29:
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defenses, additional fireteams would press on behind them and attack the same point until a breach was created. Once penetration was achieved, the bulk of the
Chinese forces would move into the enemy rear and attack from behind. During the attacks, the Chinese assault teams would disperse while masking themselves using the terrain, and this made it difficult for UN defenders to target numerous Chinese troops. Attacks by the successive Chinese fireteams were also carefully timed to minimize casualties. Due to primitive communication systems and tight political controls within the Chinese army, short attacks were often repeated indefinitely until either the defenses were penetrated or the attacker's ammunition supply were exhausted, regardless of the chances of success or the human cost.
2228:'s army worked together in the joint ambush with the Boxers relentlessly assaulting the Allies head on with human wave attacks displaying "no fear of death" and engaging the Allies in melee combat and putting the Allied troops under severe mental stress by mimicking vigorous gunfire with firecrackers. The Allies however suffered most of their losses at the hands of General Dong's troops, who used their expertise and persistence to engage in "bold and persistent" assaults on the Alliance forces, as remembered by the German Captain Usedom: the right wing of the Germans was almost at the point of collapse under the attack until they were rescued from Langfang by French and British troops; the Allies then retreated from Langfang in trains full of bullet holes.
99:
2368:, where Japanese forces used this approach against Allied forces. However, Allied forces drastically outnumbered the Japanese, and they were equipped with a very high number of automatic weapons. They also consisted of well-trained forces who would quickly adapt to Japanese charges. If the Allied forces could establish a defensive perimeter, their superior firepower would often result in crippling Japanese casualties and a failure of the attack. The Japanese battle-cry "Banzai" led to this form of charge being called the "
2334:
2364:, where the highly disciplined Japanese soldiers were fighting against enemies with comparatively lower discipline and without many automatic weapons such as machine guns, oftentimes outnumbering them as well. In such instances, a determined charge could break into the enemy lines and win the day. The effectiveness of such strategies in China made them a standard tactic for the Imperial Japanese Army. These tactics became mostly known to Western audiences during the
2483:
2240:(1904-1905), human wave attacks were conducted on Russian artillery and machine guns by the Japanese which ended up becoming suicidal. Since the Japanese suffered massive casualties in the attacks, one description of the aftermath was that "a thick, unbroken mass of corpses covered the cold earth like a coverlet."
2428:
also commented that the word "mass" was indiscriminately used by the media to describe
Chinese infantry tactics, and it is rare for the Chinese to actually use densely concentrated infantry formations to absorb enemy firepower. In response to the media's stereotype of Chinese assault troops deployed
2104:
However, this solution usually means that the attackers must sacrifice concealment and cover for numbers and speed. Because of this trade-off, human wave attacks can be used by an attacker which lacks tactical training or one which lacks firepower and the ability to manoeuvre, but which can motivate
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for the attackers to advance into enemy fire. However, when matched against modern weaponry such as automatic firearms, artillery and aircraft, a human wave attack is an extremely dangerous and costly tactic in the face of devastating firepower. Thus, for a human wave attack to succeed on the modern
2080:
infantry formations against an enemy line, without any attempts to shield or to mask the attacker's movement. The goal of a human wave attack is to maneuver as many people as possible into close range, hoping that the shock from a large mass of attackers engaged in melee combat would force the enemy
2436:
In
Chinese sources, this tactic is referred to as "three-three fireteams," after the composition of the attack: three men would form one fireteam, and three fireteams would form one squad. A Chinese platoon, consisting of 33 to 50 soldiers (depending on if they had a heavy weapons team), would form
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honor code that viewed surrender as shameful or unacceptable, whereas the bravery of a human wave charge, even if suicidal, was an honorable choice. These banzai charges by
Japanese soldiers against Allied troops equipped with machine guns, light mortars, semi-automatic rifles and sub-machine guns
2603:
The term ″meat grinder″ has been used to describe these tactics used by Russia in attempts to wear down
Ukrainian forces and expose their positions to Russian artillery. According to NATO and Western military officials, around 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day on
2423:
This persistent attack pattern left a strong impression on UN forces that fought in Korea, giving birth to the description of "human wave." U.S. Army historian Roy Edgar
Appleman observed that the term "human wave" was later used by journalists and military officials to convey the image that the
2419:
on a narrow front against the weakest point in enemy defenses. The PVA assault team would crawl undetected within grenade range, then launch surprise attacks against the defenders in order to breach the defenses by relying on maximum shock and confusion. If the initial shock failed to breach the
2220:
On June 11 and June 14 1900, Boxers armed only with bladed melee weapons directly charged the
Alliance troops at Langfang armed with rifles and machine guns in human wave attacks and the Boxers also blocked the retreat of the expedition via train by destroying the Tianjin-Langfang railway.
