2158:
142:
1834:
599:
1930:
167:
2268:
518:
8039:
1901:
microcephalic brain shape ratios and that in these ratios the group as such is not clearly distinct from normocephalics. The LB1 brain shape nevertheless aligns slightly better with the microcephalic sample, with the shape at the extreme edge of the normocephalic group. A 2016 pathological analysis of LB1's skull revealed no pathologies nor evidence of microcephaly, and concluded that LB1 is a separate species.
8063:
6860:
8051:
6848:
333:
3812:; van den Bergh, G. D.; Storey, M.; Kurniawan, I.; Alloway, B. V.; Setiawan, R.; Setiyabudi, E.; GrĂŒn, R.; Moore, M. W.; Yurnaldi, D.; Puspaningrum, M. R.; Wibowo, U. P.; Insani, H.; Sutisna, I.; Westgate, J. A.; Pearce, N. J. G.; Duval, M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Aziz, F.; Sutikna, T.; van der Kaars, S.; Flude, S.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016).
2020:(upper arm bone). Each of these putative distinguishing features has been heavily scrutinized by the scientific community, with different research groups reaching differing conclusions as to whether these features support the original designation of a new species, or whether they identify LB1 as a severely pathological
2375:
bone remains in the cave date to 60,000 years ago, and the youngest stone tools to 50,000 years ago. The previous estimate of 12,000 BP was due to an undetected unconformity in the cave stratigraphy. The timing of their disappearance from the cave stratigraphy is close to the time that modern humans
665:
in
Australia and other anthropologists expressed the fear that important scientific evidence would be sequestered by a small group of scientists who neither allowed access by other scientists nor published their own research. Jacob returned the remains on 23 February 2005 with portions severely
1979:
and
Catharine FitzGerald compared the Flores bones with those of ten people who had had cretinism, and found no overlap. Obendorf and colleagues rejected Groves and FitzGerald's argument the following year. A 2012 study similar to Groves and FitzGeralds' also found no evidence of congenital iodine
669:
Press reports thus described the condition of the returned remains: " long, deep cuts marking the lower edge of the Hobbit's jaw on both sides, said to be caused by a knife used to cut away the rubber mould ... the chin of a second Hobbit jaw was snapped off and glued back together. Whoever was
2244:, would have displaced the shoulders slightly forward into an almost shrugging position. The shrugging position would have compensated for the lower range of motion in the arm, allowing for similar maneuverability in the elbows as modern humans. The wrist bones are similar to those of apes and
1869:
human skulls, and found that the skull size of LB1 falls in the middle of the size range of the human samples, and is not inconsistent with microcephaly. A 2006 study stated that LB1 probably descended from a pygmy population of modern humans, but herself shows signs of microcephaly, and other
670:
responsible misaligned the pieces and put them at an incorrect angle ... The pelvis was smashed, destroying details that reveal body shape, gait and evolutionary history.", causing the discovery team leader
Morwood to remark, "It's sickening; Jacob was greedy and acted totally irresponsibly."
1900:
In 2008, Greek palaeontologist George Lyras and colleagues said that LB1 falls outside the range of variation for human microcephalic skulls. However, a 2013 comparison of the LB1 endocast to a set of 100 normocephalic and 17 microcephalic endocasts showed that there is a wide variation in
4567:
Husson, Laurent; Salles, Tristan; Lebatard, Anne-Elisabeth; Zerathe, Swann; Braucher, RĂ©gis; Noerwidi, Sofwan; Aribowo, Sonny; Mallard, Claire; Carcaillet, Julien; Natawidjaja, Danny H.; BourlĂšs, Didier; ASTER team; Aumaitre, Georges; BourlĂšs, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (8 November 2022).
487:
was at first considered remarkable for its survival until relatively recent times, initially thought to be only 12,000 years ago. However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work has pushed the dating of the most recent evidence of its existence back to 50,000 years ago. The
563:". Once exposed, the bones had to be left to dry before they could be dug up. The discoverers proposed that a variety of features, both primitive and derived, identify these individuals as belonging to a new species. Based on previous date estimates, the discoverers also proposed that
6272:
Tucci, Serena; Vohr, Samuel H.; McCoy, Rajiv C.; Vernot, Benjamin; Robinson, Matthew R.; Barbieri, Chiara; Nelson, Brad J.; Fu, Wenqing; Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Eichler, Evan E.; Barbujani, Guido; Visscher, Peter M.; Akey, Joshua M.; Green, Richard E. (August 2018).
2812:
van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Alloway, Brent V.; Storey, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Yurnaldi, Dida; Kurniawan, Iwan; Moore, Mark W.; Jatmiko; Brumm, Adam; Flude, Stephanie; Sutikna, Thomas; Setiyabudi, Erick; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Puspaningrum, Mika R.; Yoga, Ifan (October 2022).
1964:, is expressed by small bodies and reduced brain size (but ME causes less motor and mental disablement than other forms of congenital iodine deficiency syndrome), and is a form of dwarfism still found in the local Indonesian population. They said that various features of
2254:
The leg bones are more robust than those of modern humans. The feet were unusually flat and long in relation with the rest of the body. As a result, when walking, they would have had to bend the knees further back than modern humans do. This caused a high-stepping
612:
Stone implements of a size considered appropriate to these small humans are also widely present in the cave. The implements are at horizons initially dated to 95,000 to 13,000 years ago. Modern humans reached the region by around 50,000 years ago, by which time
4511:
Matsuâura, Shuji; Kondo, Megumi; Danhara, Tohru; Sakata, Shuhei; Iwano, Hideki; Hirata, Takafumi; Kurniawan, Iwan; Setiyabudi, Erick; Takeshita, Yoshihiro; Hyodo, Masayuki; Kitaba, Ikuko; Sudo, Masafumi; Danhara, Yugo; Aziz, Fachroel (10 January 2020).
551:. A tooth, LB2, was referred to the species. LB1 is a fairly complete skeleton, including a nearly complete skull, which belonged to a 30-year-old woman, and has been nicknamed "Little Lady of Flores" or "Flo". An arm bone provisionally assigned to
2034:
The discovery of additional partial skeletons has verified the existence of some features found in LB1, such as the lack of a chin, but Jacob and other research teams argue that these features do not distinguish LB1 from local modern humans. Lyras
1921:. The estimated height of LB1 is at the lower end of the average for afflicted human women, but the endocranial volume is much smaller than anything exhibited in Laron syndrome patients. DNA analysis would be required to support this theory.
3117:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kurniawan, Iwan; Mizushima, Soichiro; Sawada, Junmei; Lague, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Sutisna, Indra; Wibowo, Unggul P.; Suwa, Gen; Kono, Reiko T.; Sasaki, Tomohiko; Brumm, Adam; van den Bergh, Gerrit D. (6 August 2024).
684:, expressed the opinion that the restriction was to protect Jacob, who was considered "Indonesia's king of palaeoanthropology", from being proved wrong. Scientists were allowed to return to the cave in 2007, shortly after Jacob's death.
4182:
Dembo, Mana; RadovÄiÄ, Davorka; Garvin, Heather M.; Laird, Myra F.; Schroeder, Lauren; Scott, Jill E.; Brophy, Juliet; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Musiba, Chares M.; de Ruiter, Darryl J.; Mooers, Arne Ă.; Collard, Mark (August 2016).
540:. They instead recovered a nearly complete, small-statured skeleton, LB1, in the Liang Bua cave, and subsequent excavations in 2003 and 2004 recovered seven additional skeletons, initially dated from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago.
1996:, and that the remains of other individuals at the Flores site were merely normal modern humans. However, there are a number of characteristics shared by both LB1 and LB6 as well as other known early humans and absent in
1764:
It has been noted that there is no evidence archaic humans in the adjacent (and likely source) region of Java earlier than 1.3-1.5 or 1.8 million years ago, with the earliest human presence on Java being represented by
1676:, about 74 km (46 mi) from Liang Bua. They date to about 700,000 years ago. Other remains including a humerus were later described from Mata Menge, with the remains subsequently being directly assigned to
1885:. Falk stated that Martin's assertions were unsubstantiated. In 2006, Australian palaeoanthropologist Debbie Argue and colleagues also concluded that the finds are indeed a new species. In 2007, Falk found that
1680:. These remains are about the same size or somewhat smaller than the remains from Liang Bua, suggesting the size of the species remained stable for hundreds of thousands of years up until its extinction.
2115:, from three million years ago, not previously thought to have expanded beyond Africa. Thus, LB1 and LB8 may be the shortest and smallest members of the extended human group discovered thus far.
4375:
Zanolli, Clément; Kaifu, Yousuke; Pan, Lei; Xing, Song; Mijares, Armand S.; Kullmer, Ottmar; Schrenk, Friedemann; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio; Robles, Emil; Détroit, Florent (February 2022).
2744:
Brumm, Adam; Jensen, Gitte M.; van den Bergh, Gert D.; Morwood, Michael J.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Aziz, Fachroel; Storey, Michael (2010). "Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago".
6653:
2558:. The film was blocked from release due to a legal dispute about using the word "hobbit." The Asylum argued that the film did not violate the Tolkien copyright because the film was about
1917:
populations, which may have been the scenario on the small island. It causes a short stature and small skull, and many conditions seen in Laron syndrome patients are also exhibited in
4670:; Hildebolt, Charles; Smith, Kirk; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wayhu; Prior, Fred (2009). "LB1's virtual endocast, microcephaly and hominin brain evolution".
609:
In 2009, additional finds were reported, increasing the minimum number of individuals represented by bones to fourteen. In 2015, teeth were referred to a fifteenth individual, LB15.
6463:
6129:
Jungers, William L.; Larson, S.G.; Harcourt-Smith, W.; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Due Awe, Rokhus; Djubiantono, T. (4 December 2008). "Descriptions of the lower limb skeleton of
4128:
Support for most clades in all analyses was rather low as measured by traditional methods (bootstrap and Bremer support in parsimony, posterior probability in
Bayesian inference)
2073:
LB1's height is estimated to have been 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in). The height of a second skeleton, LB8, has been estimated at 1.09 m (3 ft 7 in) based on
2380:
or more broadly on the ecosystems of Flores caused or contributed to their extinction. DNA analysis of pygmy modern humans from Flores has found no evidence of any DNA from
2105:
at also 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women. LB1's body mass is estimated to have been 25 kg (55 lb). LB1 and LB8 are also somewhat smaller than the
2031:
compared to 450 teeth of living and extinct human species, states that they had "primitive canine-premolar and advanced molar morphologies," which is unique among hominins.
2000:, such as the lack of a chin. In 2016, a comparative study concluded that LB1 did not exhibit a sufficient number of Down syndrome characteristics to support a diagnosis.
649:, and kept them for three months. Professor Jacob did not believe the specimens represented a different species, contending that the LB1 find was from a 25â30 year-old
1657:. The oldest stone tools on Flores are around 1 million years old. Stone artifacts are absent from sites over 1.27 million years old, suggesting that the ancestors of
4094:
Argue, Debbie; Groves, Colin P. (21 April 2017). "The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters".
2012:
are its small body and small cranial capacity. Brown and
Morwood also identified a number of additional, less obvious features that might distinguish LB1 from modern
2130:
pygmies who inhabit the island, and that size can vary substantially in pygmy populations. A 2018 study refuted the possibility of
Rampasasa pygmies descending from
8171:
7936:
5800:
6942:
3813:
6652:
Larson, Susan G.; Jungers, William L.; Morwood, Michael J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Due, Rokus Awe; Djubiantono, Tony (December 2007).
2815:"An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival"
2197:
in
Madagascar compared with their living relatives is proportionally greater than the reduction in body size, and similar to the reduction in brain size of
6065:
Tocheri, M.W.; Orr, C.M.; Larson, S.G.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E.W.; Due, R.A.; Djubiantono, T.; Morwood, M.J.; Jungers, W.L. (21 September 2007).
