Human–robot interaction

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activity in this field the subject has grown significantly in breadth and worldwide interest. Three conferences on Human–Robot Personal Relationships were held in the Netherlands during the period 2008–2010, in each case the proceedings were published by respected academic publishers, including Springer-Verlag. After a gap until 2014 the conferences were renamed as the "International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots", which have previously taken place at the University of Madeira in 2014; in London in 2016 and 2017; and in Brussels in 2019. Additionally, the Springer-Verlag "International Journal of Social Robotics", had, by 2016, published articles mentioning the subject, and an open access journal called "Lovotics" was launched in 2012, devoted entirely to the subject. The past few years have also witnessed a strong upsurge of interest by way of increased coverage of the subject in the print media, TV documentaries and feature films, as well as within the academic community.

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studying perception and action in a social context rather than in isolation. These studies have revealed that maintaining a shared representation of the task is crucial for accomplishing tasks in groups. For example, the authors have examined the task of driving together by separating responsibilities of acceleration and braking i.e., one person is responsible for accelerating and the other for braking; the study revealed that pairs reached the same level of performance as individuals only when they received feedback about the timing of each other's actions. Similarly, researchers have studied the aspect of human–human handovers with household scenarios like passing dining plates in order to enable an adaptive control of the same in human–robot handovers. Another study in the domain of

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robotics scientists who work to improve the robots utility and safety and on the other hand to evaluate the risks and benefits of this new "friend" for our modern society. The subfield of physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) has largely focused on device design to enable people to safely interact with robotic systems, but is increasingly developing algorithmic approaches in an attempt to support fluent and expressive interactions between humans and robotic systems.

301: 3766: 4349: 541: 4361: 36: 570: 731:. The continued improvement in this system and the progress in advancements towards highly and fully automated vehicles aim to make the driving experience safer and more efficient in which humans do not need to intervene in the driving process when there is an unexpected driving condition such as a pedestrian walking across the street when it is not supposed to. 735: 633: 697:(EBP) based on the clinical systematic evaluation. As a result, the researchers have started to establish guidelines which suggest how to conduct studies with robot-mediated intervention and hence produce reliable data that could be treated as EBP that would allow clinicians to choose to use robots in ASD intervention. 391:). An example of older technique is to use colour information for example the fact that for light skinned people the hands are lighter than the clothes worn. In any case a human modelled a priori can then be fitted to the sensor data. The robot builds or has (depending on the level of autonomy the robot has) a 3D 292:, medical technology through rehabilitation, autism intervention, and elder care devices, entertainment, human augmentation, and human convenience. Future research therefore covers a wide range of fields, much of which focuses on assistive robotics, robot-assisted search-and-rescue, and space exploration. 580:

have been implemented to collaborate with humans to perform industrial manufacturing tasks. While humans have the flexibility and the intelligence to consider different approaches to solve the problem, choose the best option among all choices, and then command robots to perform assigned tasks, robots

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Interacting with a robot by looking at or touching the robot can reduce negative feelings that some people have about robots before interacting with them. Even imagined interaction can reduce negative feelings. However, in some cases, interacting with a robot can increase negative feelings for people

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refers to friendly Human–robot interaction as "Robotiquette" defining it as the "social rules for robot behaviour (a 'robotiquette') that is comfortable and acceptable to humans" The robot has to adapt itself to our way of expressing desires and orders and not the contrary. But every day environments

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with capacities of perception and action in the physical world often referred by researchers as workspace. Their use has been generalized in factories but nowadays they tend to be found in the most technologically advanced societies in such critical domains as search and rescue, military battle, mine

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are more complex than these three principles. However, generally human–robot interaction prioritizes the safety of humans that interact with potentially dangerous robotics equipment. Solutions to this problem range from the philosophical approach of treating robots as ethical agents (individuals with

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This conference is amongst the best conferences in the field of HRI and has a very selective reviewing process. The average acceptance rate is 26% and the average attendance is 187. Around 65% of the contributions to the conference come from the US and the high level of quality of the submissions to

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A large body of work in the field of human–robot interaction has looked at how humans and robots may better collaborate. The primary social cue for humans while collaborating is the shared perception of an activity, to this end researchers have investigated anticipatory robot control through various

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Humans exhibit negative social and emotional responses as well as decreased trust toward some robots that closely, but imperfectly, resemble humans; this phenomenon has been termed the "Uncanny Valley." However recent research in telepresence robots has established that mimicking human body postures

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The International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society explore the state of the art research, highlighting the future challenges as well as the hidden potential behind the technologies. The accepted contributions to this conference will be published annually in

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A common approach to program social cues into robots is to first study human–human behaviors and then transfer the learning. For example, coordination mechanisms in human–robot collaboration are based on work in neuroscience which examined how to enable joint action in human–human configuration by

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These new domains of applications imply a closer interaction with the user. The concept of closeness is to be taken in its full meaning, robots and humans share the workspace but also share goals in terms of task achievement. This close interaction needs new theoretical models, on one hand for the

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The IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication ( RO-MAN ) was founded in 1992 by Profs. Toshio Fukuda, Hisato Kobayashi, Hiroshi Harashima and Fumio Hara. Early workshop participants were mostly Japanese, and the first seven workshops were held in Japan. Since 1999,

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The earliest academic papers on the subject were presented at the 2006 E.C. Euron Roboethics Atelier, organized by the School of Robotics in Genoa, followed a year later by the first book – "Love and Sex with Robots" – published by Harper Collins in New York. Since that initial flurry of academic

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and assembling. However, there are persistent concerns about the safety of human–robot collaboration, since industrial robots have the ability to move heavy objects and operate often dangerous and sharp tools, quickly and with force. As a result, this presents a potential threat to the people who

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Long-term research on human-robot interaction could show that residents of care home are willing to interact with humanoid robots and benefit from cognitive and physical activation that is led by the robot Pepper. Another long-term study in a care home could show that people working in the care