2315:. This led to massive losses on the Soviet side and contributed to why the clearly weaker Finnish forces (both in manpower and armament) were able to temporarily resist the Soviet attacks on the Karelian Isthmus. Soviet attacks in other sectors were successfully halted by the Finns.
2325:, talks about the eventual technological advancement of Soviet spearhead forces, becoming as effective as German forces, however he still acknowledges that elements of "unthinkable self-sacrifice, 'human wave' tactics, and draconian punishment" existed.
2596:, claimed that Russia threw "masses of poorly trained soldiers right into the battlefield without proper equipment, and apparently without proper training and preparation." Russian troops have claimed that they were threatened with being shot by
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were often ineffective in altering the outcome of a battle, but
American troops later reported severe psychological pressure from defending against these out-gunned human waves.
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2084:
The human wave attack's reliance on melee combat usually makes the organization and the training of the attacking force irrelevant, but it requires either great physical
2375:
In addition to its strategic use by
Japanese military forces, the frequency of its use has been explained, in part, as Japanese troops adhering to their traditional
2101:
into the enemy line in the shortest time and in the greatest numbers possible, so that a sufficient mass can be preserved when the attackers reach melee range.
63:. The name refers to the concept of a coordinated mass of soldiers falling upon an enemy force and sweeping them away with sheer weight and momentum, like an
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98:
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starting in 2022, the
Ukrainian military and Western media reported that the Russian military use human wave attacks to overcome Ukrainian defenses.
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2456:. Their use in the Sino-Vietnamese War is a rare example of an army with superior firepower, in this case the PLA, throwing away its advantage.
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2276:, it was not uncommon for Republican commanders to order units onto attacks that were warned by field officers to be ill-advised or suicidal.
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3659:"Modern Banzai Charge: Russian Troops Pile Onto Vehicles, Speed Toward Ukrainian Lines ... And Die. But The Tactic Is Helping Russia Advance"
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positions, allowing the enemy machine gunners to mow them down, a tactic described as "incomprehensible fatalism" by the Finnish commander
2537:. According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".
1805:
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units. It was also claimed that the Russian infantry sent in "human wave" attacks are poorly trained and equipped, with minimal or no
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According to U.S. Army analyst Edward C. O'Dowd, the technical definition of a human wave attack tactic is a frontal assault by
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Human wave attacks have been used by several armed forces around the world, including European and American armies during the
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1641:
3707:"Russia's bloody fight for a ruined Ukrainian town has been a mess, and its forces are getting slaughtered, milbloggers say"
3743:"'They threatened to shoot us if we didn't advance' — Russian soldiers deployed near Ukraine's Vuhledar ask Putin for help"
3428:
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their squads in ranks in a staggered arrowhead formation, which would be employed to attack "one point" from "two sides."
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was known for its use of human wave attacks. There were even specialized units who were trained in this type of assault.
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1995:
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2564:, it was claimed that Russian Army regulars were sent into the battles using human wave tactics to capture the towns.
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Montoya, Maria; Belmonte, Laura A.; Guarneri, Carl J.; Hackel, Steven; Hartigan-O'Connor, Ellen (5 October 2016).
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2517:, some of the attacks conducted by Iranian forces in large operations, were considered to be human wave attacks.
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in vast "human seas", a joke circulated among the US servicemen was "How many hordes are there in a Chinese
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21:"Human wave" redirects here. For the crowd act associated with sporting and entertainment events, see
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expected China to use the tactic if necessary. The Chinese army re-adopted this tactic during the
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formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in
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2015:
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Soul of the Sword: An Illustrated History of Weaponry and Warfare from Prehistory to the Present
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2412:—the overall commander of the PVA forces in Korea—is said to have invented this tactic.
3130:"The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War"
2784:
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2020:
2010:
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87:
3614:"'Why should I fight?': How Russian soldiers are mutinying in face of 'certain death'"
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American soldiers were assaulted by overwhelming numbers of Chinese on a broad front.
