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by the effective inputs of education and health. The future generation is more benefited by the advanced research in the field of education and health, undertaken by the current generation. Therefore, the educational and health inputs create more productive impacts upon the future generation and the future generation becomes superior to the current generation. In other words, the productive capacity of future generation increases more than that of current generation. Therefore, rate of human capital formation in the future generation happens to be more than the rate of human capital formation in the current generation. This is the cumulative growth of human capital formation generated by superior quality of manpower in the succeeding generation as compared to the preceding generation.
2450:(which, in addition to tangible assets, comprise the entire value of a company). Human capital is the value that the employees of a business provide through the application of skills, know-how and expertise. It is an organization's combined human capability for solving business problems. Human capital is inherent in people and cannot be owned by an organization. Therefore, human capital leaves an organization when people leave. Human capital also encompasses how effectively an organization uses its people resources as measured by creativity and innovation. A company's reputation as an employer affects the human capital it draws.
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2534:"Human capital" is often confused with human development. The UN suggests "Human development denotes both the process of widening people's choices and improving their well-being". The UN Human Development indices suggest that human capital is merely a means to the end of human development: "Theories of human capital formation and human resource development view human beings as means to increased income and wealth rather than as ends. These theories are concerned with human beings as inputs to increasing production".
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1323:. However it is broken down or defined, human capital is vitally important for an organization's success (Crook et al., 2011); human capital increases through education and experience. Human capital is also important for the success of cities and regions: a 2012 study examined how the production of university degrees and R&D activities of educational institutions are related to the human capital of metropolitan areas in which they are located.
58:
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operational excellence levels. For example, if a firm could reasonably reduce errors and rework (the process component of human capital) from 10,000 hours per annum to 2,000 hours with attainable technology, the difference of 8,000 hours is human capital risk. When wage costs are applied to this difference (the 8,000 hours) it becomes possible to financially value human capital risk within an organizational perspective.
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is especially important in connection with children: reducing unduly expenditure on their consumption may greatly lower their efficiency in after-life. Even for adults, after we have descended a certain distance along the scale of wealth, so that we are beyond the region of luxuries and "unnecessary" comforts, a check to personal consumption is also a check to investment.
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1169:. The concept emphasizes that in many cases, human capital is accumulated specific to the nature of the task (or, skills required for the task), and the human capital accumulated for the task are valuable to many firms requiring the transferable skills. This concept can be applied to job-assignment, wage dynamics, tournament, promotion dynamics inside firms, etc.
1119:
person. Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise that of the society to which he belongs. The improved dexterity of a workman may be considered in the same light as a machine or instrument of trade which facilitates and abridges labor, and which, though it costs a certain expense, repays that expense with a profit.
1313:" of teams – a reflection of their social and instructional capacities, with some assumptions about their individual uniqueness in the context in which they work. In general, these analyses acknowledge that individual trained bodies, teachable ideas or skills, and social influence or persuasion power, are different.
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and depression, there is deceleration of monetary capital. On the other hand, human capital has uniformly rising rate of growth over a long period of time because the foundation of this human capital is laid down by the educational and health inputs. The current generation is qualitatively developed
1384:
capital which directly accounts for the knowledge and skills acquired from schooling, rather than using schooling alone, now widely recognized to be an incomplete proxy. The learning outcomes data, methodology, and applications to the human capital literature underlying this effort were published in
1118:
Fourthly, of the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the society. The acquisition of such talents, by the maintenance of the acquirer during his education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his
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There is such a thing as investment in human capital as well as investment in material capital. So soon as this is recognised, the distinction between economy in consumption and economy in investment becomes blurred. For, up to a point, consumption is investment in personal productive capacity. This
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A free worker cannot sell his human capital in one go; it is far from being a liquid asset, even more illiquid than shares and land. He does not sell his skills, but contracts to utilize those skills, in the same way that an industrialist sells his produce, not his machinery. The exception here are
1180:
in a broad sense is a collection of activities: all the knowledge, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training and competences possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population. These resources are the total capacity of the people that represents a form of wealth that
2492:
Following Becker, the human capital literature often distinguishes between "specific" and "general" human capital. Specific human capital refers to skills or knowledge that is useful only to a single employer or industry, whereas general human capital (such as literacy) is useful to all employers.
