478:
sensitive methods which can increase the detection probability of rare organisms. To be more reliable the researchers concluded a site to be positive for the presence of Hula painted frogs if the water contains eDNA and if the physical presence of frog is detected as well. Thus, these researchers sampled 52 sites and found that 22 sites were positive for the presence of Hula painted frogs. Most of the positive sites were located in the regions around Hula Nature
Reserve, Agamon ha-Hula, and Ein Te’o Nature Reserve. These regions overlap with the former Hula Lake region, and also contain organic, and colluvial-alluvial soils.
514:
474:(eDNA) approach. The Hula Lake once provided a habitat for many rare species including this frog. Since, the 2011 rediscovery of this species in this region (in the Hula nature reserve), consequent efforts to study and protect it started. However, these efforts have been hampered by the elusive nature of this species (that also prevented it being found from the 1950s-2010s). Since, there is a lack of systematic and efficient methodology to detect a rare amphibian or aquatic species, including this Hula painted frogs, they were designated “extinct”; until their rediscovery at a later stage.
31:
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ecologist with the Israel Nature and Parks
Authority credited the rehydration of the area for the frog sighting. On November 29, a second specimen was located in the same area. The second Hula painted frog, a female, was found in swampy weeds twenty centimeters deep. It weighed 13 grams, half the weight of its male counterpart. Since the discovery of the first specimen, at least ten more individuals have been found, all in the same area.
50:
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could imperil the survival of endangered Hula frogs. Thus outcomes of any future research dealing with prediction of the favorable dwelling habitats of this rare species, and their habitat characterization will be vital to protect the only living member of genus
Latonia, by recommending characteristics of safer spots.
477:
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming a ‘go-to’ tool for detecting species presence in aquatic environments. eDNA extraction (genetic material extracted through water filtrate) followed by quantitative
Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR is a technique to amplify genetic material in real time) are highly
501:
Future research calls for understanding the habitat locations of another population which is not well studied, or different spots within the Hula valley location in which the frog species can be present. The aquatic habitats of this species are prone to disturbance and anthropogenic hazards which
458:
revealed that in 2011 during a routine patrol at the Hula Nature
Reserve, ranger Yoram Malka found the frog, which he immediately suspected as being the Hula painted frog, as he claimed he has been on the lookout for it for many years. Scientists confirmed that it was one of this rare species. An
489:
and dispersal capability, calling for urgent conservation measures. The total estimate of potentially reproducing adults in this population (Nad) is found to be 234-235 individuals. They determined the population genetics of this species through a capture-recapture study on 118 adult frogs, and
462:
In 2016, a team led by
Professor Sarig Gafni of the Ruppin Academic Center's School of Marine Sciences discovered populations totaling several hundred individuals by searching in water at night, instead of in marsh mud, finding populations in 17 of the 52 Hula Valley water holes they surveyed.
481:
Such findings in the regions around reserved parks indicate the importance of nature parks in conservation of wild-life. The suitable habitats predicted by employing the eDNA are of great importance for identifying potential sites for future translocation to save this rare frog.
1217:
Among the discoveries are
Tadpole data, which is very small, up to 2.5 cm, and becomes even smaller as adult, the largest adult caught was 13 cm long which suggest it was several decades old. Also sound was first noticed and it is a very weak one.
498:= −0.018) with an effective population size estimate (Ne) of ~16–35. It could be due to the presence of one more unknown population or genetic admixture leading to a high genetic diversity and low inbreeding in spite of a less population.
440:. Two French-Lebanese-British expeditions in the years 2004 and 2005 yielded no confirmation as to the further existence of this species. In August 2010, a search organised by the Amphibian Specialist Group of the
303:. Only five individuals had been found prior to the draining of the lake. Environmental improvements in the Hula reserve have been cited as a possible reason for the frog's reemergence.