4044:
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3035:
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22:
2529:, the widespread use of trenches has resulted in comparisons of the conflict to the
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1970:
1950:
1945:
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due to the stagnation of the Chinese military modernization programs during the
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64:
3873:, College Station, TX: Texas A and M University Military History Series, 14,
3855:, College Station, TX: Texas A and M University Military History Series, 11,
3482:
3268:
3203:"Japan plans final push to bring home its war dead - Asia - DW - 19.04.2016"
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355:
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211:
3178:"Banzai Cliff was the Site of Hundreds of Suicides at the Battle of Saipan"
3951:
Formidable Enemies: The North Korean and Chinese Soldier in the Korean War
3942:
3769:
3009:
American Political and Cultural Perspectives on Japan: From Perry to Obama
3795:"Russia Sends Waves of Troops to the Front in a Brutal Style of Fighting"
3487:
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1525:
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3813:"Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground"
3097:
This Week in Spanish Civil War History – Week 18: 14 – 21 November 1936
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4036:
Documentary clip highlighting Iran's Human Wave Attacks vs. Iraq 1982
3689:"Russia pursues Avdiivka with 'meat assaults' in a replay of Bakhmut"
2093:
1434:
835:
652:
388:
2415:
A typical Chinese short attack was carried out at night by numerous
3111:"Lost Illusions: The Americans who fought in the Spanish Civil War"
2949:
The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power
3548:"Eritrean disaster looms as a million flee from rapidly advancing"
2465:
2332:
2202:
2174:
910:
446:
441:
3768:
Ivshina, Olga; Brewer, Becky Dale & Kirstie (17 April 2024).
3726:"Russia launched 'renewed offensive' against Ukraine, Kirby says"
3633:"Human wave tactics are demoralizing the Russian army in Ukraine"
3595:"Human wave tactics are demoralizing the Russian army in Ukraine"
2747:
RED ARMY ASSAULT AT SEELOW HEIGHTS – MAY '99 WORLD WAR II FEATURE
2440:
Although abandoned by the PVA by 1953, outside observers such as
2392:, the term "human wave attack" was used to describe the Chinese
206:
201:
3931:
The Chinese Communist Army in Action: The War and its Aftermath
3871:
Escaping the Trap: The US Army X Corps in Northeast Korea, 1950
2838:
The Chinese at the Negotiating Table: Style and Characteristics
3037:
Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military
2477:
79:
2644:
designed in 1952 as a response to human wave attacks in Korea
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
32:
Japanese woodcut print depicting an infantry charge in the
3577:"Russia's 'Human Wave Attacks' Are Another Step Into Hell"
2808:"Russia's 'Human Wave Attacks' Are Another Step Into Hell"
2284:
There were elements of human waves being utilized in the
2568:
paramilitary units also used "human wave attacks" using
3913:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
3150:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 123–125.
2604:
average in May and June 2024, mainly due to the use of
2494:
2337:
Dead Japanese soldiers lie on the beach after a failed
2217:
where the Eight Nation Alliance was forced to retreat.
3261:
Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (1 May 2015).
3148:
The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940
2272:. Also, as recounted by various former members of the
2307:
used human wave charges repeatedly against fortified
3990:
Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War
3588:
3586:
3165:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 140–141.
2205:. Boxer rebels performed human wave attacks against
4031:
Footage of human wave attacks during the Korean war
3503:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
2982:
The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
2919:
The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
2892:
The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
2865:
The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
2097:battlefield, it is imperative for the attackers to
3483:"The 'beauty' and the horror of the Iran-Iraq war"
3034:
2248:Human wave attacks have also been deployed by the
3853:Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur
3528:"Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea"
3570:
3568:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3435:. George Washington University. Archived from
3972:Infantry Operations and Weapon Usage in Korea
3915:, New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA,
3163:Shooting Up: A short history of drugs and war
2758:
2756:
2754:
2659:
2657:
2052:
51:in which an attacker conducts an unprotected
8:
2572:to fight in Ukraine, including those in the
3505:. New Haven: Yale University. p. 345.
