rim in the carapace much broader anteriorly than posteriorly.
438:
426:
422:
96:
71:
2168:
1568:
450:
430:
365:
329:
153:
2871:
401:
Size comparison of the biggest species of both hughmilleriid genera
1266:
1202:
684:, the most primitive known pterygotid, and studies revealing that
640:
472:
396:
1917:"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)"
1865:"The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)"
1300:
have been found shelter various faunas of eurypterids, including
2914:
502:, a Scottish geologist and writer that found fossils of several
2875:
2129:
1984:
10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0725:PEFTSV]2.0.CO;2
490:
was erected by Clifton J. Sarle in 1903 to contain the species
320:, in contrast with the more derived (more "advanced") families
2125:
385:, sharing a triangular anterior carapace margin, possibly a
678:
and the pterygotids would be convergent. The discovery of
449:, both groups possessing non-spiniferous appendages. The
1844:
http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils18.5.pdf
1324:, among others. In the other hand, the Late Silurian of
1839:
2884:
2834:
2808:
2774:
2644:
2601:
2563:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2450:
2439:
2411:
2393:
2375:
2364:
2332:
2309:
2286:
2268:
2257:
2241:
2234:
2013:Michael J. Benton & David A. T. Harper (2009).
1863:Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009-09-01).
421:bodies and jointed appendages (limbs) covered in a
2019:Introduction to paleobiology and the fossil record
1925:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
627:, was raised to the level of a separate genus,
316:were the most basal members of the superfamily
1781:Biolexicon: A Guide to the Language of Biology
1249:can be seen in the bottom of the right corner.
742:trait (a trait present in a common ancestor).
615:as the only genus in the family, rendering it
2141:
1910:
1908:
1419:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
8:
1733:. New York State Museum Bulletin: 1080–1108.
1211:depicting various eurypterids discovered in
1966:Ciurca, Samuel J.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007).
732:is shared by the adelophthalmid eurypterid
433:. The chelicerate body is divided into two
2872:
2447:
2372:
2265:
2238:
2148:
2134:
2126:
332:(the most posterior segment of the body).
107:
20:
1888:
1567:
1454:
1694:
1692:
666:in 1903 as an intermediate form between
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1408:
288:(the name deriving from the type genus
2064:
2053:
1747:
1736:
720:was a derived hughmilleriid. In turn,
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1778:Charles Blinderman (1 January 1990).
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1414:
1412:
376:had certain resemblance to the basal
7:
1764:Clarke, J. K., Ruedemann R. (1912) "
1701:"Autecology of Silurian eurypterids"
1482:
1480:
1478:
1720:
1718:
1086:
1062:
1038:
970:
946:
922:
915:
891:
864:
838:
784:
758:
748:
1675:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x
14:
584:was considered too distinct from
2858:
2857:
2554:
1890:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x
1560:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00651.x
738:, indicating that it might be a
580:to be in a family of their own.
514:as an intermediate form between
498:. The generic name derives from
130:
2847:Timeline of eurypterid research
1705:Special Papers in Palaeontology
1387:Timeline of eurypterid research
1328:, where most of the fossils of
522:. However, he did not assigned
2974:Prehistoric arthropod families
1784:. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
1368:(depending on the identity of
389:(of a common ancestor) trait.
308:, an extinct group of aquatic
1:
294:, which is named in honor of
16:Extinct family of eurypterids
1946:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
1207:Painting painted in 1912 by
1766:The Eurypterida of New York
728:carapace margin present in
576:sufficiently distinct from
2990:
1725:Sarle, Clifton J. (1902).
1353:Marsupipterus sculpturatus
1112:Erettopterus waylandsmithi
1071:Erettopterus serricaudatus
590:Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov
2855:
2552:
2249:List of eurypterid genera
2163:
2087:The Paleobiology Database
1624:10.1017/S0016756806002536
1509:10.1017/S0022336000041275
1382:List of eurypterid genera
1359:Salteropterus abbreviatus
1315:Eurypterus pittsfordensis
1108:
1091:
1084:
1067:
1060:
1043:
1036:
992:
979:Acutiramus macrophthalmus
975:
968:
951:
944:
927:
920:
913:
896:
889:
869:
862:
843:
836:
808:
789:
782:
763:
756:
510:itself. Sarle considered
261:
256:
242:
235:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
23:
1915:Tetlie, O. Erik (2007).
