441:
42:
660:. If the virus has a low set-point viral load, the host will live longer, and there is a greater probability that the virus will be transmitted to another individual. If the virus has a high set-point viral load, the host will live for a shorter amount of time and there is a lower probability that the virus will be transmitted to another individual. HIV has evolved to maximize the number of infections to other hosts, and this tendency for selection to favor intermediate strains shows that HIV undergoes stabilizing selection.
433:
629:
dependent on which virus was contracted first. HIV-1 tends to out compete HIV-2 for disease progression. Co-infection seems to be a growing problem globally as time progresses, with most cases being identified in West
African countries, as well as some cases in the USA. A study found that individuals who contract HIV-2 before HIV-1 tend to have a slower rate of disease progression, suggesting that the immune response to HIV-2 may limit the proliferation of HIV-1.
73:
664:
towards a population level. Another includes the slow evolution of viral load due to viral load mutations being neutral within the host. The last mechanism focuses on the virus' preference to transmit founding viral strains stored during the early stages of infection. This preference of the virus to transmit its stored genome copies explains why HIV evolves more quickly within the host than between hosts.
625:
evaluated. Combination regimens of the above listed therapies are being looked into as well, also showing variable effect depending on the types of therapies combined. While the mechanisms are not clearly understood for HIV-1 and HIV-2, it is known that they use different pathways and patterns, making the algorithms used to evaluate HIV-1 resistance-associated mutations irrelevant to HIV-2.
572:
HIV-2 diagnosis can be made when a patient has no symptoms but positive blood work indicating the individual has HIV. The
Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test is currently the only FDA approved method for such differentiation between the two viruses. Recommendations for the screening and diagnosis of HIV
469:
The O ("Outlier") group has infected about 100,000 individuals located in West-Central Africa and is not usually seen outside of that area. It is reportedly most common in
Cameroon, where a 1997 survey found that about 2% of HIV-positive samples were from Group O. Its zoonotic origin is SIVgor, which
652:
The rapid evolution of HIV can be attributed to its high mutation rate. During the early stages of mutation, evolution appears to be neutral due to the absence of an evolutionary response. However, when examining the virus in several different individuals, convergent mutations can be found appearing
323:
HIV-1 is the most common and most pathogenic strain of the virus. As of 2022, approximately 1.3 million such infections occur annually. Scientists divide HIV-1 into a major group (group M) and two or more minor groups, namely groups N, O and possibly a group P. Each group is believed to represent an
643:
If a pregnant mother is exposed, screening is performed as normal. If HIV-2 is present, a number of perinatal ART drugs may be given as a prophylactic to lower the risk of mother-to-child transmission. After the child is born, a standard six-week regimen of these prophylactics should be initiated.
624:
Choice of initial and/or second-line therapy for HIV-2 has not yet been defined. HIV-2 appears to be resistant to NNRTIs intrinsically, but may be sensitive to NRTIs, though the mechanism is poorly understood. Protease inhibitors have shown variable effect, while integrase inhibitors are also being
596:
HIV-2 has been found to be less pathogenic than HIV-1. The mechanism of HIV-2 is not clearly defined, nor the difference from HIV-1, however the transmission rate is much lower in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Both viruses can lead to AIDS in infected individuals and both can mutate to develop drug resistance.
581:
testing, must be performed to distinguish which infection is present. According to the NIH, a differential diagnosis of HIV-2 should be considered when a person is of West
African descent or has had sexual contact or shared needles with such a person. West Africa is at the highest risk as it is the
420:
The spatial movement of these subtypes moved along the railways and waterways of the DRC from
Kinshasa to these other areas. These subtypes are sometimes further split into sub-subtypes such as A1 and A2 or F1 and F2. In 2015, the HIV strain CRF19, a recombinant of subtype A, subtype D, and subtype
679:
and genetic mutations, which have been tracked and analyzed. The
Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database and the International AIDS Society publish lists of the most important of these; first year listing 80 common mutations, and the latest year 93 common mutations, and made available through the
553:
There are six additional known HIV-2 groups, each having been found in just one person. They all seem to derive from independent transmissions from sooty mangabeys to humans. Groups C and D have been found in two people from
Liberia, groups E and F have been discovered in two people from Sierra
663:
The virus has also evolved to become more infectious between hosts. There are three different mechanisms that allow HIV to evolve at a population level. One includes the continuous battle to evolve and overcome the immune system which slows down the evolution of HIV and shifts the virus’ focus
482:
In 2009, a newly analyzed HIV sequence was reported to have greater similarity to SIVgor, than SIVcpz. The virus had been isolated from a
Cameroonian woman residing in France who was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in 2004. The scientists reporting this sequence placed it in a proposed Group P
628:
Each virus can be contracted individually, or they can be contracted together in what is referred to as co-infection. HIV-2 seems to have lower mortality rates, less severe symptoms and slower progression to AIDS than HIV-1 alone or the co-infection. In co-infection, however, this is largely
384:
Subtype B is the dominant form in Europe, the
Americas, Japan, and Australia. In addition, subtype B is the most common form in the Middle East and North Africa. It may have been exported from Africa when Haitian professionals visited Kinshasa in the 1960s and brought it to Haiti in
453:
The 'N' stands for "non-M, non-O". This group was discovered by a Franco-Cameroonian team in 1998, when they identified and isolated the HIV-1 variant strain, YBF380, from a
Cameroonian woman who died of AIDS in 1995. When tested, the YBF380 variant reacted with an
348:
With 'M' for "major", this is by far the most common type of HIV, with more than 90% of HIV/AIDS cases caused from infection with HIV-1 group M viruses. This major HIV virus, which was the source of pre-1960 pandemic viruses, originated in the 1920s in
2740:
2160:
394:
Subtype E was originally used to describe a strain that is now accounted for as the combined strain CRF01_AE. This means the original, singular, E strain has disappeared, but we know it existed, as it is visible in this combined strain
2735:
2005:"Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in free-ranging sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys) from the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire: implications for the origin of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus type 2"
527:. Group A is found mainly in West Africa, but has also spread to Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, India, Europe, and the US. Despite the presence of HIV-2 globally, Group B is mainly confined to West Africa.