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like milking robots have been adopted in large-scale farming. Hygiene is the main issue in the agri-food sector and the invention of this technology has widely impacted agriculture. Robots can also be used in tasks that might be hazardous to human health like in the application of chemicals to

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Humans have been working on achieving the next breakthrough in space exploration, such as a crewed mission to Mars. This challenge identified the need for developing planetary rovers that are able to assist astronauts and support their operations during their mission. The collaboration between

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survivors or individuals with neurological impairment to recover their hand and finger movements. In the past few decades, the idea of how human and robot interact with each other is one factor that has been widely considered in the design of rehabilitation robots. For instance, human–robot

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However, social robots that are used to intervene in children's ASD are not viewed as viable treatment by clinical communities because the study of using social robots in ASD intervention, often, does not follow standard research protocol. In addition, the outcome of the research could not

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The International Conference on Social Robotics is a conference for scientists, researchers, and practitioners to report and discuss the latest progress of their forefront research and findings in social robotics, as well as interactions with human beings and integration into our society.

449:. Humanoid robots or even 2 armed robots, which can have up to 40 degrees of freedom, are unsuited for dynamic environments with today's technology. However lower-dimensional robots can use the potential field method to compute trajectories which avoid collisions with humans. 2901:

Carros, Felix; Meurer, Johanna; Löffler, Diana; Unbehaun, David; Matthies, Sarah; Koch, Inga; Wieching, Rainer; Randall, Dave; Hassenzahl, Marc; Wulf, Volker (21 April 2020). "Exploring Human-Robot Interaction with the Elderly: Results from a Ten-Week Case Study in a Care Home".

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have already been integrated into industrial assembly lines and are collaboratively working with humans. The social impact of such robots have been studied and has indicated that workers still treat robots and social entities, rely on social cues to understand and work together.

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sector are willing to use robots in their daily work with the residents. But it also revealed that even though that the robots are ready to be used, they do need human assistants, they cannot replace the human work force but they can assist them and give them new possibilities.

327:, the research is focusing on one part towards the safest physical interaction but also on a socially correct interaction, dependent on cultural criteria. The goal is to build an intuitive, and easy communication with the robot through speech, gestures, and facial expressions. 469:

During initial interactions, people are more uncertain, anticipate less social presence, and have fewer positive feelings when thinking about interacting with robots, and prefer to communicate with a human. This finding has been called the human-to-human interaction

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and expressive gestures has made the robots likeable and engaging in a remote setting. Further, the presence of a human operator was felt more strongly when tested with an android or humanoid telepresence robot than with normal video communication through a monitor.

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Although initially robots in the human–robot interaction field required some human intervention to function, research has expanded this to the extent that fully autonomous systems are now far more common than in the early 2000s. Autonomous systems include from

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Robots can become tutors or peers in the classroom. When acting as a tutor, the robot can provide instruction, information and also individual attention to student. When acting as a peer learner, the robot can enable "learning by teaching" for students.

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Carros, Felix; Schwaninger, Isabel; Preussner, Adrian; Randall, Dave; Wieching, Rainer; Fitzpatrick, Geraldine; Wulf, Volker (May 2022). "Care Workers Making Use of Robots: Results of a Three-Month Study on Human-Robot Interaction within a Care Home".

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such as homes have much more complex social rules than those implied by factories or even military environments. Thus, the robot needs perceiving and understanding capacities to build dynamic models of its surroundings. It needs to

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are able to be more precise and more consistent in performing repetitive and dangerous work. Together, the collaboration of industrial robots and humans demonstrates that robots have the capabilities to ensure efficiency of

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of the "relationship" between human and the robots benefits the psychologists and robotic researchers the user study are often of interests on both sides. This research endeavours part of human society. For effective

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In line with the contact hypothesis, supervised exposure to a social robot can decrease uncertainty and increase willingness to interact with the robot, compared to pre-exposure attitudes toward robots as a class of

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A speech recognition system is used to interpret human desires or commands. By combining the information inferred by proprioception, sensor and speech the human position and state (standing, seated). In this matter,

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The International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots is an annual congress that invites and encourages a broad range of topics, such as AI, Philosophy, Ethics, Sociology, Engineering, Computer Science, Bioethics.

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Roy, Someshwar; Edan, Yael (2018-03-27). "Investigating Joint-Action in Short-Cycle Repetitive Handover Tasks: The Role of Giver Versus Receiver and its Implications for Human–Robot Collaborative System Design".

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The International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots provides an excellent opportunity for academics and industry professionals to present and discuss their innovative work and ideas in an academic symposium.

505:, making inferences about human task intent, and proactive action on the part of the robot. The studies revealed that the anticipatory control helped users perform tasks faster than with reactive control alone. 461:

While there is a growing body of research about users' perceptions and emotions towards robots, we are still far from a complete understanding. Only additional experiments will determine a more precise model.

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Methods for perceiving humans in the environment are based on sensor information. Research on sensing components and software led by Microsoft provide useful results for extracting the human kinematics (see

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It has been observed that when the robot performs a proactive behaviour and does not respect a "safety distance" (by penetrating the user space) the user sometimes expresses fear. This fear response is

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This is an exhibition at the Science Museum, London that demonstrates robot toys for children with autism, in hopes for helping autistic children to pick up social cues from the facial expression.

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Furthermore, by understanding and perceiving social cues, robots can enable collaborative scenarios with humans. For example, with the rapid rise of personal fabrication machines such as desktop

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Hentout, Abdelfetah; Aouache, Mustapha; Maoudj, Abderraouf; Akli, Isma (2019-08-18). "Human–robot interaction in industrial collaborative robotics: A literature review of the decade 2008–2017".