1347:Nanahughmilleria pygmaea
1303:Mixopterus multispinosus
1215:. The painting includes
900:Ciurcopterus ventricosus
437:(sections); the frontal
230:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1951
2015:"Ecdysozoa: arthropods"
1972:Journal of Paleontology
1807:Journal of Paleontology
1489:Journal of Paleontology
1095:Erettopterus osiliensis
955:Jaekelopterus rhenaniae
848:Herefordopterus banksii
813:Hughmilleria shawangunk
648:Herefordopterus banksii
2063:Cite journal requires
1746:Cite journal requires
1439:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
1341:Eurypterus cephalaspis
1321:Carcinosoma spiniferus
1309:Erettoperus osiliensis
1250:
651:
483:
402:
1469:Supplemental material
1298:Hughmilleria socialis
1206:
794:Hughmilleria socialis
698:phylogenetic analyses
688:combines features of
644:
550:upon its creation by
506:eurypterids, such as
480:Hughmilleria socialis
476:
441:(head) and posterior
400:
246:Hughmilleria socialis
119:Hughmilleria socialis
2046:Burkert, C. (2018).
2025:. pp. 361–388.
1047:Erettopterus bilobus
996:Acutiramus bohemicus
1938:2007PPP...252..557T
1881:2009Palgy..52.1141T
1667:1988Letha..21...13P
1616:2006GeoM..143..723T
1604:Geological Magazine
1552:2007Palgy..50..619T
1501:1989JPal...63..642T
931:Pterygotus anglicus
588:in 1962, placed by
469:History of research
2377:Onychopterelloidea
1840:http://wsc.nmbe.ch
1335:Erettopterus gigas
1251:
873:Slimonia acuminata
768:Hughmilleria wangi
652:
570:and the new genus
484:
403:
2951:
2950:
2878:Taxon identifiers
2869:
2868:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2498:Adelophthalmoidea
2480:Waeringopteroidea
2452:Carcinosomatoidea
2385:Onychopterellidae
2360:
2359:
2032:978-1-4051-4157-4
1791:978-0-398-08227-7
1289:was present in a
1209:Charles R. Knight
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
825:
824:
552:John Mason Clarke
455:Adelophthalmoidea
304:) is a family of
283:
282:
231:
2981:
2964:Silurian animals
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2835:Related articles
2792:Merostomichnites
2558:
2506:Adelophthalmidae
2488:Waeringopteridae
2460:Carcinosomatidae
2448:
2431:Strobilopteridae
2373:
2347:Hibbertopteridae
2296:Parastylonuridae
2266:
2239:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2107:. Archived from
2097:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1948:. Archived from
1932:(3–4): 557–574.
1921:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1875:(5): 1141–1148.
1860:
1847:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1699:Paul A. Selden.
1696:
1687:
1686:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1599:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1416:
1362:and potentially
1087:
1063:
1039:
971:
947:
923:
916:
892:
865:
839:
785:
759:
749:
556:Rudolf Ruedemann
496:Vernon Formation
359:Waeringopteridae
229:
224:
211:
198:
185:
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
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2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
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2908:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2886:Hughmilleriidae
2880:
2870:
2865:
2851:
2830:
2821:Chasmataspidida
2804:
2770:
2667:Campylocephalus
2640:
2597:
2559:
2538:
2524:Hughmilleriidae
2510:
2492:
2474:
2465:Megalograptidae
2441:
2435:
2421:Dolichopteridae
2407:
2395:Moselopteroidea
2389:
2366:
2356:
2342:Drepanopteridae
2328:
2324:Hardieopteridae
2311:Kokomopteroidea
2305:
2282:
2259:
2253:
2230:
2159:
2154:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2105:fossilworks.org
2099:
2098:
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2023:Wiley-Blackwell
2012:
2011:
2007:
1965:
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1952:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1862:
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1850:
1842:, version 18.5
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1485:
1476:
1426:Biology Letters
1418:
1417:
1410:
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1378:
1330:Herefordopterus
1287:Herefordopterus
1201:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1026:
1017:
1008:
826:
718:Herefordopterus
696:in a number of
658:infraorder and
645:Restoration of
639:
630:Herefordopterus
596:representing a
526:to any family.