2473:
The concept of human capital can be infinitely elastic, including unmeasurable variables such as personal character or connections with insiders (via family or fraternity). This theory has had a significant share of study in the field proving that wages can be higher for employees on aspects other
1383:
showcases the Index and explains its importance given the impact of technology on labor markets and the future of work. One of the central innovations of the World Bank Human
Capital Index was the inclusion and harmonization of learning data across 164 countries. This introduced a measure of human
1233:
and an asset in itself, human factors of production were raised from this simple mechanistic analysis to human capital. In modern technical financial analysis, the term "balanced growth" refers to the goal of equal growth of both aggregate human capabilities and physical assets that produce goods
2415:
When human capital is assessed by activity-based costing via time allocations it becomes possible to assess human capital risk. Human capital risks can be identified if HR processes in organizations are studied in detail. Human capital risk occurs when the organization operates below attainable
2406:
economists have argued that education leads to higher wages not by increasing human capital, but rather by making workers more compliant and reliable in a corporate environment. The reasoning of which being that higher education creates the illusion of a meritocracy, thus justifying economic
2209:
A new measure of expected human capital calculated for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 and defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status was published by
2245:
Human capital management (HCM) is the term used to describe workforce practices and resources that focus on maximizing needed skills through the recruitment, training, and development of employees. Departments and software applications responsible for HCM often manage tasks that include
1202:
Many theories explicitly connect investment in human capital development to education, and the role of human capital in economic development, productivity growth, and innovation has frequently been cited as a justification for government subsidies for education and job skills training.
1355:
has annually published its Global Human
Capital Report, which includes the Global Human Capital Index (GHCI). In the 2017 edition, 130 countries are ranked from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) according to the quality of their investments in human capital. Norway is at the top, with 77.12.
1275:
is the set of resources (the personal and social emotional competencies) that is inherent to the person, useful for personal, professional and organizational development, and participates to social cohesion and has personal, economic and social returns (Gendron, 2004, 2008).
2470:, is "signaling theory". According to signaling theory, education does not lead to increased human capital, but rather acts as a mechanism by which workers with superior innate abilities can signal those abilities to prospective employers and so gain above average wages.
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Human capital is distinctly different from the tangible monetary capital due to the extraordinary characteristic of human capital to grow cumulatively over a long period of time. The growth of tangible monetary capital is not always linear due to the shocks of
1304:
has uniquely) has developed that cannot be passed on to others regardless of effort, and those aspects that can be transferred or taught: instructional capital. Less commonly, some analyses conflate good instructions for health with health itself, or good
2350:
workers sold their labor power in order to receive income (wages and salaries). But long before Mincer or Becker wrote, Marx pointed to "two disagreeably frustrating facts" with theories that equate wages or salaries with the interest on human capital.
2423:
Absence activities (activities related to employees not showing up for work such as sick leave, industrial action, etc.). Unavoidable absence is referred to as
Statutory Absence. All other categories of absence are termed "Controllable
2400:"The Emancipation Question," January 17 and 22, 1859, although there the term is used to describe humans who act like a capital to the producers, rather than in the modern sense of "knowledge capital" endowed to or acquired by humans.
2276:, and it is not owned by the firm that employs it and is generally not fungible. Specifically, individuals arrive at 9am and leave at 5pm (in the conventional office model) taking most of their knowledge and relationships with them.
2314:, which includes those social relationships, individual instincts, and instructional details that are of value within one firm (but not in general), appears by way of explaining some labour mobility issues and such phenomena as
3857:
Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen, D. J. 2011. Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 96(3):
2493:
Economists view firm-specific human capital as risky, since firm closure or industry decline leads to skills that cannot be transferred (the evidence on the quantitative importance of firm specific capital is unresolved).
1127:
The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgement with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of
2318:. Workers can be more valuable where they are simply for having acquired this knowledge, these skills and these instincts. Accordingly, the firm gains for their unwillingness to leave and market talents elsewhere.
2474:
than human capital. Some variables that have been identified in the literature of the past few decades include, gender and nativity wage differentials, discrimination in the work place, and socioeconomic status.
1374:
published the Human
Capital Index (HCI) as a measurement of economic success. The Index ranks countries according to how much is invested in education and health care for young people. The World Bank's 2019
2427:
Collaborative activities are related to the expenditure of time between more than one employee within an organizational context. Examples include: meetings, phone calls, instructor led training, etc.;
1135:
In the 1990s, the concept of human capital was extended to include natural abilities, physical fitness and healthiness, which are crucial for an individual's success in acquiring knowledge and skills.
2462:
have criticized the
Chicago-school theory, claiming that it tries to explain all differences in wages and salaries in terms of human capital. One of the leading alternatives, advanced by
2430:
Knowledge
Activities are related to time expenditures by a single person and include finding/retrieving information, research, email, messaging, blogging, information analysis, etc.; and
2292:
Processes (activities specifically focused on the knowledge and collaborative activities generated by organizational structure – such as silo impacts, internal politics, etc.) and
959:. Human capital has a substantial impact on individual earnings. Research indicates that human capital investments have high economic returns throughout childhood and young adulthood.
2433:
Process activities are knowledge and collaborative activities that result due to organizational context such as errors/rework, manual data transformation, stress, politics, etc.