2347:
found at Liang Bua, suggesting that they would have faced intense competition for carcasses with other predators, like the Komodo dragon, the giant stork
1865:
nor an individual with a malformed skull and brain. In response, American neurologist Jochen Weber and colleagues compared the computer model skull with
1467:
7172:
1337:
7132:
6991:
6332:"Temporal shifts in the distribution of murine rodent body size classes at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) reveal new insights into the paleoecology of
7182:
8225:
8145:
8024:
7868:
1357:
726:
5511:"Evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, denotes Down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species
4857:
Jacob, T.; Indriati, E.; Soejono, R. P.; Hsu, K.; Frayer, D. W.; Eckhardt, R. B.; Kuperavage, A. J.; Thorne, A.; Henneberg, M. (5 September 2006).
7177:
1317:
3931:; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Wunderlich, R. E.; Tocheri, M. W.; Larson, S. G.; Sutikna, T.; Due, Rhokus Awe; Morwood, M. J. (2009). "The foot of
8245:
7926:
6696:
7187:
3529:
8255:
7931:
7809:
6806:
6784:
6765:
6642:
6553:
4307:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, Emanuel Wahyu; Jatmiko; Due Awe, Rokus (18 November 2015). Bae, Christopher (ed.).
2906:
1941:
2688:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (13 October 2005). "Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late
Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia".
8260:
6833:
2193:
and the great apes. Such a reduction is likely due to insular dwarfism, and a 2009 study found that the reduction in brain size of extinct
567:
lived contemporaneously with modern humans on Flores. Before publication, the discoverers were considering placing LB1 into her own genus,
5295:
2157:
6471:
4435:"Archaic Hominin Populations in Asia before the Arrival of Modern Humans: Their Phylogeny and Implications for the "Southern Denisovans""
7888:
6864:
3594:
8250:
7997:
7103:
6192:
5249:
7863:
7028:
6330:
Veatch, E. Grace; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; McGrath, Kate; Wahyu
Saptomo, E.; Jatmiko; Helgen, Kristofer M. (May 2019).
2554:
2457:
the latter two genera being about the size of rabbits, with body masses of 600â2,500 grams (1.3â5.5 lb). Also present were the
528:
The first specimens were discovered on the
Indonesian island of Flores on 2 September 2003 by a joint Australian-Indonesian team of
447:
cave. As of 2015, partial skeletons of fifteen individuals have been recovered, including one complete skull, referred to as "LB1".
3613:
2228:
The angle of humeral torsion is much less than in modern humans. The humeral head of modern humans is twisted between 145 and 165
1972:, unusually straight and untwisted humeral heads, relatively thick limbs, double rooted premolar, and primitive wrist morphology.
3870:
van den Bergh, G. D.; Kaifu, Y.; Kurniawan, I.; Kono, R. T.; Brumm, A.; Setiyabudi, E.; Aziz, F.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016). "
1825:
with a birth defect, rather than the result of neurological reorganisation. These claims have subsequently been widely rejected.
8007:
7903:
7784:
6066:
1507:
443:
The remains of an individual who would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height were discovered in 2003 at
8240:
8230:
8002:
7303:
2220:
is also associated with evidence for advanced behaviours, such as the use of fire, butchering, and stone tool manufacturing.
603:
6817:
5772:
5714:
8235:
7125:
2251:
They are significantly different from those of modern humans, lacking features which evolved at least 800,000 years ago.
677:
back to Jakarta despite the claimed physical evidence that the jawbone had been broken while making a mould of the bones.
5736:
Fix, Alan G. (June 1995). "Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli".
2122:, where size decreases as a response to fewer resources in an island ecosystem. In 2006, Indonesian palaeoanthropologist
7873:
7750:
7636:
6905:
6897:
5830:
Van Den Bergh, G. D.; Rokhus Due Awe; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Wahyu Saptomo, E. (May 2008). "The youngest
2942:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (27 October 2004). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
1797:
from a tooth discovered in 2003, but both teams were unsuccessful. It has been suggested that this happened because the
947:
719:
6852:
2548:"enslaved by the Java Men, a race of flesh-eating dragon-riders." The film was intended to piggyback on the success of
8067:
7971:
7789:
7310:
7164:
6605:
5808:
3276:
1806:
1297:
696:
6950:
1975:
However, Falk's scans of LB1's pituitary fossa show that it is not larger than usual. Also, in 2009, anthropologists
8055:
7829:
7760:
7296:
7289:
7282:
1400:
1134:
1126:
1118:
153:
141:
6889:
6881:
3060:
1707:
sketetal anatomy, such as its feet bones being considered as more similar to those of very archaic humans such as
8012:
7908:
7804:
1949:
1238:
6707:
Martin, R. D.; MacLarnon, A. M.; Phillips, J. L.; Dussubieux, L.; Williams, P. R.; Dobyns, W. B. (19 May 2006).
4185:"The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods"
3390:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Jatmiko; Rokus Due Awe; Baba, Hisao (2015).
2177:. LB1's brain is estimated to have had a volume of 380 cm (23 cu in), placing it at the range of
1761:-grade archaic humans, and suggest that others may have been the result of evolutionary reversals/convergence.
8043:
7346:
7118:
5836:
3447:(84th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, March 25-28, 2015) (156): 126â127
2186:
2181:
or the extinct australopithecines. LB1's brain size is less than half that of its presumed immediate ancestor,
1741:, a well known evolutionary trend found among various island animals. These authors alternatively suggest that
662:
497:
6966:
3467:
629:
The fossils are property of the Indonesian state. In early December 2004, Indonesian paleoanthropologist
1703:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa prior to 1.75 million years ago. This is based on various aspects of
7981:
7918:
7878:
7324:
7099:
4037:"Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships"
2162:
2111:
2047:
skulls, including those of small-bodied individuals and microcephalics, and is more similar to the skull of
1208:
712:
166:
7091:
7078:(Turkhana Basin Institute presentation at the Seventh Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium). 21 April 2009
6619:â short humanoid creatures said to inhabit remote, mountainous forests on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo
6211:
2236:. This may have provided an advantage when arm-swinging, and, in tandem with the unusual morphology of the
1805:
has higher concentrations of DNA. Moreover, the heat generated by the high speed of the drill bit may have
8085:
7976:
7951:
7946:
7839:
7794:
7755:
7317:
3344:
2888:
1167:
638:
8123:
8197:
7360:
2397:
2302:
1914:
1833:
939:
617:
is thought to have gone extinct. Comparisons of the stone artifacts with those made by modern humans in
302:
5834:
remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia".
2081:
and considerably shorter than the average adult height of even the smallest modern humans, such as the
2016:, including the form of the teeth, the absence of a chin, and a lesser torsion in the lower end of the
1877:, after unearthing more specimens, countered that the skeptics had mistakenly attributed the height of
5040:
Lyras, G.A.; Dermitzakis, D.M.; Van Der Geer, A.A.E.; Van der Geer, S.B.; De Vos, J. (1 August 2008).
2359:
endemic to the island, which are found abundantly at Liang Bua. While it was initially suggested that
8132:
7941:
7844:
7745:
7706:
7651:
7556:
7260:
7253:
6726:
6672:
6410:
6347:
6286:
6168:
Blaszczyk, Maria B.; Vaughan, Christopher L. (2007). "Re-interpreting the evidence for bipedality in
6087:
6001:
5958:
5884:
5845:
5656:
5593:
5526:
5467:
5404:
5150:
4991:
4944:
4874:
4742:
4679:
4581:
4525:
4485:
4388:
4377:"Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications"
4326:
4256:
4196:
4156:
4103:
3998:
3944:
3883:
3828:
3773:
3716:
3479:
3356:
3343:
Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Saptomo, E. W.; Jatmiko; Hobbs, D. R.; Westaway, K. E. (November 2009).
3227:
3017:
2953:
2826:
2753:
2699:
2625:
2568:
2469:
2349:
1576:
1377:
1224:
1093:
1078:
645:'s National Research Centre of Archaeology, with the permission of one of the institute's directors,
4830:
2363:
was capable of using fire, the supporting evidence for this claim was later found to be unreliable.
598:
453:
is thought to have arrived on Flores around 1.27-1 million years ago. There is debate as to whether
7353:
3537:
2298:
2134:, concluding that "multiple independent instances of hominin insular dwarfism occurred on Flores".
1645:, Flores remained an isolated island during episodes of low sea level. Therefore, the ancestors of
646:
8062:
5086:"Frontal Brain Expansion During Development Using MRI and Endocasts: Relation to Microcephaly and
3552:
7898:
7765:
7740:
7616:
6254:
6111:
5753:
5041:
4766:
4634:
4412:
4376:
4184:
4144:
3968:
3928:
3907:
3852:
3742:
3700:
3041:
2977:
2852:
2814:
2785:
2723:
2649:
2440:
2406:
2194:
2102:
1487:
673:
Jacob, however, denied any wrongdoing. He stated that the damages occurred during transport from
161:
6917:
6836:(Bookscout, Soest, The Netherlands) (= a biography of the discoverer of the Liang Bua, in Dutch)
5509:
Henneberg, Maciej; Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; HsĂŒ, Kenneth J. (5 August 2014).
3809:
2566:, "uniformly referred to as 'Hobbits' in the scientific community." The film was later retitled
1929:
8202:
8176:
6828:
Knepper, Gert M. (2019): Floresmens - Het leven van Theo Verhoeven, missionaris en archeoloog.
3433:
8184:
8017:
7883:
7824:
7814:
7585:
7403:
7197:
6829:
6802:
6780:
6761:
6744:
6717:
6688:
6638:
6444:
6426:
6375:
6312:
6150:
6103:
6078:
6035:
6017:
5949:
5910:
5684:
5621:
5554:
5491:
5483:
5432:
5369:
5276:
5225:
5217:
5174:
5166:
5119:
5111:
5019:
4960:
4902:
4863:
skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: Population affinities and pathological abnormalities"
4811:
4758:
4733:
4695:
4615:
4597:
4549:
4541:
4454:
4404:
4354:
4284:
4240:
4222:
4119:
4066:
4014:
3960:
3899:
3844:
3791:
3495:
3372:
3325:
3245:
3157:
3139:
3033:
2969:
2902:
2777:
2769:
2715:
2641:
2353:, and vultures, and that it was possible that their main prey was instead the giant rats like
2323:. Similar artefacts are found at the Soa Basin 50 km (31 mi) south, associated with
2213:
2178:
1961:
1654:
1650:
674:
50:
6275:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
5873:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
8189:
7893:
7646:
7463:
7425:
7272:
6758:
A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia
6734:
6680:
6635:
The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution
6434:
6418:
6393:
Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Sutikna, Thomas; Wahyu Saptomo, E.; Tocheri, Matthew W. (July 2022).
6365:
6355:
6302:
6294:
6246:
6142:
6095:
6025:
6009:
5966:
5900:
5892:
5853:
5745:
5674:
5664:
5611:
5601:
5544:
5534:
5475:
5422:
5412:
5361:
5334:
5266:
5258:
5209:
5158:
5101:
5057:
5009:
4999:
4952:
4892:
4882:
4801:
4750:
4687:
4642:
4605:
4589:
4533:
4493:
4446:
4396:
4344:
4334:
4274:
4264:
4212:
4204:
4164:
4111:
4056:
4048:
4006:
3952:
3891:
3836:
3781:
3732:
3724:
3571:
3487:
3407:
3364:
3317:
3235:
3218:
3192:
3147:
3131:
3025:
2961:
2944:
2894:
2842:
2834:
2761:
2707:
2690:
2633:
2616:
2501:
2463:
2246:
2209:
2119:
2106:
1989:
1738:
1693:
1159:
1108:
470:
465:
358:
54:
5325:
Groves, Colin Peter; Fitzgerald, Catharine (2010). "Healthy hobbits or victims of Sauron".
