Human genetic enhancement - Knowledge (XXG)

534:

sports, has been prohibited due to its potential risks. The primary objective of gene doping is to aid individuals with medical conditions. However, athletes, cognizant of its associated health risks, resort to employing this method in pursuit of enhanced athletic performance. The prohibition of the indiscriminate use of gene doping in sports has been enforced since the year 2003, pursuant to the decision taken by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). A study conducted in 2011 underscored the significance of addressing issues related to gene doping and highlighted the importance of promptly comprehending how gene doping in sports and exercise medicine could impact healthcare services by elucidating its potential to enhance athletic performance. The article elucidates, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), how gene doping poses a threat to the fairness of sports. Additionally, the paper delves into health concerns that may arise as a consequence of the utilization of gene doping solely for the purpose of enhancing sports performance. The misuse of gene doping to enhance athletic performance constitutes an unethical practice and entails significant health risks, including but not limited to cancer, viral infections, myocardial infarction, skeletal damage, and autoimmune complications. In addition, gene doping may give rise to various health issues, such as excessive muscle development leading to conditions like hypertonic cardiomyopathy, and render bones and tendons more susceptible to injuries Several genes such as EPO, IGF1, VEGFA, GH, HIFs, PPARD, PCK1, and myostatins are prominent choices for gene doping. Particularly in gene doping, athletes employ substances such as antibodies against myostatin or myostatin blockers. These substances contribute to the augmentation of the athletes' mass, facilitation of increased muscle development, and enhancement of strength. However, the primary genes utilized for gene doping in humans may lead to complications such as excessive muscle growth, which can adversely impact the cardiovascular system and increase the likelihood of injuries. However, due to insufficient awareness of these risks, numerous athletes resort to employing gene doping for purposes divergent from its genuine intent. Within the realm of athlete health, sports ethics and the ethos of fair play, scientists have developed various technologies for the detection of gene doping. Although in its early years the technology used wasn’t reliable, more extensive research has been done for better techniques to uncover gene doping instances that have been more successful. In the beginning, scientist resorted to techniques such as PCR in its various forms. This was not successful due to the fact that such technologies rely on exon-exon junctions in the DNA. This leads to a lack of precision in its detection as results can be easily tampered using misleading primers and gene doping would go undetected. With the emerge of new technologies, more recent studies utilized Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) as a method of detection. With the help of bioinformatics, this technology surpassed previous sequencing techniques in its in-depth analysis of DNA make up. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) focuses on using an elaborate method of analyzing sample sequence and comparing it to a pre-existing reference sequence from a gene database. This way, primer tampering is not possible as the detection is on a genomic level. Using bioinformatic visualizing tools, data can be easily read and sequences that do not align with reference sequence can be highlighted. Most recently, One of the high-efficiency gene doping analysis methods conducted in the year 2023, leveraging cutting-edge technology, is HiGDA (High-efficiency Gene Doping Analysis), which employs CRISPR/deadCas9 technology.

260:

results and minimize the negative effects of gene therapy applications. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is also designed as a gene editing technology for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. CRISPR/Cas9 has been developed as the latest gene editing technique that allows the insertion, deletion and modification of DNA sequences and provides advantages in the disruption of the latent HIV-1 virus. However, the production of some vectors for HIV-1-infected cells is still limited and further studies are needed Being an HIV carrier also plays an important role in the incidence of cervical cancer. While there are many personal and biological factors that contribute to the development of cervical cancer, HIV carriage is correlated with its occurrence. However, long-term research on the effectiveness of preventive treatment is still ongoing. Early education, accessible worldwide, will play an important role in prevention. When medications and treatment methods are consistently adhered to, safe sexual practices are maintained and healthy lifestyle changes are implemented, the risk of transmission is reduced in most people living with HIV. Consistently implemented proactive prevention strategies can significantly reduce the incidence of HIV infections. Education on safe sex practices and risk-reducing changes for everyone, whether they are HIV carriers or not, is critical to preventing the disease. However, controlling the HIV epidemic and eliminating the stigma associated with the disease may not be possible only through a general AIDS awareness campaign. It is observed that HIV awareness, especially among individuals in low socio-economic regions, is considerably lower than the general population. Although there is no clear-cut solution to prevent the transmission of HIV and the spread of the disease through sexual transmission, a combination of preventive measures can help to control the spread of HIV. Increasing knowledge and awareness plays an important role in preventing the spread of HIV by contributing to the improvement of behavioral decisions with high risk perception. Genetics plays a pivotal role in disease prevention, offering insights into an individual's predisposition to certain conditions and paving the way for personalized strategies to mitigate disease risk. The burgeoning field of genetic testing and analysis has provided valuable tools for identifying genetic markers associated with various diseases, allowing for proactive measures to be taken in disease prevention Disease prevention via genetic testing is made easier as genetic testing can unveil an individual's genetic susceptibility to certain diseases, enabling early detection and intervention which can be very crucial in disease like heritable cancers such and breast and ovarian cancer. Having genetic information can inform the development of precision medicine approaches and targeted therapies for disease prevention in general. By identifying genetic factors contributing to disease susceptibility, such as specific gene mutations associated with autoimmune disorders, researchers can develop targeted therapies to modulate the immune response and prevent the onset or progression of these conditions.

446:

different diseases. But in order to fully realize the promise of CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy, a number of obstacles must be removed. Improving CRISPR/Cas systems' editing precision and efficiency is one of the main issues. Although this technology makes precise gene editing possible, reducing off-target consequences is still a major challenge. Unintentional genetic changes resulting from off-target modifications may have unanticipated effects or difficulties. Using enhanced guide RNA designs, updated Cas proteins, and cutting-edge bioinformatics tools, researchers are actively attempting to improve the specificity and reduce off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas procedures. Moreover, the effective and specific delivery of CRISPR components to target tissues presents another obstacle. Delivery systems must be developed or optimized to ensure the CRISPR machinery reaches the intended cells or organs efficiently and safely. This includes exploring various delivery methods such as viral vectors, nanoparticles, or lipid-based carriers to transport CRISPR components accurately to the target tissues while minimizing potential toxicity or immune responses.

178:

technology has the capacity to do the same, NIPT is being explored recently because of it capability to accurately identify the fetus's sex at an early stage in the pregnancy is achievable, with increasing precision as early as 7 weeks' gestation. This timeframe precedes the typical timing for other sex determination techniques, such as ultrasound or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). The high early accuracy of NIPT reduces the uncertainty associated with other methods, such as the aforementioned, leading to more informed decisions and eliminating the risk of inaccurate results that could influence decision-making regarding sex-selective TOP. Additionally, NIPT enables sex-selective TOP in the first trimester, which is more practical, and allows pregnant women to postpone maternal-fetal bonding. These considerations may significantly facilitate the pursuit of sex-selective TOP when NIPT is utilized. Therefore, it is crucial to examine these ethical concerns within the framework of NIPT adoption.

849:

serotonin, epinephrine and dopamine and suppresses them. It prevents us from reacting in some situations and from stopping and making quick decisions in other situations, which can cause us to make wrong decisions in possible bad situations. As a result of some research, mood states such as aggression, feelings of compassion and irritability can be observed in people carrying this gene. Additionally, as a result of research conducted on people carrying the MAOA gene, this gene can be passed on genetically from parents, and mutations can also develop due to later epigenetic reasons. If we talk about epigenetic reasons, children of families growing up in bad environments begin to implement whatever they see from their parents. For this reason, those children begin to exhibit bad habits or behaviors such as irritability and aggression in the future.

275:. This susceptibility to infections can be attributed to a range of factors, including genetic flaws and genetic diseases such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Some gene therapies have already been developed or are being developed to correct these genetic flaws/diseases, hereby making these people less susceptible to catching additional diseases (i.e. influenza, ). These genetic flaws and diseases can significantly impact the body's ability to mount an effective immune response, leaving individuals vulnerable to a wide array of pathogens. However, advancements in gene therapy research and development have shown promising potential in addressing these genetic deficiencies however not without associated challenges 438:

CRISPR/Cas genome editing method is known as CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy. Mammalian cells can be genetically modified using the straightforward, affordable, and extremely specific CRISPR/Cas method. It can help with single-base exchanges, homology-directed repair, and non-homologous end joining. The primary application is targeted gene knockouts, involving the disruption of coding sequences to silence deleterious proteins. Since the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing method between 2010 and 2012, scientists have been able to alter genes by making specific breaks in their DNA. This technology has many uses, including

174:

classified as reportable conditions. Genetic data is personal and closely linked to a person's identity. Confidentiality concerns not only work, health care, and insurance coverage, but a family's whole genetic test results can be impacted. Affected individuals may also have their parents, children, siblings, sisters, and even extended relatives if the condition is either genetically dominant or carried by them. Moreover, a person's decisions could change their entire life depending on the outcome of a genetic test. Results of genetic testing may need to be disclosed in all facets of a person's life.

542:

until today. It is known that although an athlete has genetic potential, he cannot become a champion if he does not comply with the necessary training and lifestyle. However, as competition increases, both more physical training and more mental performance are needed. Just as warriors in history used some herbal cures to look stronger and more aggressive, it is a fact that today, athletes resort to doping methods to increase their performance. However, this situation is against sports ethics because it does not comply with the morality and understanding of the game.

264:

dominant mutaitons, problematic neurons, restoring the associated electrophysiological deficits and decreased the Aβ peptides. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is another highly lethal neurodegenerative disease. And CRISPR-Cas9 technology is simple and effective for changinc specific point mutations about ALS. Also with this technology Chen and his colleagues were found some important alterations in major indicators of ALS like decreasing in RNA foci, polypeptides and haplosufficiency.

886:

enhancements by warfighters without completed safety and efficacy testing. This concern arose during the Gulf War with the distribution of pyridostigmine bromide and botulinum toxoid vaccine, as well as with the DoD's Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program in 1998. Although these products were approved for other purposes, they were utilized off-label for protection against chemical and biological weapons, raising questions about the lack of FDA approval for these specific applications.

538:

unpredictability among other reasons. Factors other than health issues have raised ethical questions as well. These are mostly concerned with the hereditary factor of these therapies, where gene editing in some cases can be transmitted to the next generation with higher rates of unpredictability and risks in outcomes. For this reason, non-therapeutic application of gene therapy can be seen as a riskier approach to a non-medical concern.

6311: 198:

constraints of CRISPR technology. Furthermore, the long-term effects of the altered organisms and the possibility of the edited genes being passed down to succeeding generations and having unanticipated effects are two further issues to be concerned about. Decision-making on morality becomes more difficult when uncertainty from these circumstances prevents appropriate risk/benefit assessments.

95: 202:

tools developed to identify the optimal sequences for designing guide RNAs and optimization of experimental conditions have provided very robust procedures that guarantee the successful introduction of the desired mutation. Major benefits are likely to develop from the use of safe and effective HGGM, making a precautionary stance against HGGM unethical.

31: 312:

responsibly, avoiding unintended consequences or potential misuse. As the field advances, the integration of ethical, legal, and social perspectives becomes paramount to harness the full potential of genetic human enhancement for disease prevention while respecting individual rights and societal values.