719:, eye gaze tracking and so on, users with motor impairment can control robotic agents and use it for rehabilitation activities like powered wheelchair control, object manipulation and so on. 3658: 513:

of human–human handovers in warehouses and supermarkets reveal that Givers and Receivers perceive handover tasks differently which has significant implications for designing user-centric

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A specific example of human–robot interaction is the human-vehicle interaction in automated driving. The goal of human-vehicle cooperation is to ensure safety, security, and comfort in

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data. For instance, neural-network architectures and learning algorithms that can be applied to various natural-language processing tasks including part-of-speech tagging, chunking,

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Bartneck, Christoph; Yogeeswaran, Kumar; Ser, Qi Min; Woodward, Graeme; Sparrow, Robert; Wang, Siheng; Eyssel, Friederike (26 February 2018). "Robots And Racism": 196–204.

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Human–robot interaction has been a topic of both science fiction and academic speculation even before any robots existed. Because much of active HRI development depends on

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It has also been shown that when a robot has no particular use, negative feelings are often expressed. The robot is perceived as useless and its presence becomes annoying.

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work in the same workspace. Therefore, the planning of safe and effective layouts for collaborative workplaces is one of the most challenging topics that research faces.

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Robots can be configured as collaborative robot and can be used for rehabilitation of users with motor impairment. Using various interactive technologies like automatic

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Spence, Patric R.; Westerman, David; Edwards, Chad; Edwards, Autumn (July 2014). "Welcoming Our Robot Overlords: Initial Expectations About Interaction With a Robot".

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The application areas of human–robot interaction include robotic technologies that are used by humans for industry, medicine, and companionship, among other purposes.

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is concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of

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Someshwar, Roy; Edan, Yael (2017-08-30). "Givers & receivers perceive handover tasks differently: Implications for human–robot collaborative system design".

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Sakamoto, Daisuke; Kanda, Takayuki; Ono, Tetsuo; Ishiguro, Hiroshi; Hagita, Norihiro (2007). "Android as a telecommunication medium with a human-like presence".

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Biondi, Francesco; Alvarez, Ignacio; Jeong, Kyeong-Ah (2019-07-03). "Human–Vehicle Cooperation in Automated Driving: A Multidisciplinary Review and Appraisal".

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People similarly infer the mental states of both humans and robots, except for when robots and humans use non-literal language (such as sarcasm or white lies).

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There are several books available that specialise on Human–Robot Interaction. While there are several edited books, only a few dedicated texts are available:

167:. A subfield known as physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) has tended to focus on device design to enable people to safely interact with robotic systems. 2724:

Rega, Andrea; Di Marino, Castrese; Pasquariello, Agnese; Vitolo, Ferdinando; Patalano, Stanislao; Zanella, Alessandro; Lanzotti, Antonio (20 December 2021).

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This symposium is organized in collaboration with the Annual Convention of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.

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systems. Most recently, researchers have studied a system that automatically distributes assembly tasks among co-located workers to improve co-ordination.

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Goodrich, M. A.; Lin, L.; Morse, B. S. (May 2012). "Using camera-equipped mini-UAVS to support collaborative wilderness search and rescue teams".

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Haggadone, Brad A.; Banks, Jaime; Koban, Kevin (2021-04-07). "Of robots and robotkind: Extending intergroup contact theory to social machines".

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Robinson, Hayley; MacDonald, Bruce; Broadbent, Elizabeth (November 2014). "The role of healthcare robots for older people at Home: A review".

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The project "Moonwalk" is aimed to simulate the manned mission to Mars and to test the robot-astronaut cooperation in an analogue environment.

100: 4334: 4094: 3238: 3151: 2069: 1897: 1625: 885: 234: 72: 4015: 1939:"Implications of interpersonal communication competence research on the design of artificial behavioral systems that interact with humans" 2726:"Collaborative Workplace Design: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Promote Human–Robot Collaboration and Multi-Objective Layout Optimization" 353:, etc., entering our homes, scenarios may arise where robots can collaboratively share control, co-ordinate and achieve tasks together. 139:) is the study of interactions between humans and robots. Human–robot interaction is a multidisciplinary field with contributions from 79: 3687: 370:

interaction numerous communication skills and related features should be implemented in the design of such artificial agents/systems.

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These three laws provide an overview of the goals engineers and researchers hold for safety in the HRI field, although the fields of

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Bernard, Tiziano; Martusevich, Kirill; Rolins, Armando A.; Spence, Isaac; Troshchenko, Alexander; Chintalapati, Sunil (2018-09-17).

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There are many conferences that are not exclusively HRI, but deal with broad aspects of HRI, and often have HRI papers presented.

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issues. By assisting in daily physical activities, physical assistance from the robots would allow the elderly to have a sense of

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Breazeal, Cynthia; Dautenhahn, Kerstin; Takayuki, Kanda (2016). "Social Robotics". In Siciliano, Bruno; Khatib, Oussama (eds.).

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Some research involved designing a new robot while others use available robots to conduct study. Some commonly used robots are

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workshops have been held in Europe and the United States as well as Japan, and participation has been of international scope.

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are both robots designed to elicit emotional response from humans, and so fall into the category of human–robot interaction.

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sensors permit the robot to have information over its own state. This information is relative to a reference. Theories of

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Does the robot rely on a fixed interaction pattern or is it able to have dialogue — exchange of information — with a human?

4010: 3324:. 2018 AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. Orlando, FL: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2399:

Sebanz, Natalie; Bekkering, Harold; Knoblich, Günther (February 2006). "Joint action: bodies and minds moving together".

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People have also been shown to attribute personality characteristics to the robot that were not implemented in software.

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to detect human presence or physical barriers to protect humans by preventing any contact between machine and operator.

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Bartneck, Christoph; Belpaeme, Tony; Eyssel, Friederike; Kanda, Takayuki; Keijsers, Merel; Šabanović, Selma (2019).

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field, but overlap with HRI in many research applications. Examples of robots which demonstrate this trend include

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A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

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Over the past decade, human–robot interaction has shown promising outcomes in autism intervention. Children with

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A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

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Bartneck and Okada suggest that a robotic user interface can be described by the following four properties:

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This is an example of industrial collaborative robot, Sawyer, on the factory floor working alongside humans.