2898:
7700:
7673:
7571:
7529:
7141:
6597:
4514:"Age control of the first appearance datum for Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran area"
2416:
2237:
2229:
2098:
1969:
1192:
961:
917:
537:
533:
6523:
5137:
Balzeau, Antoine; Charlier, Philippe (2016). "What do cranial bones of LB1 tell us about
6730:
6676:
6494:
6414:
6351:
6290:
6091:
6005:
5962:
5888:
5849:
5660:
5597:
5530:
5471:
5408:
5154:
4995:
4948:
4878:
4746:
4683:
4585:
4529:
4489:
4392:
4330:
4260:
4200:
4160:
4107:
4002:
3948:
3887:
3832:
3777:
3720:
3643:
3483:
3360:
3231:
3152:
3119:
3083:
3021:
3000:
Sutikna, Thomas; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Morwood, Michael J.; et al. (30 March 2016).
2957:
2830:
2757:
2703:
2629:
2267:
7520:
7224:
7210:
7149:
6799:
The Strange Case of the Rickety Cossack and other Cautionary Tales from Human Evolution
6794:
6439:
6399:
from Flores reveal new insights into giant marabou stork paleobiology and biogeography"
6394:
6307:
6274:
6030:
5985:
5905:
5872:
5679:
5640:
5616:
5577:
5549:
5510:
5427:
5388:
5271:
5244:
5014:
4979:
4897:
4858:
4610:
4569:
4434:
4349:
4308:
4279:
4244:
4061:
4036:
3699:
Dennell, Robin W.; Louys, Julien; O'Regan, Hannah J.; Wilkinson, David M. (July 2014).
3658:
2522:
2421:
2216:, which is associated with cognition, is about the same size as that of modern humans.
2142:
2054:
1910:
1794:
1013:
1000:
930:
904:
680:
In 2005, Indonesian officials forbade access to the cave. Some news media, such as the
634:
560:
517:
429:
7067:
5365:
4721:
4513:
2883:
Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu (14 February 2022). "
2608:
8219:
7688:
7541:
7231:
7054:(Nova's documentary website, complete program available through Watch Online feature)
6870:
5193:
4416:
3911:
3391:
3197:
3176:
2856:
2789:
2549:
2488:
2458:
2328:
2259:
and low walking speed. The toes had an unusual shape and the big toe was very short.
2082:
2040:
1993:
1894:
1866:
1862:
1838:
1642:
1200:
591:
of the article recommended that, despite her size, she should be placed in the genus
92:
6258:
6115:
4770:
3856:
3746:
3728:
2838:
7694:
7682:
7624:
7498:
7446:
7411:
7336:
7243:
6616:
5573:
5389:"Post-cranial skeletons of hypothyroid cretins show a similar anatomical mosaic as
4978:
Falk, D.; Hildebolt, C.; Smith, K.; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T. (2 February 2007).
4079:
are unable to distinguish among the various 'hobbits are early hominins' hypotheses
3972:
3045:
2981:
2727:
2401:
2279:
2078:
2049:
1976:
1933:
1890:
1882:
1717:
1699:
1608:
1182:
1149:
1063:
987:
974:
658:
476:
437:
7015:
6241:
Callaway, E. (30 March 2016). "Did humans drive 'hobbit' species to extinction?".
5749:
1909:
A 2007 study postulated that the skeletons were those of humans who suffered from
6821:
6684:
6360:
6331:
6146:
5857:
5778:
5669:
5479:
5417:
5162:
4956:
4691:
4400:
4339:
4269:
4208:
4168:
4115:
4010:
3491:
3368:
2653:
1897:
were well-developed, which would not have been the case were they microcephalic.
1668:
In 2016, fossil teeth and a partial jaw from hominins assumed to be ancestral to
8158:
8117:
7578:
7505:
7477:
7470:
7418:
6610:
5722:
5641:"A Critical Evaluation of the Down Syndrome Diagnosis for LB1, Type Specimen of
4835:
2475:
2400:
with relatively few terrestrial vertebrate species, including the extinct dwarf
2123:
2090:
1858:
1254:
878:
630:
588:
529:
67:
6859:
5338:
4867:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4593:
4497:
3466:
Marwick, Ben; Clarkson, Chris; O'Connor, Sue; Collins, Sophie (December 2016).
3438:") exhibit individual variation and temporal change, not uniformity and stasis"
3135:
7563:
7484:
6250:
3659:"Paleoanthropologyânew 'hobbits' bolster species, but origins still a mystery"
2533:
2529:
2506:
2452:
2174:
1723:
1673:
618:
501:
493:
492:
skeletal material at Liang Bua is now dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago;
422:
228:
112:
77:
8108:
6430:
6021:
5487:
5373:
5221:
5170:
5115:
4601:
4545:
4458:
3143:
2773:
2376:
reached the area, which may suggest the effects of modern humans directly on
1737:
that became isolated on Flores, with the small body size being the result of
7630:
7535:
6739:
6708:
6630:
6585:
6298:
6099:
5971:
5941:
5934:
5896:
5606:
5539:
5004:
4887:
4806:
4785:
4754:
4667:
4537:
3989:
Argue, Debbie; Morwood, M.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, W. (July 2009). "
3432:
Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; Henneberg, Maciej (April 2015).
2446:
2433:
2355:
2127:
1846:
1592:
1423:
1269:
521:
444:
258:
248:
178:
117:
61:
27:"LB1" redirects here. For the stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way, see
17:
6748:
6692:
6448:
6379:
6316:
6154:
6107:
6039:
5914:
5688:
5625:
5558:
5495:
5436:
5280:
5262:
5229:
5178:
5123:
5023:
4964:
4906:
4815:
4762:
4699:
4619:
4553:
4408:
4358:
4288:
4226:
4123:
4070:
4052:
4018:
3964:
3903:
3848:
3795:
3499:
3376:
3329:
3249:
3161:
3037:
2973:
2781:
2719:
2645:
2609:"A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia"
2525:
that he was not allowed to use the word "hobbit" in promoting the lecture.
661:, which produces a small brain and skull. Professor Richard Roberts of the
6847:
4646:
1777:-grade archaic humans anywhere outside of Africa, which supporters of the
8102:
7491:
7456:
7433:
7154:
6591:
5245:"Are the small human-like fossils found on Flores human endemic cretins?"
4317:
2517:
In October 2012, a New Zealand scientist due to give a public lecture on
2426:
2392:
During the late Early Pleistocene-Late Pleistocene before the arrival of
2307:
2241:
1945:
1854:
1802:
1731:
1554:
1532:
1443:
891:
865:
650:
548:
458:
268:
198:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
7047:
6422:
6013:
5198:
and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron syndrome)"
3956:
3895:
3840:
3029:
2965:
2847:
2765:
2711:
2637:
332:
8150:
7641:
7217:
6370:
5213:
5062:
3411:
3321:
3001:
2411:
2137:
Aside from smaller body size, the specimens seem to otherwise resemble
2017:
1953:
1850:
1798:
1511:
1048:
1040:
1026:
850:
642:
484:
468:, or whether it represents an otherwise undetected migration of small,
425:
218:
122:
97:
8163:
7022:. Washington University in St. Louis, Electronic Radiology Laboratory.
5757:
3737:
1845:
Prior to Jacob's removal of the fossils, American neuroanthropologist
6990:
Obendorf, Peter; Oxnard, Charles E.; Kefford, Ben J. (5 March 2008).
6873:. Blog of a professor of anthropology who closely follows this topic.
5106:
5085:
4217:
3240:
3213:
2497:
2094:
556:
500:
ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago. Other earlier remains from
433:
418:
340:
238:
208:
188:
8079:
5986:"Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in
3786:
3761:
7029:"'Hobbit' fossil likely represents new branch on human family tree"
4472:
Zeitoun, Valéry; Barriel, Véronique; Widianto, Harry (April 2016).
4450:
2208:
Smaller size does not appear to have affected mental faculties, as
7716:
7607:
7597:
7110:
2156:
2086:
2074:
1928:
1832:
597:
516:
5084:
Vannucci, Robert C.; Barron, Todd F.; Holloway, Ralph L. (2013).
3814:"Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores"
3468:"Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor"
1870:
specimens from the cave show small stature but not microcephaly.
555:, specimen LB3, is about 74,000 years old. The specimens are not
8137:
7375:
6977:. The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. July 2022
6613: â Extinct Eurasian species or subspecies of archaic humans
2331:
remains, and are attributed to a likely ancestral population of
2256:
1960:
on the island. Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, caused by
278:
28:
8083:
7114:
5306:. Learn Science at Scitable. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 4
5300:: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores"
4923:
Argue, D.; Donlon, D.; Groves, C.; Wright, R. (October 2006). "
2077:
length. These estimates are outside the range of normal modern
547:
was named and described by Peter Brown et al., with LB1 as the
2500:" by the discoverers, after the fictional race popularized in
2305:
were associated with remains of the extinct elephant-relative
2289:
s small brain. This has led some researchers to theorize that
1625:
691:
681:
379:
4473:
4035:
Dembo, M.; Matzke, N. J.; Mooers, A. Ă.; Collard, M. (2015).
1821:
at 417 cc prompted hypotheses that the specimens were simply
1730:
instead likely represents the descendants of a population of
4635:"Researchers to drill for hobbit history : Nature News"
4474:"Phylogenetic analysis of the calvaria of Homo floresiensis"
3874:-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores".
3061:"Study: Indonesia "hobbit" fossils older than first thought"
2097:
at 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women of the
367:
6052:
5807:. National Geographic News. 27 October 2004. Archived from
5243:
Obendorf, P.J.; Oxnard, C.E.; Kefford, C.E. (7 June 2008).
5046:
and its relation to evolutionary processes under isolation"
4980:"Brain shape in human microcephalics and Homo floresiensis"
4570:"Javanese Homo erectus on the move in SE Asia circa 1.8 Ma"
2510:, and some of the discoverers suggested naming the species
2278:
The cave yielded over ten thousand stone artefacts, mainly
1940:
In 2008 Australian researcher Peter Obendorf â who studies
385:
373:
5192:
Hershkovitz, Israel; Kornreich, Liora; Laron, Zvi (2007).
4784:
Weber, J.; Czarnetzki, A.; Pusch, C.M. (14 October 2005).
2145:
at times coincident with earlier finds purported to be of
2126:
and colleagues said that LB1 has a similar stature to the
1948:(ME) congenital iodine deficiency syndrome resulting from
1944:â and colleagues suggested that LB1 and LB6 suffered from
1913:, which was first reported in 1966, and is most common in
1691:
descended from an early migration of very primitive small
559:
and have been described as having "the consistency of wet
3277:"How a hobbit is rewriting the history of the human race"
3214:"Little lady of Flores forces rethink of human evolution"
3120:"Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis"
397:
6943:""Hobbit" Discovered: Tiny Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
6495:"Masters of the Mockbuster:What The Asylum Is All About"
2027:
A 2015 study of the dental morphology of forty teeth of
1956:), and that they were part of an affected population of
657:, probably a pygmy, and that the small skull was due to
7004:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6898:"The forelimb and hindlimb remains from Liang Bua cave"
4041:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3705:
on Flores: biogeographical and ecological perspectives"
2043:, that the skull of LB1 differs significantly from all
2008:
The most important and obvious identifying features of
1889:
brains were similar in shape to modern humans, and the
1753:
These authors also dispute some of the similarities to
4831:"Indonesia's "Hobbit": A Huge Fight over a Little Man"
2335:. Other authors have doubted the extent of hunting of
1683:
Two hypotheses have been proposed as to the origin of
6193:"Flores 'hobbit' walked more like a clown than Frodo"
2995:
2993:
2991:
641:, removed most of the remains from their repository,
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
361:
6594:â small humanoid creatures in the folklore of Flores
364:
8092:
7990:
7964:
7917:
7855:
7774:
7733:
7726:
7672:
7605:
7596:
7519:
7444:
7391:
7374:
7334:
7270:
7241:
7196:
7163:
7148:
5572:Westaway, Michel Carrington; Durband, Arthur C. C;
5035:
5033:
4918:
4916:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
3553:"Fight over access to 'hobbit' bones â being-human"
3345:"Preface: research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia"
496:recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from
370:
7620:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
6996:just a population of myxoedematous endemic cretin
5387:Oxnard, C.; Obendorf, P.J.; Kefford, B.B. (2010).