813:
Biton, Rebecca; Geffen, Eli; Vences, Miguel; Cohen, Orly; Bailon, Salvador; Rabinovich, Rivka; Malka, Yoram; Oron, Talya; Boistel, Renaud; Brumfeld, Vlad; Gafny, Sarig (4 June 2013).
346:), derives from its black belly and round tongue. The scientific name of the species reflects these details as well. Unlike the tongues of other frogs, it is not used to catch prey.
321:) include its greater interocular distance, longer forelimbs, and a less projecting snout. The type specimen was an adult female with a body length of 40 millimetres (1.6 in)
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409:. Following the rediscovery of the species in 2011, the IUCN now considers the frog to be critically endangered as its known habitat occupies less than 2 km.
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classified this species as "extinct in the wild", the very first amphibian to be given that designation by the IUCN. Israel continued to list it as an
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1115:"Population genetic analysis of the recently rediscovered Hula painted frog (Latonia nigriventer) reveals high genetic diversity and low inbreeding"
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were collected in 1940 and a single specimen was found in 1955. This would prove to be the last record of this species until 2011.
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above with a rusty colour grading into dark olive-grey to greyish-black on the sides. Differences from the common painted frog (
1379:
1312:
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1317:
54:
966:
1056:"Living quarters of a living fossil-Uncovering the current distribution pattern of the rediscovered Hula painted frog (
744:"Second of frog species long thought extinct found in Israel nature reserve Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper"
186:
1113:
Perl, R. G. Bina; Geffen, Eli; Malka, Yoram; Barocas, Adi; Renan, Sharon; Vences, Miguel; Gafny, Sarig (2018-04-03).
1054:
Renan, Sharon; Gafny, Sarig; Perl, R. G. Bina; Roll, Uri; Malka, Yoram; Vences, Miguel; Geffen, Eli (December 2017).
1405:
470:, mentions of a group of scientists who investigated the suitable aquatic habitats for Hula painted frogs using the
355:, but further genetic and morphological assessment after the rediscovery of the species led a reassignment to genus
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set out to look for various species of frogs thought to be extinct in the wild, including the Hula painted frog.
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30:
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Little is known about its history, because few specimens have been found by scientists. Two adults and two
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and its marshes in the 1950s was thought to have caused the extinction of this frog, along with the
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In 2018, another article published in Nature
Scientific Reports, mentioned that this species has
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According to an ecologist of the Israel Nature and Parks
Authority, the frog's Hebrew name,
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through micro-satellite analysis. Surprisingly, this frog has high genetic diversity (H
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701:"Long thought extinct, Hula painted frog found once again in Israeli nature reserve"
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Additional data and discoveries were published in
Haaretz newspaper on 15/04/2016
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335:, but the smaller, half-grown frog was eaten by the larger one in captivity.
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The Hula painted frog has a dark belly with small white spots. It is colored
651:
600:
Mendelssohn, Heinrich; Steinitz, Heinz (1943). "A New Frog from Palestine".
261:
116:
86:
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1327:
766:"Taxonomy and distribution of Tertiary discoglossids (Anura) of the genus
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136:
106:
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967:"'Extinct' frog rediscovered in Israel | Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
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Images of specimen HUJZ Amphib. Discogl. 1 in life taken by Oz Rittner
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In 2000, a scientist from the Lebanese nature protection organisation
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which is otherwise known from fossils from Europe spanning from the
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251:
636:"Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference (Version 6)"
126:
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874:
381:, the only extant representative of an ancient genetic split.
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This frog was originally proposed to be a member of the genus
276:
during the 1950s until the species was rediscovered in 2011.
1033:"Scientists Discover Hula Painted Frog Hasn't Croaked After"
922:
rediscovery expedition in the Central Bekaa valley, Lebanon
361:, for which no other living examples are known. Fossils of
694:
692:
690:
1212:
http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/science/.premium-1.2915938
1190:
377:
On this basis, the Hula painted frog has been labeled a
1203:. Contains map of locations where specimens were found.
