58:, which aids in the detection of the parasite in the human host while also providing the means for the parasitic species to exit the current host and enter other hosts. Although there are a number of ways in which humans can contract parasitic infections, observing basic hygiene and cleanliness tips can reduce its probability. The most accurate diagnosis is by qPcr DNA antigen assay, not generally available by primary care physicians in the USA: most labs offer research only service.
736:
183:
stages of the
Bladder Worm in muscle tissue. This disease was also mentioned by the playwright Aristophanes when he referred to "hailstones" in one of his plays. This naming convention is also reflected by Aristotle when he refers to "bladders that are like hailstones." Another worm that was commonly
417:
mostly documented diseases rather than the parasites associated with them. Chinese texts contain one of the few references to hookworm disease found in ancient records, but no connection to the hookworm parasite is made. The
Emperor Huang Ti recorded the earliest mentioning (2700 BC) of malaria in
178:
In Greece, Hippocrates and
Aristotle created considerable medical documentation about parasites in the Corpus Hippocraticus. In this work, they documented the presence of parasitic worms in many animals ranging from fish to domesticated animals and humans. Among the most extensively documented was
240:
cause unique and specific symptoms and are well documented because of this. The most documented by far was Guinea worm disease mainly because the grown female worm emerges from the skin, which causes considerable irritation, and which cannot really be ignored. This particular disease is widely
71:
It was assumed that early human ancestors generally had parasites, but until recently there was no evidence to support this claim. Generally, the discovery of parasites in ancient humans relies on the study of feces and other
170:. This disease is caused by the Guinea worm and is characterized by the female worm emerging from the leg. This symptom is so specific to the disease that it is mentioned in many texts and plays that predate 1000 AD.
139:
documented several parasites in his collection of works Corpus
Hippocraticus. In this book, they documented the presence of worms and other parasites inside of fish, domesticated animals, and humans. The
166:
tapeworm were also well known in ancient cultures mainly because of their presence in slaughtered and sacrificed animals. The major parasitic disease that has been documented in early records is
208:. Not many parasitic diseases were identified in ancient Greek and Roman texts mainly because the symptoms for parasitic diseases are shared with many other illnesses such as the
51:
Human parasites are divided into endoparasites, which cause infection inside the body, and ectoparasites, which cause infection superficially within the skin.
375:. Another documented disease is elephantiasis. Symptoms of this disease are highly visible, since it causes extreme swelling in the limbs, breasts, and
179:
the
Bladder Worm (Taenia solium). This condition was called "measly pork" when present in pigs and was characterized by the presence of the
418:
his text Nei Ching. He lists chills, headaches, and fevers as the main symptoms and distinguished between the different kinds of fevers.
724:
694:
1147:
107:
dating from around 2000 BC, 1250 BC, and 1000 BC along with a well preserved and calcified female worm inside of a mummy.
1282:
584:
371:
and was vaguely mentioned. However vague the reference, it is one of the few that connect the disease to the hookworm
31:
1241:
1224:
774:
639:
442:
from 1000 BCE makes the earliest reference to
Amebiasis. The symptoms were given as bloody and mucosal diarrhea.
124:
1112:
904:
689:
515:
162:
1096:
744:
661:
261:
of
Alexandria in Rome. Strangely, this disease was never present in Greece even though it was documented.