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
3551:
3530:"'Hobbit woman' remains spark row among academics"
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
6216:kept their tools as they shrank into island life"
2232:of the elbow joint, whereas it is 120 degrees in
2057:argues that the species is wrongly classified as
1968:are diagnostic characteristics, such as enlarged
3686:
3668:. Vol. 310, no. 5746. pp. 208â209
3512:
3262:
2061:as it is far too archaic to assign to the genus
1781:-origin hypothesis suggest makes the descent of
5586:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5519:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5352:"Flores hobbits didn't suffer from cretinism".
4984:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4145:"A new cladistic analysis of Homo floresiensis"
2343:, noting the rarity of cut marks on remains of
1745:has several cranial and dental similarities to
3997:. Online Only as of Aug 4, 2009 (5): 623â639.
3762:"'Hobbit' relatives found after ten-year hunt"
3638:
3636:
3634:
1992:and colleagues claimed that LB1 suffered from
7126:
6602: â Archaic human from Luzon, Philippines
3589:
3587:
3585:
3572:"Professor fuels row over Hobbit man fossils"
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2536:" films, planned to release a movie entitled
1801:was targeted; new research suggests that the
1785:from these more primitive hominins unlikely.
720:
8:
6756:Morwood, Mike; Oosterzee, Penny van (2007).
6554:"'Hobbit' knockoff release blocked by judge"
5771:Weber, George. "5. A Physical Examination".
4302:
4300:
4298:
4245:"Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia"
4089:
4087:
2683:
1936:and Debbie Argue examining the type specimen
1722:This position has been supported by several
6464:"Hobbit makers ban uni from using 'hobbit'"
6071:and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution"
5984:Weston, E. M.; Lister, A. M. (7 May 2009).
5935:"Response to Comment on 'The Brain of LB1,
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2893:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38â69.
2890:The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
572:
391:
34:Extinct small human species found in Flores
8080:
7730:
7602:
7395:
7388:
7202:
7160:
7133:
7119:
7111:
6658:and the evolution of the hominin shoulder"
5801:"Hobbit-Like Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
5701:
5327:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
2607:Brown, P.; et al. (27 October 2004).
727:
713:
621:indicate many technological similarities.
464:that reduced its body size as a result of
331:
140:
38:
7006:(blog commentary on the Obendorf paper).
6906:"Hominin remains from Mata Menge, Flores"
6738:
6438:
6369:
6359:
6306:
6029:
5970:
5904:
5678:
5668:
5615:
5605:
5548:
5538:
5426:
5416:
5270:
5202:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5105:
5061:
5013:
5003:
4896:
4886:
4805:
4609:
4348:
4338:
4278:
4268:
4216:
4060:
3785:
3736:
3612:Powledge, Tabitha M. (28 February 2005).
3523:
3521:
3445:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3310:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3304:Aiello, Leslie C. (2010). "Five years of
3299:
3297:
3239:
3196:
3151:
3002:"Revised stratigraphy and chronology for
2846:
2141:, a species known to have been living in
1726:analyses. Other authors have argued that
524:Cave, where the specimens were discovered
480:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa.
8025:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6818:"Lonely islands: The Andamanese (Ch. 5)"
6528:producers sue 'mockbuster' film company"
5871:Tucci, S.; et al. (3 August 2018).
4829:von Bredow, Rafaela (1 September 2006).
4243:; Churchill, S. E.; et al. (2008).
2540:depicting a "peace-loving" community of
2293:inherited their tool-making skills from
2266:
2185:(980 cm (60 cu in)). The
5194:"Comparative skeletal features between
3392:"Descriptions of the dental remains of
3175:Jungers, W.; Baab, K. (December 2009).
2580:
2489:Hobbit (word) § Proprietary status
2467:), with birds including a giant stork (
1769:, with there also being no evidence of
343:in Indonesia, shown highlighted in red
6547:
6545:
6518:
6516:
4720:Falk, D.; et al. (8 April 2005).
3434:"Liang Bua Cave (Flores) humans (aka "
2118:Their short stature was likely due to
2089:at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in),
1649:could only have reached the island by
7810:Evolutionary models of human drug use
6820:. Andaman Association. Archived from
5933:Falk, D.; et al. (19 May 2006).
4428:
4426:
4370:
4368:
4138:
4136:
4030:
4028:
3984:
3982:
3923:
3921:
3595:"Hobbits triumph tempered by tragedy"
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
1942:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1925:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1873:In 2005, the original discoverers of
532:looking for evidence of the original
7:
8050:
7034:. Washington University in St. Louis
5576:; Collard, Mark (17 February 2015).
2899:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.013.2
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2739:
2737:
2461:and another smaller monitor lizard (
2312:It has therefore been proposed that
1564:
1542:
1520:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1432:
1412:
1389:
1366:
1346:
1326:
1306:
1286:
7016:"Virtual Endocasts of the "Hobbit""
6941:Mayell, Hillary (27 October 2004).
2414:) including small-sized forms like
666:damaged and missing two leg bones.
7104:National Museum of Natural History
7027:Purdy, Michael C. (3 March 2005).
6637:. University of California Press.
5450:Brown, Peter (2012). "LB1 and LB6
5250:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4433:Kaifu, Yousuke (1 December 2017).
4313:and Its Evolutionary Implications"
4143:Trueman, John W.H. (August 2010).
3528:Connor, Steve (30 November 2004).
2528:In 2012, the American film studio
2169:In addition to a small body size,
504:date to around 700,000 years ago.
436:, Indonesia, until the arrival of
25:
6493:Somma, Brandon (4 January 2013).
3644:"Hobbit cave digs set to restart"
3275:McKie, Robin (21 February 2010).
3084:"Age of 'Hobbit' species revised"
3059:Ritter, Malcolm (30 March 2016).
2555:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
1988:In 2014, physical anthropologist
1749:, particularly to early Javanese
1641:Because of the deep neighbouring
8061:
8049:
8038:
8037:
6882:"Another diagnosis for a hobbit"
6858:
6846:
6199:. Vol. 3. pp. 983â984.
6191:Callaway, Ewen (16 April 2008).
6174:South African Journal of Science
4633:Jones, Cheryl (5 January 2011).
3701:"The origins and persistence of
3198:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00389.x
3082:Amos, Jonathan (30 March 2016).
1793:In 2006, two teams attempted to
357:
165:
8226:2003 archaeological discoveries
6922:Interview with Professor Brown"
6709:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
6552:Fritz, Ben (10 December 2012).
6462:Lee, Julian (24 October 2012).
4786:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
4075:the data we currently have for
3729:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.031
3614:"Flores hominid bones returned"
3212:Dalton, Rex (28 October 2004).
2839:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721
1853:of the LB1 skull and a virtual
1849:and her colleagues performed a
7092:"Human Timeline (Interactive)"
5578:"Mandibular evidence supports
3578:. London, UK. 3 December 2004.
604:Natural History Museum, London
1:
8246:Fossil taxa described in 2004
5777:. andaman.org. Archived from
5750:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090
5366:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61537-0
4309:"Unique Dental Morphology of
2532:, which produces low-budget "
432:that inhabited the island of
8256:Extinct animals of Indonesia
6685:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.003
6361:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.002
6147:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.014
5858:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001
5670:10.1371/journal.pone.0155731
5480:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.011
5418:10.1371/journal.pone.0013018
5163:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.008
4957:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.013
4859:"Pygmoid Australomelanesian
4692:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.008
4401:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124
4340:10.1371/journal.pone.0141614
4270:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780
4209:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008
4169:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.013
4116:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006
4011:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.002
3760:Callaway, E. (8 June 2016).
3687:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3646:. BBC News. 25 January 2007.
3513:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3492:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004
3369:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.07.003
3263:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
2189:of LB1 lies between that of
688:Classification and evolution
625:Scandal over specimen damage
543:In 2004, a separate species
8261:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
8068:Evolutionary biology Portal
6606:Timeline of human evolution
6588: â Asian archaic human
5639:Baab, Karen (8 June 2016).
2496:was swiftly nicknamed "the
2271:A facial reconstruction of
2039:have asserted, based on 3D-
457:represents a descendant of
8277:
7068:"Hobbits in the Haystack:
6665:Journal of Human Evolution
6403:Royal Society Open Science
6340:Journal of Human Evolution
6135:Journal of Human Evolution
5460:Journal of Human Evolution
5339:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.019
5304:Nature Education Knowledge
5143:Journal of Human Evolution
4937:Journal of Human Evolution
4927:: Microcephalic, pygmoid,
4672:Journal of Human Evolution
4594:10.1038/s41598-022-23206-9
4498:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.002
4381:Journal of Human Evolution
4189:Journal of Human Evolution
4149:Journal of Human Evolution
4096:Journal of Human Evolution
3995:Journal of Human Evolution
3709:Quaternary Science Reviews
3472:Journal of Human Evolution
3349:Journal of Human Evolution
3177:"The geometry of hobbits:
3136:10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7
3006:at Liang Bua in Indonesia"
2819:Quaternary Science Reviews
2486:
1813:Congenital disorder claims
154:Cantonal Museum of Geology
26:
8251:Flores Island (Indonesia)
8033:
8013:Evolutionary anthropology
7398:
7205:
6777:The Origin of Our Species
6251:10.1038/nature.2016.19651
3993:: A cladistic analysis".
3689:, p. 230â231, ch. 9.
2410:; and a variety of rats (
2282:, surprising considering
1950:congenital hypothyroidism
1857:, and concluded that the
1665:arrived after this time.
1621:
705:
694:
569:Sundanthropus floresianus
339:
330:
308:
301:
162:Scientific classification
160:
148:
139:
41:
6947:National Geographic News
6775:Stringer, Chris (2011).
6067:"The Primitive Wrist of
5837:Quaternary International
2187:brain-to-body mass ratio
1817:The small brain size of
1687:The first proposes that
663:University of Wollongong
440:about 50,000 years ago.
7919:Origin of modern humans
6740:10.1126/science.1121144
6299:10.1126/science.aar8486
6100:10.1126/science.1147143
5972:10.1126/science.1124972
5897:10.1126/science.aar8486
5738:American Anthropologist
5719:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5607:10.1073/pnas.1418997112
5540:10.1073/pnas.1407382111
5294:Baab, Karen L. (2012).
5050:Anthropological Science
5005:10.1073/pnas.0609185104
4888:10.1073/pnas.0605563103
4807:10.1126/science.1114789
4755:10.1126/science.1109727
4538:10.1126/science.aau8556
3400:Anthropological Science
2297:. Points, perforators,
2173:had a remarkably small
2163:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
1637:Phylogeny and evolution
1609:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1468:Dispersal beyond Africa
582:Sunda human from Flores
498:archaeological horizons
6890:"The Liang Bua report"
6801:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6779:. London: Allen Lane.