1338:, which is the loss of talented or trained persons from a country that invested in them, to another country which benefits from their arrival without investing in them.
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encouraged the governments of advanced economies to embrace policies to increase innovation and knowledge in products and services as an economical path to continued
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defined four types of fixed capital (which is characterized as that which affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters). The four types were:
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915:
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also contributed to the development of the subject matter. The best-known application of the idea of "human capital" in economics is that of Mincer and
1065:", e.g., factories and machines: one can invest in human capital (via education, training, medical treatment) and one's outputs depend partly on the
2740:"Can education change the world? Education amplifies differences in liberalization values and innovation between developed and developing countries"
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can be directed to accomplish the goals of the nation or state or a portion thereof. The human capital is further distributed into three kinds;
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had the highest level of expected human capital: 28·4 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years.
2391:. Though having "human capital" gives workers some benefits, they are still dependent on the owners of non-human wealth for their livelihood.
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Accordingly, much more attention was paid to factors that led to success versus failure where human management was concerned. The role of
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989:"the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the society". The first use of the term "human capital" may be by
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Sami
Mahroum (2007). Assessing human resources for science and technology: the 3Ds framework. Science and Public Policy 34 (7), 489–499.
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1073:, into which additional investment yields additional output. Human capital is substitutable, but not transferable like land, labor, or
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Rindermann, Heiner (March 2008). "Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for the economic welfare of people".
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inequality to the benefit of capitalists, regardless of whether the educated human capital actually provides additional labor value.
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3172:"Why emotional capital matters in education and in labour? Toward an Optimal exploitation of human capital and knowledge management"
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1280:, the sum of social bonds and relationships, has come to be recognized, along with many synonyms such as goodwill or brand value or
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2489:. In segmented labor markets, the "return on human capital" differs between comparably skilled labor-market groups or segments.
2231:, and a value between 0 (worst) and 100 (best) is obtained. Enterprises which rank high are shown to add value to shareholders.
1229:(the others being land, and assumed-interchangeable assets of money and physical equipment). Just as land became recognized as
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Michael
Waldman, Ph.D., Faculty Professor at the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University USA|
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An
Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 2 – Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock
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Hiel, Alain Van; Assche, Jasper Van; Cremer, David De; Onraet, Emma; Bostyn, Dries; Haesevoets, Tessa; Roets, Arne (2018).
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Despite the lack of formal ownership, firms can and do gain from high levels of training, in part because it creates a
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The assumption that labor or workforces could be easily modelled in aggregate began to be challenged in 1950s when the
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may be as important as the knowledge gained in determining the value of an education. This points to the existence of
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Measuring the human capital index of individual firms is also possible: a survey is made on issues like training or
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1029:'s theory of organic capital and the human economy also served as a precedent for later concepts of human capital.
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Today, most theories attempt to break down human capital into one or more components for analysis. Most commonly,
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2531:, as individuals would be degraded and their abilities classified according to economically relevant quantities.
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2259:. During the period of prosperity, monetary capital grows at relatively higher rate while during the period of
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830:
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1061:, published in 1964, became a standard reference for many years. In this view, human capital is similar to "
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341:
331:
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111:
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Géza Ankerl: L'épanouissement de l'homme dans la perspective de la politique economique. Sirey, Paris 1966.
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Maddocks, J. & Beaney, M. 2002. See the invisible and intangible. Knowledge Management, March, 16–17.
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2869:. Translated by Trump, Eric Frederick. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 108–109.
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Claudia Goldin, Department of Economics Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research.
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administrative support, reporting and analytics, education and training, and hiring and recruitment.
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As a result of his conceptualization and modeling work using Human Capital as a key factor, the 2018
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Therefore, Smith argued, the productive power of labor are both dependent on the division of labor:
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But the term only found widespread use in economics after its popularization by economists of the
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2359:, exert their mind and body, to earn this "interest." Marx strongly distinguished between one's
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Human capital when viewed from a time perspective consumes time in one of these key activities:
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factor. Further research shows the relevance of education for the economic welfare of people.
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3510:"Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016"
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slaves, whose human capital can be sold, though the slave does not earn an income himself.
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is a concept used by economists to designate personal attributes considered useful in the
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Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education
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3912:(Springer, 2017) see chapter 11 for a survey of the impact of education on the economy.
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Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to Education
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National intangible capital NIC 2016 database / Findings and results for human capital
1146:, who founded the modern innovation-driven approach to understanding economic growth.
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the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the society.
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There is a complex relationship between the division of labor and human capital.
1043:'s article "Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution" in the
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3239:(2002) "A Taxonomy of Intellectual Capital", Research Note COM-17-1985, Gartner
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An Economic History of the United States: Connecting the Present with the Past
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It was assumed in early economic theories, reflecting the context – i.e., the
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Gibbons, Robert; Waldman, Michael (May 2004). "Task-Specific Human Capital".