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in dynamic environments is a challenge that can at the moment only be achieved for robots with 3 to 10

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systems which allow for natural, human-esque interaction which meet well-defined psychological benchmarks.

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This drone is an example of UAV that could be used to locate a missing person in the mountain for example.

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Based on past research, we have some indications about current user sentiment and behavior around robots:

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Collobert, Ronan; Weston, Jason; Bottou, Léon; Karlen, Michael; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Kuksa, Pavel (2011).

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Belpaeme, Tony; Kennedy, James; Ramachandran, Aditi; Scassellati, Brian; Tanaka, Fumihide (2018-08-22).

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rovers, UAVs, and humans enables leveraging capabilities from all sides and optimizes task performance.

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Researchers from the University at Texas demonstrated a rehabilitation robot in helping hand movements.

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the conference becomes visible by the average of 10 citations that the HRI papers attracted so far.

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The majority of robots are of a white color, stemming from a bias against robots of other colors.

339: 225:), to the practical approach of creating safety zones. These safety zones use technologies such as 180: 2557: 1804: 1636:

transcription of the laws. They also appear in the front of the book, and in both places there is

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Does the robot require remote control or is it capable of action without direct human influence?

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A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

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and bomb detection, scientific exploration, law enforcement, entertainment and hospital care.

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Oña, Edwin Daniel; Garcia-Haro, Juan Miguel; Jardón, Alberto; Balaguer, Carlos (2019-06-26).

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Wullenkord, Ricarda; Fraune, Marlena R.; Eyssel, Friederike; Šabanović, Selma (August 2016).

2130:"Initial Interaction Expectations with Robots: Testing the Human-To-Human Interaction Script" 1779: 1012:

ACE – International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society

277:. However, robots in the human–robot interaction field are not limited to human-like robots: 4302: 4180: 4165: 4040: 4032: 3951: 3910: 3895: 3843: 3745: 3421: 3413: 3325: 3279: 3272:

Proceeding of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction - HRI '10

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rehabilitation robots since the exoskeleton system makes direct contact with humans' body.

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Catlin, Dave (2014), Cao, Yiwei; Väljataga, Terje; Tang, Jeff K.T.; Leung, Howard (eds.),

3030:(April 2016). "Are robots ready to deliver autism interventions? A comprehensive review". 2542: 2200:

Pettigrew, T.F.; Tropp, L.R. (2006). "A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory".

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What is a human? - Toward psychological benchmarks in the field of human–robot interaction

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and feel that they are still able to take care of themselves and stay in their own homes.

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Getting in touch: How imagined, actual, and physical contact affect evaluations of robots

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Scholtz, Jean. "Evaluation methods for human-system performance of intelligent systems".

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Edwards, Chad; Edwards, Autumn; Spence, Patric R.; Westerman, David (21 December 2015).

1562:"Embodied Communication: How Robots and People Communicate Through Physical Interaction" 4329: 4145: 4135: 4057: 4000: 3941: 3880: 3875: 3860: 3792: 3765: 3426: 3401: 3131: 2056:. ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction - HRI '07. p. 193. 1857: 1832: 1379:

Bartneck, C.; Belpaeme, T.; Eyssel, F.; Kanda, T.; Keijsers, M.; Šabanović, S. (2019).

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Is the system designed to solve a problem effectively or is it just for entertainment?

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CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Proceedings of the 2002 Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (PerMIS) Workshop

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A novel Mars rover concept for astronaut operational support on surface EVA missions

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Proceedings of the 2013 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction

2229: 1997: 1980: 1738: 1697: 4045: 4020: 4005: 3978: 3968: 3829: 3740: 2996: 2650:"Humans Show Racial Bias Towards Robots of Different Colors: Study - IEEE Spectrum" 2453: 2438: 2079: 2029:

Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction

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Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems

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Kahn, Peter H.; Ishiguro, Hiroshi; Friedman, Batya; Kanda, Takayuki (2006-09-08).

2378:. ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction - HRI 2013. 2013. 2106: 1334:

and there are several more general journals in which one will find HRI articles.

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robots (machines which imitate human body structure) are better described by the

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This Nao Robot is often used for HRI research as well as other HRI applications.

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Proceeding of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction

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HRI research spans a wide range of fields, some general to the nature of HRI.

342:. The need for dynamic capacities pushes forward every sub-field of robotics. 252: 164: 160: 3230: 3223:

2012 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS)

3196: 3100: 3051: 2879: 2841: 2787: 2778: 2761: 2702: 2352: 2129: 1965: 1587: 1560:

Kalinowska, Aleksandra; Pilarski, Patrick M.; Murphey, Todd D. (3 May 2023).

762:, GPS information and quality search video, to support humans performing the 4231: 4125: 3824: 3283: 2957: 2911: 2904:

Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

2521: 2502: 2301: 2061: 2021: 1889: 1492:, Japan, Takayuki Kanda, 3218000 Human–Robot Interaction (ヒューマンロボットインタラクション) 1275: 1202: 1167: 1160: 645: 569: 411: 260: 3483: 3435: 3108: 2430: 2221: 2006: 1866: 1848: 689:

is considered to be a beneficial approach to help these children with ASD.

3450: 1945:. International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems - INES 2002. 1297:

IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

1030:

ICSR2009, Incheon, Korea in collaboration with the FIRA RoboWorld Congress

186:

The origin of HRI as a discrete problem was stated by 20th-century author

4271: 4221: 3696: 2742: 2725: 2584:"Robot racism? Yes, says a study showing humans' biases extend to robots" 1181: 1121:

IEEE International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication

653: 636:

Paro, a therapeutic robot intended for use in hospitals and nursing homes

267: 148: 3329: 734: 4201: 3782: 2832: 2822: 2805: 2760:

Aggogeri, Francesco; Mikolajczyk, Tadeusz; O'Kane, James (April 2019).