6530:. BBC. 8 November 2012
5805:nationalgeographic.com
5582:as a distinct species"
5454:are not modern human (
5263:10.1098/rspb.2007.1488
4478:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4053:10.1098/rspb.2015.0943
2275:
2166:
1937:
1861:was neither that of a
1842:
1789:DNA extraction attempt
740:−10 —
639:Gadjah Mada University
606:
536:of modern humans from
525:
8241:Prehistoric Indonesia
8231:Early species of Homo
8198:Paleobiology Database
7927:Recent African origin
7165:Last common ancestors
6760:. Smithsonian Books.
6336:and associated fauna"
5094:The Anatomical Record
4647:10.1038/news.2011.702
3599:Sydney Morning Herald
3124:Nature Communications
2398:depauperate ecosystem
2396:, Flores exhibited a
2270:
2160:
1980:deficiency syndrome.
1932:
1836:
830:−1 —
820:−2 —
810:−3 —
800:−4 —
790:−5 —
780:−6 —
770:−7 —
760:−8 —
750:−9 —
601:
520:
419:the fictional species
8236:Pleistocene primates
7942:Behavioral modernity
7932:Multiregional origin
7712:archaic Homo sapiens
7707:Homo heidelbergensis
7652:Red Deer Cave people
7072:and Human Evolution"
6855:at Wikimedia Commons
6397:Leptoptilos robustus
4439:Current Anthropology
3657:Culotta, E. (2005).
3540:on 12 December 2004.
3181:and human evolution"
2569:Clash of the Empires
2470:Leptoptilos robustus
2404:(elephant relative)
2350:Leptoptilos robustus
2230:degrees to the plane
2199:H. floresiensis
2195:pygmy hippopotamuses
2171:H. floresiensis
2147:H. floresiensis
1879:H. floresiensis
1424:Earliest stone tools
565:H. floresiensis
294:H. floresiensis
7579:H. neanderthalensis
7499:H. e. tautavelensis
7096:humanorigins.si.edu
6975:humanorigins.si.edu
6920:Scientific American
6900:. 18 December 2008.
6731:2006Sci...312.....M
6677:2007JHumE..53..718L
6580:Associated articles
6423:10.1098/rsos.220435
6415:2022RSOS....920435M
6352:2019JHumE.130...45V
6291:2018Sci...361..511T
6092:2007Sci...317.1743T
6014:10.1038/nature07922
6006:2009Natur.459...85W
5963:2006Sci...312.....F
5889:2018Sci...361..511T
5850:2008QuInt.182...16V
5811:on 5 September 2019
5661:2016PLoSO..1155731B
5598:2015PNAS..112E.604W
5531:2014PNAS..11111967H
5525:(31): 11967â11972.
5472:2012JHumE..62..201B
5409:2010PLoSO...513018O
5257:(1640): 1287â1296.
5155:2016JHumE..93...12B
4996:2007PNAS..104.2513F
4949:2006JHumE..51..360A
4879:2006PNAS..10313421J
4873:(36): 13421â13426.
4747:2005Sci...308..242F
4722:"The Brain of LB1,
4684:2009JHumE..57..597F
4586:2022NatSR..1219012H
4530:2020Sci...367..210M
4490:2016CRPal..15..555Z
4393:2022JHumE.16303124Z
4331:2015PLoSO..1041614K
4261:2008PLoSO...3.1780B
4201:2016JHumE..97...17D
4161:2010JHumE..59..223T
4108:2017JHumE.107..107A
4003:2009JHumE..57..623A
3957:10.1038/nature07989
3949:2009Natur.459...81J
3896:10.1038/nature17999
3888:2016Natur.534..245V
3841:10.1038/nature17663
3833:2016Natur.534..249B
3778:2016Natur.534Q.164C
3721:2014QSRv...96...98D
3560:. 11 December 2004.
3484:2016JHumE.101...45M
3361:2009JHumE..57..437M
3232:2004Natur.431.1029D
3030:10.1038/nature17179
3022:2016Natur.532..366S
2966:10.1038/nature02956
2958:2004Natur.431.1087M
2952:(7012): 1087â1091.
2831:2022QSRv..29407721V
2766:10.1038/nature08844
2758:2010Natur.464..748B
2712:10.1038/nature04022
2704:2005Natur.437.1012M
2698:(7061): 1012â1017.
2638:10.1038/nature02999
2630:2004Natur.431.1055B
2624:(7012): 1055â1061.
1672:were discovered at
647:Raden Panji Soejono
7766:Self-domestication
7557:H. heidelbergensis
7506:H. e. yuanmouensis
7471:H. e. lantianensis
7198:Australopithecines
7048:"Alien from Earth"
7032:(source.wustl.edu)
6953:on 29 October 2004
6222:. The Conversation
6053:Larson et al. 2007
5725:on 8 January 2008.
5360:(2766): 17. 2010.
5214:10.1002/ajpa.20655
5063:10.1537/ase.080411
4574:Scientific Reports
4445:(S17): S418âS433.
4047:(1812): 20150943.
3534:New Zealand Herald
3412:10.1537/ase.150501
3322:10.1002/ajpa.21255
3063:. Associated Press
2538:Age of the Hobbits
2407:Stegodon florensis
2276:
2167:
2107:australopithecines
1938:
1843:
1225:H. heidelbergensis
637:of the Indonesian
607:
526:
8213:
8212:
8185:Open Tree of Life
8124:Homo floresiensis
8094:Homo floresiensis
8086:Taxon identifiers
8077:
8076:
8018:Paleoanthropology
7960:
7959:
7937:Archaic admixture
7815:Stoned ape theory
7751:Endurance running
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7515:
7514:
7478:H. e. nankinensis
7434:H. tsaichangensis
7370:
7369:
7070:Homo floresiensis
6994:Homo floresiensis
6969:Homo floresiensis
6928:. 27 October 2004
6892:. 10 August 2007.
6865:Homo floresiensis
6853:Homo floresiensis
6851:Media related to
6808:978-1-137-27889-0
6786:978-1-84614-140-9
6767:978-0-06-089908-0
6711:Homo floresiensis
6656:Homo floresiensis
6644:978-0-520-26670-4
6558:Los Angeles Times
6334:Homo floresiensis
6285:(6401): 511â516.
6214:Homo floresiensis
6170:Homo floresiensis
6131:Homo floresiensis
6069:Homo floresiensis
5988:Homo floresiensis
5943:Homo floresiensis
5883:(6401): 511â516.
5643:Homo floresiensis
5580:Homo floresiensis
5513:Homo floresiensis
5452:Homo floresiensis
5391:Homo floresiensis
5298:Homo floresiensis
5196:Homo floresiensis
5139:Homo floresiensis
5088:Homo floresiensis
5044:Homo floresiensis
4925:Homo floresiensis
4788:Homo floresiensis
4741:(5719): 242â245.
4724:Homo floresiensis
4524:(6474): 210â214.
4311:Homo floresiensis
3991:Homo floresiensis
3933:Homo floresiensis
3882:(7606): 245â248.
3872:Homo floresiensis
3827:(7606): 249â253.
3772:(7606): 164â165.
3703:Homo floresiensis
3436:Homo floresiensis
3394:Homo floresiensis
3306:Homo floresiensis
3179:Homo floresiensis
3016:(7599): 366â369.
3004:Homo floresiensis
2908:978-0-19-935535-8
2885:Homo floresiensis
2752:(7289): 748â752.
2519:Homo floresiensis
2494:Homo floresiensis
2483:"Hobbit" nickname
2473:) and a vulture (
2438:the medium-sized
2273:Homo floresiensis
2214:prefrontal cortex
2059:Homo floresiensis
2010:Homo floresiensis
1962:iodine deficiency
1653:, most likely by
1651:oceanic dispersal
1634:
1633:
1626:million years ago
1585:
1584:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1533:Earliest rock art
1519:
1518:
1495:
1494:
1488:Earliest language
1475:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1410:
1401:Earliest sign of
1388:
1387:
1378:Earliest sign of
1365:
1364:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
948:Ou. macedoniensis
633:, formerly chief
545:Homo floresiensis
538:Asia to Australia
490:Homo floresiensis
451:Homo floresiensis
351:Homo floresiensis
347:
346:
315:Homo floresiensis
51:Early Pleistocene
43:Homo floresiensis
16:(Redirected from
8268:
8206:
8205:
8193:
8192:
8180:
8179:
8167:
8166:
8154:
8153:
8141:
8140:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8081:
8065:
8053:
8052:
8041:
8040:
7977:Human prehistory
7952:Recent evolution
7947:Early migrations
7889:Thermoregulation
7790:Expensive tissue
7761:Sexual selection
7731:
7603:
7485:H. e. pekinensis
7396:
7389:
7304:A. bahrelghazali
7273:Australopithecus
7203:
7173:Chimpanzeeâhuman
7161:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7107:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7076:turkanabasin.org
7063:
7061:
7059:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7033:
7023:
7011:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6949:. Archived from
6937:
6935:
6933:
6909:
6901:
6893:
6885:
6863:Data related to
6862:
6850:
6834:978-9-46-3892476
6825:
6824:on 10 July 2012.
6812:
6790:
6771:
6752:
6742:
6703:
6702:on 13 June 2011.
6701:
6695:. Archived from
6662:
6648:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6499:the-artifice.com
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6470:. Archived from
6459:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6363:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6086:(5845): 1743â5.
6075:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6033:
5981:
5974:
5938:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5721:. Archived from
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5672:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5609:
5592:(7): E604âE605.
5574:Groves, Colin P.
5569:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5420:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5109:
5107:10.1002/ar.22663
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4929:Australopithecus
4920:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4854:
4841:
4840:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4325:(11): e0141614.
4304:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4064:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3818:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3536:. Archived from
3525:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3241:10.1038/4311029a
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3114:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3050:
3049:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2939:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2880:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2809:
2794:
2793:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2685:
2658:
2657:
2613:
2604:
2563:
2545:
2521:was told by the
2502:J. R. R. Tolkien
2464:Varanus hooijeri
2319:hunted juvenile
2288:
2247:Australopithecus
2210:Brodmann area 10
2120:insular dwarfism
1990:Maciej Henneberg
1771:Australopithecus
1755:Australopithecus
1739:insular dwarfism
1709:Australopithecus
1694:Australopithecus
1685:H. floresiensis.
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1555:Earliest clothes
1548:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1502:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1457:
1444:Earliest sign of
1438:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1403:Australopithecus
1395:
1390:
1372:
1367:
1358:Earliest bipedal
1352:
1347:
1338:Chimpanzee split
1332:
1327:
1312:
1307:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1185:
1172:
1152:
1139:
1111:
1109:Australopithecus
1098:
1083:
1066:
1053:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
952:
933:
920:
907:
895:
881:
868:
855:
853:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
729:
722:
715:
709:
699:
698:Hominin timeline
692:
602:Skeleton at the
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
471:Australopithecus
466:insular dwarfism
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
335:
317:
313:
170:
169:
144:
134:
64:
55:Late Pleistocene
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8201:
8196:
8188:
8183:
8175:
8170:
8162:
8157:
8149:
8144:
8136:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8088:
8078:
8073:
8029:
7986:
7972:Human evolution
7956:
7913:
7857:
7851:
7830:Cooperative eye
7775:Specific models
7770:
7722:
7701:Homo antecessor
7656:
7592:
7586:H. rhodesiensis
7550:H. floresiensis
7511:
7492:H. e. soloensis
7464:H. e. georgicus
7440:
7404:H. gautengensis
7379:
7377:
7366:
7330:
7266:
7237:
7192:
7183:Orangutanâhuman
7152:
7144:
7142:Human evolution
7139:
7090:
7081:
7079:
7066:
7057:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7014:
6989:
6980:
6978:
6965:
6956:
6954:
6940:
6931:
6929:
6916:
6904:
6896:
6888:
6880:
6843:
6816:Weber, George.