2408:(PVA). According to some accounts, Marshal
3468:
3456:
3414:
2773:
2771:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2059:
2045:
69:
3345:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3381:
3357:
3298:
2762:
2663:
2356:The charge was used successfully in the
2264:, particularly the counterattack by the
2197:Human wave attacks were used during the
1023:List of military strategies and concepts
27:
3837:, New York, NY: Hippocrene Books, Inc,
3429:"The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969"
3369:
3146:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1973).
2653:
77:
3393:
2474:Martyrdom in Iran § Iran–Iraq War
3612:Nataliya Vasilyeva (March 10, 2023).
3076:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 243–.
7:
3128:Trickey, Erick (February 12, 2019),
2805:Kluth, Andreas (February 14, 2023).
3575:Andreas Kluth (February 14, 2023).
3405:林彪 (1948).《一点两面与班组的三三制战术》. 辽吉第五军分区.
3333:
3321:
2841:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 232–.
2527:Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998-2000
3176:Godbey, Holly (5 September 2017).
2323:The Oxford History of World War II
14:
3427:Burr, William, ed. (2001-06-12).
3264:The Routledge History of Genocide
3012:. Lexington Books. pp. 41–.
2952:(revised ed.). Basic Books.
3770:"Russia's meat grinder soldiers"
3631:Yanchik, Olivia (8 April 2023).
2916:Lanxin Xiang (4 February 2014).
2889:Lanxin Xiang (4 February 2014).
2862:Lanxin Xiang (4 February 2014).
2778:Anderson, Jon Lee (2009-06-19),
2600:if they retreated from attacks.
2481:
97:
3974:, London, UK: Greenhill Books,
3657:Axe, David (26 February 2024).
3593:Olivia Yanchik (8 April 2023).
3108:Crain, Calen (April 11, 2016),
3006:John H. Miller (2 April 2014).
2570:convicts recruited from prisons
3953:, Novato, CA: Presidio Press,
3526:Fisher, Ian (23 August 1999).
3481:Gallagher, Mike (2015-09-26),
2594:U.S. National Security Council
2383:
2256:most notably their defense of
2081:to disintegrate or fall back.
1:
3929:George, Alexander L. (1967),
2734:"National Revolutionary Army"
3835:Korea: The First War We Lost
3833:Alexander, Bevin R. (1986),
2922:. Routledge. pp. 264–.
2895:. Routledge. pp. 263–.
2868:. Routledge. pp. 262–.
3992:, New York, NY: Routledge,
3033:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
2547:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2541:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2290:American soldiers in Russia
2187:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2147:National Revolutionary Army
2105:and control its personnel.
1516:Military–industrial complex
995:Operational manoeuvre group
4082:
3988:O'Dowd, Edward C. (2007),
3161:Kamieński, Łukasz (2016).
2985:. Routledge. p. 264.
2835:Alfred D. Wilhelm (1994).
2463:
55:with densely concentrated
20:
3935:Columbia University Press
3724:Berg, Matt (2023-10-13),
3433:National Security Archive
3288:– via Google Books.
3250:– via Google Books.
2780:"Understanding The Basij"
1580:Loss-of-strength gradient
437:Combat information center
4010:, Novato, CA: Presidio,
4006:Roe, Patrick C. (2000),
2372:" by the Allied forces.
2362:Second Sino-Japanese War
2163:People's Liberation Army
1898:Military science fiction
1383:Technology and equipment
804:List of military tactics
3949:Mahoney, Kevin (2001),
3911:Davis, Paul K. (2001),
2608:of human wave attacks.
2592:, spokesperson for the
2406:People's Volunteer Army
2384:People's Volunteer Army
2155:People's Volunteer Army
2131:Spanish Republican Army
1966:Wartime sexual violence
1722:Full-spectrum dominance
1533:Supply-chain management
3869:Appleman, Roy (1990),
3851:Appleman, Roy (1989),
3501:Tareke, Gebru (2009).
2979:Lanxin, Xiang (2014).
2552:During the battles of
2521:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
2351:Imperial Japanese Army
2346:
2329:Imperial Japanese Army
2143:Imperial Japanese Army
1878:Awards and decorations
1851:Peace through strength
1826:Low-intensity conflict
1460:Conscientious objector
1333:Area of responsibility
36:
3066:Robert L. O'Connell;
2343:Battle of Guadalcanal
2336:
2207:Eight-Nation Alliance
2183:Russian Ground Forces
470:Torpedo data computer
460:Ship gun fire-control
67:breaking on a beach.