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Angrist, Noam, Simeon Djankov, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, and Harry A. Patrinos.
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by a jury of linguistic scholars, who considered the term inappropriate and
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from his operations, so that workers must be producing what Marx (under the
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Companies can invest in human capital; for example, through education and
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habits or systems with the instructions they compile and manage, or the "
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was producing at the time in the most developed countries in the world.
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3458:"World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work"
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2003:
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3850:(1975). "The Problem with Human Capital Theory – A Marxian Critique,"
3445:"Not pounds and pence – here's a different way to measure our wealth"
3328:"Do Colleges and Universities Increase Their Region's Human Capital?"
3312:"Do Colleges and Universities Increase Their Region's Human Capital?"
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3587:"What Is Human Capital Management: Overview, Functions and Benefits"
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is often concerned with questions of how to model human beings as a
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1. "Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution"
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2019:
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3286:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p.
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was able to produce at the time in most countries – to be a
3099:"Enriching a Theory of Wage and Promotion Dynamics inside Firms"
1327:
3936:
993:. An early discussion with the phrase "human capital" was from
3922:
3186:"Who Makes It? Clark's Sector Model for US Economy 1850–2009"
2330:
An advertisement for labour from Sabah and Sarawak, seen in
1241:, which demanded creativity, begun to produce more than the
2387:, i.e., doing work beyond that necessary to maintain their
27:
Economics concept involving knowledge, skills, and training
3707:"The Problem with Human Capital Theory—A Marxian Critique"
3252:
Sveiby, Karl Erik (1997). "The Intangible Asset Monitor".
2446:, human capital is one of the three primary components of
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on the human capital one owns. Thus, human capital is a
2338:
In some way, the idea of "human capital" is similar to
2909:"The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development"
3863:
Intellectual Capital in Twenty-First-Century Politics
3475:"Measuring Human Capital Using Global Learning Data"
4156:
4127:
4106:
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3687:in New-York Daily Tribune, January 17 and 22, 1859
3156:David J. Deming, "Four Facts about Human Capital"
1252:Clark's Sector model the for US economy 1850–2009
3637:"Human Capital: The most overlooked Asset Class"
3316:JournalistsResource.org, retrieved June 18, 2012
3254:Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting
3097:Gibbons, Robert; Waldman, Michael (2006-01-01).
3758:
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3210:"Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management"
1347:World Economic Forum Global Human Capital Index
1284:or social resilience and related concepts like
999:
3563:"Definition of Human Capital Management (HCM)"
3412:
3410:
3247:
3245:
2283:Knowledge (activities involving one employee),
1392:Human Capital Index ranking (top 50 countries)
966:, improving levels of quality and production.
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3793:(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
3378:. The Economist (May 27th 2010). 27 May 2010.
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3036:https://economics.cornell.edu/michael-waldman
2679:. In Claude Diebolt; Michael Haupert (eds.).
2419:Risk accumulates in four primary categories:
1334:. International policies also often address
1149:In the recent literature, the new concept of
909:
8:
3705:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (May 1975).
3529:
3527:
2307:or vocabulary teams use to create cohesion.
2289:(activities involving more than 1 employee),
1101:buildings as the means of procuring revenue;
1025:The early 20th century Austrian sociologist
3903:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
3717:(2). American Economic Association: 77–80.
2310:In recent economic writings the concept of
3955:
3941:
3933:
3764:http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/
2907:Hanushek, Eric; Woessmann, Ludger (2008).
2496:Human capital is central to debates about
2394:The term appears in Marx's article in the
1098:useful machines, instruments of the trade;
916:
902:
36:
3611:"What is Human Capital Management (HCM)?"
3355:
3345:
3125:
2929:
2775:
2765:
2714:
3326:Abel, Jaison R.; Deitz, Richard (2012).
2605:Industrial and organizational psychology
1114:Smith defined human capital as follows:
3928:OECD Insights: Human Capital – a primer
3901:Sherwin Rosen (1987). "Human capital,"
3539:Community for Human Resource Management
2661:
2224:had the lowest at less than 1·6 years.
48:
3835:
3824:
3390:"The Global Human Capital Report 2017"
3557:
3555:
2866:Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction
7:
3762:Composite indices — HDI and beyond,
3535:"What is Human Capital Index ?"
3170:Gendron, Bénédicte (December 2004).
2692:
2690:
3671:Education, Income and Human Capital
3658:. The University of Chicago Press.
1084:see human capital as an important
1032:The use of the term in the modern
25:
2485:such as non-competing groups and
1210:was producing much more than the
3158:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2897:. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1993.
2849:. London: Macmillan. p. 29.