1173:
545:
225:
1103:
1091:
909:
754:
192:
of animals. This condition was documented so well mainly because of its presence in slaughtered and
921:
349:
196:. It was documented by several different cultures of the time other than the Greeks including the
1079:
1069:
974:
830:
634:
156:
1029:
1014:
893:
719:
705:
645:
485:
779:
438:
document malaria. These documents list the main symptoms as fever and enlarged spleens. The
435:
193:
876:
865:
700:
525:
431:
258:
254:
246:
229:
887:
826:
822:
799:
735:
505:
439:
318:
221:
167:
144:
is well documented in its presence in pigs along with the larval stages of a tapeworm (
1276:
1123:
1038:
818:
809:
672:
650:
555:
474:
387:
357:
146:
101:
1119:
1064:
1043:
898:
847:
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768:
656:
345:
322:
294:
241:
accepted to also be the "fiery serpents" written about in the Old
Testament of the
201:
151:
141:
1151:
993:
969:
946:
882:
871:
860:
834:
795:
739:
330:
326:
286:
213:
205:
132:
120:
1174:"Parasites – How they enter our body and ten precautions to avoid an infection"
17:
961:
951:
938:
759:
711:
683:
667:
628:
617:
601:
535:
495:
390:
is likely to have suffered from elephantiasis. This disease was well known to
274:
77:
73:
154:
as "hailstones" with
Aristotle in the section about pig diseases in his book
1025:
1001:
612:
450:
As of 2013, the parasites causing the most deaths globally were as follows:
394:
310:
290:
237:
217:
136:
115:
The first written records of parasites date from 3000 to 400 BC in
Egyptian
93:
1056:
1034:
1006:
839:
814:
805:
785:
398:
376:
372:
361:
337:
270:
97:
85:
45:
41:
188:. This worm was distinguished by the presence of "massive cysts" in the
1127:
1051:
982:
764:
678:
623:
606:
464:
402:
384:
368:
364:
341:
334:
314:
302:
282:
233:
116:
104:
380:
278:
180:
128:
89:
84:
and is estimated to be from around 5900 BC. There are also claims of
734:
427:
414:
353:
306:
250:
242:
197:
189:
81:
55:
245:. This disease was mentioned by Hippocrates in Greece along with
76:
material. The earliest known parasite in a human was eggs of the
1021:
987:
391:
298:
301:
medical writings spanning over 1000 years in the area near the
209:
401:, who noted specific differences between elephantiasis and
367:
in ancient texts. This disease does not have very specific
1211:
Cox, Francis E. G. "History of human parasitic diseases."
1148:"Krumhardt, Barbera, PhD. Human Parasites. 8 October 2008"
1242:"One Million Deaths by Parasites | Speaking of Medicine"
184:
written about in ancient Greek texts was the tapeworm
127:, and some tapeworms of unknown varieties. In ancient
119:
records. They identify parasites such as roundworms,
348:
refer to an affliction that has been interpreted as
54:
The cysts and eggs of endoparasites may be found in
265:Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Mesopotamia
150:). These tapeworms were mentioned in a play by
1207:
1205:
1203:
8:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1213:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
990:(Siphonaptera): causes papular urticaria
452:
1139:
566:Total Deaths from Parasitic Infections
360:contains one of the few references to
80:found in fossilized feces in northern
1009:(Culicidae): causes papular urticaria
100:eggs have also been found present in
7:
1264:Canadian Medical Association Journal
220:. However, several diseases such as
27:Parasites which use humans as a host
725:primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
695:granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
309:never made the connection between
96:eggs from around 2330 BC in Peru.
25:
224:(Guinea worm disease), Hookworm,
1262:Greenaway, C. "Dracunculiasis".
1116:): causes rodent mite dermatitis
1107:): causes rodent mite dermatitis
273:records the presence of several
1227:Animal and vegetableparasites.
297:. This followed a tradition of
748:) wrapped around a match stick
1:
579:Commonly documented parasites
1229:London: The Sydenham Society
269:The medieval Persian doctor
88:eggs from around 5000 BC in
1018:): causes papular urticaria
731:Parasitic worms (helminths)
585:List of parasites of humans
329:is very well documented in
32:Parasitism (social offense)
1299:
582:
29:
956:Pediculus humanus humanus
943:Pediculus humanus capitis
775:Strongyloides stercoralis
1113:Liponyssoides sanguineus
1037:(Trombiculidae): causes
379:. A number of surviving
186:Echinococccus granulosus
30:Not to be confused with
1084:Ornithonyssus sylviarum
905:Trichobilharzia regenti
715:: causes cyclosporiasis
690:Balamuthia mandrillaris
640:African trypanosomiasis
516:African trypanosomiasis
333:medical texts. Several
163:Echinococcus granulosus
67:Archaeological evidence
1097:rodent mite dermatitis
1086:): causes gamasoidosis
1076:): causes gamasoidosis
749:
662:acanthamoeba keratitis
459:Global Deaths in 2013
958:): causes pediculosis
738:
583:Further information:
546:Cystic echinococcosis
446:Most common parasites
317:they caused. As with
1092:Ornithonyssus bacoti
1061:Dermanyssus gallinae
910:cercarial dermatitis
817:(Eucestoda): causes
755:Ascaris lumbricoides
1283:Parasites of humans
1154:on 16 December 2008
1089:Tropical rat mite (
1074:Ornithonyssus bursa
975:Human botfly maggot
922:New World screwworm
844:Trichuris trichiura
350:Guinea worm disease
160:. The cysts of the
1122:: associated with
1110:House mouse mite (
1080:Northern fowl mite
1070:Tropical fowl mite
1048:Sarcoptes scabiei)
979:Dermatobia hominis
831:diphyllobothriasis
750:
635:Trypanosoma brucei
456:Parasitic Disease
194:sacrificed animals
157:History of Animals
1244:. 16 January 2015
1225:Kuchenmeister, F.