3047:
2168:
3011:
2564:
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3102:
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infects gorillas (rather than the more common source, SIVcpz). The group caused some concern because it could not be detected by early versions of the HIV-1 test kits. More advanced
3698:
718:
1019:
Bobkov AF, Kazennova EV, Selimova LM, Khanina TA, Ryabov GS, Bobkova MR, et al. (October 2004). "Temporal trends in the HIV-1 epidemic in Russia: predominance of subtype A".
573:
has always been to use enzyme immunoassays that detect HIV-1, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2. When screening the combination, if the test is positive followed by an indeterminate HIV-1
4103:
542:
show that the virus most closely related to the two strains of HIV-2 which spread considerably in humans (HIV-2 groups A and B) is the SIVsmm found in the sooty mangabeys of the
3693:
2747:
1874:
But P appears to have crossed over from a gorilla; it was discovered only last year, and in only one woman, who was from Cameroon, where lowland gorillas are hunted for meat.
461:
from SIVcpz rather than with those of Group M or Group O, indicating it was indeed a novel strain of HIV-1. As of 2015, fewer than 20 Group N infections have been recorded.
3208:
493:
HIV-2 is mostly found in Africa, and therefore less recognized elsewhere in the world. The first identification of HIV-2 occurred in 1985 in Senegal by microbiologist
2681:
2205:
Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, Rowland-Jones S, Flanagan KL, Macallan DC (July 2013). "Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis".
1781:
Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, De Oliveira F, Cordonnier F, Lemée V, et al. (August 2009). "A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas".
3082:
1472:
Tebit, Denis M.; Patel, Hamish; Ratcliff, Annette; Alessandri, Elodie; Liu, Joseph; Carpenter, Crystal; Plantier, Jean-Christophe; Arts, Eric J. (2016-07-01).
2954:
2773:
2723:
2671:
407:
Subtype I was originally used to describe a strain that is now accounted for as CRF04_cpx, with the cpx for a "complex" recombination of several subtypes.
3067:
268:
HIV-1 viruses can be further stratified into groups M, N, O, and P. Among these, HIV-1 group M viruses are the most prevalent, infecting nearly 90% of
497:
and his collaborators. The first case in the United States was in 1987. The first confirmed case of HIV-2 was a Portuguese man who was treated at the
377:
between viruses of different subtypes which are in addition each given a number. CRF12_BF, for example, is a recombination between subtypes B and F.
2881:
2057:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa"
2793:
2623:
667:
HIV is evolving toward a milder form, but it is still "an awfully long way" from no longer being deadly, with severe variants still appearing.
3731:
3042:
2587:
1746:
1084:
498:
554:
Leone, and groups G and H have been detected in two people from the Ivory Coast. Each of these HIV-2 strains, for which humans are probably
3473:
444:
Geographic distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs), and Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs) in Africa, 2015–2020
3161:
3598:
2838:
4108:
3021:
2911:
1933:
Bryceson A, Tomkins A, Ridley D, Warhurst D, Goldstone A, Bayliss G, et al. (July 1988). "HIV-2-associated AIDS in the 1970s".
2768:
558:, is most closely related to SIVsmm strains from sooty mangabeys living in the same country where the human infection was found.
610:
602:
440:
3740:
3501:
2763:
2569:
205:
198:
1403:
1976:
3563:
3077:
3057:
2788:
2676:
1293:
325:
246:
type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different
226:
54:
3809:
3676:
2949:
2937:
2818:
2778:
1857:
681:
358:
3144:
4035:
3989:
3448:
3072:
3001:
2959:
2703:
2661:
597:
Disease monitoring in patients with HIV-2 includes clinical evaluation and CD4 cell counts, while treatment includes
373:, called subtypes, that are also given a letter. There are also "circulating recombinant forms" or CRFs derived from
72:
3138:
3062:
3052:
2783:
2616:
737:
Although ICTV lists HIV-1 and HIV-2 as distinct species from SIV, they do cladistically fall into the group of SIV.