2703:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2699:"Four Facts about Human Capital"
2375:An employer must be receiving a
2188:
2172:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2012:
1996:
1980:
1964:
1948:
1932:
1916:
1900:
1884:
1868:
1852:
1836:
1820:
1804:
1788:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1628:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1532:
1516:
1500:
1484:
1468:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1400:
883:
871:
56:
3492:"WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2019"
3418:"Índice de Capital Humano 2017"
3282:Economics: Principles in Action
2600:Intellectual capital management
1208:secondary sector of the economy
158:Concepts, theory and techniques
4200:Human capital flight from Iran
3425:Observatorio de Competitividad
2917:Journal of Economic Literature
2367:, and the activity of working.
1360:World Bank Human Capital Index
985:included in his definition of
32:Human Capital (disambiguation)
1:
3333:Journal of Economic Geography
2268:Intangibility and portability
3878:OECD Insights; Human Capital
3711:The American Economic Review
3051:Johnson School of Management
2967:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.002
2767:10.1371/journal.pone.0199560
1342:Measurement of human capital
1063:physical means of production
1046:Journal of Political Economy
3861:Seymour W. Itzkoff (2003).
3810:"Human Capital White Paper"
2312:firm-specific human capital
1381:The Changing Nature of Work
1151:task-specific human capital
4226:
3106:Journal of Labor Economics
2525:German Un-Word of the Year
2515:In 2004, "human capital" (
2238:
1363:
939:. It encompasses employee
29:
4205:Human resource management
3865:. Ashfield, MA: Paideia,
3773:, retrieved July 27, 2013
3685:The Emancipation Question
2847:A Study in Public Finance
2697:Deming, David J. (2022).
2487:labor-market segmentation
2355:The worker must actually
2241:Human resource management
1140:Nobel Prize for Economics
1057:. Becker's book entitled
1039:literature dates back to
978:Human capital infographic
3905:, v. 2, pp. 681–90.
3897:10.3152/030234207X244838
3854:, 65(2), pp. 74–82,
3852:American Economic Review
3808:Ceridian UK Ltd (2007).
3747:Ein Jahr, ein (Un-)Wort!
3076:10.1257/0002828041301579
3064:American Economic Review
3006:Encyclopedia of the City
2891:Studies in Human Capital
2585:Human development theory
2580:Human Capital Management
2550:The Birth of Biopolitics
2235:Human capital management
1377:World Development Report
146:JEL classification codes
3984:Accumulation of capital
3789:Gary S. Becker (1993).
3669:Hansen, W. Lee (1970).
2681:Handbook of Cliometrics
2295:Absence (annual leave,
1292:, as distinct from the
1142:was jointly awarded to
332:Industrial organization
189:Computational economics
3834:Cite journal requires
3508:Lim, Stephen; et, al.
3160:(2022).36 (3): 75–102.
3010:. Routledge. pp.
2620:Organizational capital
2575:Cross-cultural capital
2520:
2397:New-York Daily Tribune
2335:
1253:
1153:was coined in 2004 by
1130:
1121:
1004:
979:
184:Experimental economics
4210:Public administration
3875:Brian Keeley (2007).
3654:Becker, Gary (1994).
3002:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2570:Capitalize or expense
2381:labor theory of value
2329:
1370:In October 2018, the
1317:Management accounting
1251:
1227:factors of production
1125:
1116:
977:
4190:Intellectual capital
3846:Samuel Bowles &
3394:World Economic Forum
2940:10.1257/jel.46.3.607
2645:True cost accounting
2595:Intellectual capital
2565:Capital accumulation
2483:market imperfections
2448:intellectual capital
2444:corporate management
2438:Corporate management
2272:Human capital is an
2180:United Arab Emirates
1353:World Economic Forum
1336:human capital flight
1311:intellectual capital
1307:knowledge management
1105:improvements of land
411:Social choice theory
30:For other uses, see
18:Human Capital Theory
4195:Education economics
3591:Indeed Career Guide
3276:Sheffrin, Steven M.
2843:Pigou, Arthur Cecil
2758:2018PLoSO..1399560V
2716:10.1257/jep.36.3.75
2560:Capital (economics)
2216:in September 2018.
1799:, SAR of China 0.76
1366:Human Capital Index
1080:Some contemporary
1071:means of production
878:Business portal
199:Operations research
179:National accounting
4157:Marxist historical
3769:2013-11-14 at the
3725:– via JSTOR.
3692:2008-07-31 at the
3357:10.1093/jeg/lbr020
3347:10.1093/jeg/lbr020
3272:O'Sullivan, Arthur
3049:'s profile at the
2984:2010-01-10 at the
2630:Structural capital
2625:Relational capital
2477:The prestige of a
2336:
2299:, holidays, etc.).