6815:
6809:
6795:Tattersall, Ian
6793:
6787:
6774:
6768:
6755:
6706:
6699:
6660:
6651:
6645:
6629:
6626:
6599:Homo luzonensis
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6504:
6502:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6395:"More bones of
6392:
6391:
6387:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6000:(7243): 85â88.
5983:
5982:
5978:
5932:
5931:
5922:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5781:on 10 July 2012
5770:
5769:
5765:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5702:Tattersall 2015
5700:
5696:
5655:(6): e0155731.
5638:
5637:
5633:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5042:"The origin of
5039:
5038:
5031:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4856:
4855:
4844:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4306:
4305:
4296:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4077:H. floresiensis
4034:
4033:
4026:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3943:(7243): 81â84.
3927:
3926:
3919:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3787:10.1038/534164a
3759:
3758:
3754:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3601:. 5 March 2005.
3593:
3592:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3053:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2941:
2940:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2882:
2881:
2864:
2811:
2810:
2797:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2687:
2686:
2661:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2582:
2578:
2561:
2543:
2491:
2485:
2417:Rattus hainaldi
2390:
2382:H. floresiensis
2378:H. floresiensis
2373:H. floresiensis
2369:
2361:H. floresiensis
2341:H. floresiensis
2291:H. floresiensis
2286:
2284:H. floresiensis
2265:
2238:shoulder girdle
2234:H. floresiensis
2226:
2218:H. floresiensis
2203:H. erectus
2191:H. erectus
2183:H. erectus
2155:
2139:H. erectus
2132:H. floresiensis
2099:Malay Peninsula
2071:
2045:H. sapiens
2029:H. floresiensis
2014:H. sapiens
2006:
1986:
1970:pituitary fossa
1966:H. floresiensis
1927:
1919:H. floresiensis
1907:
1887:H. floresiensis
1875:H. floresiensis
1837:LB1 (left) vs.
1831:
1819:H. floresiensis
1815:
1791:
1783:H. floresiensis
1743:H. floresiensis
1728:H. floresiensis
1705:H. floresiensis
1689:H. floresiensis
1678:H. floresiensis
1670:H. floresiensis
1647:H. floresiensis
1639:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:H o m i n i d s
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
999:
994:
993:
992:
986:
981:
980:
979:
973:
968:
967:
966:
962:Chororapithecus
960:
955:
954:
953:
944:
936:
935:
929:
924:
923:
922:
918:Samburupithecus
916:
911:
910:
909:
903:
898:
897:
896:
889:
885:
884:
883:
877:
872:
871:
870:
864:
859:
858:
857:
851:
849:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
733:
707:
701:
697:
690:
627:
615:H. floresiensis
584:
581:
578:
575:
553:H. floresiensis
534:human migration
515:
510:
455:H. floresiensis
409:also known as "
360:
356:
354:
326:
319:
311:
310:
297:
164:
150:H. floresiensis
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
59:
58:
57:
48:
45:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8274:
8272:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8218:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8194:
8181:
8168:
8155:
8142:
8129:
8114:
8098:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7982:Human timeline
7979:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7923:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7805:Drunken monkey
7799:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7734:General models
7728:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7627:
7622:
7613:
7611:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7525:
7523:
7521:Archaic humans
7517:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7450:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7430:
7426:H. rudolfensis
7422:
7415:
7408:
7399:
7393:
7386:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7347:P. aethiopicus
7342:
7340:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7276:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7257:
7249:
7247:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7225:Sahelanthropus
7221:
7214:
7211:Nakalipithecus
7206:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:. August 2016.
7088:
7064:
7044:
7024:
7012:
6987:
6963:
6938:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6908:. 8 June 2016.
6902:
6894:
6886:
6884:. 3 July 2007.
6875:
6874:
6868:
6867:at Wikispecies
6856:
6842:
6841:External links
6839:
6838:
6837:
6826:
6813:
6807:
6791:
6785:
6772:
6766:
6753:
6704:
6649:
6643:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6541:
6512:
6501:. The Artifice
6485:
6474:on 7 June 2013
6454:
6385:
6322:
6264:
6233:
6202:
6183:
6160:
6141:(5): 538â554.
6121:
6057:
6045:
5976:
5957:(5776): 999c.
5920:
5863:
5822:
5792:
5774:The Andamanese
5763:
5744:(2): 313â323.
5740:. New Series.
5728:
5706:
5704:, p. 194.
5694:
5631:
5564:
5501:
5466:(2): 201â224.
5442:
5379:
5344:
5317:
5286:
5235:
5208:(2): 198â208.
5184:
5129:
5100:(4): 630â637.
5076:
5029:
4970:
4943:(4): 360â374.
4912:
4842:
4821:
4776:
4705:
4678:(5): 597â607.
4659:
4625:
4559:
4503:
4484:(5): 555â568.
4464:
4451:10.1086/694318
4422:
4364:
4294:
4232:
4174:
4155:(2): 223â226.
4132:
4083:
4024:
3978:
3929:Jungers, W. L.
3917:
3862:
3801:
3752:
3691:
3679:
3649:
3630:
3604:
3581:
3563:
3543:
3517:
3505:
3458:
3424:
3406:(2): 129â145.
3382:
3355:(5): 437â449.
3335:
3316:(2): 167â179.
3293:
3267:
3255:
3226:(7012): 1029.
3204:
3191:(4): 159â164.
3167:
3100:
3074:
3051:
2987:
2921:
2907:
2862:
2795:
2733:
2659:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2523:Tolkien Estate
2487:Main article:
2484:
2481:
2422:Polynesian rat
2389:
2386:
2368:
2365:
2264:
2261:
2225:
2222:
2201:compared with
2154:
2151:
2143:Southeast Asia
2070:
2067:
2055:Ian Tattersall
2005:
2002:
1985:
1982:
1926:
1923:
1911:Laron syndrome
1906:
1905:Laron syndrome
1903:
1895:temporal lobes
1830:
1827:
1814:
1811:
1790:
1787:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1160:H. rudolfensis
1145:
1144:
1143:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:Graecopithecus
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:Sahelanthropus
997:
996:
995:
984:
983:
982:
971:
970:
969:
958:
957:
956:
931:Ouranopithecus
927:
926:
925:
914:
913:
912:
905:Nakalipithecus
901:
900:
899:
888:
887:
886:
875:
874:
873:
862:
861:
860:
847:
846:
845:
843:
840:0 —
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
706:
703:
702:
695:
689:
686:
653:subspecies of
635:paleontologist
626:
623:
561:blotting paper
530:archaeologists
514:
511:
509:
506:
430:archaic humans
345:
344:
337:
336:
328:
327:
320:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
158:
157:
156:, Switzerland
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
46:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8273:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8026:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7854:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:Life history
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7689:Homo ergaster
7685:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7618:H. s. sapiens
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7598:Modern humans
7595:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7572:H. luzonensis
7569:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7530:H. antecessor
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7457:H. e. erectus
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7311:A. deyiremeda
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7232:Kenyanthropus
7229:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7178:Gorillaâhuman
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7077:
7073:
7071:
7065:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7020:erl.wustl.edu
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6988:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6939:
6927:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6725:(5776): 999.
6724:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6671:(6): 718â31.
6670:
6666:
6659:
6657:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6486:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6409:(7): 220435.
6408:
6404:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6268:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6234:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6210:Moore, Mark.
6206:
6203:
6198:
6197:New Scientist
6194:
6187:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6072:
6070:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5823:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5635:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:(9): e13018.
5402:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5383:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5354:New Scientist
5348:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5318:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5077:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4990:(7): 2513â8.
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4800:(5746): 236.
4799:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:Berger, L. R.
4236:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3619:
3618:The Scientist
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3558:New Scientist
3554:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:Peter Jackson
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:Komodo dragon
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:The youngest
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:Komodo dragon
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2280:lithic flakes
2274:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:Skull at the
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:morphometrics
2038:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:Down syndrome
1991:
1984:Down syndrome
1983:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:(underactive
1951:
1947:
1946:myxoedematous
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1867:microcephalic
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:human (right)
1840:
1839:microcephalic
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Homo erectus.
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Lombok Strait
1636:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1596:
1594:
1578:
1577:Modern humans
1572:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1508:Earliest fire
1504:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1318:Gorilla split
1314:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1193:H. antecessor
1187:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1135:Au. anamensis
1130:
1128:
1127:Au. afarensis
1122:
1120:
1119:Au. africanus
1113:
1112:
1110:
1097:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1052:
1050:
1049:O. tugenensis
1044:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1004:
1002:
991:
989:
978:
976:
965:
963:
951:
949:
943:
941:
934:
932:
921:
919:
908:
906:
894:
893:
882:
880:
869:
867:
856:
854:
844:
737:
736:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
704:
700:
693:
687:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
610:
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
512:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
456:
452:
448:
446:
441:
439:
438:modern humans
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
353:
352:
342:
338:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:
307:
304:
303:Binomial name
300:
296:
295:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
56:
52:
44:
40:
37:
30:
19:
8093:
8066:
8054:
8042:
7909:Gender roles
7904:Intelligence
7717:Homo sapiens
7715:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7695:Homo erectus
7693:
7687:
7683:Homo habilis
7681:
7642:Manot people
7631:H. s. idaltu
7629:
7625:Jebel Irhoud
7617:
7608:Homo sapiens
7606:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7562:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7528:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7447:Homo erectus
7445:
7432:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7392:Proto-humans
7381:
7378:proto-humans
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:Paranthropus
7335:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7297:A. anamensis
7295:
7290:A. africanus
7288:
7283:A. afarensis
7281:
7271:
7259:
7252:
7244:Ardipithecus
7242:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7188:Gibbonâhuman
7095:
7080:. Retrieved
7075:
7069:
7056:. Retrieved
7051:
7036:. Retrieved
7019:
7007:
7003:
6998:Homo sapiens
6997:
6993:
6979:. Retrieved
6974:
6968:
6955:. Retrieved
6951:the original
6946:
6930:. Retrieved
6925:
6919:
6822:the original
6798:
6776:
6757:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6697:the original
6668:
6664:
6655:
6634:
6624:Bibliography
6617:Orang Pendak
6598:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6532:. Retrieved
6525:
6503:. Retrieved
6498:
6488:
6476:. Retrieved
6472:the original
6467:
6457:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6388:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6282:
6278:
6267:
6242:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6219:
6213:
6205:
6196:
6186:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6083:
6077:
6068:
6060:
6048:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5979:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5880:
5876:
5866:
5844:(1): 16â48.
5841:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5813:. Retrieved
5809:the original
5804:
5795:
5783:. Retrieved
5779:the original
5773:
5766:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5723:the original
5718:
5709:
5697:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5567:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5504:
5463:
5459:
5458:) cretins".
5456:Homo sapiens
5455:
5451:
5445:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5382:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5303:
5297:
5289:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5053:
5049:
5043:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4870:
4866:
4861:Homo sapiens
4860:
4834:
4824:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4738:
4732:
4723:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4638:
4628:
4580:(1): 19012.
4577:
4573:
4562:
4521:
4517:
4506:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4442:
4438:
4384:
4380:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4255:(3): e1780.