2185: 2168: 1474:, Bloomington, USA, Selma Sabanovic, INFO-I 440 Human–Robot Interaction 1258: 1251: 1230: 880: 641: 632: 540: 2421: 1837:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1640:"to" in the 2nd law. Note that this snippet has been copy-pasted from 4256: 3807: 3802: 2169:"Of like mind: The (mostly) similar mentalizing of robots and humans" 1223: 1188: 693:

demonstrate a consistent positive effect that could be considered as

616: 388: 156: 1833:"Socially intelligent robots: Dimensions of human–robot interaction" 1291:

IEEE-RAS/RSJ International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids)

685:(ASD) are more likely to connect with robots than humans, and using 501:

methods including: monitoring the behaviors of human partners using

2478: 1398:

Breazeal, C.; Dautenhahn, K.; Kanda, T. (2016). "Social Robotics".

1099:

International Symposium on New Frontiers in Human–Robot Interaction

414:

may be used to perceive and plan around a person's personal space.

4226: 3774: 2762:"Robotics for rehabilitation of hand movement in stroke survivors" 2303:

Anticipatory robot control for efficient human–robot collaboration

1425:, Medford, MA, USA, MS and PhD programs in Human–Robot Interaction 1265: 1195: 1174: 1163:, Netherlands, Acceptance Rate: 0.36 (0.18 for oral presentations) 816: 631: 539: 299: 289: 274: 271: 226: 2992:"This creepy-looking humanoid robot has a very important purpose" 534: 4261: 3265:

Morse, Bryan S.; Engh, Cameron H.; Goodrich, Michael A. (2010).

2654: 1938: 1620:. The Isaac Asimov Collection. New York: Doubleday. p. 40. 1514: 264: 3669: 1504:, Sweden, Mohammad Obaid, DAT545 Human-Robot Interaction Design 1757: 1041:

International Conference on Human–Robot Personal Relationships

29: 754:(UUV) have the potential to assist search and rescue work in 3651:"Albert is not happy – How robots learn to live with people" 1450:, USA, Tom Williams, CSCI 436 / 536: Human–Robot Interaction 1413:

Many universities offer courses in Human–Robot Interaction.

1130:

ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction

491:

with strong pre-existing negative sentiments towards robots.

3665: 1191:, Massachusetts, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers 324: 2455:

Adaptive coordination strategies for human–robot handovers

2022:"MeBot: A Robotic Platform for Socially Embodied Presence" 1566:

Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems

1437:

in Taiwan, Taiwan, Hooman Samani, M5226 Advanced Robotics

1017:

the special edition of the Journal of Future Robot Life.

288:

Goals in HRI range from industrial manufacturing through

183:, a field of research which is much older than robotics. 2374:"Coordination mechanisms in human–robot collaboration". 2624:"Humans keep directing abuse — even racism — at robots" 1306:

American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)

2452:

Huang, Chien-Ming; Cakmak, Maya; Mutlu, Bilge (2015).

3548:"Professional Certificate in Human–Robot Interaction" 791:

Human labor has been greatly used in agriculture but

611:

is an example of a robot-aided system implemented in

3606:"Methods and Application in Human–Robot Interaction" 2949:

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

1219:, New Zealand, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers 1184:, Switzerland, Acceptance Rate: 0.22 for full papers 644:

people who may have faced a decline in physical and

237:

systems which provide intelligent robot movement to

4295: 4189: 4113: 4076: 4031: 3929: 3773: 3703: 3177:

International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction

1527:

Professional Certificate in Human–Robot Interaction

1245:

International Conference on Human–Agent Interaction

1136:

International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2020:Adalgeirsson, Sigurdur; Breazeal, Cynthia (2010). 1533:Methods and Application in Human–Robot Interaction 1480:, Belgium, Tony Belpaeme, E019370A Robotics module 1456:, UK, Lynne Baillie, F21HR Human Robot Interaction 1065:International Congress on Love and Sex with Robots 640:Nursing robots are aimed to provide assistance to 3170: 3168: 1958:Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch 620:interaction plays an important role in designing 3387:Proceedings of the Human and Computer Conference 1513:There are also online courses available such as 1226:, Austria, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers 1205:, Germany, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers 1002:Does it have the shape or properties of a human? 3132:"Using Peer Assessment with Educational Robots" 1498:, Sweden, Iolanda Leite, DD2413 Social Robotics 1325:(Originally Journal of Human–Robot Interaction) 1318:There are currently two dedicated HRI Journals 1198:, Japan, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers 3681: 3455:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3278:. Osaka, Japan: ACM Press. pp. 227–234. 2582:Allan, Caroline Klein,David (1 August 2019). 2497:. Association for Computing Machinery. 2017. 1979:Mathur, Maya B.; Reichling, David B. (2016). 1468:, Sweden, MSc Human–Robot Interaction program 296:The goal of friendly human–robot interactions 8: 3484:"Human Robot Interaction – Share and enjoy!" 2607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2202:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1555: 1553: 1240:, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.23 for full papers 1233:, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.24 for full papers 1212:, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.25 for full papers 766:work efficiently in the given limited time. 3644:. Algorithms, graphics, and video material. 1323:ACM Transactions on Human–Robot Interaction 1021:International Conference on Social Robotics 395:to which is assigned the humans locations. 179:, many aspects of HRI are continuations of 27:Study of reaction between humans and robots 3688: 3674: 3666: 3499:Human–Robot Interaction in Social Robotics 3378:Bartneck, Christoph; Michio Okada (2001). 1391:Human–Robot Interaction in Social Robotics 1340:International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 338:, recognize and locate humans and further 307:can produce a range of facial expressions. 3577:"Introduction to Human–Robot Interaction" 3452:Human–Robot Interaction - An Introduction 3425: 3090: 2956: 2831: 2821: 2777: 2741: 2477: 2420: 2383: 2184: 1996: 1856: 1577: 1381:Human–Robot Interaction - an introduction 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3526:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1935–1972. 3032:International Journal of Social Robotics 2860:International Journal of Social Robotics 2333:International Journal of Social Robotics 1345:‘Entertainment robotics’ section of the 1329:International Journal of Social Robotics 1049:HRPR 2009, Tilburg. Keynote speaker was 768: 733: 667: 598: 568: 3638:"Human interaction with the robot J2B2" 3075:"Social robots for education: A review" 1926:– via www.interaction-design.org. 1780:"The future of human–robot interaction" 1753:"Meet Paro, the therapeutic robot seal" 1549: 1530:Introduction to Human–Robot Interaction 648:function, and, consequently, developed 2941: 2939: 2600: 2538: 2527: 1937:Bubaš, Goran; Lovrenčić, Alen (2002). 1880:Sauppé, Allison; Mutlu, Bilge (2015). 1056:HRPR2010, Leiden. Keynote speaker was 4095:Simultaneous localization and mapping 3400:Bartneck, Christoph (February 2011). 3315: 3313: 3311: 3260: 3258: 3216: 3214: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2853: 2851: 2799: 2797: 2755: 2753: 2676: 2674: 2672: 1579:10.1146/annurev-control-070122-102501 886:Computer supported collaborative work 533:, another social humanoid robot, and 529:, a humanoid and programmable robot. 361:On the other end of HRI research the 235:simultaneous localization and mapping 7: 496:Methods for human–robot coordination 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3026:Begum, Momotaz; Serna, Richard W.; 1616:Asimov, Isaac (1950). "Runaround". 1404:– chapter in an extensive handbook. 453:Cognitive models and theory of mind 3136:New Horizons in Web Based Learning 2766:Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2556:Paterson, Mark (26 January 2024). 1149:, Utah, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.29 537:, a programmable companion robot. 25: 1502:Chalmers University of Technology 1496:KTH Royal Institute of Technology 1300:Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) 4359: 4348: 4347: 3764: 2648:Ackerman, Evan (July 17, 2018). 2461:. Robotics: Science and Systems. 1805:"3: Emergence of HRI as a Field" 1389:Kanda, T.; Ishiguro, H. (2012). 1303:Computer Human Interaction (CHI) 1170:, CA, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.19 1107:2015, Canterbury, United Kingdom 1036:ICSR2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands 34: 4360: 2622:Samuel, Sigal (2 August 2019). 2558:"Why are so many robots white?" 1998:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.008 1347:Entertainment Computing Journal 1116:2009, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 1113:2010, Leicester, United Kingdom 911:Interactive Systems Engineering 615:. This type of robot would aid 521:Robots used for research in HRI 45:needs additional citations for 3649:Hottelet, Ulrich (June 2009). 2245:Communication Research Reports 2173:Technology, Mind, and Behavior 2095:Communication Research Reports 1417:University Courses and Degrees 1294:Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) 1177:, Japan, Acceptance Rate: 0.21 921:Natural-language understanding 628:Elder care and companion robot 1: 3524:Springer Handbook of Robotics 3501:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 3189:10.1080/10447318.2018.1561792 2990:Curtis, Sophie (2017-07-28). 2695:10.1080/01691864.2019.1636714 2257:10.1080/08824096.2021.1909551 2146:10.1080/10510974.2015.1121899 1400:Springer Handbook of Robotics 382:Methods for perceiving humans 2401:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2107:10.1080/08824096.2014.924337 1655:Hornbeck, Dan (2008-08-21). 1364:Systems, Man and Cybernetics 1156:, USA, Acceptance Rate: 0.23 1110:2014, London, United Kingdom 1091:2016, London, United Kingdom 1088:2017, London, United Kingdom 752:unmanned underwater vehicles 511:Human Factors and Ergonomics 4105:Vision-guided robot systems 3144:10.1007/978-3-319-13296-9_6 3092:10.1126/scirobotics.aat5954 2167:Banks, Jaime (2021-01-28). 