1254:
1167:Cornell University
1165:, an economist at
1157:, an economist at
995:Arthur Cecil Pigou
980:
937:production process
209:Industrial complex
204:Middle income trap
4177:
4176:
4169:Financial capital
3908:Mark V. Siegler,
3800:978-0-226-04120-9
3447:, BBC, 11.10,2018
3372:"Human resources"
3297:978-0-13-063085-8
2992:; Published 1776.
2640:Talent management
2305:corporate culture
2250:Cumulative growth
1273:Emotional capital
1196:Emotional capital
1186:Knowledge capital
1027:Rudolf Goldscheid
926:
925:
16:(Redirected from
4217:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3774:
3760:
3751:
3745:Spiegel Online:
3742:
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3727:
3726:
3702:
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3414:
3405:
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3402:
3400:
3386:
3380:
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3323:
3317:
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3308:
3302:
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3285:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3212:. Archived from
3206:
3197:
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3194:
3192:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3147:
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2993:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2943:
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2913:
2904:
2898:
2889:Mincer, Jacob
2887:
2881:
2880:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
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2796:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2666:
2635:Theodore Schultz
2523:) was named the
2460:labor economists
2346:: he thought in
2322:Marxist analysis
2316:golden handcuffs
2274:intangible asset
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2146:
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2134:
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2128:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2112:
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2102:
2098:
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2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1890:
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1858:
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1855:
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1842:
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1830:
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1814:
1810:
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1807:
1798:
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1766:
1762:
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1558:
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1510:
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1494:
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1471:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1243:secondary sector
1051:Theodore Schultz
1020:Theodore Schultz
1010:, in particular
918:
911:
904:
890:Money portal
888:
887:
886:
876:
875:
372:Natural resource
164:Economic systems
60:
37:
21:
4225:
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4220:
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4180:
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3919:
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3817:
3815:
3812:
3807:
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3788:
3782:
3777:
3771:Wayback Machine
3761:
3754:
3743:
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3734:
3730:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3694:Wayback Machine
3682:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3635:David Allison.
3634:
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3208:
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3200:
3190:
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3179:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:Michael Waldman
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:Wayback Machine
2978:
2974:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2931:10.1.1.507.5325
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2826:"Human Capital"
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2801:"Human Capital"
2798:
2797:
2793:
2752:(6): e0199560.
2737:
2736:
2732:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2676:
2674:"Human Capital"
2670:Goldin, Claudia
2668:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2615:Mincer equation
2590:Human resources
2540:
2468:Joseph Stiglitz
2456:
2440:
2413:
2383:) perceived as
2324:
2270:
2257:business cycles
2252:
2243:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2189:
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2186:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2157:
2155:
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2074:
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2059:
2058:
2045:
2043:
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2029:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1947:
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1917:
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1433:
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1417:
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1414:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1368:
1362:
1351:Since 2012 the
1349:
1344:
1282:social cohesion
1239:tertiary sector
1231:natural capital
1225:, one of three
1212:tertiary sector
1175:
1163:Michael Waldman
1086:economic growth
1082:growth theories
972:
922:
884:
882:
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863:
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833:
823:
822:
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584:von Böhm-Bawerk
472:
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222:
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169:Economic growth
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92:
90:classifications
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Organizational
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
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4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4003:Cross-cultural
4000:
3995:
3986:
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3918:
3917:External links
3915:
3914:
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3906:
3899:
3889:
3873:
3871:978-0913993200
3859:
3855:
3848:Herbert Gintis
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3237:Paolo Magrassi
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3118:10.1086/497819
3089:
3070:(2): 203–207.
3054:
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2961:(2): 127–142.
2945:
2924:(3): 607–668.
2899:
2882:
2876:978-0814752418
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2799:Kenton, Will.
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2373:
2372:
2368:
2342:'s concept of
2334:, Kuala Lumpur
2332:Jalan Petaling
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1560:
1544:
1528:
1512:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1364:Main article:
1361:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1278:Social capital
1268:was explored.
1234:and services.
1200:
1199:
1193:
1191:Social capital
1188:
1174:
1171:
1155:Robert Gibbons
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1067:rate of return
1049:in 1958. Then
1008:Chicago School
971:
968:
924:
923:
921:
920:
913:
906:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
880:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
845:
840:
834:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
474:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Organizational
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
221:By application
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4222:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:92-64-02908-7
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3828:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3376:The Economist
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3216:on 2013-02-16
3215:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:(1): 59–107.
3111:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3021:9780415252256
3017:
3013:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:Smith, Adam:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:Lemke, Thomas
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2709:(3): 75–102.