329:
1911:
1102:"Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the Middle East and North Africa"
4077:
3724:
3612:
3580:
3568:
3521:
3097:
2109:
905:
3773:
3453:
3303:
3176:
2864:
2823:
1217:
703:
614:
644:
Breast milk may also contain viral particles of HIV-2; therefore, breastfeeding is strictly advised against.
3790:
3671:
3543:
3418:
3336:
3238:
2803:
2798:
2191:
R Kannangai, S David, G Sridharan. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2-A milder, kinder virus: An update".
1474:"HIV-1 Group O Genotypes and Phenotypes: Relationship to Fitness and Susceptibility to Antiretroviral Drugs"
598:
1356:"CRF19_cpx is an Evolutionary fit HIV-1 Variant Strongly Associated With Rapid Progression to AIDS in Cuba"
3838:
3383:
3356:
3346:
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3253:
3151:
2971:
2901:
2708:
2698:
591:
510:
299:
269:
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3778:
3666:
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3558:
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3458:
3393:
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2869:
2693:
2609:
574:
567:
539:
374:
292:
41:
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3943:
3833:
3717:
3635:
3553:
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3443:
3428:
3366:
3318:
3298:
3223:
3218:
3203:
2944:
2876:
2495:
2374:
2315:
1853:
1824:
1702:
1594:
1113:
975:
812:
708:
1354:
Kouri V, Khouri R, Alemán Y, Abrahantes Y, Vercauteren J, Pineda-Peña AC, et al. (March 2015).
432:
388:
Subtype C is the dominant form in Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, India, Nepal, and parts of China.
3785:
3769:
3762:
3650:
3625:
3593:
3511:
3483:
3433:
3351:
3341:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3248:
2859:
2833:
1298:
934:
698:
606:
333:
303:
2304:"Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis"
1757:
3826:
3814:
3640:
3630:
3538:
3533:
3506:
3493:
3478:
3463:
3413:
3376:
3361:
3313:
3308:
3288:
3258:
3233:
3193:
3185:
3117:
3112:
2981:
2906:
2808:
2531:
2464:
2230:
1958:
1806:
1728:
1671:
1274:
1076:
1044:
838:
693:
262:
253:
HIV-1 exhibits a genetic relation to viruses indigenous to chimpanzees and gorillas that inhabit
67:
2596:
429:. This is not thought to be a complete or final list, and further types are likely to be found.
4098:
3965:
3588:
3438:
3408:
3388:
3371:
3278:
3243:
3228:
3213:
3198:
2976:
2886:
2843:
2713:
2584:
2523:
2456:
2402:
2361:
Payne R, Muenchhoff M, Mann J, Roberts HE, Matthews P, Adland E, et al. (December 2014).
2343:
2279:
2222:
2086:
2034:
2003:
Santiago ML, Range F, Keele BF, Li Y, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, et al. (October 2005).
1950:
1798:
1720:
1663:
1622:
1560:
1511:
1493:
1454:
1385:
1336:
1266:
1192:
1141:
1080:
1036:
1001:
887:
830:
781:
713:
676:
638:
506:
169:
50:
17:
1640:
Peeters M, Gueye A, Mboup S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Ekaza E, Mulanga C, et al. (March 1997).
3645:
3423:
3403:
3398:
3328:
3263:
3006:
2513:
2503:
2448:
2392:
2382:
2363:"Impact of HLA-driven HIV adaptation on virulence in populations of high HIV seroprevalence"
2333:
2323:
2269:
2261:
2214:
2076:
2068:
2024:
2016:
1942:
1832:
1790:
1710:
1653:
1612:
1602:
1550:
1542:
1501:
1485:
1444:
1434:
1375:
1367:
1326:
1256:
1182:
1174:
1131:
1121:
1028:
991:
983:
877:
869:
820:
771:
763:
618:
494:
277:
2482:
Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, Ferretti L, Gall A, Hall M, et al. (February 2022).
3921:
3156:
2896:
2591:
2559:
1886:
962:
Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, et al. (October 2014).
362:
307:
285:
133:
121:
109:
1069:
523:
There are eight known HIV-2 groups, designated A to H. Of these, only groups A and B are
350:
3709:
2499:
2443:
Guglielmi G (February 2022). "Highly virulent HIV variant found circulating in Europe".
2378:
2319:
2061:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1706:
1689:
Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, et al. (November 2006).
1598:
1261:
1244:
1117:
979:
964:"HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations"
816:
3858:
3107:
2891:
2397:
2362:
2338:
2303:
2274:
2249:
2081:
2056:
2029:
2020:
2004:
1862:
1617:
1582:
1555:
1530:
1506:
1473:
1449:
1422:
1380:
1355:
1187:
1162:
1136:
1101:
996:
963:
882:
857:
776:
751:
555:
531:
455:
337:
258:
1946:
1581:
D'arc M, Ayouba A, Esteban A, Learn GH, Boué V, Liegeois F, et al. (March 2015).