303:

Genetic human enhancement emerges as a potential frontier in disease prevention by precisely targeting genetic predispositions to various illnesses. Through techniques like CRISPR, specific genes associated with diseases can be edited or modified, offering the prospect of reducing the hereditary risk

220:

To cope with the ethical challenges and uncertainties arising from genetic advancements, it has been emphasized that the development of comprehensive guidelines based on universal principles is essential. The importance of adopting a cautious approach to safeguard fundamental values such as autonomy,

193:

Technological advancements are play integral role to new forms of human enhancement. While phenotypic and somatic interventions for human enhancement provide noteworthy ethical and sociological dilemmas, germline heritable genetic intervention necessitates even more comprehensive deliberations at the

185:

In every genetic based study conducted for humanity, studies must be carried out in accordance with the ethics committee approval statement, ethical, legal norms and human morality. CAR T cell therapy, which is intended to be a new treatment aims to change the genetics of T cells and transform immune

731:

since the invention of recombinant DNA technology. These expectations, however, have mostly gone unmet. Evaluation of the appropriate uses of germline interventions in reproductive medicine should not be based on concerns about enhancement or eugenics, despite the fact that gene editing research has

475:

Between 1989 and December 2018, more than 2,900 clinical trials of gene therapies were conducted, with over half of them reaching the phase I stage. Over the years, several gene therapy-based drugs have been developed and made available to the public, marking important milestones in the treatment of

449:

Despite recent progress, further research is needed to develop safe and effective CRISPR therapies. CRISPR/Cas9 technology is not actively used today, however there are ongoing clinical trials of its use in treating various disorders, including sickle cell disease, human papillomavirus (HPV)-related

286:

Advancements in gene editing and gene therapy hold promise for disease prevention by addressing genetic factors associated with certain conditions. Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 offer the potential to correct genetic mutations associated with hereditary diseases, thereby preventing their manifestation

263:

There are many types of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease is the one of the most common one of these diseases and it affects millions of people worldwide. The CRISPR-Cas9 techniques can be used to prevent the Alzheimer's disease. For example, it has a potential to correct the autosomal

205:

Going forward, many people support the establishment of an organization that would provide guidance on how best to control the ethical complexities mentioned above. Recently, a group of scientists founded the Association for Responsible Research and Innovation in Genome Editing (ARRIGE) to study and

201:

The potential benefits of revolutionary tools like CRISPR are endless. For example, because it can be applied directly in the embryo, CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time required to modify target genes compared to gene targeting technologies that rely on the use of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Bioinformatics

197:

Moral judgments are empirically based and entail evaluating prospective risk-benefit ratios particularly in the field of biomedicine. The technology of CRISPR genome editing raises ethical questions for several reasons. To be more specific, concerns exist regarding the capabilities and technological

955:

enhancements by military personnel. A significant portion of American special operations forces reportedly use dietary supplements to enhance performance, but the extent of the use of other bioenhancement methods, such as steroids, human growth hormone, and erythropoietin, remains unclear. The lack

809:

Recently, it was also shown that the gene transfer of CBP (CREB (c-AMP response element binding protein) binding protein) improves cognitive deficits in an animal model of Alzheimer's dementia via increasing the expression of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). The same authors were also able

541:

In a study, from history to today, human beings have always been in competition. While in the past warriors competed to be stronger in wars, today there is competition to be successful in every field, and it is understood that this psychology is a phenomenon that has always existed in human history

537:

The ethical issues concerning gene doping have been present long before its discovery. Although gene doping is relatively new, the concept of genetic enhancement of any kind has always been subject to ethical concerns. Even when used in a therapeutic manner, gene therapy poses many risks due to its

259:

With the discovery of various types of immune-related disorders, there is a need for diversification in prevention and treatment. Developments in the field of gene therapy are being studied to be included in the scope of this treatment, but of course more research is needed to increase the positive

229:

should be strengthened, scientific and ethical reviews should be effectively coordinated, assurance should be provided that participants understand the fundamental features of the research, and full compliance with additional ethical requirements for disclosing negative findings has been addressed.

161:

are often discussed together due to the interrelated moral arguments surrounding these topics. The distinction between repairing genes and enhancing genes is a central idea in many moral debates surrounding genetic enhancement because some argue that repairing genes is morally permissible, but that

805:

In recent years, it was possible to modify ethanol intake in animal models. Specifically, this was done by targeting the expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2), lead to a significantly altered alcohol-drinking behaviour. Reduction of p11, a serotonin receptor binding protein, in the

491:

designed to function similarly to viral vectors. These bioorthogonal engineered virus-like recombinant biosomes represent a novel approach to gene delivery. They exhibit robust and rapid binding capabilities to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces, enhancing their efficiency in

311:

However, the ethical dimensions of genetic manipulation cannot be overstated. Striking a delicate balance between scientific progress and ethical considerations is imperative. Robust regulatory frameworks and transparent guidelines are crucial to ensuring that genetic human enhancement is utilized

307:

Furthermore, genetic enhancement can extend its impact by focusing on fortifying the immune system and optimizing overall health parameters. By enhancing immune responses and fine-tuning genetic factors related to general well-being, the susceptibility to infectious diseases can be minimized. This

233:

personalized medicine applications are exciting, it has been noted that the impact and evidence base of each intervention should be carefully evaluated. The human genome contains millions of genetic variants, so caution should be exercised and expert opinions sought when analyzing genomic results.

189:

All research involving human subjects in healthcare settings must be registered in a public database before the recruitment of the first trial. The informed consent statement should include adequate information about possible conflicts of interest, the expected benefits of the study, its potential

881:

has research and technology projects looking at this, where they plan to engineer human cells to start working as nutrient-factories. There are also animal trials like prophylactic treatment for long-term protection against chemical weapons of mass destruction (CWNAs) by using non-pathogenic AAV8

683:

may also be modified by genetic intervention. Some people may be aggressive, selfish, and may not be able to function well in society. Mutations in GLI3 and other patterning genes have been linked to HH etiology, according to genetic research. Approximately 50%-80% of children with HH have acute

492:

entering cells. This capability enables the targeted delivery of genes to specific areas, such as tumor and arthritic tissues. This advancement holds the potential to enhance the precision and effectiveness of gene therapy, minimizing off-target effects and improving overall therapeutic outcomes.

445:

Genetic engineering has undergone a revolution because to CRISPR/Cas technology, which provides a flexible framework for building disease models in larger animals. This breakthrough has created new opportunities to evaluate possible therapeutic strategies and comprehend the genetic foundations of

315:

Overall, the technology requires improvements in effectiveness, precision, and applications. Immunogenicity, off-target effects, mutations, delivery systems, and ethical issues are the main challenges that CRISPR technology faces. The safety concerns, ethical considerations, and the potential for

228:

Clinical stem cell research must be conducted in accordance with ethical values. This entails a full respect for ethical principles, including the accurate assessment of the balance between risks and benefits, as well as obtaining informed and voluntary participant consent. The design of research

177:

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has the capability to accurately determine the sex of the fetus at an early stage of gestation, raising concerns about the potential facilitation of sex-selective termination of pregnancy (TOP) due to its ease, timing, and precision. Even though the ultrasound

173:

The responsibility of public health professionals is to determine potential exposures and suggest testing for communicable diseases that require reporting. Public health professionals may encounter disclosure concerns if the extension of obligatory screening results in genetic abnormalities being

169:

are often related to duty to warn family members if an inherited disorder is discovered, how physicians should navigate patient autonomy and confidentiality with regard to genetic testing, the ethics of genetic discrimination, and the moral permissibility of using genetic testing to avoid causing

148:

Genetics is the study of genes and inherited traits and while the ongoing advancements in this field have resulted in the advancement of healthcare at multiple levels, ethical consideration have become increasingly crucial especially alongside. Genetic engineering has always been a topic of moral

885:

While 76% of American special operations forces use dietary supplements in part to enhance performance, it is unknown how many use other types of bioenhancement, such as steroids, human growth hormone, and erythropoietin, which is used by athletes. The issue revolves around the use of biomedical

545:

One of the negative effects is the risk of cancer, and as a positive effect is taking precautions against certain pathological conditions.Altering genes could lead to unintended and unpredictable changes in the body, potentially causing unforeseen health issues. Further effects of gene doping in

533:

if all athletes receive equal access. Critics claim that any therapeutic intervention for non-therapeutic/enhancement purposes compromises the ethical foundations of medicine and sports. Therefore, this technology, which is a subfield of genetic engineering commonly referred to as gene doping in

295:

Despite existing evidence of CRISPR technology, advancements in the field persist in reducing limitations. Researchers developed a new, gentle gene editing method for embryos using nanoparticles and peptide nucleic acids. Delivering editing tools without harsh injections, the method successfully

224:

When contemplating genetic enhancement, genetic technologies should be approached from a broad perspective, using a definition that encompasses not only direct genetic manipulation but also indirect technologies such as biosynthetic drugs. It has been emphasized that attention should be given to

848:

Some studies show that our genes may affect some of our behaviors. For example, some genes may follow our state of stagnation, while others may be responsible for our bad habits. To give an example, the MAOA (Mono oxidase A) gene, the feature of this gene affects the release of hormones such as

278:

CRISPR technology is a promising tool not only for genetic disease corrections but also for the prevention of viral and bacterial infections. Utilizing CRISPR–Cas therapies, researchers have targeted viral infections like HSV-1, EBV, HIV-1, HBV, HPV, and HCV, with ongoing clinical trials for an

216:

The interventions aimed at enhancing human traits from a genetic perspective are emphasized to be contingent upon the understanding of genetic engineering, and comprehending the outcomes of these interventions requires an understanding of the interactions between humans and other living beings.

212:

Researchers proposed that debates in gene editing should not be controlled by the scientific community. The network is envisioned to focus on gathering information from dispersed sources, bringing to the fore perspectives that are often overlooked, and fostering exchange across disciplinary and

181:

Ethical issues related to gene therapy and human genetic enhancement concern the medical risks and benefits of the therapy, the duty to use the procedures to prevent suffering, reproductive freedom in genetic choices, and the morality of practicing positive genetics, which includes attempts to

979:

technologies, and military research introduces complex ethical considerations regarding the potential augmentation of human capabilities for military purposes. Striking a balance between scientific advancements, ethical standards, and regulatory oversight remains crucial as these technologies

801:

treatment of psychiatric disorders by means of gene therapy. It is assumed that, with gene-transfer techniques, it is possible (in experimental settings using animal models) to alter CNS gene expression and thereby the intrinsic generation of molecules involved in neural plasticity and neural

609:

study on gene editing, the Tyr gene in mice was targeted, seeking to instigate genetic alterations. The analysis found no off-target effects across 42 subjects, observing modifications exclusively at the intended Tyr locus. Though specifics were not explicitly discussed, these alterations may

483:

The majority of gene therapy approaches leverage viral vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), adenoviruses (AV), and lentiviruses (LV), to facilitate the insertion or replacement of transgenes either in vivo or ex vivo. These vectors serve as delivery vehicles for introducing the

437:

Many diseases are complex and cannot be effectively treated by simple coding sequence-targeting strategies. CRISPR/Cas9 is one technology that targets double strand breaks in the human genome, modifying genes and providing a quick way to treat genetic disorders. Gene treatment employing the

299:

Informing prospective parents about their susceptibility to genetic diseases is crucial. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis also holds significance for disease prevention by inheritance, as whole genome amplification and analysis help select a healthy embryo for implantation, preventing the

232:

Clinicians have been emphasized to understand the role of genomic medicine in accurately diagnosing patients and guiding treatment decisions. It has been highlighted that detailed clinical information and expert opinions are crucial for the accurate interpretation of genetic variants. While

935:

Additionally, military researchers are conducting animal trials to explore the prophylactic treatment for long-term protection against chemical weapons of mass destruction. This involves using non-pathogenic AAV8 vectors to deliver a candidate catalytic bioscavenger, PON1-IF11, into the

149:

debate among bioethicists. Even though the technological advancements in this field present exciting prospects for biomedical improvement, it also prompts the need for ethical, societal, and practical assessments to understand its impact on human biology, evolution, and the environment.

915:

technologies have garnered attention for their potential applications in military contexts. Various projects are underway, including those focused on protecting soldiers from specific challenges. For instance, researchers are exploring the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to provide protection from

291:

were created. By using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9, a gene editing technique, they disabled a gene called CCR5 in the embryos, aiming to close the protein doorway that allows HIV to enter a cell and make the subjects immune to the HIV virus.

546:

sports is the constant fight against drugs not approved by the World Anti doping agency and unfairness regarding athletes that take drugs and don't. The long-term health consequences of gene doping may not be fully understood, and athletes may face health problems later in life.

316:

misuse underscore the need for careful and responsible exploration of these technologies. CRISPR-Cas9 technology offers so much on disease prevention and treatment yet its future aspects, especially those that affect the next generations, should be investigated strictly.

283:. Additionally, CRISPR has demonstrated efficacy in preventing viral infections such as IAV and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting viral RNA genomes with Cas13d, and it has been used to sensitize antibiotic-resistant S. aureus to treatment through Cas9 delivered via bacteriophages. 225:

expectations that can shape the marketing and availability of these technologies, anticipating the allure of new treatments. These expectations have been noted to potentially signify the encouragement of appropriate public policies and effective professional regulations.