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:surplus-value
2382:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:Collaboration
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2205:Other methods
2204:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1780:United States
1769:
1765:
1753:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:In 2010, the
1324:
1322:
1321:capital asset
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:Human capital
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1075:fixed capital
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Human Capital
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
991:Irving Fisher
988:
984:
976:
969:
967:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Human capital
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
881:
879:
874:
869:
868:
867:
866:
859:
856:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
827:
826:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:de Mandeville
477:
476:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
408:
407:Public choice
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Participation
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Institutional
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Expeditionary
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Environmental
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
113:
112:International
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:Branches and
85:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4116:(short) vs.
4043:Intellectual
4022:
3909:
3876:
3862:
3851:
3827:cite journal
3816:. Retrieved
3790:
3750:(in German).
3746:
3740:
3731:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3684:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3641:Investopedia
3640:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3605:
3594:. Retrieved
3590:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:
3514:. Retrieved
3503:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3452:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3424:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3306:
3281:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3189:. Retrieved
3180:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3030:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2975:
2958:
2955:Intelligence
2954:
2948:
2921:
2915:
2902:
2890:
2885:
2865:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2805:Investopedia
2804:
2794:
2749:
2743:
2733:
2706:
2702:
2680:
2664:
2650:Working time
2533:
2521:Humankapital
2514:
2495:
2491:
2476:
2472:
2457:
2441:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2374:
2360:
2356:
2337:
2309:
2302:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2244:
2229:compensation
2226:
2211:
2208:
1713:
1461:SAR of China
1385:
1380:
1369:
1350:
1325:
1315:
1300:(such as an
1270:
1255:
1236:
1205:
1201:
1177:
1176:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1090:
1079:
1058:
1044:
1041:Jacob Mincer
1034:neoclassical
1031:
1024:
1016:Jacob Mincer
1005:
1000:
981:
961:
933:human assets
932:
928:
927:
848:Publications
813:
436:Sociological
409: /
307:Geographical
287:Evolutionary
262:Digitization
227:Agricultural
131:Mathematical
102:Econometrics
4033:Information
4008:Educational
3989:Circulating
3544:30 November
3430:30 November
3399:30 November
3191:29 December
3127:1721.1/3537
2610:Labor power
2555:Brain drain
2506:health care
2404:Neo-Marxist
2389:labor power
2365:labor power
2344:labor power
1732:New Zealand
1716:Switzerland
1540:Netherlands
1424:South Korea
1055:Gary Becker
1012:Gary Becker
684:von Neumann
337:Information
277:Engineering
257:Development
252:Demographic
194:Game theory
136:Methodology
4184:Categories
4148:Fictitious
4131:analytical
4073:Reputation
4038:Intangible
4028:Individual
3818:2007-02-27
3780:References
3620:4 February
3596:2022-02-04
3572:2022-02-04
3516:5 November
3340:(3): 667.
3220:2013-02-18
2810:2019-03-28
2545:Automation
2510:retirement
2479:credential
2348:capitalism
2297:sick leave
2213:The Lancet
2084:Seychelles
2052:Luxembourg
1892:Kazakhstan
1372:World Bank
1332:prosperity
1298:individual
1258:leadership
1173:Background
1144:Paul Romer
1092:Adam Smith
983:Adam Smith
843:Economists
714:Schumacher
619:Schumpeter
589:von Wieser
509:von Thünen
470:economists
446:Statistics
441:Solidarity
362:Managerial
327:Humanistic
322:Historical
267:Ecological
232:Behavioral
126:Mainstream
4063:Political
4013:Financial
3963:Types of
3144:222327628
3136:0734-306X
3084:0002-8282
2926:CiteSeerX
2725:0895-3309
2502:education
2454:Criticism
2424:Absence";
2363:to work,
2340:Karl Marx
2261:recession
1988:Lithuania
1508:Australia
1456:Hong Kong
1408:Singapore
1286:celebrity
1266:celebrity
957:education
941:knowledge
759:Greenspan
724:Samuelson
704:Galbraith
674:Tinbergen
614:von Mises
609:Heckscher
569:Edgeworth
387:Personnel
347:Knowledge
312:Happiness
302:Financial
272:Education
247:Democracy
141:Political
107:Heterodox
50:Economics
4164:Monopoly
4143:Variable
4138:Constant
4088:Symbolic
4058:Physical
3998:Cultural
3993:Floating
3979:Academic
3858:443–456.
3767:Archived
3690:Archived
3512:. Lancet
3278:(2003).
2982:Archived
2863:(2011).
2845:(1928).