815:"The rediscovered Hula painted frog is a living fossil"
373:. The closest relative of Latonia is considered to be
900:"Frog Long Thought Extinct Is Rediscovered in Israel"
870:"Rediscovered Hula painted frog 'is a living fossil'"
1426:
1233:
940:"Global hunt begins for 'extinct' species of frogs"
424:claimed he had seen a frog species which could be
416:The female specimen found in the 2011 rediscovery
992:"'Extinct' frog is last survivor of its lineage"
674:"Hula Painted Frog Bounces Back From Extinction"
576:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T6715A177694004.en
442:International Union for Conservation of Nature
893:
891:
737:
735:
8:
551:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021).
1555:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1191:"Watershed moment for extinct Israeli frog"
331:The four 1940 specimens were to be used as
1221:
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858:
494:= 0.771) and low inbreeding coefficient (F
268:. The Hula painted frog was thought to be
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29:
20:
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838:
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808:
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250:. It is the only living member of the
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365:are known in Europe spanning from the
16:Species of amphibian endemic to Israel
902:. National Geographic. Archived from
466:In 2017, an article published in the
7:
965:Fleischman, Danielle (2011-11-17).
699:Zafrir, Rinat (November 17, 2011).
562:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
719:"Frog jumps back from extinction"
512:
73:
1031:Shpigel, Noah (30 April 2016).
401:population may be found in the
452:In 2013, a study published in
220:Mendelssohn and Steinitz, 1943
1:
1560:Amphibians of the Middle East
1196:Global Amphibian Assessment:
938:Black, Richard (2010-08-09).
797:10.1016/s0016-6995(94)80058-8
1580:Amphibians described in 1943
1575:Taxa named by Heinz Steinitz
916:Tron, François (April 2005)
742:Rinat, Zafrir (2011-11-29).
344:Black-bellied round-tongued
1606:
1139:10.1038/s41598-018-23587-w
1060:) using environmental DNA"
1004:10.1038/nature.2013.13135
898:Than, Ker (4 June 2013).
468:Molecular Ecology Journal
214:
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175:
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70:Scientific classification
68:
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37:
28:
23:
1428:Discoglossus nigriventer
1305:discoglossus-nigriventer
1279:Discoglossus_nigriventer
1199:Discoglossus nigriventer
920:Discoglossus nigriventer
397:in the slim hope that a
217:Discoglossus nigriventer
1585:Endemic fauna of Israel
652:10.1108/rr-05-2014-0125
300:Tristramella intermedia
238:) is a species of frog
676:. Wired UK. 2011-11-21
417:
340:agulashon shehor-gahon
819:Nature Communications
646:(6): 32. 2014-08-12.
569:: e.T6715A177694004.
455:Nature Communications
415:
281:draining of Lake Hula
55:Critically Endangered
246:marshes in northern
1318:Latonia-nigriventer
1265:Latonia nigriventer
1235:Latonia nigriventer
1201:– Hula Painted Frog
1131:2018NatSR...8.5588P
1058:Latonia nigriventer
831:2013NatCo...4.1959B
789:1994Geobi..27..717R
555:Latonia nigriventer
426:Latonia nigriventer
385:Conservation status
318:Discoglossus pictus
274:habitat destruction
235:Latonia nigriventer
179:Latonia nigriventer
161:L. nigriventer
40:Conservation status
1119:Scientific Reports
840:10.1038/ncomms2959
764:Rocek, Z. (1994).
528:Wildlife of Israel
418:
395:endangered species
24:Hula painted frog
1542:
1541:
1527:Open Tree of Life
1227:Taxon identifiers
1076:10.1111/mec.14420
1070:(24): 6801–6812.
1064:Molecular Ecology
640:Reference Reviews
472:environmental DNA
371:Early Pleistocene
290:Mirogrex hulensis
230:Hula painted frog
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389:In 1996, the
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