4252:
4248:
4235:
4192:
4188:
4177:
4152:
4148:
4127:
4099:
4095:
4076:
4074:
4044:
4040:
3994:
3990:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3824:
3820:
3804:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3665:
3652:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:
3607:
3598:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3546:
3538:the original
3533:
3508:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3403:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3284:. Retrieved
3281:The Guardian
3280:
3270:
3258:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3188:
3185:Significance
3184:
3178:
3170:
3127:
3123:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3054:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2949:
2943:
2912:. Retrieved
2889:
2884:
2848:10072/418777
2822:
2818:
2749:
2745:
2695:
2689:
2621:
2615:
2567:
2564:floresiensis
2559:
2553:
2546:floresiensis
2541:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2451:
2450:and extinct
2445:
2444:, and giant
2439:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2402:proboscidean
2394:Homo sapiens
2393:
2391:
2388:Paleoecology
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2317:floresiensis
2316:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2253:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2170:
2168:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2117:
2110:
2079:human height
2072:
2062:
2058:
2050:Homo erectus
2048:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:Colin Groves
1974:
1965:
1957:
1939:
1934:Colin Groves
1918:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1883:microcephaly
1878:
1874:
1872:
1844:
1829:Microcephaly
1822:
1818:
1816:
1792:
1782:
1779:Homo erectus
1778:
1775:Homo habilis
1774:
1770:
1767:Homo erectus
1766:
1763:
1759:Homo habilis
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:Homo erectus
1733:
1727:
1718:Homo erectus
1716:
1713:Homo habilis
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:Homo habilis
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1663:floresiensis
1662:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1605:
1590:
1446:
1402:
1380:Ardipithecus
1379:
1298:Earlier apes
1255:Neanderthals
1239:Homo sapiens
1236:
1235:
1222:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1076:
1064:Ardipithecus
1061:
1060:
1046:
1038:
1024:
1011:
998:
988:Sivapithecus
985:
975:Oreopithecus
972:
959:
945:
937:
928:
915:
902:
890:
876:
863:
848:
679:
672:
668:
659:microcephaly
654:
628:
614:
611:
608:
592:
568:
564:
552:
544:
542:
527:
489:
482:
477:Homo habilis
475:
469:
461:Homo erectus
460:
454:
450:
449:
442:
414:
410:
350:
349:
348:
322:
314:
309:
293:
292:
279:
235:Infraorder:
149:
60:1â0.05
42:
36:
18:Human Hobbit
8159:iNaturalist
8118:Wikispecies
7840:Grandmother
7795:Shore-based
7756:Aquatic ape
7647:Tam Pa Ling
7542:H. ergaster
7361:P. robustus
7100:Smithsonian
6871:Hawks, John
6611:Neanderthal
6563:11 December
6371:2440/121139
6180:(103): 103.
4836:Der Spiegel
4102:: 107â133.
3623:28 February
3286:23 February
3130:(1): 6381.
2512:H. hobbitus
2476:Trigonoceps
2441:Hooijeromys
2303:microblades
2179:chimpanzees
2124:Teuku Jacob
1795:extract DNA
1724:cladistical
1201:H. ergaster
1094:Ar. ramidus
1079:Ar. kadabba
1041:O. praegens
879:Pleistocene
708:This box:
631:Teuku Jacob
494:stone tools
255:Subfamily:
239:Simiiformes
8220:Categories
7879:Skin color
7864:Bipedalism
7825:Killer ape
7637:Cro-Magnon
7536:Denisovans
7412:H. habilis
7376:Humans and
7261:A. ramidus
7254:A. kadabba
6631:Falk, Dean
6526:The Hobbit
6478:29 October
6226:2 December
5333:(3): 211.
4387:: 103124.
3738:1885/30501
3715:: 98â107.
2825:: 107721.
2576:References
2534:mockbuster
2530:The Asylum
2507:The Hobbit
2453:Spelaeomys
2367:Extinction
2333:H. erectus
2295:H. erectus
2240:and short
2175:brain size
2109:, such as
2103:Andamanese
2022:H. sapiens
1998:H. sapiens
1958:H. sapiens
1915:inbreeding
1823:H. sapiens
1747:H. erectus
1674:Mata Menge
1270:Denisovans
1209:Au. sediba
1183:H. erectus
1150:H. habilis
940:Ou. turkae
675:Yogyakarta
655:H. sapiens
651:omnivorous
619:East Timor
557:fossilized
502:Mata Menge
411:Flores Man
229:Haplorhini
225:Suborder:
7998:Theorists
7965:Timelines
7845:Patriarch
7821:Behavior
7746:Gathering
7674:Ancestors
7419:H. naledi
7354:P. boisei
7325:A. sediba
7010:(â1): â1.
6926:sciam.com
6586:Denisovan
6468:3 News NZ
6431:2054-5703
6346:: 45â60.
6212:"How the
6022:0028-0836
5785:1 October
5488:0047-2484
5374:0262-4079
5222:0002-9483
5171:0047-2484
5149:: 12â24.
5116:1932-8486
5056:: 33â43.
4652:1 October
4602:2045-2322
4546:0036-8075
4459:0011-3204
4417:245784713
4218:2164/8796
4195:: 17â26.
3912:205249218
3810:Brumm, A.
3576:The Times
3478:: 45â64.
3144:2041-1723
2857:252290750
2790:205219871
2774:0028-0836
2447:Papagomys
2434:Komodomys
2356:Papagomys
2165:, Germany
2128:Rampasasa
2101:, or the
1847:Dean Falk
1809:the DNA.
1807:denatured
1732:Javanese
1168:Au. garhi
589:reviewers
522:Liang Bua
513:Discovery
508:Specimens
459:Javanese
445:Liang Bua
428:of small
287:Species:
259:Homininae
249:Hominidae
185:Kingdom:
179:Eukaryota
8177:11388931
8103:Wikidata
8044:Category
7899:Language
7869:Skeleton
7564:H. longi
7318:A. garhi
7155:Hominins
7150:Taxonomy
6797:(2015).
6749:16709768
6693:17692894
6633:(2011).
6592:Ebu gogo
6575:See also
6449:35845853
6380:31010543
6317:30072539
6259:87482781
6220:phys.org
6155:19062072
6116:42081240
6108:17885135
6040:19424156
5915:30072539
5832:Stegodon
5689:27275928
5649:PLOS ONE
5626:25659745
5559:25092311
5496:22277102
5437:20885948
5397:PLOS ONE
5281:18319214
5230:17596857
5179:27086053
5124:23408553
5024:17277082
4965:16919706
4907:16938848
4816:16224005
4771:43166136
4763:15749690
4700:19254807
4668:Falk, D.
4620:36347897
4554:31919224
4409:34998272
4359:26624612
4318:PLoS One
4289:18347737
4249:PLOS ONE
4227:27457542
4124:28438318
4071:26202999
4019:19628252
3965:19424155
3904:27279221
3857:28608179
3849:27279222
3796:27279191
3747:56035748
3515:, ch. 9.
3500:27886810
3377:19733385
3330:20229502
3250:15510116
3162:39107275
3153:11303730
3088:BBC News
3038:27027286
2974:15510146
2914:13 March
2782:20237472
2720:16229067
2646:15514638
2552:'s film
2504:'s book
2427:Paulamys
2345:Stegodon
2337:Stegodon
2325:Stegodon
2321:Stegodon
2308:Stegodon
2242:clavicle
1859:brainpan
1855:endocast
1803:cementum
1715:than to
892:Hominini
866:Pliocene
549:holotype
421:) is an
417:" after
269:Hominini
245:Family:
219:Primates
209:Mammalia
199:Chordata
195:Phylum:
189:Animalia
175:Domain:
8151:4827627
8138:4454117
8109:Q186266
8056:Commons
8008:Fossils
7874:Muscles
7785:Cooking
7741:Hunting
7218:Orrorin
7082:20 June
7058:20 June
7052:pbs.org
7038:20 June
6981:20 June
6957:20 June
6932:20 June
6727:Bibcode
6718:Science
6673:Bibcode
6534:20 June
6505:20 June
6440:9277297
6411:Bibcode
6348:Bibcode
6308:6709593
6287:Bibcode
6279:Science
6088:Bibcode
6079:Science
6031:2679980
6002:Bibcode
5959:Bibcode
5950:Science
5906:6709593
5885:Bibcode
5877:Science
5846:Bibcode
5715:"Pygmy"
5680:4898715
5657:Bibcode
5617:4343145
5594:Bibcode
5550:4143021
5527:Bibcode
5468:Bibcode
5428:2946357
5405:Bibcode
5310:20 June
5272:2602669
5151:Bibcode
5069:20 June
5015:1892980
4992:Bibcode
4945:Bibcode
4898:1552106
4875:Bibcode
4794:Science
4743:Bibcode
4734:Science
4680:Bibcode
4611:9643487
4582:Bibcode
4526:Bibcode
4518:Science
4486:Bibcode
4389:Bibcode
4350:4651360
4327:Bibcode
4280:2268239
4257:Bibcode
4197:Bibcode
4157:Bibcode
4104:Bibcode
4062:4528516
3999:Bibcode
3973:4392759
3945:Bibcode
3884:Bibcode
3829:Bibcode
3774:Bibcode
3717:Bibcode
3672:20 June
3666:Science
3480:Bibcode
3451:20 June
3417:20 June
3357:Bibcode
3228:Bibcode
3093:1 April
3067:1 April
3046:4469009
3018:Bibcode
2982:4358548
2954:Bibcode
2827:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
2728:4302539
2700:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2412:Murinae
2263:Culture
2212:on the
2018:humerus
2004:Anatomy
1954:thyroid
1891:frontal
1851:CT scan
1799:dentine
1655:rafting
1569:←
1547:←
1525:←
1512:cooking
1501:←
1481:←
1461:←
1437:←
1417:←
1394:←
1371:←
1351:←
1331:←
1311:←
1291:←
1027:Orrorin
852:Miocene
835:–
825:–
815:–
805:–
795:–
785:–
775:–
765:–
755:–
745:–
643:Jakarta
587:), but
576:
485:hominin
426:species
423:extinct
312:†
291:†
275:Genus:
265:Tribe:
215:Order:
205:Class:
152:skull,
129:↓
8190:770315
8164:460371
7991:Others
7894:Speech
7856:Topics
7801:Drugs
7727:Models
6992:"Were
6832:
6805:
6783:
6764:
6747:
6691:
6641:
6447:
6437:
6429:
6378:
6315:
6305:
6257:
6243:Nature
6153:
6114:
6106:
6038:
6028:
6020:
5994:Nature
5913:
5903:
5815:22 May
5758:681964
5756:
5687:
5677:
5624:
5614:
5557:
5547:
5494:
5486:
5435:
5425:
5372:
5279:
5269:
5228:
5220:
5177:
5169:
5122:
5114:
5022:
5012:
4963:
4905:
4895:
4814:
4769:
4761:
4698:
4639:Nature
4618:
4608:
4600:
4552:
4544:
4457:
4415:
4407:
4357:
4347:
4287:
4277:
4225:
4122:
4069:
4059:
4017:
3971:
3963:
3937:Nature
3910:
3902:
3876:Nature
3855:
3847:
3821:Nature
3794:
3766:Nature
3745:
3498:
3375:
3328:
3248:
3219:Nature
3160:
3150:
3142:
3044:
3036:
3010:Nature
2980:
2972:
2945:Nature
2905:
2855:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2746:Nature
2726:
2718:
2691:Nature
2652:
2644:
2617:Nature
2562:
2544:
2498:hobbit
2420:, the
2301:, and
2299:blades
2095:Semang
2083:Mbenga
2075:tibial
2037:et al.
1280:
434:Flores
415:Hobbit
413:" or "
341:Flores
325:, 2004
323:et al.