31:
3747:Novaya Gazeta Europe
3471:, pp. 144, 164.
3459:, pp. 150, 165.
3233:. Cengage Learning.
3182:Warhistoryonline.com
3134:Smithsonian Magazine
2270:Buenaventura Durruti
2252:in Spain during the
2238:Siege of Port Arthur
2078:densely concentrated
1996:Military occupations
1831:Military engineering
1733:Unrestricted Warfare
1590:Force multiplication
488:Military manoeuvrers
4066:Tactical formations
3601:. Atlantic Council.
3041:. Norton. pp.
2699:, pp. 145–146.
2628:Swarming (military)
2454:Cultural Revolution
2450:Sino-Vietnamese War
2396:, a combination of
2244:Spanish Republicans
2171:Sino-Vietnamese War
1682:Penal military unit
1667:Rules of engagement
1343:Command and control
968:Operations research
432:Director (military)
422:Fire-control system
192:Command and control
73:Part of a series on
4008:The Dragon Strikes
3896:. London: Viking.
3799:The New York Times
3713:. 31 October 2023.
3695:. 1 November 2023.
3533:The New York Times
2493:. You can help by
2358:Russo-Japanese War
2347:
2232:Russo-Japanese War
2215:Battle of Langfang
2211:Seymour Expedition
2209:forces during the
2115:American Civil War
1791:Counter-insurgency
1712:Command of the sea
1657:Jewish laws on war
1632:Geneva Conventions
1168:Divide and conquer
963:Military operation
928:Tactical objective
427:Fire-control radar
404:Electronic-warfare
47:, is an offensive
43:, also known as a
37:
34:Russo-Japanese War
3999:978-0-415-41427-2
3960:978-0-89141-738-5
3922:978-0-19-514366-9
3903:978-0-14-103240-5
3862:978-1-60344-128-5
3844:978-0-87052-135-5
3512:978-0-300-14163-4
3083:978-0-684-84407-7
3068:John H. Batchelor
3052:978-0-393-04085-2
3019:978-0-7391-8913-9
2929:978-1-136-86582-4
2902:978-1-136-86582-4
2875:978-1-136-86582-4
2848:978-0-7881-2340-5
2618:Attrition warfare
2511:
2510:
2303:of 1939–1940 the
2286:Russian Civil War
2274:Lincoln Battalion
2254:Spanish Civil War
2135:Spanish Civil War
2069:
2068:
1961:Horses in warfare
1908:Anti-war movement
1811:Gunboat diplomacy
1801:Disaster response
1749:Philosophy of war
1744:Principles of war
1717:Deterrence theory
1662:Right of conquest
1585:Lanchester's laws
1353:Principles of war
1043:Counter-offensive
1028:Military campaign
933:Target saturation
856:Counterinsurgency
465:Gun data computer
399:Close air support
361:Aircraft carriers
41:human wave attack
4073:
4020:
4002:
3984:
3968:Marshall, S.L.A.
3963:
3945:
3933:, New York, NY:
3925:
3907:
3883:
3865:
3847:
3821:
3820:
3809:
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3791:
3785:
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3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:Business Insider
3703:
3697:
3696:
3685:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3637:Atlantic Council
3628:
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3590:
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3580:
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3319:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3230:Global Americans
3224:
3218:
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3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
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2796:
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2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2633:Creeping barrage
2506:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2442:Allen S. Whiting
2404:employed by the
2061:
2054:
2047:
1816:Humanitarian aid
1754:Security dilemma
1575:Power projection
1358:Economy of force
1338:Chain of command
1053:Defence in depth
1038:Commerce raiding
861:Defeat in detail
197:Defense ministry
101:
92:
91:
82:
70:
45:human sea attack
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4051:Assault tactics
4041:
4040:
4027:
4018:
4005:
4000:
3987:
3982:
3966:
3961:
3948:
3928:
3923:
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3886:
3881:
3868:
3863:
3850:
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3832:
3829:
3824:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3801:. 27 June 2024.
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3749:. 26 March 2023
3741:
3740:
3736:
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3718:
3705:
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3552:The Independent
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3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:, pp. 4–5.