4092:
3931:
3926:
3087:
2996:
2554:
2535:
2468:
2234:
1658:
1641:
1245:"Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004"
514:
502:
354:
273:
1962:
1810:
1732:
1675:
1048:
842:
4049:
4015:
3951:
3122:
2813:
2250:"Estimating the mutational fitness effects distribution during early HIV infection"
1278:
247:
145:
1126:
675:
Isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 with resistance to antiretroviral drugs arise through
1984:
505:
where he lived between 1956 and 1966. His pathological diagnosis at the time was
410:
Subtype J is primarily found in North, Central and West Africa, and the Caribbean
4054:
3960:
3936:
3026:
2927:
2718:
1423:"Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in African Countries: A Comprehensive Overview"
1371:
1331:
1314:
1100:
Sallam M, Şahin GÖ, Ingman M, Widell A, Esbjörnsson J, Medstrand P (July 2017).
767:
547:
254:
2452:
2367:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2308:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1587:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
501:
and later died in 1987. He was believed to have been exposed to the disease in
4073:
4030:
4001:
3996:
3883:
3875:
2986:
2828:
2656:
873:
657:
656:
HIV evolution within a host influences factors including the virus' set-point
578:
543:
295:
than HIV-1 M group viruses, although HIV-2 is also known to still cause AIDS.
215:
181:
157:
1497:
1439:
538:) (SIVsmm), a monkey species inhabiting the forests of Littoral West Africa.
398:
Subtype F has been found in central Africa, South America and Eastern Europe.
4068:
3797:
3757:
2508:
2483:
2387:
2328:
2302:
Fraser C, Hollingsworth TD, Chapman R, de Wolf F, Hanage WP (October 2007).
1607:
987:
471:
281:
97:
2527:
2460:
2421:
2406:
2347:
2283:
2226:
2090:
2072:
2038:
1802:
1724:
1626:
1564:
1515:
1458:
1389:
1340:
1270:
1196:
1145:
1040:
1005:
891:
785:
1954:
1667:
1489:
834:
401:
Subtype G (and the CRF02_AG) have been found in Africa and central Europe.
369:
strain, which infects chimpanzees. The M group is subdivided further into
3906:
3850:
3821:
3749:
3092:
2991:
2688:
2636:
2597:
Geographic distribution of subtyped sequences in the GenBank HIV Database
1828:
1546:
935:"In-Silico Identification of New Genes in HIV-1 by ORF Prediction Method"
524:
422:
2518:
2265:
1977:"Donor Screening Assays for Infectious Agents and HIV Diagnostic Assays"
425:, was found to be strongly associated with rapid progression to AIDS in
3888:
3016:
1919:
825:
800:
458:
1178:
1032:
3972:
3132:
2573:
2218:
2117:
864:. Vaccines • Special Section on Evolutionary and systems immunology.
366:
2578:
2161:"HIV-2 is Deadlier Than Thought, Despite Slower Progression to AIDS"
1794:
1715:
1690:
1221:
291:
HIV-2 viruses are generally considered to be less virulent and less
2484:"A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands"
328:(SIV) into humans, excluding subtypes within a specific group. The
3898:
2601:
1583:"Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas"
370:
84:
1421:
Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Parolin C, Borsetti A (December 2020).
257:, while HIV-2 viruses are affiliated with viruses present in the
3166:
3127:
1691:"Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas"
745:
743:
426:
3713:
2605:
2585:
3D macromolecular structures of HIV-1 at the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
2141:
391:
Subtype D is generally only seen in Eastern and central Africa.
3911:
2651:
2632:
1642:"Geographical distribution of HIV-1 group O viruses in Africa"
243:
58:
3048:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
298:
One of the prevailing challenges in the pursuit of effective
1576:
1574:
474:
have now been developed to detect both Group O and Group N.
1315:"Virology. Early AIDS virus may have ridden Africa's rails"
357:, today known as Kinshasa, which is now the capital of the
276:. Group M can be further subdivided into subtypes based on
2731:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
1243:
Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, Osmanov S (October 2006).
1531:"Non-M variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1"
3699:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
719:
Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists
942:
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences
483:"pending the identification of further human cases".
280:
data. Certain subtypes are known for their increased
1157:
1155:
4012:
3897:
3874:
3849:
3748:
3694:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
3659:
3611:
3579:
3520:
3492:
3327:
3184:
3175:
3083:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
3068:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
3035:
2920:
2852:
2756:
2644:
2116:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
1983:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
214:
189:
66:
34:
2146:New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
1858:"Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia"
1068:
520:Many test kits for HIV-1 will also detect HIV-2.
1218:"Introduction to HIV types, groups and subtypes"
2682:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
1998:
1996:
1994:
611:non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
517:in 1987 found that he was infected with HIV-2.
381:Subtype A is common in West and Central Africa.
2297:
2295:
2293:
1075:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
906:"UNAIDS Global HIV statistics fact sheet 2023"
799:Robertson DL, Hahn BH, Sharp PM (March 1995).
682:Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database
340:(RFs), but only a few of them are functional.
3725:
2617:
2142:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)"
1294:"First New HIV Strain in 19 Years Identified"
413:Subtype K is limited to the DRC and Cameroon.
8:
4104:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
2187:
2185:
2055:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (June 2001).
1981:Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
1893:. Boston, MA: Harvard University. 2018-06-29
1529:Mourez T, Simon F, Plantier JC (July 2013).
957:
955:
288:to different medications used to treat HIV.
27:Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus
2774:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
2050:
2048:
933:Dhar DV, Amit P, Kumar MS (November 2012).
756:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
603:nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
530:HIV-2 is closely related to SIV endemic in
3732:
3718:
3710:
3526:
3181:
3007:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
2624:
2610:
2602:
2248:Bons E, Bertels F, Regoes RR (July 2018).
1062:
1060:
1058:
653:in these viral populations independently.
40:
31:
2517:
2507:
2396:
2386:
2337:
2327:
2273:
2080:
2028:
1714:
1657:
1616:
1606:
1554:
1505:
1448:
1438:
1379:
1330:
1260:
1186:
1135:
1125:
995:
881:
824:
775:
218:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2563:) is being considered for deletion. See
2136:
2134:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
439:
431:
730:
404:Subtype H is limited to central Africa.
250:patterns and clinical characteristics.
2104:
2102:
2100:
752:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"
3043:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
2193:Indian Journal of Medical Micobiology
1912:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2"
913:UNAIDS 2023 epidemiological estimates
499:London Hospital for Tropical Diseases
7:
1478:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
1167:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
1163:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
750:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011).
242:include two main subtypes, known as
3162:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
1262:10.1097/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc
272:and are responsible for the global
2021:10.1128/JVI.79.19.12515-12527.2005
856:Gary EN, Weiner DB (August 2020).
25:
4036:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
2748:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
2567:to help reach a consensus. ›
2422:"HIV evolving 'into milder form'"
858:"DNA vaccines: prime time is now"
3209:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2769:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1659:10.1097/00002030-199704000-00013
513:, but an analysis of his stored
436:HIV-1 subtype prevalence in 2002
416:Subtype L is limited to the DRC.
332:of HIV-1 contains a total of 39
71:
4078:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
3741:Sexually transmitted infections
1887:"The Senegal Sex Workers Study"
1292:Weintraub K (6 November 2019).
801:"Recombination in AIDS viruses"
336:(ORFs) across all six possible
35:Human immunodeficiency viruses
1220:. 3 March 2008. Archived from
805:Journal of Molecular Evolution
613:(NNRTIs) with the addition of
206:Human immunodeficiency virus 2
199:Human immunodeficiency virus 1
18:Human immunodeficiency virus 1
1:
3078:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
3058:International AIDS Conference
3012:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
2955:Discrimination against people
2420:Gallagher J (December 2014).
2159:Baltic S (11 December 2018).
1947:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92325-2
1747:"Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay"
1535:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1127:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00352
1071:Viral Sex; The Nature of AIDS
862:Current Opinion in Immunology
326:simian immunodeficiency virus
227:Simian immunodeficiency virus
3810:Mycoplasma hominis infection
2938:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
2819:HIV Drug Resistance Database
615:CCR5 co-receptor antagonists
577:, a follow-up test, such as
359:Democratic Republic of Congo
324:independent transmission of
3239:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
3073:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
3002:List of HIV-positive people
2207:Reviews in Medical Virology
1825:"New HIV strain discovered"
1372:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.015
1332:10.1126/science.346.6205.21
1021:Journal of Medical Virology
768:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
4125:
3139:Reports from the Holocaust
3063:International AIDS Society
3053:Elton John AIDS Foundation
2453:10.1038/d41586-022-00317-x
636:
589:
565:
302:is the virus's pronounced
3689:
3529:
3098:Treatment Action Campaign
2814:Tuberculosis co-infection
2677:disease progression rates
874:10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.006
671:Drug resistance mutations
222:
194:
68:Scientific classification
48:
39:
4109:Infraspecific virus taxa
3774:lymphogranuloma venereum
2824:Innate resistance to HIV
2794:Neurocognitive disorders
2565:templates for discussion
1440:10.3390/pathogens9121072
1404:"What are HIV and AIDS?"
1313:Cohen J (October 2014).
1173:(3): 203–222. May 2016.
704:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
330:complete genome sequence
3791:Klebsiella granulomatis
3145:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
3128:Gay Men's Health Crisis
2804:Opportunistic infection
2509:10.1126/science.abk1688
2388:10.1073/pnas.1413339111
2329:10.1073/pnas.0708559104
1891:Harvard AIDS Initiative
1608:10.1073/pnas.1502022112
988:10.1126/science.1256739
599:anti-retroviral therapy
3839:Ureaplasma urealyticum
2972:HIV-affected community
2912:HIV and homosexual men
2073:10.1098/rstb.2001.0867
1856:(September 16, 2010).
592:Management of HIV/AIDS
445:
437:
270:people living with HIV
265:West African primate.