684:

wrath and violence, and the majority of patients have externalizing problems. Epilepsy may be preceded by behavioral instability and intellectual incapacity. There is currently research ongoing on genes that are or may be (in part) responsible for selfishness (e.g.

817:

Similarly, the intracerebral gene transfer of ECE (endothelin-converting enzyme) via a virus vector stereotactically injected in the right anterior cortex and hippocampus, has also shown to reduce Aβ deposits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzeimer's dementia.

296:

corrected genes in mice without harming development. While ethical and technical questions remain, this study paves the way for potential future use in improving livestock and research animals, and maybe even in human embryos for disease prevention or therapy.

511:, along with the development of innovative delivery systems and therapeutic agents, underscores the ongoing commitment of the scientific and medical communities to advance the field and provide effective treatments for a wide range of genetic diseases. 304:

of conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, or neurodegenerative diseases. This approach not only holds the potential to break the cycle of certain genetic disorders but also to influence the health trajectories of future generations.

593:) may affect physical appearance, and in some cases may also cause physical discomfort. Modifying the genes causing these congenital diseases (on those diagnosed to have mutations of the gene known to cause these diseases) may prevent this. 576:

The exploration of challenges in understanding the effects of gene alterations on phenotypes, particularly within natural genetic diversity, is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the potential of systems biology and advancements in

495:

In addition to viral vector and nanoparticle-based approaches, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as another strategy in gene therapy. Agents like zilebesiran utilize small interfering RNA (siRNA) that binds with the messenger RNA

5415: 585:

technologies for studying complex traits. Despite progress, persistent difficulties in predicting the influence of gene alterations on phenotypic changes are acknowledged, emphasizing the ongoing need for research in this area.

813:

In another study, it was shown that Aβ deposition and plaque formation can be reduced by sustained expression of the neprilysin (an endopeptidase) gene which also led to improvements on the behavioural (i.e. cognitive) level.

339:. Gene therapy is a medical procedure that involves inserting genetic material into a patient's cells to repair or fix a malfunctioning gene in order to treat hereditary illnesses. Between 1989 and December 2018, over 2,900 186:

system cells that do not recognize cancer into cells that recognize and fight cancer. it works with the T cell therapy method which is arranged with palindromic repeats at certain short intervals called with CRISPR.

500:) of target cells, effectively modifying gene expression. This RNA interference-based approach provides a targeted and specific method for regulating gene activity, presenting further opportunities for treating 746:

gene. While 90% of CF patients can be treated, current treatments are not curative and do not address the entire spectrum of CFTR mutations. Therefore, a comprehensive, long-term therapy is needed to treat all

876:

There are different projects for using CRISPR/Cas9 technologies in the military, such as: protection from frostbite, reducing stress level, reducing sleep deprivation, improving strength and endurance.

5452:

Betapudi V, Goswami R, Silayeva L, Doctor DM, Chilukuri N (January 2020). "Gene therapy delivering a paraoxonase 1 variant offers long-term prophylactic protection against nerve agents in mice".

956:

of completed safety and efficacy testing for these bioenhancements raises ethical and regulatory questions. This concern is not new, as issues surrounding the off-label use of products like

679:

DNA revolution. The first law of behavioral genetics was established in 1978 after a review of thirty twin studies revealed that the average heritability estimate for intelligence was 46%.

554:

Other hypothetical gene therapies could include changes to physical appearance, metabolism, mental faculties such as memory and intelligence, and well-being (by increasing resistance to

5405: 858: 590: 5536:

Karl JP, Margolis LM, Fallowfield JL, Child RB, Martin NM, McClung JP (January 2022). "Military nutrition research: Contemporary issues, state of the science and future directions".

6274: 6139: 793:

since its conception and use. The emergence of sophisticated technologies that allow for site-specific alteration with programmable nucleases has greatly revitalized the area of

5361:

Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA (October 1993). "Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A".

209:

In addition, Janasoff and Hurlbut have recently advocated for the establishment and international development of an interdisciplinary "global observatory for gene regulation".

743: 468:. The process involves the introduction of genetic material into a patient's cells, with the primary goal of repairing or correcting malfunctioning genes that contribute to 77:), or to change physical appearance, metabolism, and even improve physical capabilities and mental faculties such as memory and intelligence. These genetic enhancements 5119:

Ocaranza P, Quintanilla ME, Tampier L, Karahanian E, Sapag A, Israel Y (January 2008). "Gene therapy reduces ethanol intake in an animal model of alcohol dependence".

4070:

Perez IC, Le Guiner C, Ni W, Lyles J, Moullier P, Snyder RO (December 2013). "PCR-based detection of gene transfer vectors: application to gene doping surveillance".

4483: 5324: 1583:"Ethical principles and placebo-controlled trials - interpretation and implementation of the Declaration of Helsinki's placebo paragraph in medical research" 806:

nucleus accumbens led to depression-like behaviour in rodents, while restoration of the p11 gene expression in this anatomical area reversed this behaviour.

5268:"Adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotype 5 vector mediated gene delivery of endothelin-converting enzyme reduces Abeta deposits in APP + PS1 transgenic mice" 6020: 5902: 610:

potentially influence non-defined aspects, such as coat color, emphasizing the broader potential of gene editing in inducing diverse phenotype changes.

3762: 6076: 5862: 3888:

López S, Meirelles J, Rayol V, Poralla G, Woldmar N, Fadel B, et al. (June 2020). "Gene doping and genomic science in sports: where are we?".

1259:"Shouldering Death: Moral Tensions, Ambiguity, and the Unintended Ramifications of State-sanctioned Second-trimester Selective Abortion in Denmark" 6013: 4213:"CRISPR/deadCas9-based high-throughput gene doping analysis (HiGDA): A proof of concept for exogenous human erythropoietin gene doping detection" 4115:"A next-generation sequencing method for gene doping detection that distinguishes low levels of plasmid DNA against a background of genomic DNA" 271:, a condition in which their immune systems are weakened and less effective in defending against various diseases, including but not limited to 5217:"Long-term neprilysin gene transfer is associated with reduced levels of intracellular Abeta and behavioral improvement in APP transgenic mice" 810:

to show in this study that accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) interfered with CREB activity which is physiologically involved in memory formation.

308:

proactive approach to health may contribute to a population less prone to ailments and more resilient in the face of environmental challenges.

1192: 217:

Therefore, the regulation of genetic engineering underscores the significance of examining the knowledge between humans and the environment.

6259: 6071: 5343: 2775:

Pérez-Herrero E, Fernández-Medarde A (June 2015). "Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy".

6249: 6032: 6008: 5931: 1018: 991:

has compiled a list of potential genetic modifications based on scientific studies for possibly advantageous traits such as less need

889:

In 2022, the People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences reported a notable experiment where military scientists inserted a

648: 905:, thereby increasing their ability to survive nuclear fallout. This development reflects the intersection of genetic engineering and 6294: 6221: 6003: 5998: 1107: 135: 472:. This innovative medical procedure has seen significant advancements and a growing number of clinical trials since its inception. 6367: 1436:"Accuracy of sonographic fetal gender determination: predictions made by sonographers during routine obstetric ultrasound scans" 995:, cognition-related changes that protect against Alzheimer's disease, disease resistances, higher lean muscle mass and enhanced 6347: 6093: 6044: 5988: 105: 6269: 6105: 5993: 3216: 3208: 932:

to function as nutrient factories, potentially optimizing soldiers' performance and resilience in challenging environments.

758:

technologies are being developed as a viable platform for genetic treatment. However, the difficulties of delivering enough

5166:"Molecular interplay between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), amyloid-beta, and Tau: effects on cognitive impairments" 964:, as well as the DoD's Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program in 1998, have prompted discussions about the need for thorough 6179: 1782:

Smith KR, Chan S, Harris J (October 2012). "Human germline genetic modification: scientific and bioethical perspectives".

762:

and sustaining expression in the lungs has hampered gene therapy's efficacy. Recent technical breakthroughs, including as

162:

genetic enhancement is not due to its potential to lead to social injustice through discriminatory eugenics initiatives.

6372: 6337: 6284: 6254: 6239: 6189: 5855: 4491: 965: 480:. Examples include Zolgensma and Patisiran, which have demonstrated efficacy in addressing specific genetic conditions. 6194: 6174: 5919: 5897: 344: 3334:

Doudna JA, Charpentier E (November 2014). "Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9".

529:

is not known to occur, but multiple gene therapies may have such effects. Kayser et al. argue that gene doping could

6362: 6352: 6211: 6127: 5912: 5406:"Chinese team behind extreme animal gene experiment says it may lead to super soldiers who survive nuclear fallout" 4572:"Detailed phenotypic and molecular analyses of genetically modified mice generated by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing" 2430:"Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations" 988: 78: 865:

into human embryonic stem cells in an experiment with the stated possibility of enhancing soldiers' resistance to

6184: 6056: 5983: 5437:

Monsen IH, Glenna S, Rjaanes M (22 Oct 2020). "Genome Editing for Soldier Enhancement–trends and implications".

928:) is actively involved in researching and developing these technologies. One of their projects aims to engineer 6234: 6229: 6204: 6081: 6049: 5410: 866: 280: 4433:

Alexander B, Warner-Schmidt J, Eriksson T, Tamminga C, Arango-Lievano M, Ghose S, et al. (October 2010).

1485:"Sex selection and non-invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues" 3633: 6315: 6216: 6199: 6110: 6086: 6066: 6037: 5926: 5848: 1044: 635:

discoveries were made in the 1970s and 1980s, going beyond estimating heritability. However, issues such as

2874:"A Multistep Workflow to Evaluate Newly Generated iPSCs and Their Ability to Generate Different Cell Types" 6357: 6342: 6115: 6098: 6061: 5951: 3766: 2923:

Garcia-Perez L, van Eggermond M, van Roon L, Vloemans SA, Cordes M, Schambach A, et al. (June 2020).

957: 626: 360: 2477:

Dorling L, Carvalho S, Allen J, González-Neira A, Luccarini C, Wahlström C, et al. (February 2021).

951:

In the realm of bioenhancement, concerns have been raised about the use of dietary supplements and other

948:

and molecular interventions to enhance military capabilities and protect personnel from various threats.

6169: 5936: 5305: 3179: 992: 672: 632: 571: 420: 242: 3283:

Habibzadeh P, Tabatabaei Z, Farazi Fard MA, Jamali L, Hafizi A, Nikuei P, et al. (February 2020).

4764:

Cohen NT, Cross JH, Arzimanoglou A, Berkovic SF, Kerrigan JF, Miller IP, et al. (November 2021).

6132: 5907: 5890: 5370: 4975: 4642: 4583: 4526: 3605: 3560: 3142: 2925:"Successful Preclinical Development of Gene Therapy for Recombinase-Activating Gene-1-Deficient SCID" 1951: 1902: 790: 735: 676: 652: 622: 254: 5770: 2577:"Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer" 6156: 5956: 5573:"Military training-related abdominal injuries and diseases: Common types, prevention and treatment" 3377:

Morshedzadeh F, Ghanei M, Lotfi M, Ghasemi M, Ahmadi M, Najari-Hanjani P, et al. (June 2023).

972: 945: 898: 775: 755: 724: 530: 432: 154: 62: 1840:

Montoliu L, Merchant J, Hirsch F, Abecassis M, Jouannet P, Baertschi B, et al. (April 2018).

5477: 4095: 3913: 3646: 3359: 3168: 2964: 2073: 902: 739: 660: 845:. As of 2015, the results have been inconclusive. Some minor correlations have been identified. 221:

global well-being, and individual dignity has been elucidated when overcoming these challenges.

2575:

Phelan CM, Kuchenbaecker KB, Tyrer JP, Kar SP, Lawrenson K, Winham SJ, et al. (May 2017).

2338:

Carrion AJ, Miles JD, Mosley JF, Smith LL, Prather AS, Gurley MM, et al. (February 2018).