1385:– free PDF available online 1352:Interaction Studies Journal 438:Methods for motion planning 420:natural-language processing 393:mapping of its surroundings 243:natural-language generation 239:natural-language processing 177:natural language processing 153:natural language processing 4414: 4325:Technological unemployment 2413:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.009 2288:10.1109/ROMAN.2016.7745228 2214:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 1509:Online Courses and Degrees 1435:National Taipei University 1133: 906:Human–computer interaction 141:human–computer interaction 4343: 4313:Workplace robotics safety 3762: 3418:10.1007/s11192-010-0281-x 3380:"Robotic User Interfaces" 3044:10.1007/s12369-016-0346-y 2872:10.1007/s12369-014-0242-2 2345:10.1007/s12369-017-0424-9 1721:10.1109/ROMAN.2006.314461 1690:10.1007/s10514-006-9016-5 987:Reactive – dialogue scale 948:Anthropomorphism and the 832:Human–robot collaboration 729:automated driving systems 683:autism spectrum disorders 515:human–robot collaborative 69:"Human–robot interaction" 3614:University of Canterbury 3585:University of Canterbury 3556:University of Canterbury 3497:Kanda, Takayuki (2012). 3358:publication.sipmm.edu.sg 3231:10.1109/CTS.2012.6261008 2779:10.1177/1687814019841921 1522:University of Canterbury 1448:Colorado School of Mines 748:Unmanned aerial vehicles 428:named-entity recognition 406:of the environment. The 340:recognize their emotions 4161:Human–robot interaction 3284:10.1145/1734454.1734548 2958:10.1145/3491102.3517435 2912:10.1145/3313831.3376402 2522:10.1145/3171221.3171260 2503:10.1145/3025453.3026036 2062:10.1145/1228716.1228743 1923:Human–Robot Interaction 1890:10.1145/2702123.2702181 1809:Human–Robot Interaction 1441:Ontario Tech University 1358:Artificial Intelligence 1094:2014, Madeira, Portugal 1085:2019, Brussels, Belgium 876:Artificial intelligence 695:evidence-based practice 398:Most methods intend to 145:artificial intelligence 133:Human–robot interaction 18:Human robot interaction 4393:Multimodal interaction 2772:(4): 168781401984192. 2537:Cite journal requires 1849:10.1098/rstb.2006.2004 1657:"Safety in Automation" 1642:Three Laws of Robotics 1454:Heriot-Watt University 1429:University of Waterloo 997:Anthropomorphism scale 916:Multimodal interaction 774: 739: 673: 637: 604: 574: 545: 432:semantic role labeling 368:human – humanoid robot 308: 196:Three Laws of Robotics 190:in 1941, in his novel 4267:Starship Technologies 2134:Communication Studies 1402:. pp. 1935–1972. 1271:HAI 2016 in Singapore 1082:2020, Berlin, Germany 772: 737: 671: 635: 602: 572: 543: 303: 4217:Energid Technologies 2743:10.3390/app112412147 1524:(UCx) – edX program 1484:Bielefeld University 1046:HRPR2008, Maastricht 609:rehabilitation robot 374:General HRI research 323:With the advance in 181:human communications 54:improve this article 4388:Human communication 4308:Powered exoskeleton 3389:. pp. 130–140. 3330:10.2514/6.2018-5154 1829:Dautenhahn, Kerstin 1786:. 27 September 2017 1761:. November 20, 2003 1283:Related conferences 1033:ICSR2010, Singapore 822:Gesture recognition 793:Agricultural robots 787:Agricultural robots 677:Autism intervention 363:cognitive modelling 4277:Universal Robotics 4252:Intuitive Surgical 4242:Harvest Automation 4207:Barrett Technology 3989:Robotic spacecraft 3835:Audio-Animatronics 3631:External resources 3612:. Canterbury, UK: 3583:. Canterbury, UK: 3554:. Canterbury, UK: 2823:10.3390/app9132586 2689:(15–16): 764–799. 2186:10.1037/tmb0000025 1472:Indiana University 1460:Uppsala University 1058:Kerstin Dautenhahn 977:– autonomous scale 775: 740: 717:speech recognition 674: 638: 605: 575: 546: 447:degrees of freedom 336:categorize objects 331:Kerstin Dautenhahn 309: 4375: 4374: 4318:Robotic tech vest 4247:Honeybee Robotics 4063:Electric unicycle 4016:remotely-operated 3616:(UCx). 2021-09-01 3587:(UCx). 2021-09-01 3558:(UCx). 2021-09-01 3240:978-1-4673-1382-7 3153:978-3-319-13295-2 2951:. pp. 1–15. 2906:. pp. 1–12. 2683:Advanced Robotics 2071:978-1-59593-617-2 1899:978-1-4503-3145-6 1843:(1480): 679–704. 1831:(29 April 2007). 1661:machinedesign.com 1627:978-0-385-42304-5 1466:Skövde University 901:Haptic technology 891:Dialog management 852:Robot simulations 812:Autonomous robots 778:Space exploration 764:search and rescue 743:Search and rescue 723:Automatic driving 578:Industrial robots 565:Industrial robots 557:Application areas 474:person-dependent. 355:Industrial robots 313:artificial agents 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4405: 4363: 4362: 4351: 4350: 4335:Fictional robots 4303:Critique of work 3952:Unmanned vehicle 3768: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3662: 3657:. 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940: 871: 866: 842:Motion planning 827:Humanoid robots 807: 802: 789: 780: 745: 725: 713: 700: 679: 666: 630: 597: 592: 567: 559: 551: 523: 498: 455: 443:Motion planning 440: 384: 376: 298: 249:Anthropomorphic 173: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4357: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4330:Terrainability 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3949: 3944: 3942:Cloud robotics 3939: 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1872: 1820: 1796: 1784:as.cornell.edu 1771: 1744: 1729: 1703: 1672: 1647: 1626: 1608: 1572:(1): 205–232. 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1386: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1147:Salt Lake City 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 994: 993: 989: 988: 984: 983: 979: 978: 975:Remote control 971: 970: 966: 965: 957: 954: 953: 952: 950:uncanny valley 944: 941: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 896:Face detection 893: 888: 883: 878: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864: 859: 854: 849: 847:Personal robot 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 788: 785: 779: 776: 744: 741: 724: 721: 712: 711:Rehabilitation 709: 678: 675: 665: 662: 629: 626: 596: 595:Rehabilitation 593: 591: 590:Medical robots 588: 566: 563: 558: 555: 550: 547: 522: 519: 497: 494: 493: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478: 475: 471: 454: 451: 439: 436: 408:proprioception 383: 380: 375: 372: 297: 294: 218:machine ethics 210: 209: 206: 203: 172: 169: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4410: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282:Wolf Robotics 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4237:Foster-Miller 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Developmental 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3921:Soft