3392:
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3328:
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2883:
2876:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2814:Washington Post
2804:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2732:
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2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2614:
2588:. Rear Admiral
2543:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2491:needs expansion
2476:
2464:Main articles:
2462:
2426:S.L.A. Marshall
2386:
2331:
2305:Soviet Red Army
2292:supporting the
2282:
2280:Soviet Red Army
2262:Siege of Madrid
2246:
2234:
2224:The Boxers and
2201:(1899-1901) in
2199:Boxer Rebellion
2195:
2193:Boxer Rebellion
2173:, the Iranian
2127:Boxer Rebellion
2111:
2074:
2065:
2036:
2035:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1836:Multilateralism
1821:Law enforcement
1781:
1771:
1770:
1739:Just war theory
1697:
1687:
1686:
1637:Geneva Protocol
1607:
1597:
1596:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1203:Network-centric
1123:
1113:
1112:
1020:
1010:
1009:
958:
948:
947:
896:Rapid dominance
801:
791:
790:
746:Electromagnetic
655:
645:
644:
631:
584:
532:
508:
498:
497:
493:Combat training
474:
451:
417:Combat systems:
413:
375:
371:Auxiliary ships
337:
297:
293:Military police
259:
182:
172:
171:
111:
85:
84:
83:
78:
53:frontal assault
49:infantry tactic
26:
17:
16:Military tactic
12:
11:
5:
4079:
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4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4025:External links
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4003:
3998:
3985:
3980:
3964:
3959:
3946:
3926:
3921:
3908:
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3888:Beevor, Antony
3884:
3879:
3866:
3861:
3848:
3843:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3819:. 4 July 2024.
3804:
3786:
3760:
3734:
3716:
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3604:
3582:
3564:
3539:
3518:
3511:
3493:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3419:
3417:, p. 148.
3407:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3360:, pp. 5–6
3350:
3348:, p. 311.
3346:Alexander 1986
3338:
3326:
3324:, p. 435.
3303:
3301:, p. 363.
3291:
3277:
3253:
3239:
3219:
3194:
3168:
3153:
3138:
3120:
3116:The New Yorker
3100:
3089:
3082:
3058:
3051:
3025:
3018:
2998:
2992:978-1136865893
2991:
2971:
2959:978-0465038664
2958:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2847:
2827:
2797:
2788:, New York, NY
2785:The New Yorker
2767:
2765:, p. 353.
2750:
2739:
2725:
2723:, p. 143.
2713:
2711:, p. 144.
2701:
2689:
2687:, p. 145.
2668:
2666:, p. 362.
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2606:Soviet tactics
2598:barrier troops
2542:
2539:
2531:trench warfare
2522:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2486:
2461:
2458:
2385:
2382:
2330:
2327:
2281:
2278:
2266:Durruti Column
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Military terms
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1981:
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1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1939:
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1759:Tripwire force
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1281:Administrative
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1208:New generation
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1183:Fleet in being
1180:
1175:
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1165:
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1135:
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1124:
1121:Grand strategy
1119:
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1110:
1108:Scorched earth
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1016:
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985:Deep operation
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802:
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789:
788:
786:Unconventional
783:
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748:
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732:Disinformation
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483:Basic training
480:
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429:
424:
419:
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409:Reconnaissance
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336:
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283:Reconnaissance
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174:
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169:
168:
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162:
152:
151:
150:
145:
135:
134:
133:
126:Post-classical
123:
118:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
94:
93:
75:
74:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4017:0-89141-703-6
4013:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3981:0-947898-88-3
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:0-89096-395-9
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3808:
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3800:
3796:
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3682:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3618:The Telegraph
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3553:
3549:
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3529:
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3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3439:on 2009-10-13
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:Marshall 1988
3378:
3375:
3372:, p. 73.
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:Marshall 1988
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3336:, p. 93.