3985:Molluscum contagiosum
3864:Trichomonas vaginalis
3803:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3779:Chlamydia trachomatis
3152:Silence=Death Project
2950:Criminal transmission
2870:Multiple sex partners
2195:, (2012) 30(1): 6–15.
2110:"Clinical Guidelines"
1490:10.1089/aid.2015.0318
582:origin of the virus.
568:Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
540:Phylogenetic analyses
511:enterovirus infection
443:
435:
375:genetic recombination
3945:Human papillomavirus
3834:Ureaplasma infection
3474:United Arab Emirates
2945:Circumcision and HIV
2902:City of Hope Patient
2662:structure and genome
1922:on 18 February 2009.
1547:10.1128/cmr.00012-13
1224:on 13 September 2008
709:Timeline of HIV/AIDS
536:Cercocebus atys atys
421:G, with a subtype D
3763:Haemophilus ducreyi
3022:AIDS Memorial Quilt
2834:HIV-positive people
2500:2022Sci...375..540T
2379:2014PNAS..111E5393P
2373:(50): E5393–E5400.
2320:2007PNAS..10417441F
2314:(44): 17441–17446.
2015:(19): 12515–12527.
2009:Journal of Virology
1707:2006Natur.444..164V
1599:2015PNAS..112E1343D
1593:(11): E1343–E1352.
1299:Scientific American
1118:2017Heliy...300352S
1067:Goudsmit J (1997).
980:2014Sci...346...56F
817:1995JMolE..40..249R
699:History of HIV/AIDS
607:protease inhibitors
334:open reading frames
304:genetic variability
3827:Treponema pallidum
3815:Mycoplasma hominis
3599:Dominican Republic
2982:HIV/AIDS denialism
2907:Women and HIV/AIDS
2897:The London Patient
2764:Signs and symptoms
2672:CDC classification
2590:2020-08-08 at the
826:10.1007/BF00163230
694:HIV superinfection
446:
438:
4086:
4085:
3978:HSV-1 & HSV-2
3966:Hepatitis B virus
3707:
3706:
3685:
3684:
3607:
3606:
3088:The SING Campaign
2977:HIV/AIDS activism
2965:Cost of treatment
2887:Timothy Ray Brown
2882:World AIDS Museum
2494:(6580): 540–545.
2266:10.1093/ve/vey029
2067:(1410): 911–920.
1916:HIV/AIDS Workshop
1179:10.1159/000445852
1086:978-0-19-509728-3
1033:10.1002/jmv.20177
714:HIV/AIDS research
677:natural selection
639:HIV and pregnancy
619:fusion inhibitors
507:cryptosporidiosis
300:management of HIV
236:
235:
230:(subgroups i, ii)
171:Orthoretrovirinae
62:
51:Phylogenetic tree
16:(Redirected from
4116:
4065:
4046:
4027:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3677:Papua New Guinea
3527:
3182:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2219:10.1002/rmv.1739
2202:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2167:. Archived from
2156:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1918:. Archived from
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:Associated Press
1821:
1815:
1814:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1756:. Archived from
1754:Abbott Molecular
1751:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1074:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
959:
950:
949:
939:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
910:
902:
896:
895:
885:
853:
847:
846:
828:
796:
790:
789:
779:
747:
738:
735:
495:Souleymane Mboup
278:genetic sequence
190:Groups included
76:
75:
49:
44:
32:
21:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4061:
4042:
4023:
4014:
4008:
3952:Genital warts (
3893:
3870:
3845:
3744:
3738:
3708:
3703:
3681:
3655:
3603:
3575:
3516:
3488:
3434:Myanmar (Burma)
3323:
3171:
3157:Day Without Art
3103:The Global Fund
3031:
2960:Economic impact
2916:
2848:
2752:
2704:pathophysiology
2640:
2630:
2592:Wayback Machine
2568:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2254:Virus Evolution
2247:
2246:
2242:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1987:on 11 May 2009.
1975:
1974:
1970:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1795:10.1038/nm.2016
1783:Nature Medicine
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1716:10.1038/444164a
1688:
1687:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1325:(6205): 21–22.
1312:
1311:
1307:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1255:(16): W13–W23.
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1018:
1017:
1013:
974:(6205): 56–61.
961:
960:
953:
937:
932:
931:
927:
918:
916:
908:
904:
903:
899:
855:
854:
850:
798:
797:
793:
749:
748:
741:
736:
732:
727:
690:
673:
650:
641:
635:
594:
588:
570:
564:
532:sooty mangabeys
491:
480:
467:
451:
363:zoonotic origin
346:
321:
316:
308:viral evolution
286:drug resistance
248:epidemiological
240:subtypes of HIV
135:Revtraviricetes
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3973:Herpes simplex
3970:
3958:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3859:Trichomoniasis
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3767:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:United Kingdom
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3113:YAA/Youthforce
3110:
3108:World AIDS Day
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Berlin Patient
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Superinfection
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Cardiomyopathy
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:Teens / Adults
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2552:
2548:
2547:External links
2545:
2542:
2541:
2474:
2435:
2412:
2353:
2289:
2240:
2197:
2181:
2151:
2130:
2096:
2044:
1990:
1968:
1925:
1903:
1878:
1863:New York Times
1845:
1816:
1789:(8): 871–872.