321:Brown
8203:91487
8172:IRMNG
8003:Books
7781:Diet
6700:(PDF)
6661:(PDF)
6255:S2CID
6112:S2CID
6074:(PDF)
5754:JSTOR
4931:, or
4767:S2CID
4729:(PDF)
4413:S2CID
3969:S2CID
3908:S2CID
3853:S2CID
3817:(PDF)
3743:S2CID
3662:(PDF)
3441:(PDF)
3042:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2853:S2CID
2786:S2CID
2724:S2CID
2654:26441
2650:S2CID
2612:(PDF)
2287:'
2224:Limbs
2153:Brain
2087:Mbuti
1863:pygmy
483:This
49:Late
8146:GBIF
7884:Hair
7704:) â
7382:Homo
7084:2024
7060:2024
7040:2024
6983:2024
6959:2024
6934:2024
6830:ISBN
6803:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6762:ISBN
6745:PMID
6689:PMID
6639:ISBN
6565:2012
6536:2024
6507:2024
6480:2013
6445:PMID
6427:ISSN
6376:PMID
6313:PMID
6228:2022
6151:PMID
6104:PMID
6036:PMID
6018:ISSN
5911:PMID
5817:2020
5787:2011
5685:PMID
5622:PMID
5555:PMID
5492:PMID
5484:ISSN
5433:PMID
5370:ISSN
5312:2024
5277:PMID
5226:PMID
5218:ISSN
5175:PMID
5167:ISSN
5141:?".
5120:PMID
5112:ISSN
5071:2024
5020:PMID
4961:PMID
4935:?".
4933:Homo
4903:PMID
4812:PMID
4759:PMID
4696:PMID
4654:2011
4616:PMID
4598:ISSN
4550:PMID
4542:ISSN
4455:ISSN
4405:PMID
4355:PMID
4285:PMID
4223:PMID
4120:PMID
4067:PMID
4015:PMID
3961:PMID
3900:PMID
3845:PMID
3792:PMID
3674:2024
3625:2009
3496:PMID
3453:2024
3419:2024
3373:PMID
3326:PMID
3288:2010
3246:PMID
3158:PMID
3140:ISSN
3095:2016
3069:2016
3034:PMID
2970:PMID
2916:2023
2903:ISBN
2778:PMID
2770:ISSN
2716:PMID
2642:PMID
2431:and
2327:and
2257:gait
2112:Lucy
2085:and
2069:Size
2063:Homo
1893:and
1757:and
1711:and
1447:Homo
728:edit
721:talk
714:view
593:Homo
573:lit.
280:Homo
68:Preê
29:LB-1
8133:EoL
7698:(â
7589:(?)
7567:(?)
7545:(?)
7437:(?)
7429:(?)
7407:(?)
6735:doi
6723:312
6681:doi
6435:PMC
6419:doi
6366:hdl
6356:doi
6344:130
6303:PMC
6295:doi
6283:361
6247:doi
6178:103
6172:".
6143:doi
6133:".
6096:doi
6084:317
6026:PMC
6010:doi
5998:459
5967:doi
5955:312
5901:PMC
5893:doi
5881:361
5854:doi
5842:182
5746:doi
5675:PMC
5665:doi
5612:PMC
5602:doi
5590:112
5545:PMC
5535:doi
5523:111
5476:doi
5423:PMC
5413:doi
5362:doi
5358:206
5335:doi
5267:PMC
5259:doi
5255:275
5210:doi
5206:134
5159:doi
5102:doi
5098:296
5058:doi
5054:117
5010:PMC
5000:doi
4988:104
4953:doi
4893:PMC
4883:doi
4871:103
4802:doi
4798:310
4751:doi
4739:308
4688:doi
4643:doi
4606:PMC
4590:doi
4534:doi
4522:367
4494:doi
4447:doi
4397:doi
4385:163
4345:PMC
4335:doi
4275:PMC
4265:doi
4213:hdl
4205:doi
4165:doi
4112:doi
4100:107
4057:PMC
4049:doi
4045:282
4007:doi
3953:doi
3941:459
3935:".
3892:doi
3880:534
3837:doi
3825:534
3782:doi
3770:534
3733:hdl
3725:doi
3488:doi
3476:101
3408:doi
3404:123
3365:doi
3318:doi
3314:142
3308:".
3236:doi
3224:431
3193:doi
3148:PMC
3132:doi
3026:doi
3014:532
2962:doi
2950:431
2895:doi
2887:".
2843:hdl
2835:doi
2823:294
2762:doi
2750:464
2708:doi
2696:437
2634:doi
2622:431
2479:).
2339:by
2091:Twa
1881:to
1773:or
682:BBC
474:or
368:ÉËr
8222::
8200::
8187::
8174::
8161::
8148::
8135::
8120::
8105::
7714:â
7710:â
7692:/
7686:â
7102:,
7098:.
7094:.
7074:.
7050:.
7018:.
7008:-1
7002:.
7000:?"
6973:.
6945:.
6924:.
6743:.
6733:.
6721:.
6715:.
6713:""
6687:.
6679:.
6669:53
6667:.
6663:.
6556:.
6544:^
6515:^
6497:.
6466:.
6443:.
6433:.
6425:.
6417:.
6405:.
6401:.
6374:.
6364:.
6354:.
6342:.
6338:.
6311:.
6301:.
6293:.
6281:.
6277:.
6253:.
6245:.
6218:.
6195:.
6176:.
6149:.
6139:57
6137:.
6110:.
6102:.
6094:.
6082:.
6076:.
6034:.
6024:.
6016:.
6008:.
5996:.
5992:.
5975:.
5965:.
5953:.
5947:.
5909:.
5899:.
5891:.
5879:.
5875:.
5852:.
5840:.
5803:.
5752:.
5742:97
5717:.
5683:.
5673:.
5663:.
5653:11
5651:.
5647:.
5620:.
5610:.
5600:.
5588:.
5584:.
5553:.
5543:.
5533:.
5521:.
5517:.
5490:.
5482:.
5474:.
5464:62
5462:.
5431:.
5421:.
5411:.
5399:.
5395:.
5368:.
5356:.
5331:61
5329:.
5302:.
5275:.
5265:.
5253:.
5247:.
5224:.
5216:.
5204:.
5200:.
5173:.
5165:.
5157:.
5147:93
5145:.
5118:.
5110:.
5096:.
5092:.
5052:.
5048:.
5032:^
5018:.
5008:.
4998:.
4986:.
4982:.
4959:.
4951:.
4941:51
4939:.
4915:^
4901:.
4891:.
4881:.
4869:.
4865:.
4845:^
4833:.
4810:.
4796:.
4792:.
4790:""
4765:.
4757:.
4749:.
4737:.
4731:.
4708:^
4694:.
4686:.
4676:57
4674:.
4641:.
4637:.
4614:.
4604:.
4596:.
4588:.
4578:12
4576:.
4572:.
4548:.
4540:.
4532:.
4520:.
4516:.
4492:.
4482:15
4480:.
4476:.
4453:.
4443:58
4441:.
4437:.
4425:^
4411:.
4403:.
4395:.
4383:.
4379:.
4367:^
4353:.
4343:.
4333:.
4323:10
4321:.
4315:.
4297:^
4283:.
4273:.
4263:.
4251:.
4247:.
4221:.
4211:.
4203:.
4193:97
4191:.
4187:.
4163:.
4153:59
4151:.
4147:.
4135:^
4126:.
4118:.
4110:.
4098:.
4086:^
4073:.
4065:.
4055:.
4043:.
4039:.
4027:^
4013:.
4005:.
3981:^
3967:.
3959:.
3951:.
3939:.
3920:^
3906:.
3898:.
3890:.
3878:.
3851:.
3843:.
3835:.
3823:.
3819:.
3790:.
3780:.
3768:.
3764:.
3741:.
3731:.
3723:.
3713:96
3711:.
3707:.
3664:.
3633:^
3616:.
3597:.
3584:^
3574:.
3556:.
3532:.
3520:^
3494:.
3486:.
3474:.
3470:.
3443:.
3402:.
3398:.
3371:.
3363:.
3353:57
3351:.
3347:.
3324:.
3312:.
3296:^
3279:.
3244:.
3234:.
3222:.
3216:.
3187:.
3183:.
3156:.
3146:.
3138:.
3128:15
3126:.
3122:.
3103:^
3086:.
3040:.
3032:.
3024:.
3012:.
3008:.
2990:^
2976:.
2968:.
2960:.
2948:.
2924:^
2901:.
2865:^
2851:.
2841:.
2833:.
2821:.
2817:.
2798:^
2784:.
2776:.
2768:.
2760:.
2748:.
2736:^
2722:.
2714:.
2706:.
2694:.
2662:^
2648:.
2640:.
2632:.
2620:.
2614:.
2583:^
2572:.
2560:H.
2542:H.
2514:.
2424:,
2384:.
2314:H.
2205:.
2149:.
2093:,
2065:.
2053:.
2024:.
1661:.
1510:/
595:.
380:iË
118:Pg
62:Ma
7384:)
7380:(
7157:)
7153:(
7134:e
7127:t
7120:v
7086:.
7062:.
7042:.
6985:.
6971:"
6967:"
6961:.
6936:.
6918:"
6811:.
6789:.
6770:.
6751:.
6737::
6729::
6683::
6675::
6654:"
6647:.
6567:.
6538:.
6524:"
6509:.
6482:.
6451:.
6421::
6413::
6407:9
6382:.
6368::
6358::
6350::
6319:.
6297::
6289::
6261:.
6249::
6230:.
6157:.
6145::
6118:.
6098::
6090::
6055:.
6042:.
6012::
6004::
5990:"
5969::
5961::
5945:"
5923:'
5917:.
5895::
5887::
5860:.
5856::
5848::
5819:.
5789:.
5760:.
5748::
5691:.
5667::
5659::
5645:"
5628:.
5604::
5596::
5561:.
5537::
5529::
5515:"
5498:.
5478::
5470::
5439:.
5415::
5407::
5401:5
5393:"
5376:.
5364::
5341:.
5337::
5314:.
5296:"
5283:.
5261::
5232:.
5212::
5181:.
5161::
5153::
5126:.
5104::
5090:"
5073:.
5060::
5026:.
5002::
4994::
4967:.
4955::
4947::
4909:.
4885::
4877::
4839:.
4818:.
4804::
4773:.
4753::
4745::
4726:"
4702:.
4690::
4682::
4656:.
4645::
4622:.
4592::
4584::
4556:.
4536::
4528::
4500:.
4496::
4488::
4461:.
4449::
4419:.
4399::
4391::
4361:.
4337::
4329::
4291:.
4267::
4259::
4253:3
4229:.
4215::
4207::
4199::
4171:.
4167::
4159::
4114::
4106::
4051::
4021:.
4009::
4001::
3975:.
3955::
3947::
3914:.
3894::
3886::
3859:.
3839::
3831::
3798:.
3784::
3776::
3749:.
3735::
3727::
3719::
3676:.
3627:.
3502:.
3490::
3482::
3455:.
3421:.
3410::
3396:"
3379:.
3367::
3359::
3332:.
3320::
3290:.
3265:.
3252:.
3238::
3230::
3201:.
3195::
3189:6
3164:.
3134::
3097:.
3071:.
3048:.
3028::
3020::
2984:.
2964::
2956::
2918:.
2897::
2859:.
2845::
2837::
2829::
2792:.
2764::
2756::
2730:.
2710::
2702::
2656:.
2636::
2628::
2455:,
2436:,
2429:,
2310:.
2249:.
1720:.
1697:/
1659:H
1628:)
1624:(
1211:)
1207:(
1203:)
1199:(
1195:)
1191:(
1170:)
1166:(
1162:)
1158:(
1137:)
1133:(
1129:)
1125:(
1121:)
1117:(
1096:)
1092:(
1081:)
1077:(
1051:)
1047:(
1043:)
1039:(
950:)
946:(
942:)
938:(
585:'
579:'
571:(
404:/
401:s
398:ÉȘ
395:s
392:.
389:n
386:É
383:Ë
377:z
374:É
371:Ë
365:l
362:f
359:/
355:(
123:N
113:K
108:J
103:T
98:P
93:C
88:D
83:S
78:O
73:ê
53:-
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