3335:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:Appleman 1990
3295:
3292:
3280:
3278:9781317514848
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3242:
3240:9781337101127
3236:
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3054:
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3044:
3039:
3038:
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3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2988:
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2975:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
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2816:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:Appleman 1989
2759:
2757:
2755:
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2748:
2743:
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2698:
2693:
2690:
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2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:Appleman 1990
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Cannon fodder
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:Iran–Iraq War
2505:
2496:
2492:
2489:This section
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Iran–Iraq War
2467:
2460:Iran–Iraq War
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:shock tactics
2399:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:Banzai charge
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2339:banzai charge
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:in his book,
2320:
2319:Richard Overy
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:recounted by
2287:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Casa de Campo
2255:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Iran–Iraq War
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
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2102:
2100:
2095:
2091:
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2071:
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2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Warrior caste
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:Show of force
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Peacebuilding
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
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1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Air supremacy
1700:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Islamic rules
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Court-martial
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
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1600:
1591:
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1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Arms industry
1519:
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1514:
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1509:
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1141:
1139:
1138:Broken-backed
1136:
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1131:
1129:
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1125:
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1019:
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1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Expeditionary
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
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952:
951:
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879:
877:
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872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Counterattack
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Psychological
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
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752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
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728:
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723:
720:
718:
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713:
712:Combined arms
710:
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569:
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564:
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559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Fortification
549:
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380:
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372:
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366:Landing craft
364:
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342:
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251:Standing army
249:
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149:
146:
144:
143:pike and shot
141:
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105:
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81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
24:
23:Audience wave
19:
4061:Land warfare
4007:
3989:
3971:
3950:
3930:
3912:
3892:
3870:
3852:
3834:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3746:
3737:
3729:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3617:
3607:
3599:UkraineAlert
3598:
3579:. Bloomberg.
3556:. Retrieved
3554:. 2000-05-19
3551:
3542:
3531:
3521:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3432:
3422:
3410:
3401:
3389:
3384:, p. 5.
3377:
3370:Mahoney 2001
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3263:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3229:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3123:
3115:
3103:
3092:
3072:
3061:
3036:
3028:
3008:
3001:
2981:
2974:
2963:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2918:
2911:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2837:
2830:
2820:February 14,
2818:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:
2790:, retrieved
2783:
2742:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2638:M18 Claymore
2602:
2566:Wagner Group
2551:
2544:
2524:
2512:
2499:
2495:adding to it
2490:
2439:
2435:
2422:
2414:
2398:infiltration
2394:short attack
2393:
2387:
2374:
2355:
2348:
2322:
2317:
2298:
2283:
2247:
2235:
2226:Dong Fuxiang
2223:
2219:
2196:
2151:World War II
2112:
2103:
2083:
2075:
1971:Fifth column
1951:War resister
1946:Women in war
1841:Peacekeeping
1786:Arms control
1731:
1420:Mobilization
1415:Conscription
1373:Intelligence
1326:Organization
972:
901:Encirclement
781:Radiological
717:Conventional
571:Subterranean
478:Development:
477:
454:
416:
378:
341:Naval units:
340:
333:Signal corps
300:
278:Intelligence
263:Specialties:
262:
187:Organization
138:Early modern
61:melee combat
44:
40:
38:
18:
3469:O'Dowd 2007
3457:O'Dowd 2007
3415:O'Dowd 2007
3394:George 1967
3284:22 November
3246:22 November
3212:22 November
3187:22 November
2721:O'Dowd 2007
2709:O'Dowd 2007
2697:O'Dowd 2007
2685:O'Dowd 2007
2586:air support
2545:During the
2535:World War I
2513:During the
2446:Vietnam War
2410:Peng Dehuai
2388:During the
2366:Pacific War
2341:during the
2260:during the
2250:Republicans
2236:During the
2185:during the
2177:during the
2167:Vietnam War
2165:during the
2157:during the
2149:during the
2133:during the
2125:during the
2119:World War I
1956:War studies
1779:Non-warfare
1707:Appeasement
1672:Martial law
1511:War economy
1450:Transgender
1403:Recruitment
1163:Containment
1048:Culminating
956:Operational
876:Envelopment
819:Air assault
700:Air cavalry
660:Air defence
640:Information
541:Cold-region
506:Battlespace
455:Historical:
301:Land units:
227:Space force
222:Coast guard
155:Late modern
116:Prehistoric
4045:Categories
3893:Stalingrad
3827:References
3693:Al Jazeera
3558:2022-09-13
3443:2023-07-19
2965:2014-11-11
2792:2010-11-22
2590:John Kirby
2582:mechanized
2390:Korean War
2313:Mannerheim
2301:Winter War
2294:White Army
2181:, and the
2159:Korean War
2072:Definition
2016:War crimes
2006:Operations
1913:Foot drill
1883:Battle cry
1796:deterrence
1455:Harassment
1430:Specialism
1253:Technology
1248:Succession
1193:Liberation
1128:Asymmetric
1063:Empty fort
974:Blitzkrieg
943:Withdrawal
906:Investment
685:Camouflage
680:Biological
618:Underwater
593:Amphibious
512:Aerospace
379:Air units:
356:Submarines
165:fourth-gen
160:industrial
148:napoleonic
65:ocean wave
3753:27 August
3269:Routledge
2944:Boot, Max
2642:land mine
2417:fireteams
1903:War novel
1806:Grey-zone
1766:War games
1727:Overmatch
1677:War crime
1627:Desertion
1617:Ceasefire
1612:Armistice
1499:Logistics
1477:Mercenary
1465:Volunteer
1396:Personnel
1368:Engineers
1313:Sociology
1268:World war
1263:Total war
1243:Strategic
1233:Religious
1218:Political
1213:Perpetual
1188:Irregular
1103:Offensive
1078:Defensive
1073:Deception
1033:Attrition
886:Guerrilla
881:Formation
824:Airbridge
756:Loitering
670:Artillery
323:Artillery
273:Engineers
241:Irregular
212:Air force
4056:Infantry
3970:(1988),
3890:(1998).