675:

discoveries slowed. Individual behavioral differences can now be predicted early thanks to the

6144: 6120: 6025: 5946: 5941: 5826: 5751: 5700: 5651: 5602: 5553: 5518: 5469: 5386: 5297: 5248: 5197: 5146: 5101: 5052: 5001: 4944: 4893: 4844: 4795: 4746: 4719: 4670: 4611: 4552: 4464: 4412: 4361: 4310: 4269: 4234: 4193: 4144: 4087: 4052: 4003: 3962: 3905: 3870: 3821: 3744: 3695: 3638: 3586: 3529: 3478: 3408: 3351: 3316: 3265: 3191: 3160: 3111: 3062: 3013: 2956: 2905: 2854: 2802: 2757: 2706: 2655: 2606: 2557: 2508: 2459: 2410: 2361: 2320: 2271: 2220: 2171: 2122: 2065: 2030: 1979: 1920: 1871: 1799: 1764: 1715: 1666: 1614: 1563: 1514: 1465: 1416: 1367: 1340: 1288: 1239: 1188: 1160: 1033: 921: 901:. This experiment aimed to explore the potential enhancement of soldiers' resistance to acute 842: 685: 555: 58: 450:

cervical cancer, COVID-19 respiratory infection, renal cell carcinoma, and multiple myeloma.

5816: 5808: 5741: 5731: 5690: 5682: 5641: 5633: 5592: 5584: 5545: 5508: 5461: 5378: 5287: 5279: 5238: 5228: 5215:

Spencer B, Marr RA, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Adame A, Potkar R, et al. (November 2008).

5187: 5177: 5136: 5128: 5091: 5083: 5042: 5032: 4991: 4983: 4934: 4924: 4883: 4875: 4834: 4826: 4785: 4777: 4709: 4701: 4660: 4650: 4601: 4591: 4542: 4534: 4454: 4446: 4402: 4392: 4351: 4341: 4300: 4261: 4224: 4183: 4175: 4134: 4126: 4079: 4042: 4034: 3993: 3952: 3944: 3897: 3860: 3852: 3811: 3801: 3734: 3726: 3685: 3677: 3628: 3620: 3576: 3568: 3519: 3509: 3468: 3458: 3398: 3390: 3343: 3306: 3296: 3255: 3247: 3183: 3150: 3101: 3093: 3052: 3044: 3003: 2995: 2946: 2936: 2895: 2885: 2844: 2836: 2792: 2784: 2747: 2737: 2696: 2686: 2645: 2637: 2596: 2588: 2547: 2539: 2498: 2490: 2449: 2441: 2400: 2392: 2351: 2310: 2302: 2261: 2251: 2210: 2202: 2161: 2153: 2112: 2104: 2057: 2020: 2010: 1969: 1959: 1910: 1861: 1853: 1822: 1791: 1754: 1746: 1705: 1697: 1656: 1648: 1604: 1594: 1553: 1545: 1504: 1496: 1455: 1447: 1406: 1398: 1330: 1322: 1278: 1270: 1229: 1221: 1150: 1142: 1087: 501: 477: 461: 412: 268: 248: 113: 4379:

Ginevičienė V, Utkus A, Pranckevičienė E, Semenova EA, Hall EC, Ahmetov II (January 2022).

3285:"Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in an Iranian family with a novel mutation in MUT gene" 2428:

Khera AV, Chaffin M, Aragam KG, Haas ME, Roselli C, Choi SH, et al. (September 2018).

1108:"1990 The Declaration of Inuyama: Human Genome Mapping, Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy" 882:

vector to deliver a candidate catalytic bioscavenger, PON1-IF11, to the mouse bloodstream.

5973: 5266:

Carty NC, Nash K, Lee D, Mercer M, Gottschall PE, Meyers C, et al. (September 2008).

3234:

Putman R, Ricciardi AS, Carufe KE, Quijano E, Bahal R, Glazer PM, Saltzman WM (May 2023).

2626:"Ovarian and Breast Cancer Risks Associated With Pathogenic Variants in RAD51C and RAD51D" 2526:

Mavaddat N, Michailidou K, Dennis J, Lush M, Fachal L, Lee A, et al. (January 2019).

2291:"Cervical cancer prevention and control in women living with human immunodeficiency virus" 870: 779: 748: 457: 166: 150: 3199: 1115: 17: 5646: 5621: 5374: 4979: 4939: 4912: 4737:

Lupton ML (1994). "Behaviour modification by genetic intervention--the law's response".

4646: 4587: 4530: 3690: 3665: 3581: 3564: 3548: 3524: 3497: 3473: 3446: 3403: 3378: 3260: 3235: 3146: 2849: 2824: 2315: 2290: 1955: 1906: 1283: 1258: 5871: 5821: 5796: 5746: 5719: 5695: 5670: 5597: 5572: 5292: 5267: 5243: 5216: 5192: 5165: 5096: 5071: 5047: 5020: 4996: 4963: 4888: 4863: 4839: 4814: 4790: 4765: 4714: 4689: 4606: 4571: 4547: 4514: 4459: 4434: 4407: 4380: 4356: 4329: 4305: 4288: 4265: 4188: 4163: 4139: 4114: 4047: 4022: 3998: 3981: 3957: 3932: 3865: 3840: 3816: 3789: 3739: 3714: 3666:"Recent advances in the delivery and applications of nonviral CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing" 3311: 3284: 3236:"Nanoparticle-mediated genome editing in single-cell embryos via peptide nucleic acids" 3106: 3081: 3057: 3032: 3008: 2983: 2951: 2924: 2900: 2873: 2752: 2725: 2701: 2674: 2650: 2625: 2601: 2576: 2552: 2527: 2503: 2478: 2454: 2429: 2405: 2380: 2266: 2239: 2215: 2190: 2166: 2141: 2117: 2092: 2025: 1998: 1974: 1939: 1866: 1841: 1759: 1734: 1710: 1685: 1661: 1636: 1609: 1582: 1558: 1533: 1509: 1484: 1460: 1451: 1435: 1411: 1386: 1335: 1310: 1234: 1209: 1155: 1130: 1054: 636: 439: 340: 4665: 4630: 4435:"Reversal of depressed behaviors in mice by p11 gene therapy in the nucleus accumbens" 3730: 2872:

Chen CX, Abdian N, Maussion G, Thomas RA, Demirova I, Cai E, et al. (July 2021).

6331: 5481: 5132: 4113:

de Boer EN, van der Wouden PE, Johansson LF, van Diemen CC, Haisma HJ (August 2019).

3917: 3650: 3172: 2968: 2061: 1023: 924:, and enhance strength and endurance. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( 822: 786: 398: 288: 39: 5637: 4962:

Allen L, Allen L, Carr SB, Davies G, Downey D, Egan M, et al. (February 2023).

4099: 3129:

Ma H, Marti-Gutierrez N, Park SW, Wu J, Lee Y, Suzuki K, et al. (August 2017).

2077: 999:

abilities along with some of the associated studies and potential negative effects.

5885: 3604:

Desai AS, Webb DJ, Taubel J, Casey S, Cheng Y, Robbie GJ, et al. (July 2023).

3363: 2624:

Yang X, Song H, Leslie G, Engel C, Hahnen E, Auber B, et al. (December 2020).

1402: 1049: 1008: 826: 798: 794: 767: 763: 689: 644: 559: 508: 488: 453: 394: 386: 356: 336: 330: 66: 35: 5549: 4229: 4212: 2528:"Polygenic Risk Scores for Prediction of Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Subtypes" 2157: 1857: 5465: 5309: 5087: 4781: 4596: 4450: 4397: 3048: 2396: 1795: 335:

Modification of human genes in order to treat genetic diseases is referred to as

5588: 4179: 1817:

Enserink M (2018). Interested in responsible gene editing? Join the (new) club.

1131:"The routinisation of genomics and genetics: implications for ethical practices" 1028: 937: 929: 526: 520: 465: 416: 74: 4987: 4705: 4635:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3856: 3681: 3572: 3394: 3097: 2941: 2788: 2742: 2691: 2543: 2206: 1944:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1915: 1890: 1750: 1549: 1210:"Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion: a challenge to practice and policy" 5513: 5496: 4879: 4130: 4083: 3549:"Bioorthogonal Engineered Virus-Like Nanoparticles for Efficient Gene Therapy" 3301: 2445: 1701: 1599: 1013: 952: 894: 862: 759: 752: 656: 389:

that act similarly to viral vectors were created. These nanoparticles, called

364: 43: 5686: 5021:"Gene Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis: Progress and Challenges of Genome Editing" 4038: 3948: 2356: 2339: 2256: 2015: 525:

Athletes might adopt gene therapy technologies to improve their performance.

73:(similarly to vaccines), to improve athlete performance in sporting events ( 5382: 5233: 5182: 4538: 3547:

Bao CJ, Duan JL, Xie Y, Feng XP, Cui W, Chen SY, et al. (August 2023).

3426: 3347: 2840: 2479:"Breast Cancer Risk Genes - Association Analysis in More than 113,000 Women" 1964: 1826: 1326: 1225: 1146: 1092: 1075: 1039: 917: 830: 582: 406: 368: 352: 348: 272: 158: 5830: 5755: 5736: 5704: 5655: 5606: 5557: 5522: 5473: 5301: 5252: 5201: 5150: 5105: 5056: 5005: 4948: 4897: 4848: 4830: 4799: 4723: 4615: 4556: 4468: 4416: 4365: 4314: 4238: 4197: 4148: 4091: 4056: 4007: 3966: 3909: 3874: 3825: 3748: 3699: 3642: 3590: 3533: 3482: 3412: 3355: 3320: 3269: 3195: 3164: 3115: 3066: 3017: 2960: 2909: 2858: 2806: 2761: 2710: 2659: 2641: 2610: 2561: 2512: 2463: 2414: 2365: 2324: 2275: 2224: 2175: 2126: 2069: 2034: 1983: 1924: 1875: 1803: 1768: 1719: 1670: 1618: 1567: 1518: 1483:

Bowman-Smart H, Savulescu J, Gyngell C, Mand C, Delatycki MB (March 2020).

1469: 1420: 1344: 1311:"Ethical issues in predictive genetic testing: a public health perspective" 1292: 1243: 1164: 597:- Phenotypic Impacts of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing in Mice Targeting the Tyr Gene: 347:. Since that time, many gene therapy based drugs became available, such as 5718:

Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Thompson AG, Hornsby WG, Hagen JA (December 2020).

5390: 4929: 4750: 4674: 4655: 4273: 3901: 3806: 3624: 2494: 1652: 1371: 30: 5622:"Are young military personnel at a disproportional risk of heat illness?" 5439:

Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt)

5037: 4864:"Moving Beyond 'Therapy' and 'Enhancement' in the Ethics of Gene Editing" 4346: 3463: 2108: 1686:"CRISPR Ethics: Moral Considerations for Applications of a Powerful Tool" 996: 961: 906: 789:

has held the promise of a lasting remedy to hereditary illnesses such as

680: 668: 640: 578: 469: 402: 170:

seriously disabled persons to exist, such as through selective abortion.

5283: 5141: 3379:"An Update on the Application of CRISPR Technology in Clinical Practice" 3187: 3155: 3130: 2797: 5812: 3251: 3205:. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace 2999: 2890: 2306: 728: 378: 372: 70: 3514: 2340:"Prevention Strategies Against HIV Transmission: A Proactive Approach" 2048:

Murray TH (2002). "Reflections on the ethics of genetic enhancement".

1274: 639:

resurfaced, and by the 1990s, scientists recognized the importance of

423:

which binds with mRNA of the target cells, modifying gene expression.

5797:"Advances in CRISPR/CAS-based gene therapy in human genetic diseases" 4570:

Parikh BA, Beckman DL, Patel SJ, White JM, Yokoyama WM (2015-01-14).

4515:"From genotype to phenotype: systems biology meets natural variation" 4428: 4426: 3606:"Zilebesiran, an RNA Interference Therapeutic Agent for Hypertension" 2240:"Application of CRISPR/Cas9-Based Gene Editing in HIV-1/AIDS Therapy" 1940:"What we know about effective public engagement on CRISPR and beyond" 861:

reported that a team of military scientists inserted a gene from the

717: 602: 287:

in future generations and reducing disease burden. In November 2018,

5164:

Caccamo A, Majumder S, Richardson A, Strong R, Oddo S (April 2010).