1773:
1738:
1681:
1652:(4): 493–498.
1632:
1570:
1541:(3): 448–461.
1521:
1484:(7): 676–688.
1464:
1413:
1408:Be in the KNOW
1395:
1366:(3): 244–254.
1346:
1305:
1284:
1235:
1202:
1151:
1092:
1085:
1054:
1027:(2): 191–196.
1011:
951:
925:
915:. UNAIDS. 2023
897:
848:
811:(3): 249–259.
791:
762:(1): a006841.
739:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
689:
686:
672:
669:
649:
646:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
556:dead-end hosts
490:
487:
479:
476:
466:
463:
456:viral envelope
450:
447:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
386:
382:
345:
342:
338:reading frames
320:
317:
315:
312:
259:sooty mangabey
234:
233:
232:
231:
220:
219:
212:
211:
210:
209:
202:
192:
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155:
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143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
123:Artverviricota
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
64:
63:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4121:
4110:
4107:
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4097:
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4034:
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4029:
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4022:
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4019:
4017:
4011:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
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3962:
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3908:
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3840:
3835:
3832:
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3817:
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3808:
3805:
3804:
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3792:
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3775:
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3768:
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3759:
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3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3613:South America
3610:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3569:New York City
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:United States
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:North America
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
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3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
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3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Sex education
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Lipodystrophy
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:(2): vey029.
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:(4): 221–40.
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2171:on 2019-04-19
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2120:on 2016-11-07
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:(8604): 221.
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1763:on 2007-09-21
1759:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:(7116): 164.
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
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1624:
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1614:
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1604:
1600:
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1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
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1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
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1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
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1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
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1451:
1446:
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1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
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1414:
1409:
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1387:
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1361:
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1338:
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1306:
1301:
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1288:
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1280:
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1272:
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1263:
1258:
1254:
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1246:
1239:
1236:
1223:
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1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:(7): e00352.
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
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1012:
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1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
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973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
952:
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936:
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926:
914:
907:
901:
898:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
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792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
740:
734:
731:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
683:
678:
670:
668:
665:
661:
659:
654:
647:
645:
640:
632:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
585:
583:
580:
576:
569:
561:
559:
557:
551:
549:
546:, in western
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
521:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Guinea-Bissau
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
477:
475:
473:
464:
462:
460:
457:
448:
442:
434:
430:
428:
424:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Belgian Congo
352:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
293:transmissible
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:AIDS pandemic
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
229:
228:
224:
223:
221:
217:
216:Cladistically
213:
208:
207:
203:
201:
200:
196:
195:
193:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4062:
4050:Epididymitis
4043:
4024:
4016:inflammation
4000:
3988:
3964:
3953:
3944:
3910:
3862:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3761:
3464:Taiwan (ROC)
3454:Saudi Arabia
3304:South Africa
3137:
3123:Larry Kramer
2865:Epidemiology
2666:
2581:at Avert.org
2558:
2519:1887/3502598
2491:
2487:
2477:
2444:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2415:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2311:
2307:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2164:
2154:
2145:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2113:
2064:
2060:
2012:
2008:
1985:the original
1980:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:the original
1915:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1873:
1867:. Retrieved
1861:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1835:. 2009-08-03
1819:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1758:the original
1753:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1590:
1586:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1433:(12): 1072.
1430:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1363:
1360:eBioMedicine
1359:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1297:
1287:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1170:
1166:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1070:
1024:
1020:
1014:
971:
967:
945:
941:
928:
917:. Retrieved
912:
900:
865:
861:
851:
808:
804:
794:
759:
755:
733:
674:
666:
662:
655:
651:
642:
627:
623:
595:
575:western blot
571:
552:
535:
529:
522:
519:
492:
485:
481:
468:
452:
419:
351:Léopoldville
347:
322:
297:
290:
267:
252:
239:
237:
225:
204:
197:
182:
170:
159:Retroviridae
158:
147:Ortervirales
146:
134:
122:
111:Pararnavirae
110:
98:
91:
81:(unranked):
29:
4055:Prostatitis
3961:Hepatitis B
3912:HIV-1/HIV-2
3786:Donovanosis
3672:New Zealand
3544:El Salvador
3449:Philippines
3419:North Korea
3372:China (PRC)
3337:Afghanistan
3027:Product Red
2928:AIDS orphan
2784:Nephropathy
2719:vaccination
2553:‹ The
948:(7): 52–54.