477:Restoration of
471:
459:Herefordopterus
413:Like all other
395:
370:Herefordopterus
350:Herefordopterus
286:Hughmilleriidae
267:Herefordopterus
252:
249:
228:
226:Hughmilleriidae
222:
209:
196:
183:
129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
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84:
79:
74:
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49:
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34:442–418.7
33:
32:
25:
24:Hughmilleriidae
17:
12:
11:
5:
2987:
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2977:
2976:
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2969:Pterygotioidea
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2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:Related groups
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2737:Onychopterella
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2695:Hibbertopterus
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2653:Adelophthalmus
2648:
2646:
2645:Notable genera
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2516:Pterygotioidea
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2443:Diploperculata
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:Moselopteridae
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:Kokomopteridae
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2270:Rhenopteroidea
2263:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2092:
2074:
2065:|journal=
2038:
2031:
2005:
1978:(4): 725–736.
1958:
1955:on 2011-07-18.
1904:
1848:
1824:
1813:(2): 331–361.
1797:
1790:
1770:
1757:
1748:|journal=
1714:
1688:
1645:
1610:(5): 723–735.
1583:
1546:(3): 619–625.
1530:
1495:(5): 642–657.
1474:
1433:(2): 265–269.
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
974:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
950:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
890:
888:
882:
881:
878:
877:
868:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
788:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
762:
757:
755:
753:Pterygotioidea
747:
656:Diploperculata
638:
637:Classification
635:
606:waeringopterid
470:
467:
394:
391:
378:adelophthalmid
318:Pterygotioidea
314:hughmilleriids
281:
280:
279:
278:
270:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
240:
239:
233:
232:
220:
216:
215:
213:Pterygotioidea
207:
203:
202:
200:Diploperculata
194:
190:
189:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:Pentecopterus
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:Megalograptus
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:Jaekelopterus
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:Drepanopterus
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:Brachyopterus
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:South America
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:North America
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Carboniferous
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:Geochronology
2562:
2557:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2413:Eurypteroidea
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2352:Mycteroptidae
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:Mycteropoidea
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:Stylonuroidea
2285:
2279:
2278:Rhenopteridae
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2226:Sclerophorata
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Euchelicerata
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2111:on 2018-03-21
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Palaeontology
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:Palaeontology
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:Herefordshire
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:communities,
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:United States
1260:
1259:Ludlow epochs
1256:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:Dolichopterus
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
973:
972:
966:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
956:
949:
948:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
932:
925:
924:
918:
917:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
893:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
867:
866:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
850:
849:
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:
795:
787:
786:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
770:
769:
761:
760:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
741:
740:plesiomorphic
737:
736:
735:Eysyslopterus
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
649:
643:
636:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:mycteroptidae
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
481:
475:
468:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
399:
392:
390:
388:
387:plesiomorphic
384:
383:
382:Eysyslopterus
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
355:Mycteroptidae
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:
287:
277:
276:
271:
269:
268:
263:
262:
260:
255:
248:
247:
241:
238:
234:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
206:Superfamily:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
2885:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2702:Hughmilleria
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2534:Pterygotidae
2523:
2470:Mixopteridae
2426:Eurypteridae
2301:Stylonuridae
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2056:cite journal
2041:
2018:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1950:the original
1929:
1923:
1872:
1868:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1739:cite journal
1730:
1708:
1704:
1661:(1): 13–27.