2592: 1735:"Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering" 1500: 1387:"Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis" 1534:"CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies" 925: 878: 838: 190:

risks, and other issues related to the discomfort it may involve.

29: 5840: 909:

research, with a focus on bioenhancement for military personnel.

343:

of gene therapies were conducted, with more than half of them in

79:

may or may not be done in such a way that the change is heritable

5771:"George Church told us why he's listing "superhuman" gene hacks" 4766:"Hypothalamic Hamartomas: Evolving Understanding and Management" 976: 941: 912: 890: 771: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 606: 497: 5844: 397:

on cell surfaces, allowing them to enter cells efficiently and

5671:"Genetic Counseling Considerations for Military Beneficiaries" 5669:

Hellwig LD, Krokosky A, Vargason A, Turner C (December 2021).

5620:

Ogden HB, Rawcliffe AJ, Delves SK, Roberts A (November 2023).

1842:"ARRIGE Arrives: Toward the Responsible Use of Genome Editing" 1036:: allows detecting personal genetic weaknesses to be addressed 834: 664: 88: 2381:"Human immunodeficiency virus prevention strategies in China" 1938:

Scheufele DA, Krause NM, Freiling I, Brossard D (June 2021).

81:(which has raised concerns within the scientific community). 5720:"Monitoring Neuromuscular Performance in Military Personnel" 5344:"Genoeconomics: Is Our Financial Future In Our Chromosomes?" 3713:

Amador C, Shah R, Ghiam S, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV (2022).

3841:"Genetics and the Elite Athlete: Our Understanding in 2020" 3664:

Sinclair F, Begum AA, Dai CC, Toth I, Moyle PM (May 2023).

3498:"Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023?" 3131:"Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos" 2825:"CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for neurodegenerative diseases" 1385:

Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F (September 2017).

1112:

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

4690:"Celebrating a Century of Research in Behavioral Genetics" 2823:

Nouri Nojadeh J, Bildiren Eryilmaz NS, Ergüder BI (2023).

2289:

Castle PE, Einstein MH, Sahasrabuddhe VV (November 2021).

944:. These initiatives underscore the broader exploration of 802:

regeneration, and thereby modifying ultimately behaviour.

744:

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

300:

transmission of a fatal metabolic disorder in the family.

4252:

Penticuff J (1994). "Ethical issues in genetic therapy".

4211:

Yi JY, Kim M, Ahn JH, Kim BG, Son J, Sung C (June 2023).

3445:

Li X, Le Y, Zhang Z, Nian X, Liu B, Yang X (April 2023).

613:

Also changes in the myostatin gene may alter appearance.

4254:

Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing

2984:"Genome-editing Technologies for Gene and Cell Therapy" 484:

therapeutic genetic material into the patient's cells.

391:

bioorthgonal engineered virus-like recombinant biosomes

206:

provide guidance on the ethical use of genome editing.

117: 4162:

McCombie WR, McPherson JD, Mardis ER (November 2019).

2777:

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

1637:"Human enhancement: Genetic engineering and evolution" 1187:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 500. 4021:

Brzeziańska E, Domańska D, Jegier A (December 2014).

3033:"Gene therapy: advances, challenges and perspectives" 2929:

Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development

2818: 2816: 2724:

Ntetsika T, Papathoma PE, Markaki I (February 2021).

859:

People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences

4813:

Thompson GJ, Hurd PL, Crespi BJ (23 December 2013).

1999:"Ethical Challenges of Germline Genetic Enhancement" 732:

advanced significantly toward clinical application.