1104:Laelaps echidnina
1030:papular urticaria
1015:Cimex lectularius
928:): causes myiasis
894:Fasciola hepatica
720:Naegleria fowleri
706:cryptosporidiosis
646:Toxoplasma gondii
576:
575:
486:Cryptosporidiosis
16:(Redirected from
1290:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:. Archived from
1144:
1101:Spiny rat mite (
854:Parasitic flukes
453:
436:Sushruta Samhita
111:Written evidence
40:include various
21:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1287:
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1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
998:Tunga penetrans
966:Pthirus pubis):
935:
918:
916:Other organisms
877:gnathostomiasis
866:schistosomiasis
856:
780:trongyloidiasis
733:
701:Cryptosporidium
597:
592:
587:
581:
526:Schistosomiasis
448:
432:Charaka Samhita
424:
411:
305:. However, the
289:, threadworms,
267:
259:Paulus Aegineta
255:Aetius of Amida
247:Pliny the Elder
230:Schistosomiasis
176:
174:Greece and Rome
113:
69:
64:
38:Human parasites
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Human parasites
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1004:
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959:
949:
934:
931:
930:
929:
917:
914:
913:
912:
901:
890:
888:paragonimiasis
879:
868:
855:
852:
851:
850:
837:
827:hymenolepiasis
823:echinococcosis
812:
803:
800:dracunculiasis
793:
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771:
762:
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729:
728:
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506:Chagas disease
502:
501:
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492:
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470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
447:
444:
440:Bhrigu Samhita
423:
420:
410:
407:
383:indicate that
331:Middle Eastern
266:
263:
222:Dracunculiasis
175:
172:
168:dracunculiasis
112:
109:
68:
65:
63:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1184:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1143:
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1133:
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1125:
1124:acne vulgaris
1121:
1118:
1115:
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1088:
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1071:
1068:
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1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:trombiculosis
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
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989:
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973:
971:
967:
963:
960:
957:
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950:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:Ectoparasites
932:
927:
923:
920:
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911:
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891:
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862:
858:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:cysticercosis
816:
813:
811:
810:helminthiasis
807:
804:
801:
797:
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792:
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787:
783:
781:
777:
776:
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698:
696:
692:
691:
687:
685:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:leishmaniasis
670:
669:
665:
663:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:toxoplasmosis
648:
647:
643:
641:
637:
636:
632:
630:
626:
625:
621:
619:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:spp.: causes
604:
603:
599:
598:
594:
590:Endoparasites
589:
586:
578:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
556:Cysticercosis
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553:
549:
547:
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543:
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523:
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513:
509:
507:
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503:
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489:
487:
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483:
479:
476:
475:Leishmaniasis
473:
472:
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462:
458:
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445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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389:
388:Mentuhotep II
386:
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366:
363:
359:
358:Ebers Papyrus
355:
351:
347:
343:
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264:
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244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Elephantiasis
223:
219:
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195:
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182:
173:
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169:
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147:Taenia solium
143:
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61:
59:
57:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
1263:
1258:
1248:18 September
1246:. Retrieved
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1142:
1120:Demodex mite
1111:
1102:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1065:gamasoidosis
1060:
1047:
1044:Scabies mite
1013:
997:
978:
965:
955:
942:
925:
903:
899:fascioliasis
892:
881:
870:
859:
848:trichuriasis
843:
791:toxocariasis
784:
773:
769:enterobiasis
753:
743:
718:
710:
699:
688:
677:
666:
657:Acanthamoeba
655:
644:
633:
622:
611:
600:
570:
565:
477:(Kala-azar)
449:
425:
412:
346:Ashurbanipal
295:Ascaris worm
268:
185:
177:
161:
155:
152:Aristophanes
145:
142:bladder worm
121:Guinea worms
114:
70:
53:
50:
37:
36:
1158:17 December
994:Chigoe flea
970:phthiriasis
947:pediculosis
926:Cochliomyia
883:Paragonimus
872:Gnathostoma
861:Schistosoma
835:sparganosis
796:Guinea worm
745:Dracunculus
740:Guinea worm
327:Guinea worm
325:texts, the
287:Guinea worm
281:and in his
214:common cold
206:Babylonians
133:Hippocrates
125:threadworms
1266:(Feb 2004)
1134:References
1095:): causes
1063:): causes
1028:): causes
1000:): causes
981:): causes
962:Crab louse
952:Body louse
939:Head louse
846:): causes
760:ascariasis
712:Cyclospora
684:babesiosis
668:Leishmania
629:giardiasis
618:amoebiasis
602:Plasmodium
536:Ascariasis
496:Amoebiasis
395:physicians
293:, and the
285:including
92:and large
78:lung fluke
74:fossilized
1215:June 2004
1050:: causes
1026:Ixodoidea
1012:Bed bug (
1002:tungiasis
945:) causes
908:: causes
897:: causes
886:: causes
875:: causes
864:: causes
808:: causes
798:: causes
789:: causes
778:: causes
767:: causes
758:: causes
723:: causes
704:: causes
693:: causes
682:: causes
671:: causes
660:: causes
649:: causes
638:: causes
627:: causes
616:: causes
613:Entamoeba
571:1,000,700
338:documents
311:parasites
291:tapeworms
275:parasites
238:Amebiasis
218:dysentery
137:Aristotle
94:roundworm
1277:Category
1057:Red mite
1035:Chiggers
1007:Mosquito
840:Whipworm
815:Tapeworm
806:Hookworm
786:Toxocara
595:Protozoa
469:854,600
399:Avicenna
377:genitals
373:parasite
369:symptoms
362:hookworm
344:of King
335:Assyrian
315:diseases
313:and the
283:patients
271:Avicenna
102:Egyptian
98:Tapeworm
86:hookworm
42:protozoa
1128:rosacea
1052:scabies
983:myiasis
968:causes
765:Pinworm
679:Babesia
624:Giardia
607:malaria
510:10,600
500:11,300
490:41,900
480:62,500
465:Malaria
415:Chinese
403:leprosy
385:Pharaoh
381:statues
365:disease
342:library
340:in the
303:Red Sea
279:animals
234:Malaria
117:papyrus
105:mummies
62:History
1231:, 1857
550:2,200
540:4,500
530:5,500
520:6,900
430:, the
356:, the
352:. In
257:, and
236:, and
216:, and
212:, the
204:, and
202:Romans
181:larval
129:Greece
90:Brazil
428:India
422:India
409:China
354:Egypt
323:Roman
319:Greek
307:Arabs
251:Galen
243:Bible
198:Arabs
190:liver
82:Chile
56:feces
46:worms
1250:2016
1160:2008
1126:and
1022:Tick
988:Flea
833:and
560:700
434:and
413:The
397:and
392:Arab
321:and
299:Arab
135:and
44:and
426:In
277:in
210:flu
1279::
1182:^
829:,
825:,
821:,
405:.
253:,
249:,
232:,
228:,
200:,
131:,
123:,
48:.
1252:.
1176:.
1162:.
1082:(
1072:(
1059:(
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1024:(
996:(
977:(
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954:(
941:(
924:(
842:(
802:.
742:(
34:.
20:)
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