1658:
1654:
1648:
1607:
1603:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1492:
1488:
1430:
1424:
1392:Pterygotidae
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1275:Hughmilleria
1274:
1252:
1247:Hughmilleria
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1199:Paleoecology
1110:
1109:
1093:
1092:
1069:
1068:
1045:
1044:
994:
993:
977:
976:
953:
952:
929:
928:
898:
897:
886:Pterygotidae
871:
870:
846:
845:
844:
811:
810:
809:
792:
791:
790:
766:
765:
764:
744:
733:
730:Hughmilleria
729:
722:Hughmilleria
721:
717:
713:Hughmilleria
712:
702:
694:paraphyletic
689:
686:Ciurcopterus
685:
681:Ciurcopterus
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:Hughmilleria
663:
653:
646:
628:
624:
621:Hughmilleria
620:
613:Hughmilleria
612:
610:
602:Grossopterus
601:
593:
586:Hughmilleria
585:
581:
577:
573:Grossopterus
571:
568:Hughmilleria
567:
563:
559:
545:
539:
533:
530:Hughmilleria
529:
528:
524:Hughmilleria
523:
519:
515:
512:Hughmilleria
511:
508:Hughmilleria
507:
491:
488:Hughmilleria
487:
485:
478:
463:
458:
425:composed of
415:chelicerates
412:
404:
380:
374:Hughmilleria
373:
369:
363:
348:
345:Hughmilleria
344:
337:Hughmilleria
336:
334:
322:Pterygotidae
313:
291:Hughmilleria
289:
285:
284:
275:Hughmilleria
273:
265:
244:
237:Type species
225:
193:Infraorder:
117:
18:
2799:Palmichnium
2776:Ichnogenera
2674:Carcinosoma
2368:Eurypterina
2261:Stylonurina
2199:Prosomapoda
2181:Chelicerata
2179:Subphylum:
2157:Eurypterids
1283:fresh water
709:posteriorly
660:Eurypterina
500:Hugh Miller
492:H. socialis
443:opisthosoma
408:pterygotids
393:Description
306:eurypterids
302:Hugh Miller
251:Sarle, 1903
187:Eurypterida
174:Chelicerata
170:Subphylum:
116:Fossils of
2958:Categories
2765:Stylonurus
2751:Pterygotus
2730:Mixopterus
2723:Megarachne
2688:Eurypterus
2573:Ordovician
2529:Slimonidae
2440:Infraorder
2217:Dekatriata
2208:Planaterga
2175:Arthropoda
2115:2021-12-17
1403:References
1397:Slimonidae
1370:S. stylops
1255:Llandovery
1242:Pterygotus
1236:Eurypterus
1230:Stylonurus
705:anteriorly
672:Pterygotus
668:Eurypterus
625:H. banksii
611:This left
578:Pterygotus
535:Pterygotus
520:Pterygotus
516:Eurypterus
486:The genus
341:chelicerae
326:Slimonidae
310:arthropods
164:Arthropoda
2901:Q48849047
2842:Metastoma
2826:Xiphosura
2816:Arachnida
2603:Geography
2167:Kingdom:
2000:140668235
1992:0022-3360
1899:1475-4983
1683:1502-3931
1632:1469-5081
1569:1808/8354
1517:0022-3360
1447:1744-9561
1277:lived in
1224:Eusarcana
617:monotypic
594:Hastimima
560:Hastimima
547:Hastimima
447:slimonids
419:segmented
299:geologist
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
2895:Wikidata
2863:Category
2785:Arcuites
2758:Slimonia
2583:Devonian
2578:Silurian
2365:Suborder
2258:Suborder
2235:Taxonomy
2173:Phylum:
2169:Animalia
1640:83835591
1578:56066870
1525:46953627
1465:19828493
1376:See also
1365:Slimonia
1279:brackish
1273:. While
1213:New York
726:anterior
690:Slimonia
676:Slimonia
582:Slimonia
564:Slimonia
541:Slimonia
504:Silurian
427:proteins
357:and the
296:Scottish
219:Family:
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
29:Silurian
2928:4650059
2915:4305713
2631:Oceania
2593:Permian
1934:Bibcode
1877:Bibcode
1819:1301554
1663:Bibcode
1655:Lethaia
1612:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1497:Bibcode
1456:2865068
1291:benthic
1271:England
1261:in the
439:prosoma
435:tagmata
423:cuticle
366:telsons
257:Genera
180:Order:
2941:104464
2621:Europe
2611:Africa
2242:Genera
2029:
1998:
1990:
1897:
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1817:
1788:
1681:
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1630:
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1445:
451:telson
431:chitin
330:telson
312:. The
2936:IRMNG
2222:Clade
2213:Clade
2204:Clade
2195:Clade
2186:Clade
1996:S2CID
1953:(PDF)
1920:(PDF)
1815:JSTOR
1636:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1267:China
707:than
2923:GBIF
2616:Asia
2069:help
2027:ISBN
1988:ISSN
1895:ISSN
1786:ISBN
1752:help
1679:ISSN
1628:ISSN
1513:ISSN
1461:PMID
1443:ISSN
1318:and
1281:and
1269:and
1239:and
670:and
600:and
566:and
554:and
544:and
518:and
429:and
347:and
324:and
42:PreꞒ
2910:EoL
1980:doi
1942:doi
1930:252
1885:doi
1671:doi
1620:doi
1608:143
1564:hdl
1556:doi
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1451:PMC
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97:N
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