6155: 5972: 5878: 393:, display strong and rapid binding capabilities to 69:), prevent the possibility of getting a particular 5571:Pang C, Chen ZD, Wei B, Xu WT, Xi HQ (July 2022). 5070:Thome J, Hässler F, Zachariou V (September 2011). 3790:"Current anti-doping policy: a critical appraisal" 2726:"Novel targeted therapies for Parkinson's disease" 2142:"The rise of the genome and personalised medicine" 487:A notable development in 2023 was the creation of 3634:20.500.11820/9ec1c393-058a-4fe7-8e8f-df207dcdfb85 3427:"Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide Database" 3080:Chavez M, Chen X, Finn PB, Qi LS (January 2023). 2191:"Future of Therapy for Inborn Errors of Immunity" 1076:"Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement" 4631:"Adiabatic compressibility of globular proteins" 2244:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2140:Brittain HK, Scott R, Thomas E (December 2017). 655:as a theme for the past, present, and future of 65:. This could be done in order to cure diseases ( 27:Technologies to genetically improve human bodies 5497:"Bioethics of military performance enhancement" 4629:Gavish B, Gratton E, Hardy CJ (February 1983). 4023:"Gene doping in sport - perspectives and risks" 3933:"Gene doping: Olympic genes for Olympic dreams" 3931:Battery L, Solomon A, Gould D (December 2011). 1630: 1628: 1129:Foster MW, Royal CD, Sharp RR (November 2006). 5121:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1440:Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 1434:Kearin M, Pollard K, Garbett I (August 2014). 1358:Grady C (1999). "Ethics and genetic testing". 1304: 1302: 5856: 5795:Wu SS, Li QC, Yin CQ, Xue W, Song CQ (2020). 1178: 1176: 1174: 8: 4287:Fallahi A, Ravasi A, Farhud D (2011-03-31). 2195:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 766:and non-viral vector transport, alternative 727:technology to modify genes and regulate our 5025:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 4168:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 3451:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3240:Bioengineering & Translational Medicine 1391:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5863: 5849: 5841: 5076:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 5019:Maule G, Arosio D, Cereseto A (May 2020). 3839:John R, Dhillon MS, Dhillon S (May 2020). 3715:"Gene Therapy in the Anterior Eye Segment" 3219:|...|intentional=yes}} 1997:Macpherson I, Roqué MV, Segarra I (2019). 829:that is based on the idea that a person's 5820: 5745: 5735: 5694: 5645: 5596: 5512: 5291: 5242: 5232: 5191: 5181: 5140: 5095: 5046: 5036: 4995: 4938: 4928: 4887: 4838: 4789: 4713: 4664: 4654: 4605: 4595: 4546: 4513:Benfey PN, Mitchell-Olds T (April 2008). 4458: 4406: 4396: 4355: 4345: 4304: 4228: 4187: 4164:"Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies" 4138: 4046: 3997: 3956: 3864: 3815: 3805: 3788:Kayser B, Mauron A, Miah A (March 2007). 3738: 3689: 3632: 3580: 3523: 3513: 3472: 3462: 3402: 3310: 3300: 3259: 3154: 3105: 3056: 3007: 2950: 2940: 2899: 2889: 2848: 2796: 2751: 2741: 2700: 2690: 2649: 2600: 2551: 2502: 2453: 2404: 2355: 2314: 2265: 2255: 2214: 2165: 2116: 2024: 2014: 1973: 1963: 1914: 1865: 1758: 1709: 1660: 1608: 1598: 1557: 1508: 1459: 1410: 1334: 1282: 1233: 1154: 1091: 797:. There is some research going on on the 778:, have taken use of our understanding of 136:Learn how and when to remove this message 5072:"Gene therapy for psychiatric disorders" 4868:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3937:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3670:Drug Delivery and Translational Research 2630:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1733:Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (June 2014). 1185:Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases 960:and botulinum toxoid vaccine during the 770:technologies, and new technologies like 591:those affecting the muscoskeletal system 112:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5501:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 4330:"Gene doping: the hype and the reality" 1891:"A global observatory for gene editing" 1066: 984:Databases about potential modifications 723:There has been a great anticipation of 651:'s Centennial Conference in 1992 chose 4964:"Future therapies for cystic fibrosis" 4484:"Gene therapy for chronic pain relief" 4072:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 3980:Fallahi A, Ravasi A, Farhud D (2011). 2093:"Ethical issues in stem cell research" 1641:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 460:, aiming to address and treat various 2982:Maeder ML, Gersbach CA (March 2016). 1889:Jasanoff S, Hurlbut JB (March 2018). 1581:Skierka AS, Michels KB (March 2018). 1532:Sterner RC, Sterner RM (April 2021). 7: 4913:"Genome Editing for Cystic Fibrosis" 1684:Brokowski C, Adli M (January 2019). 968:for specific military applications. 456:has emerged as a promising field in 5418:from the original on March 29, 2023 5170:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4289:"Genetic doping and health damages" 3982:"Genetic doping and health damages" 3613:The New England Journal of Medicine 2483:The New England Journal of Medicine 821:There is also research going on on 589:Some congenital disorders (such as 355:. Most of these approaches utilize 5932:Blood type distribution by country 4266:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1994.tb01911.x 2532:American Journal of Human Genetics 1452:10.1002/j.2205-0140.2014.tb00028.x 1019:Directed evolution (transhumanism) 920:, reduce stress levels, alleviate 833:behavior could be traced to their 649:American Psychological Association 401:to specific target areas, such as 25: 4381:"Perspectives in Sports Genomics" 3731:10.2174/1566523221666210423084233 3447:"Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy" 3082:"Advances in CRISPR therapeutics" 2379:Wu ZY, Scott SR (February 2020). 1309:Fulda KG, Lykens K (March 2006). 1214:American Journal of Public Health 1080:Kriterion – Journal of Philosophy 367:(LV), for inserting or replacing 116:. Please help Knowledge (XXG) by 6310: 6309: 5133:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00553.x 4293:Iranian Journal of Public Health 3986:Iranian Journal of Public Health 2062:10.1097/00125817-200211001-00006 194:individual and societal levels. 93: 5724:Int J Environ Res Public Health 5638:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002053 4334:British Journal of Pharmacology 3031:Gonçalves GA, Paiva RM (2017). 2675:"Targeted therapies for cancer" 1114:. 5 August 2001. Archived from 782:biology and airway epithelium. 108:of non-free copyrighted sources 5454:Science Translational Medicine 4439:Science Translational Medicine 3845:Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 2238:Xiao Q, Guo D, Chen S (2019). 1403:10.1002/14651858.CD003252.pub2 1263:Medical Anthropology Quarterly 663:synthesized, resulting in the 643:for behavioral traits such as 363:(AAVs), adenoviruses (AV) and 1: 5550:10.1080/17461391.2021.1930192 5325:"In search of the money gene" 4488:National Institutes of Health 4230:10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124455 3178:(This paper currently has an 2158:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-6-545 1858:10.1089/crispr.2018.29012.mon 1360:Advances in Internal Medicine 5466:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0356 5342:Entine J (14 October 2012). 5088:10.3109/15622975.2011.601927 4782:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012773 4597:10.1371/journal.pone.0116484 4482:Doctrow B (March 30, 2021). 4451:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001079 4398:10.3390/biomedicines10020298 3431:The Journal of Gene Medicine 3049:10.1590/S1679-45082017RB4024 2397:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000647 2344:Journal of Pharmacy Practice 1796:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.003 1784:Archives of Medical Research 1690:Journal of Molecular Biology 1257:Heinsen LL (December 2022). 1040:Genetic factors of addiction 507:The continuous evolution of 279:HIV-clearing strategy named 267:Some individuals experience 5589:10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.03.002 4815:"Genes underlying altruism" 4180:10.1101/cshperspect.a036798 2673:Zhou Z, Li M (March 2022). 2091:Lo B, Parham L (May 2009). 1635:Almeida M, Diogo R (2019). 751:patients once and for all. 742:caused by mutations in the 165:Moral questions related to 6389: 5913:Neanderthal genome project 5323:Neyfakh L (May 13, 2012). 4988:10.1038/s41467-023-36244-2 4706:10.1007/s10519-023-10132-3 3857:10.1007/s43465-020-00056-z 3682:10.1007/s13346-023-01320-z 3573:10.1007/s40820-023-01153-y 3496:Lundstrom K (March 2023). 3395:10.1007/s12033-023-00724-z 3098:10.1038/s41581-022-00636-2 3086:Nature Reviews. Nephrology 2942:10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.016 2789:10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.018 2743:10.1186/s10020-021-00279-2 2692:10.1186/s12916-022-02287-3 2544:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.002 2207:10.1007/s12016-021-08916-8 1916:10.1038/d41586-018-03270-w 1751:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010 1550:10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7 667:revolution and behavioral 620: 569: 518: 430: 328: 252: 246: 240: 182:improve normal functions. 6305: 5514:10.1136/jramc-2018-001130 5495:Mehlman M (August 2019). 5404:Chen S (March 29, 2023). 4880:10.1017/S0963180119000641 4131:10.1038/s41434-019-0091-6 4084:10.1007/s00216-013-7264-8 3302:10.1186/s12881-020-0959-8 2446:10.1038/s41588-018-0183-z 1702:10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.044 1600:10.1186/s12910-018-0262-9 1315:Journal of Medical Ethics 1135:Journal of Medical Ethics 442:and molecular diagnosis. 55:human genetic engineering 51:Human genetic enhancement 18:Human genetic engineering 6050:Caucasus hunter-gatherer 5411:South China Morning Post 4039:10.5604/20831862.1120931 3949:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110240 2357:10.1177/0897190017696946 2257:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00069 2016:10.3389/fgene.2019.00767 1208:Asch A (November 1999). 867:acute radiation syndrome 361:adeno-associated viruses 6368:Engineering disciplines 6111:Ancient Northeast Asian 6087:Eastern hunter-gatherer 6067:Western hunter-gatherer 6038:Early Anatolian farmers 5383:10.1126/science.8211186 5234:10.1186/1471-2202-9-109 5183:10.1074/jbc.M110.100420 4862:Cwik B (October 2019). 4688:Plomin R (March 2023). 4539:10.1126/science.1153716 3383:Molecular Biotechnology 3348:10.1126/science.1258096 2841:10.17179/excli2023-6155 2385:Chinese Medical Journal 2189:Perez E (August 2022). 1965:10.1073/pnas.2004835117 1827:10.1126/science.aat7183 1327:10.1136/jme.2004.010272 1226:10.2105/ajph.89.11.1649 1147:10.1136/jme.2005.013532 1093:10.1515/krt-2018-320105 1045:Procreative beneficence 531:level the playing field 509:gene therapy techniques 415:-based agents, such as 118:rewriting this section 6348:Biological engineering 6116:Ancient Paleo-Siberian 6099:Ancient North Eurasian 6062:Early European Farmers 5737:10.3390/ijerph17239147 5687:10.1093/milmed/usab007 4831:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0395 4328:Wells DJ (June 2008). 3765:. WADA. Archived from 958:pyridostigmine bromide 627:Genetics of aggression 47: 5937:Genealogical DNA test 5898:Evolutionary genetics 4968:Nature Communications 4930:10.3390/cells12121555 4656:10.1073/pnas.80.3.750 3902:10.4155/bio-2020-0093 3807:10.1186/1472-6939-8-2 3625:10.1056/NEJMoa2208391 3217:expression of concern 3211:|...}} 3209:expression of concern 3180:expression of concern 2878:Methods and Protocols 2495:10.1056/NEJMoa1913948 2003:Frontiers in Genetics 621:Further information: 572:Morphological freedom 247:Further information: 243:Preventive healthcare 33: 5908:Neanderthal genetics 5891:Human Genome Project 5038:10.3390/ijms21113903 4911:Wang G (June 2023). 4494:on November 21, 2021 4347:10.1038/bjp.2008.144 3464:10.3390/ijms24097736 3289:BMC Medical Genetics 2642:10.1093/jnci/djaa030 2109:10.1210/er.2008-0031 2056:(6 Suppl): 27S–32S. 2050:Genetics in Medicine 1538:Blood Cancer Journal 980:continue to evolve. 971:The intersection of 899:embryonic stem cells 791:cystic fibrosis (CF) 736:Cystic fibrosis (CF) 688:), aggression (e.g. 677:behavioral sciences' 673:quantitative genetic 633:quantitative genetic 623:Behavioural genetics 470:hereditary illnesses 255:Immunocompromisation 120:with your own words. 63:genetic modification 6373:Preventive medicine 6338:Genetic engineering 6291:Sub-Saharan Africa 6260:Tamils (Sri Lankan) 6157:Population genetics 5964:Genetic enhancement 5957:Surname DNA project 5375:1993Sci...262..578B 5284:10.1038/mt.2008.148 4980:2023NatCo..14..693A 4647:1983PNAS...80..750G 4588:2015PLoSO..1016484P 4531:2008Sci...320..495B 3769:on 21 November 2009 3565:2023NML....15..197B 3188:10.1038/nature23305 3156:10.1038/nature23305 3147:2017Natur.548..413M 1956:2021PNAS..11804835S 1907:2018Natur.555..435J 1653:10.1093/emph/eoz026 973:genetic engineering 776:CRISPR gene editing 653:behavioral genetics 601:In a comprehensive 566:Physical appearance 433:CRISPR gene editing 155:genetic engineering 34:An illustration of 5813:10.7150/thno.43360 5681:(Suppl 1): 36–39. 5082:(Suppl 1): 16–18. 