2786:29928058
2745:PLOS ONE
2538:See also
2529:inhumane
2361:capacity
2100:Bulgaria
2036:Slovakia
1652:Portugal
1604:Slovenia
1296:that an
1219:resource
1216:fungible
1037:economic
964:training
949:know-how
852:journals
838:Glossary
789:Stiglitz
754:Rothbard
734:Buchanan
719:Friedman
709:Koopmans
699:Leontief
679:Robinson
564:Marshall
468:Notable
416:Regional
392:Planning
367:Monetary
297:Feminist
242:Cultural
237:Business
42:a series
40:Part of
4129:Marxist
4118:Patient
4107:By term
4098:Working
4093:Venture
4048:Natural
3972:By form
3965:capital
3723:1818836
3567:Gartner
3481:(2021).
2777:6013109
2754:Bibcode
2498:welfare
2218:Finland
2196:Ukraine
2164:Vietnam
2148:Bahrain
2004:Hungary
1972:Croatia
1924:Iceland
1860:Estonia
1812:Belgium
1668:Denmark
1588:Austria
1572:Germany
1492:Ireland
1476:Finland
1302:athlete
1264:, even
987:capital
970:History
951:, good
858:Schools
850: (
809:Piketty
804:Krugman
669:Kuznets
659:Kalecki
634:Polanyi
524:Cournot
519:Bastiat
504:Ricardo
494:Malthus
484:Quesnay
456:Welfare
426:Service
97:Applied
73:Outline
68:History
4120:(long)
4114:Liquid
4083:Social
4078:Sexual
4068:Public
3885:
3869:
3797:
3721:
3615:Oracle
3479:Nature
3294:
3142:
3134:
3082:
3018:
2928:
2873:
2784:
2774:
2723:
2517:German
2508:, and
2377:profit
2193:
2177:
2161:
2145:
2129:
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2097:
2081:
2068:Greece
2065:
2049:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1969:
1956:Latvia
1953:
1940:Russia
1937:
1921:
1905:
1889:
1876:Poland
1873:
1857:
1844:Cyprus
1841:
1828:Serbia
1825:
1809:
1793:
1777:
1764:Israel
1761:
1748:France
1745:
1729:
1697:
1684:Norway
1681:
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1556:Canada
1553:
1537:
1524:Sweden
1521:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1386:Nature
1294:talent
1262:talent
1161:, and
1128:labor.
1018:, and
955:, and
953:health
945:skills
794:Thaler
774:Ostrom
769:Becker
764:Sowell
744:Baumol
649:Myrdal
644:Sraffa
639:Frisch
629:Knight
624:Keynes
599:Fisher
594:Veblen
579:Pareto
559:Menger
554:George
549:Jevons
544:Walras
534:Gossen
402:Public
397:Policy
352:Labour
317:Health
174:Market
4023:Human
4018:Fixed
3813:(PDF)
3719:JSTOR
3495:(PDF)
3461:(PDF)
3421:(PDF)
3140:S2CID
3102:(PDF)
2912:(PDF)
2829:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2657:Notes
2458:Some
2222:Niger
2132:China
2116:Chile
2020:Malta
1908:Spain
1796:Macau
1700:Italy
1440:Japan
1223:labor
831:Lists
799:Hoppe
784:Lucas
749:Solow
739:Arrow
729:Simon
694:Lange
689:Hicks
664:Röpke
654:Hayek
604:Pigou
574:Clark
489:Smith
451:Urban
431:Socio
421:Rural
121:Macro
117:Micro
78:Index
3883:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3840:help
3795:ISBN
3622:2022
3546:2018
3518:2018
3432:2018
3401:2018
3292:ISBN
3260:(1).
3193:2011
3132:ISSN
3080:ISSN
3016:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2782:PMID
2721:ISSN
2466:and
2411:Risk
2357:work
2199:0.65
2183:0.66
2167:0.67
2151:0.67
2135:0.67
2119:0.67
2103:0.68
2087:0.68
2071:0.68
2055:0.69
2039:0.69
2023:0.70
2007:0.70
1991:0.71
1975:0.72
1959:0.72
1943:0.73
1927:0.74
1911:0.74
1895:0.75
1879:0.75
1863:0.75
1847:0.75
1831:0.76
1815:0.76
1783:0.76
1767:0.76
1751:0.76
1735:0.77
1719:0.77
1703:0.77
1687:0.77
1671:0.77
1655:0.78
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1623:0.78
1607:0.79
1591:0.79
1575:0.79
1559:0.80
1543:0.80
1527:0.80
1511:0.80
1495:0.81
1479:0.81
1463:0.82
1443:0.84
1427:0.84
1411:0.88
1328:OECD
1290:fame
815:more
539:Marx
529:Mill
514:List
3893:doi
3352:hdl
3342:doi
3122:hdl
3114:doi
3072:doi
3012:362
2963:doi
2936:doi
2772:PMC
2762:doi
2711:doi
2442:In
1379:on
1288:or
1159:MIT
931:or
779:Sen
499:Say
357:Law
4186::
3881:.
3831::
3829:}}
3825:{{
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3715:65
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