548:Ivory Coast
361:(DRC). Its
314:Major types
255:West Africa
166:Subfamily:
4093:Categories
4074:Urethritis
4031:Cervicitis
4002:Zika virus
3997:Zika fever
3884:Crab louse
3384:East Timor
3357:Bangladesh
3347:Azerbaijan
3269:Mozambique
3254:Madagascar
2987:Red ribbon
2829:Serostatus
2757:Conditions
2709:prevention
2699:management
2657:Lentivirus
2424:. BBC News
2175:2018-12-28
2124:2014-10-24
1897:2020-06-18
1869:2010-09-17
1839:2009-08-03
1767:2008-05-18
919:2023-09-19
725:References
658:viral load
609:(PI), and
586:Treatments
579:amino acid
544:Tai forest
306:and rapid
263:vulnerable
183:Lentivirus
4069:Proctitis
3954:condyloma
3876:Parasitic
3851:Protozoal
3798:Gonorrhea
3770:Chlamydia
3758:Chancroid
3750:Bacterial
3667:Australia
3621:Argentina
3581:Caribbean
3559:Nicaragua
3549:Guatemala
3459:Sri Lanka
3394:Indonesia
3177:Locations
3118:"Free Me"
2844:Pregnancy
2839:Nutrition
2694:diagnosis
2579:HIV Types
2536:246530612
2469:246530234
2235:206448956
1854:McNeil DG
1498:0889-2229
1427:Pathogens
868:: 21–27.
648:Evolution
633:Pregnancy
605:(NRTIs),
562:Diagnosis
472:HIV tests
282:virulence
106:Kingdom:
99:Riboviria
4099:HIV/AIDS
3922:cervical
3822:Syphilis
3636:Colombia
3554:Honduras
3469:Thailand
3444:Pakistan
3429:Malaysia
3367:Cambodia
3319:Zimbabwe
3299:Tanzania
3224:Ethiopia
3219:Eswatini
3204:Botswana
3093:Solidays
2992:Safe sex
2933:Religion
2877:Timeline
2799:Pruritus
2736:Children
2714:research
2689:HIV/AIDS
2667:subtypes
2588:Archived
2570:HIV/AIDS
2555:template
2528:35113714
2461:35115695
2407:25453107
2348:17954909
2284:30310682
2227:23444290
2165:Medscape
2091:11405938
2039:16160179
1963:32378074
1829:CBC News
1811:76837833
1803:19648927
1733:27475571
1725:17093443
1676:24238394
1627:25733890
1565:23824367
1516:26861573
1459:33371264
1390:26137563
1341:25278591
1271:17053344
1197:27403093
1146:28725873
1049:33267610
1041:15332265
1006:25278604
892:32259744
843:19728830
786:22229120
688:See also
525:pandemic
423:protease
154:Family:
118:Phylum:
4013:General
3918:Cancer
3889:Scabies
3660:Oceania
3651:Uruguay
3626:Bolivia
3594:Jamaica
3512:Ukraine
3484:Vietnam
3352:Bahrain
3342:Armenia
3294:Senegal
3284:Nigeria
3274:Namibia
3249:Lesotho
3036:Culture
3017:HIV.gov
2860:History
2853:History
2557:below (
2496:Bibcode
2488:Science
2428:20 July
2398:4273423
2375:Bibcode
2339:2077275
2316:Bibcode
2275:6172364
2114:AidInfo
2082:1088484
2030:1211554
1955:2899693
1703:Bibcode
1668:9084797
1618:4371950
1595:Bibcode
1556:3719493
1507:4931737
1450:7766877
1381:4484819
1319:Science
1279:7354033
1188:4924471
1137:5506879
1114:Bibcode
1106:Heliyon
997:4254776
976:Bibcode
968:Science
883:7195337
835:7723052
813:Bibcode
777:3234451
601:(ART),
478:Group P
465:Group O
459:antigen
449:Group N
365:is the
344:Group M
178:Genus:
142:Order:
130:Class:
61:viruses
53:of the
4063:either
4025:female
3932:penile
3927:vulvar
3641:Guyana
3631:Brazil
3539:Mexico
3534:Canada
3507:Russia
3494:Europe
3479:Turkey
3414:Jordan
3377:Yunnan
3362:Bhutan
3314:Zambia
3309:Uganda
3289:Rwanda
3259:Malawi
3234:Guinea
3194:Angola
3186:Africa
3133:ACT UP
2921:Social
2639:topics
2574:Curlie
2560:Curlie
2534:
2526:
2467:
2459:
2445:Nature
2405:
2395:
2346:
2336:
2282:
2272:
2233:
2225:
2089:
2079:
2037:
2027:
1961:
1953:
1935:Lancet
1809:
1801:
1731:
1723:
1695:Nature
1674:
1666:
1625:
1615:
1563:
1553:
1514:
1504:
1496:
1457:
1447:
1388:
1378:
1339:
1277:
1269:
1228:25 May
1195:
1185:
1144:
1134:
1083:
1047:
1039:
1004:
994:
890:
880:
841:
833:
784:
774:
371:clades
367:SIVcpz
353:, the
3947:(HPV)
3899:Viral
3743:(STI)
3589:Haiti
3439:Nepal
3409:Japan
3389:India
3279:Niger
3244:Kenya
3229:Ghana
3214:Egypt
3199:Benin
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