3817:BBC News
3774:BBC Home
3730:Politico
3488:BBC News
3334:Roe 2000
3322:Roe 2000
3070:(2002).
2946:(2014).
2612:See also
2562:Avdiivka
2558:Vuhledar
2502:May 2023
2360:and the
2213:and the
2161:and the
2145:and the
2139:Red Army
2090:coercion
1918:War song
1893:War film
1526:Materiel
1445:Children
1425:Training
1363:Medicine
1348:Doctrine
1303:Training
1238:Resource
1223:Princely
1173:Economic
1158:Conquest
1153:Colonial
1148:Cold war
1133:Blockade
1018:Strategy
990:Maneuver
751:Infantry
707:Chemical
561:Mountain
521:Airborne
384:Fighters
351:Warships
306:Infantry
232:Reserves
180:Military
57:infantry
2578:Storm-V
2574:Storm-Z
2554:Bakhmut
2525:In the
2431:platoon
2377:Bushido
2309:Finnish
2299:In the
2268:led by
2086:courage
2031:Writers
2026:Weapons
1991:Battles
1940:Related
1928:Wargame
1923:Uniform
1871:Culture
1652:Perfidy
1647:Justice
1568:Science
1553:Outpost
1506:History
1486:Warrior
1482:Soldier
1470:foreign
1408:counter
1308:Service
1258:Theater
1198:Limited
1178:Endemic
1093:Nuclear
866:Foxhole
841:Cavalry
829:Airdrop
814:Airlift
799:Tactics
771:Nuclear
761:Missile
690:Cavalry
675:Barrage
653:Weapons
613:Surface
394:Command
389:Bombers
346:Frogman
316:Cavalry
288:Medical
255:Militia
237:Regular
217:Marines
131:castles
121:Ancient
109:History
88:outline
4014:
3996:
3978:
3957:
3943:284111
3941:
3919:
3900:
3877:
3859:
3841:
3668:28 May
3663:Forbes
3509:
3275:
3237:
3207:Dw.com
3080:
3049:
3016:
2989:
2956:
2926:
2899:
2872:
2845:
2560:, and
2472:, and
2345:, 1942
2153:, The
2137:, the
2129:, the
2123:Boxers
2121:, the
2099:charge
2094:morale
2011:Sieges
1695:Theory
1435:Morale
1293:Policy
1288:Branch
1068:Mosaic
1058:Fabian
1005:Covert
938:Trench
923:Screen
846:Charge
836:Battle
809:Aerial
727:Denial
695:Horses
623:Seabed
576:Tunnel
556:Jungle
546:Desert
516:Aerial
3779:3 May
3642:8 May
2649:Notes
2466:Basij
2203:China
2175:Basij
2092:, or
1984:Lists
1440:Women
1378:Ranks
1298:Staff
1228:Proxy
1143:Class
1098:Naval
1083:Depth
918:Swarm
911:Siege
891:Naval
871:Drone
766:Music
741:Robot
737:Drone
722:Cyber
665:Armor
635:Cyber
608:Green
603:Brown
566:Urban
526:Space
447:Radar
442:Sonar
311:Armor
268:Staff
246:Ranks
4012:ISBN
3994:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3939:OCLC
3917:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3875:ISBN
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