3794:BMC Medical Ethics 3763:"WADA Gene Doping" 3553:Nano-Micro Letters 3252:10.1002/btm2.10458 3000:10.1038/mt.2016.10 2891:10.3390/mps4030050 2730:Molecular Medicine 2307:10.3322/caac.21696 1846:The CRISPR Journal 1587:BMC Medical Ethics 1489:Prenatal Diagnosis 903:radiation syndrome 740:hereditary disease 692:), altruism (e.g. 661:Molecular genetics 237:Disease prevention 213:cultural divides. 159:stem cell research 106:close paraphrasing 48: 6363:Molecular biology 6353:Body modification 6325: 6324: 6145:Ancient Beringian 5947:Race and genetics 5942:Genetic genealogy 5927:Genetic variation 5369:(5133): 578–580. 5272:Molecular Therapy 4694:Behavior Genetics 3515:10.3390/v15030698 3342:(6213): 1258096. 2988:Molecular Therapy 2146:Clinical Medicine 2097:Endocrine Reviews 1275:10.1111/maq.12717 1194:978-0-19-760902-6 1183:Vaughn L (2023). 1118:on 5 August 2001. 1034:Genetic screening 922:sleep deprivation 843:economic behavior 686:ruthlessness gene 502:genetic disorders 478:genetic disorders 407:arthritic tissues 320:Disease treatment 146: 145: 138: 59:human enhancement 16:(Redirected from 6380: 6313: 6312: 6014:African diaspora 6004:Eastern Africa‎‎ 5952:Recent evolution 5903:Human-chimp MRCA 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5739: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5698: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5577:Chin J Traumatol 5568: 5562: 5561: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5329:The Boston Globe 5320: 5314: 5313: 5295: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5236: 5221:BMC Neuroscience 5212: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5176:(17): 13107–20. 5161: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5040: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4932: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4745:(5–6): 417–431. 4739:Medicine and Law 4734: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4658: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4599: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4490:. Archived from 4479: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4400: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4349: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4142: 4125:(7–8): 338–346. 4110: 4104: 4103: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4027:Biology of Sport 4018: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3819: 3809: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3636: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3517: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3466: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3304: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3263: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3201:Retraction Watch 3176: 3158: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3011: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2954: 2944: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2903: 2893: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2852: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2694: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2408: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2259: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2018: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1967: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1918: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1338: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1286: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1237: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1180: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1071: 562:, for example). 462:genetic diseases 413:RNA interference 269:immunocompromise 249:DNA immunization 141: 134: 130: 127: 121: 97: 96: 89: 21: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6301: 6281:Southeast Asia 6159: 6151: 6009:Southern Africa 5976: 5974:Genetic history 5968: 5874: 5869: 5839: 5838: 5807:(10): 4374–82. 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5538:Eur J Sport Sci 5535: 5534: 5530: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5018: 5017: 5013: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4825:(6): 20130395. 4819:Biology Letters 4812: 4811: 4807: 4776:(18): 864–873. 4763: 4762: 4758: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4582:(1): e0116484. 4569: 4568: 4564: 4525:(5875): 495–7. 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4174:(11): a036798. 4161: 4160: 4156: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4078:(30): 9641–53. 4069: 4068: 4064: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3943:(12): 494–500. 3930: 3929: 3925: 3896:(11): 801–811. 3887: 3886: 3882: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3177: 3141:(7668): 413–9. 3128: 3127: 3123: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3030: 3029: 3025: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2636:(12): 1242–50. 2623: 2622: 2618: 2593:10.1038/ng.3826 2581:Nature Genetics 2574: 2573: 2569: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2434:Nature Genetics 2427: 2426: 2422: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2047: 2046: 2042: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1901:(7697): 435–7. 1888: 1887: 1883: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1501:10.1002/pd.5555 1482: 1481: 1477: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1397:(9): CD003252. 1384: 1383: 1379: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1220:(11): 1649–57. 1207: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1074:Veit W (2018). 1073: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1005: 986: 871:nuclear fallout 855: 841:are related to 629: 619: 574: 568: 552: 523: 517: 458:medical science 435: 429: 341:clinical trials 333: 327: 322: 257: 251: 245: 239: 167:genetic testing 151:Genetic testing 142: 131: 125: 122: 111: 98: 94: 87: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6163: 6161: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6128:Southeast Asia 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5999:Central Africa 5996: 5991: 5980: 5978: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5872:Human genetics 5870: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5837: 5836: 5787: 5769:Tangermann V. 5761: 5710: 5661: 5632:(6): 559–564. 5626:BMJ Mil Health 5612: 5583:(4): 187–192. 5563: 5528: 5507:(4): 226–231. 5487: 5444: 5429: 5396: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5258: 5207: 5156: 5111: 5062: 5011: 4954: 4903: 4874:(4): 695–707. 4854: 4805: 4756: 4729: 4680: 4621: 4562: 4505: 4474: 4445:(54): 54ra76. 4422: 4371: 4340:(3): 623–631. 4320: 4279: 4260:(6): 498–501. 4244: 4203: 4154: 4105: 4062: 4013: 3972: 3923: 3880: 3851:(3): 256–263. 3831: 3780: 3754: 3725:(2): 104–131. 3719:Curr Gene Ther 3705: 3676:(5): 1500–19. 3656: 3619:(3): 228–238. 3596: 3539: 3488: 3437: 3418: 3389:(2): 179–197. 3369: 3326: 3275: 3226: 3121: 3072: 3043:(3): 369–375. 3023: 2994:(3): 430–446. 2974: 2915: 2864: 2812: 2767: 2716: 2665: 2616: 2587:(5): 680–691. 2567: 2518: 2489:(5): 428–439. 2469: 2440:(9): 1219–24. 2420: 2391:(3): 318–325. 2371: 2330: 2301:(6): 505–526. 2281: 2230: 2181: 2152:(6): 545–551. 2132: 2083: 2040: 1989: 1930: 1881: 1832: 1809: 1790:(7): 491–513. 1774: 1745:(6): 1262–78. 1725: 1676: 1624: 1573: 1524: 1495:(4): 398–407. 1475: 1446:(3): 125–130. 1426: 1377: 1350: 1298: 1269:(4): 515–533. 1249: 1200: 1193: 1170: 1121: 1099: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1055:Life extension 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1004: 1001: 985: 982: 854: 851: 637:The Bell Curve 618: 615: 567: 564: 551: 548: 519:Main article: 516: 513: 440:genome editing 431:Main article: 428: 425: 329:Main article: 326: 323: 321: 318: 241:Main article: 238: 235: 144: 143: 102:This section 101: 99: 92: 86: 83: 61:by means of a 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6385: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358:Biotechnology 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Transhumanism 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:British Isles 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:West Africa‎‎ 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5788: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5430: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5278:(9): 1580–6. 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246:(3): e10458. 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:EXCLI Journal 2826: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:(3): 204–13. 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696:(1): 88–101. 1695: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141:(11): 635–8. 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:Designer baby 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014:Crossbreeding 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989:George Church 983: 981: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857:In 2022, the 852: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:genoeconomics 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:gene transfer 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 624: 616: 614: 611: 608: 604: 599: 598: 594: 592: 587: 584: 580: 573: 565: 563: 561: 558:or relieving 557: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532: 528: 522: 514: 512: 510: 505: 503: 499: 493: 490: 489:nanoparticles 485: 481: 479: 473: 471: 467: 464:by modifying 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 441: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 408: 404: 400: 399:deliver genes 396: 395:LDL receptors 392: 388: 387:nanoparticles 383: 381: 380: 375: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 357:viral vectors 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290: 289:Lulu and Nana 284: 282: 276: 274: 270: 265: 261: 256: 250: 244: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 163: 160: 156: 152: 140: 137: 129: 126:December 2023 119: 115: 109: 107: 100: 91: 90: 84: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 46:as the vector 45: 41: 40:gene transfer 37: 32: 19: 6314: 6212:Azerbaijanis 6094:Central Asia 5989:North Africa 5963: 5886:Human genome 5804: 5801:Theranostics 5800: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5774: 5764: 5730:(23): 9147. 5727: 5723: 5713: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5544:(1): 87–98. 5541: 5537: 5531: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5409: 5399: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5347: 5337: 5328: 5318: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5142:10533/139024 5127:(1): 52–57. 5124: 5120: 5114: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5031:(11): 3903. 5028: 5024: 5014: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4923:(12): 1555. 4920: 4916: 4906: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4700:(2): 75–84. 4697: 4693: 4683: 4641:(3): 750–4. 4638: 4634: 4624: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4498:February 23, 4496:. Retrieved 4492:the original 4487: 4477: 4442: 4438: 4388: 4385:Biomedicines 4384: 4374: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4122: 4119:Gene Therapy 4118: 4108: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4033:(4): 251–9. 4030: 4026: 4016: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3773:27 September 3771:. Retrieved 3767:the original 3757: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3433:. June 2016. 3430: 3421: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3215:{{ 3207:{{ 3200: 3198:, 3138: 3134: 3124: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3040: 3036: 3026: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2832: 2828: 2798:10261/134282 2780: 2776: 2770: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2682: 2679:BMC Medicine 2678: 2668: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2538:(1): 21–34. 2535: 2531: 2521: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2350:(1): 82–90. 2347: 2343: 2333: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2201:(1): 75–89. 2198: 2194: 2184: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1852:(2): 128–9. 1849: 1845: 1835: 1819:Science News 1818: 1812: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1647:(1): 183–9. 1644: 1640: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1321:(3): 143–7. 1318: 1314: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1184: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1116:the original 1111: 1102: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1050:New eugenics 1009:Biohappiness 987: 970: 966:FDA approval 950: 934: 911: 888: 884: 875: 856: 847: 827:protoscience 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799:hypothetical 795:gene therapy 784: 768:nucleic acid 756:gene editing 734: 725:gene editing 722: 690:warrior gene 645:intelligence 631:Significant 630: 612: 600: 596: 595: 588: 575: 560:chronic pain 553: 544: 540: 536: 524: 506: 494: 486: 482: 474: 454:Gene therapy 452: 448: 444: 436: 411: 390: 384: 377: 371: 365:lentiviruses 337:gene therapy 334: 331:Gene therapy 325:Gene therapy 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 285: 277: 266: 262: 258: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 164: 147: 132: 123: 103: 67:gene therapy 54: 50: 49: 36:viral vector 6270:Han Chinese 6246:South Asia 6033:Middle East 5348:Science 2.0 4299:(1): 1–14. 