robotics 3919: 3917: 3916:BEAM robotics 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Entertainment 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704:Main articles 3702: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3655:African Times 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3533:9783319325507 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3508:9781466506978 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3464: 3462:9781108735407 3458: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3339:9781624105753 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3293:9781424448937 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3250: 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1759: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730:1-4244-0564-5 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 990: 986: 985: 981: 980: 976: 973: 972: 968: 967: 963: 962: 961: 955: 951: 947: 946: 942: 937: 936:Human sensing 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 868: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:Mobile robots 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 804: 799: 797: 794: 786: 784: 777: 771: 767: 765: 761: 760:coverage maps 757: 753: 749: 742: 736: 732: 730: 722: 720: 718: 710: 708: 704: 703: 698: 696: 690: 688: 687:social robots 684: 676: 670: 664:Social robots 663: 661: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 634: 627: 625: 623: 618: 614: 610: 601: 594: 589: 587: 584: 583:manufacturing 579: 571: 564: 562: 556: 554: 548: 542: 538: 536: 532: 528: 520: 518: 516: 512: 506: 504: 495: 489: 485: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 467: 466: 463: 459: 452: 450: 448: 444: 437: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 381: 379: 373: 371: 369: 364: 359: 356: 352: 351:laser cutters 348: 343: 341: 337: 332: 328: 326: 321: 317: 314: 306: 302: 295: 293: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 257:Willow Garage 254: 250: 246: 244: 240: 236: 230: 228: 224: 219: 215: 207: 204: 201: 200: 199: 197: 193: 189: 184: 182: 178: 170: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4364: 4352: 4160: 4121:Evolutionary 4068:Robotic fins 4021:Robotic fish 4006:Telerobotics 3979:Nanorobotics 3969:Mobile robot 3906:Food service 3901:Agricultural 3751:Competitions 3736:Hall of Fame 3659:the original 3654: 3642:hakenberg.de 3641: 3618:. Retrieved 3609: 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3580: 3571: 3560:. Retrieved 3551: 3542: 3523: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3451: 3444: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3386: 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3360:. 2019-01-01 3357: 3348: 3321: 3271: 3222: 3180: 3176: 3157:, retrieved 3135: 3125: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3035: 3031: 3001:. Retrieved 2995: 2985: 2948: 2903: 2896: 2863: 2859: 2816:(13): 2586. 2813: 2809: 2769: 2765: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2686: 2682: 2659:. Retrieved 2653: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2627: 2617: 2591:. Retrieved 2587: 2577: 2565:. Retrieved 2561: 2551: 2530:cite journal 2511: 2494: 2488: 2467: 2454: 2447: 2407:(2): 70–76. 2404: 2400: 2394: 2375: 2369: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2302: 2296: 2279: 2273: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2053: 2047: 2028: 2015: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1932: 1922: 1916: 1881: 1875: 1840: 1836: 1823: 1812:. Retrieved 1808: 1799: 1788:. Retrieved 1783: 1774: 1763:. 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CRC Press. 1390: 1380: 1373: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1286: 1274:HAI 2017 in 1264:HAI 2015 in 1257:HAI 2014 in 1250:HAI 2013 in 1236:HRI 2021 in 1229:HRI 2018 in 1222:HRI 2017 in 1217:Christchurch 1215:HRI 2016 in 1208:HRI 2015 in 1201:HRI 2014 in 1194:HRI 2013 in 1187:HRI 2012 in 1180:HRI 2011 in 1173:HRI 2010 in 1166:HRI 2009 in 1159:HRI 2008 in 1152:HRI 2007 in 1145:HRI 2006 in 1139: 1124: 1102: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1024: 1015: 959: 862:Social robot 790: 781: 746: 726: 714: 705: 701: 699: 691: 680: 658: 650:psychosocial 639: 606: 576: 560: 552: 524: 507: 503:eye tracking 499: 464: 460: 456: 441: 416: 397: 385: 377: 367: 360: 344: 329: 322: 318: 310: 287: 247: 231: 223:moral agency 214:robot ethics 211: 191: 188:Isaac Asimov 185: 174: 136: 132: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 4141:Open-source 3994:Space probe 3984:Necrobotics 3974:Microbotics 3937:Biorobotics 3866:Educational 3849:Articulated 3830:Animatronic 3815:Claytronics 2833:10016/34029 1632:This is an 1007:Conferences 857:Robot teams 622:exoskeleton 613:health care 347:3d printers 311:Robots are 253:biomimetics 110:August 2011 4382:Categories 4181:Ubiquitous 4171:Perceptual 4078:Navigation 4033:Locomotion 4011:Underwater 3896:Disability 3844:Industrial 3620:2021-09-01 3591:2021-09-01 3562:2021-09-01 3468:27 January 3364:2022-11-15 3159:2023-03-01 3003:2019-10-28 2997:The Mirror 2479:1708.06207 2422:2066/55284 1814:2020-06-12 1790:2020-06-12 1765:2020-06-12 1666:2020-06-12 1545:References 956:Properties 943:Psychology 926:Telematics 869:Technology 750:(UAV) and 198:, namely: 165:philosophy 161:psychology 80:newspapers 4232:Figure AI 4190:Companies 4166:Paradigms 4151:Adaptable 4131:Simulator 3825:Automaton 3820:Companion 3731:Geography 3197:1044-7318 3101:2470-9476 3052:1875-4791 2977:248419908 2930:218483496 2880:1875-4791 2842:2076-3417 2788:1687-8140 2711:198488518 2703:0169-1864 2603:cite news 2380:CiteSeerX 2361:149855145 2353:1875-4805 2265:233566369 2154:146204935 2115:144545474 1991:: 22–32. 1985:Cognition 1966:963993063 1596:255701603 1588:2573-5144 1540:Footnotes 1278:, Germany 1276:Bielefeld 1203:Bielefeld 1168:San Diego 1161:Amsterdam 646:cognitive 412:proxemics 261:PR2 robot 4398:Robotics 4354:Category 4272:Symbotic 4222:FarmWise 4176:Situated 4146:Software 4114:Research 4058:Climbing 3881:Military 3876:Juggling 3861:Domestic 3793:Humanoid 3716:Glossary 3697:Robotics 3436:21297856 3302:11511362 3249:13164847 3205:86447168 3117:52033756 3109:33141719 3060:15396137 2888:25075532 2431:16406326 2230:14149856 2222:16737372 2007:26402646 1867:17301026 1739:10368589 1698:31481065 1618:I, Robot 1314:Journals 1309:INTERACT 1182:Lausanne 805:Robotics 800:See also 796:plants. 654:autonomy 402:through 268:Robonaut 192:I, Robot 149:robotics 4366:Outline 4296:Related 4287:Yaskawa 4202:Anybots 4082:mapping 4051:Hexapod 4046:Walking 3891:Service 3886:Medical 3798:Android 3783:Aerobot 3726:History 3711:Outline 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