3992:(1): 1–14. 3890:Bioanalysis 3457:(9): 7736. 3182:, see 3092:(1): 9–22. 2935:: 666–682. 2835:: 567–582. 1366:: 389–411. 1029:Epigenetics 977:CRISPR/Cas9 938:bloodstream 930:human cells 913:CRISPR/Cas9 897:into human 869:to survive 583:phenotyping 527:Gene doping 521:Gene doping 515:Gene doping 466:human genes 427:CRISPR/Cas9 417:zilebesiran 75:gene doping 6332:Categories 6295:Hutu/Tutsi 6266:East Asia 6180:Bulgarians 6021:South Asia 5879:Sub-topics 5310:1792610385 4974:(1): 693. 4391:(2): 298. 4223:: 124455. 3559:(1): 197. 3508:(3): 698. 1821:(Report). 1061:References 953:biomedical 895:tardigrade 863:tardigrade 753:CRISPR/Cas 657:psychology 579:genotyping 570:See also: 556:depression 550:Other uses 419:, contain 369:transgenes 359:, such as 253:See also: 57:refers to 44:adenovirus 38:-mediated 6285:Filipinos 6255:Sinhalese 6250:Gujaratis 6240:Moroccans 6235:Egyptians 6190:Romanians 6106:East Asia 5977:by region 5482:210867870 5422:March 30, 4770:Neurology 3918:219911239 3651:259995680 3295:(1): 22. 3173:205258702 2969:216061532 2884:(3): 50. 2783:: 52–79. 2736:(1): 17. 2685:(1): 90. 1593:(1): 24. 1544:(4): 69. 1086:: 75–92. 993:for sleep 918:frostbite 893:from the 837:and that 831:financial 760:CFTR gene 385:In 2023, 353:Patisiran 349:Zolgensma 273:influenza 114:talk page 104:contains 42:using an 6316:Category 6275:Japanese 6195:Russians 6175:Bosniaks 6160:by group 6133:Thailand 6045:Caucasus 5920:Timeline 5831:32292501 5775:Futurism 5756:33297554 5705:34967403 5656:35241622 5647:10715519 5607:35331607 5558:33980120 5523:31036747 5474:31969483 5416:Archived 5306:ProQuest 5302:18665160 5253:19014502 5202:20178983 5151:18070247 5106:21905989 5057:32486152 5006:36755044 4949:37371025 4940:10297084 4898:31526421 4849:24132092 4800:34607926 4724:36662387 4616:25587897 4576:PLOS ONE 4557:18436781 4469:20962330 4417:35203507 4366:18500383 4315:23113049 4239:36933297 4198:30478097 4149:31296934 4100:41151847 4092:23912835 4057:25435666 4008:23113049 3967:22179292 3910:32558587 3875:32399143 3826:17394662 3800:(1): 2. 3749:33902406 3700:36988873 3691:10052255 3643:37467498 3591:37572220 3582:10423197 3534:36992407 3525:10059137 3483:37175441 3474:10177981 3413:37269466 3404:10239226 3356:25430774 3321:32013889 3270:37206203 3261:10189434 3196:28783728 3165:28783728 3116:36280707 3067:29091160 3037:Einstein 3018:26755333 2961:32322605 2910:34287353 2859:37636024 2850:10450213 2807:25813885 2762:33632120 2711:35272686 2660:32107557 2611:28346442 2562:30554720 2513:33471991 2464:30104762 2415:31929359 2366:29278971 2325:34499351 2316:10054840 2276:30968001 2225:35020169 2176:29196356 2127:19366754 2078:30965311 2070:12544484 2035:31552088 1984:34050014 1925:29565415 1876:31021207 1804:23072719 1769:24906146 1720:29885329 1671:31620286 1619:29544543 1568:33824268 1519:31499588 1470:28191222 1421:28869276 1345:16507657 1293:35819201 1284:10084180 1244:10553384 1165:17074820 1003:See also 997:learning 962:Gulf War 907:military 853:Military 681:Behavior 669:genomics 641:genetics 617:Behavior 6170:Basques 6166:Europe 6140:America 5822:7150498 5780:25 July 5747:7730580 5696:8717321 5675:Mil Med 5598:9252930 5460:(527). 5391:8211186 5371:Bibcode 5363:Science 5293:2706523 5244:2596170 5227:: 109. 5193:2857107 5097:3394098 5048:7313467 4997:9907205 4976:Bibcode 4889:6751566 4840:3871336 4791:8610628 4751:7845173 4715:9922236 4675:6572366 4643:Bibcode 4607:4294663 4584:Bibcode 4548:2727942 4527:Bibcode 4519:Science 4460:3026098 4408:8869752 4357:2439520 4306:3481729 4274:7965255 4217:Talanta 4189:6824406 4140:6760532 4048:4203840 3999:3481729 3958:3241516 3866:7205921 3817:1851967 3740:8531184 3561:Bibcode 3502:Viruses 3364:6299381 3336:Science 3312:6998079 3143:Bibcode 3107:9589773 3058:5823056 3009:4786923 2952:7163047 2901:8293472 2753:7905684 2702:8915534 2651:7735771 2602:5612337 2553:6323553 2504:7611105 2455:6128408 2406:7004624 2267:6439341 2216:8753954 2167:6297695 2118:2726839 2026:6733984 2009:: 767. 1975:8179128 1952:Bibcode 1903:Bibcode 1867:6636865 1760:4343198 1711:6286228 1662:6788211 1610:5856313 1559:8024391 1510:7187249 1461:5024945 1412:6483702 1372:9929717 1336:2564466 1235:1508970 1156:2563298 946:genetic 729:biology 379:ex vivo 373:in vivo 345:phase I 281:EBT-101 71:disease 6185:Croats 6077:Iberia 6057:Europe 5984:Africa 5829: 5819: 5754: 5744: 5703: 5693: 5654: 5644: 5605: 5595: 5556: 5521: 5480: 5472: 5389: 5308: 5300: 5290: 5251: 5241: 5200: 5190: 5149: 5104: 5094: 5055: 5045: 5004: 4994: 4947: 4937: 4896: 4886: 4847: 4837: 4798: 4788: 4749: 4722: 4712: 4673: 4666:393457 4663: 4614: 4604: 4555: 4545: 4467: 4457: 4415: 4405: 4364: 4354: 4313: 4303: 4272: 4237: 4196: 4186: 4147: 4137: 4098: 4090: 4055: 4045: 4006: 3996: 3965: 3955: 3916: 3908: 3873: 3863: 3824: 3814: 3747: 3737: 3698: 3688: 3649: 3641: 3589: 3579: 3532: 3522: 3481: 3471: 3411: 3401: 3362: 3354: 3319: 3309: 3268: 3258: 3194: 3190:, 3171: 3163: 3135:Nature 3114: 3104: 3065: 3055: 3016: 3006: 2967: 2959: 2949: 2908: 2898: 2857: 2847: 2805: 2760: 2750: 2709: 2699: 2658: 2648: 2609: 2599: 2560: 2550: 2511: 2501: 2462: 2452: 2413: 2403: 2364: 2323: 2313: 2274: 2264: 2250:: 69. 2223: 2213: 2174: 2164: 2125: 2115: 2076: 2068: 2033: 2023: 1982: 1972: 1950:(22). 1923: 1895:Nature 1874: 1864: 1802: 1767: 1757: 1718: 1708: 1669: 1659: 1617: 1607: 1566: 1556: 1517: 1507: 1468: 1458: 1419: 1409: 1370: 1343: 1333: 1291: 1281: 1242: 1232: 1191: 1163: 1153: 785:Human 718:GABRB2 647:. The 603:CRISPR 157:, and 85:Ethics 6230:Arabs 6226:MENA 6222:Turks 6205:Serbs 6121:China 6082:Italy 6026:India 5478:S2CID 4917:Cells 4096:S2CID 3914:S2CID 3647:S2CID 3609:(PDF) 3360:S2CID 3213:with 3169:S2CID 2965:S2CID 2074:S2CID 926:DARPA 879:DARPA 839:genes 764:viral 738:is a 671:, as 421:siRNA 403:tumor 6217:Jews 6200:Sami 5827:PMID 5782:2021 5752:PMID 5701:PMID 5652:PMID 5603:PMID 5554:PMID 5519:PMID 5470:PMID 5424:2023 5387:PMID 5298:PMID 5249:PMID 5198:PMID 5147:PMID 5102:PMID 5053:PMID 5002:PMID 4945:PMID 4894:PMID 4845:PMID 4796:PMID 4747:PMID 4720:PMID 4671:PMID 4612:PMID 4553:PMID 4500:2022 4465:PMID 4413:PMID 4362:PMID 4311:PMID 4270:PMID 4235:PMID 4194:PMID 4145:PMID 4088:PMID 4053:PMID 4004:PMID 3963:PMID 3906:PMID 3871:PMID 3822:PMID 3775:2013 3745:PMID 3696:PMID 3639:PMID 3587:PMID 3530:PMID 3479:PMID 3409:PMID 3352:PMID 3317:PMID 3266:PMID 3192:PMID 3161:PMID 3112:PMID 3063:PMID 3014:PMID 2957:PMID 2906:PMID 2855:PMID 2803:PMID 2758:PMID 2707:PMID 2656:PMID 2607:PMID 2558:PMID 2509:PMID 2460:PMID 2411:PMID 2362:PMID 2321:PMID 2272:PMID 2221:PMID 2172:PMID 2123:PMID 2066:PMID 2031:PMID 1980:PMID 1921:PMID 1872:PMID 1800:PMID 1765:PMID 1739:Cell 1716:PMID 1667:PMID 1645:2019 1615:PMID 1564:PMID 1515:PMID 1466:PMID 1417:PMID 1395:2017 1368:PMID 1341:PMID 1289:PMID 1240:PMID 1189:ISBN 1161:PMID 942:mice 891:gene 825:, a 774:and 772:mRNA 714:IGF2 710:DRD5 706:DRD4 702:COMT 698:CD38 694:OXTR 625:and 607:Cas9 498:mRNA 405:and 351:and 5817:PMC 5809:doi 5742:PMC 5732:doi 5691:PMC 5683:doi 5679:187 5642:PMC 5634:doi 5630:169 5593:PMC 5585:doi 5546:doi 5509:doi 5505:165 5462:doi 5379:doi 5367:262 5288:PMC 5280:doi 5239:PMC 5229:doi 5188:PMC 5178:doi 5174:285 5137:hdl 5129:doi 5092:PMC 5084:doi 5043:PMC 5033:doi 4992:PMC 4984:doi 4935:PMC 4925:doi 4884:PMC 4876:doi 4835:PMC 4827:doi 4786:PMC 4778:doi 4710:PMC 4702:doi 4661:PMC 4651:doi 4602:PMC 4592:doi 4543:PMC 4535:doi 4523:320 4455:PMC 4447:doi 4403:PMC 4393:doi 4352:PMC 4342:doi 4338:154 4301:PMC 4262:doi 4225:doi 4221:258 4184:PMC 4176:doi 4135:PMC 4127:doi 4080:doi 4076:405 4043:PMC 4035:doi 3994:PMC 3953:PMC 3945:doi 3941:104 3898:doi 3861:PMC 3853:doi 3812:PMC 3802:doi 3735:PMC 3727:doi 3686:PMC 3678:doi 3629:hdl 3621:doi 3617:389 3577:PMC 3569:doi 3520:PMC 3510:doi 3469:PMC 3459:doi 3399:PMC 3391:doi 3344:doi 3340:346 3307:PMC 3297:doi 3256:PMC 3248:doi 3184:doi 3151:doi 3139:548 3102:PMC 3094:doi 3053:PMC 3045:doi 3004:PMC 2996:doi 2947:PMC 2937:doi 2896:PMC 2886:doi 2845:PMC 2837:doi 2793:hdl 2785:doi 2748:PMC 2738:doi 2697:PMC 2687:doi 2646:PMC 2638:doi 2634:112 2597:PMC 2589:doi 2548:PMC 2540:doi 2536:104 2499:PMC 2491:doi 2487:384 2450:PMC 2442:doi 2401:PMC 2393:doi 2389:133 2352:doi 2311:PMC 2303:doi 2262:PMC 2252:doi 2211:PMC 2203:doi 2162:PMC 2154:doi 2113:PMC 2105:doi 2058:doi 2021:PMC 2011:doi 1970:PMC 1960:doi 1948:118 1911:doi 1899:555 1862:PMC 1854:doi 1823:doi 1792:doi 1755:PMC 1747:doi 1743:157 1706:PMC 1698:doi 1694:431 1657:PMC 1649:doi 1605:PMC 1595:doi 1554:PMC 1546:doi 1505:PMC 1497:doi 1456:PMC 1448:doi 1407:PMC 1399:doi 1331:PMC 1323:doi 1279:PMC 1271:doi 1230:PMC 1222:doi 1151:PMC 1143:doi 1088:doi 940:of 835:DNA 665:DNA 376:or 53:or 6334:: 5825:. 5815:. 5805:10 5803:. 5799:. 5773:. 5750:. 5740:. 5728:17 5726:. 5722:. 5699:. 5689:. 5677:. 5673:. 5650:. 5640:. 5628:. 5624:. 5601:. 5591:. 5581:25 5579:. 5575:. 5552:. 5542:22 5540:. 5517:. 5503:. 5499:. 5476:. 5468:. 5458:12 5456:. 5414:. 5408:. 5385:. 5377:. 5365:. 5346:. 5327:. 5304:. 5296:. 5286:. 5276:16 5274:. 5270:. 5247:. 5237:. 5223:. 5219:. 5196:. 5186:. 5172:. 5168:. 5145:. 5135:. 5125:32 5123:. 5100:. 5090:. 5080:12 5078:. 5074:. 5051:. 5041:. 5029:21 5027:. 5023:. 5000:. 4990:. 4982:. 4972:14 4970:. 4966:. 4943:. 4933:. 4921:12 4919:. 4915:. 4892:. 4882:. 4872:28 4870:. 4866:. 4843:. 4833:. 4821:. 4817:. 4794:. 4784:. 4774:97 4772:. 4768:. 4743:13 4741:. 4718:. 4708:. 4698:53 4696:. 4692:. 4669:. 4659:. 4649:. 4639:80 4637:. 4633:. 4610:. 4600:. 4590:. 4580:10 4578:. 4574:. 4551:. 4541:. 4533:. 4521:. 4517:. 4486:. 4463:. 4453:. 4441:. 4437:. 4425:^ 4411:. 4401:. 4389:10 4387:. 4383:. 4360:. 4350:. 4336:. 4332:. 4309:. 4297:40 4295:. 4291:. 4268:. 4258:23 4256:. 4233:. 4219:. 4215:. 4192:. 4182:. 4170:. 4166:. 4143:. 4133:. 4123:26 4121:. 4117:. 4094:. 4086:. 4074:. 4051:. 4041:. 4031:31 4029:. 4025:. 4002:. 3990:40 3988:. 3984:. 3961:. 3951:. 3939:. 3935:. 3912:. 3904:. 3894:12 3892:. 3869:. 3859:. 3849:54 3847:. 3843:. 3820:. 3810:. 3796:. 3792:. 3743:. 3733:. 3723:22 3721:. 3717:. 3694:. 3684:. 3674:13 3672:. 3668:. 3645:. 3637:. 3627:. 3615:. 3611:. 3585:. 3575:. 3567:. 3557:15 3555:. 3551:. 3528:. 3518:. 3506:15 3504:. 3500:. 3477:. 3467:. 3455:24 3453:. 3449:. 3429:. 3407:. 3397:. 3387:66 3385:. 3381:. 3358:. 3350:. 3338:. 3315:. 3305:. 3293:21 3291:. 3287:. 3264:. 3254:. 3242:. 3238:. 3167:. 3159:. 3149:. 3137:. 3133:. 3110:. 3100:. 3090:19 3088:. 3084:. 3061:. 3051:. 3041:15 3039:. 3035:. 3012:. 3002:. 2992:24 2990:. 2986:. 2963:. 2955:. 2945:. 2933:17 2931:. 2927:. 2904:. 2894:. 2880:. 2876:. 2853:. 2843:. 2833:22 2831:. 2827:. 2815:^ 2801:. 2791:. 2781:93 2779:. 2756:. 2746:. 2734:27 2732:. 2728:. 2705:. 2695:. 2683:20 2681:. 2677:. 2654:. 2644:. 2632:. 2628:. 2605:. 2595:. 2585:49 2583:. 2579:. 2556:. 2546:. 2534:. 2530:. 2507:. 2497:. 2485:. 2481:. 2458:. 2448:. 2438:50 2436:. 2432:. 2409:. 2399:. 2387:. 2383:. 2360:. 2348:31 2346:. 2342:. 2319:. 2309:. 2299:71 2297:. 2295:CA 2293:. 2270:. 2260:. 2246:. 2242:. 2219:. 2209:. 2199:63 2197:. 2193:. 2170:. 2160:. 2150:17 2148:. 2144:. 2121:. 2111:. 2101:30 2099:. 2095:. 2072:. 2064:. 2052:. 2029:. 2019:. 2007:10 2005:. 2001:. 1978:. 1968:. 1958:. 1946:. 1942:. 1919:. 1909:. 1897:. 1893:. 1870:. 1860:. 1848:. 1844:. 1798:. 1788:43 1786:. 1763:. 1753:. 1741:. 1737:. 1714:. 1704:. 1692:. 1688:. 1665:. 1655:. 1643:. 1639:. 1627:^ 1613:. 1603:. 1591:19 1589:. 1585:. 1562:. 1552:. 1542:11 1540:. 1536:. 1513:. 1503:. 1493:40 1491:. 1487:. 1464:. 1454:. 1444:17 1442:. 1438:. 1415:. 1405:. 1393:. 1389:. 1364:44 1362:. 1339:. 1329:. 1319:32 1317:. 1313:. 1301:^ 1287:. 1277:. 1267:36 1265:. 1261:. 1238:. 1228:. 1218:89 1216:. 1212:. 1173:^ 1159:. 1149:. 1139:32 1137:. 1133:. 1110:. 1084:32 1082:. 1078:. 975:, 873:. 780:CF 749:CF 720:) 716:, 712:, 708:, 704:, 700:, 696:, 659:. 504:. 409:. 382:. 153:, 5864:e 5857:t 5850:v 5833:. 5811:: 5784:. 5758:. 5734:: 5707:. 5685:: 5658:. 5636:: 5609:. 5587:: 5560:. 5548:: 5525:. 5511:: 5484:. 5464:: 5441:. 5426:. 5393:. 5381:: 5373:: 5350:. 5331:. 5312:. 5282:: 5255:. 5231:: 5225:9 5204:. 5180:: 5153:. 5139:: 5131:: 5108:. 5086:: 5059:. 5035:: 5008:. 4986:: 4978:: 4951:. 4927:: 4900:. 4878:: 4851:. 4829:: 4823:9 4802:. 4780:: 4753:. 4726:. 4704:: 4677:. 4653:: 4645:: 4618:. 4594:: 4586:: 4559:. 4537:: 4529:: 4502:. 4471:. 4449:: 4443:2 4419:. 4395:: 4368:. 4344:: 4317:. 4276:. 4264:: 4241:. 4227:: 4200:. 4178:: 4172:9 4151:. 4129:: 4102:. 4082:: 4059:. 4037:: 4010:. 3969:. 3947:: 3920:. 3900:: 3877:. 3855:: 3828:. 3804:: 3798:8 3777:. 3751:. 3729:: 3702:. 3680:: 3653:. 3631:: 3623:: 3593:. 3571:: 3563:: 3536:. 3512:: 3485:. 3461:: 3435:s 3415:. 3393:: 3366:. 3346:: 3323:. 3299:: 3272:. 3250:: 3244:8 3223:) 3221:. 3186:: 3175:. 3153:: 3145:: 3118:. 3096:: 3069:. 3047:: 3020:. 2998:: 2971:. 2939:: 2912:. 2888:: 2882:4 2861:. 2839:: 2809:. 2795:: 2787:: 2764:. 2740:: 2713:. 2689:: 2662:. 2640:: 2613:. 2591:: 2564:. 2542:: 2515:. 2493:: 2466:. 2444:: 2417:. 2395:: 2368:. 2354:: 2327:. 2305:: 2278:. 2254:: 2248:9 2227:. 2205:: 2178:. 2156:: 2129:. 2107:: 2080:. 2060:: 2054:4 2037:. 2013:: 1986:. 1962:: 1954:: 1927:. 1913:: 1905:: 1878:. 1856:: 1850:1 1829:. 1825:: 1806:. 1794:: 1771:. 1749:: 1722:. 1700:: 1673:. 1651:: 1621:. 1597:: 1570:. 1548:: 1521:. 1499:: 1472:. 1450:: 1423:. 1401:: 1374:. 1347:. 1325:: 1295:. 1273:: 1246:. 1224:: 1197:. 1167:. 1145:: 1096:. 1090:: 605:- 581:/ 496:( 139:) 133:( 128:) 124:( 110:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index