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were found to be as fast as trained typists... instead of the number of fingers, there are other factors that predict typing speed... fast typists... keep their hands fixed on one position, instead of moving them over the keyboard, and more consistently use the same finger to type a certain letter." To quote Prof. Dr. Anna Feit: "We were surprised to observe that people who took a typing course, performed at similar average speed and accuracy, as those that taught typing to themselves and only used 6 fingers on average."
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201:) is a common form of typing in which the typist presses each key individually. Instead of relying on the memorized position of keys, the typist must find each key by sight. Although good accuracy may be achieved, the use of this method may also prevent the typist from being able to see what has been typed without glancing away from the keys, and any
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speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text and 27 wpm when copying text, but in bursts may be able to reach speeds of 60 to 70 wpm. From the 1920s through the 1970s, typing speed (along with shorthand speed) was an important secretarial qualification and typing contests were popular and often publicized by typewriter companies as promotional tools.
251:). To avoid this, typists should sit up tall, leaning slightly forward from the waist, place their feet flat on the floor in front of them with one foot slightly in front of the other, and keep their elbows close to their sides with forearms slanted slightly upward to the keyboard; fingers should be curved slightly and rest on the home row.
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as a composition aid, changing the meaning of error rate and how it is measured. Research performed by R. William
Soukoreff and I. Scott MacKenzie, has led to a discovery of the application of a well-known algorithm. Through the use of this algorithm and accompanying analysis technique, two statistics were used,
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The recent emergence of several competitive typing websites has allowed fast typists on computer keyboards to emerge along with new records, though many of these are unverifiable. Some notable, verified records include 255 wpm on a one-minute, random-word test by a user under the username slekap and
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reaches 50 to 80 wpm, while some positions can require 80 to 95 wpm (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120 wpm. Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as "hunt and peck" typists, commonly reach sustained
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With the introduction of computers and word-processors, there has been a change in how text-entry is performed. In the past, using a typewriter, speed was measured with a stopwatch and errors were tallied by hand. With the current technology, document preparation is more about using word-processors
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or thumb typing. This can be accomplished using either only one thumb or both the thumbs, with more proficient typists reaching speeds of 100 words per minute. Similar to desktop keyboards and input devices, if a user overuses keys which need hard presses and/or have small and unergonomic layouts,
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One study examining 30 subjects, of varying different styles and expertise, has found minimal difference in typing speed between touch typists and self-taught hybrid typists. According to the study, "The number of fingers does not determine typing speed... People using self-taught typing strategies
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A less common measure of the speed of a typist, CPM is used to identify the number of characters typed per minute. This is a common measurement for typing programs, or typing tutors, as it can give a more accurate measure of a person's typing speed without having to type for a prolonged period of
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In one study of average computer users, the average rate for transcription was 33 words per minute, and 19 words per minute for composition. In the same study, when the group was divided into "fast", "moderate" and "slow" groups, the average speeds were 40 wpm, 35 wpm, and 23 wpm respectively. An
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memorized and are able to type while focusing their gaze on the screen. Some use just two fingers, while others use 3–6 fingers. Some use their fingers very consistently, with the same finger being used to type the same character every time, while others vary the way they use their fingers.
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time. The common conversion factor between WPM and CPM is 5. It is also used occasionally for associating the speed of a reader with the amount they have read. CPM has also been applied to 20th century printers, but modern faster printers more commonly use PPM (pages per minute).
1771:"Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2003). Metrics for text entry research: An evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 2003, pp. 113-120. New York: ACM"
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typing class in high school, first encountered the Dvorak layout in 1938 and then she quickly learned to achieve very high speeds of typing, also she occasionally toured giving speed-typing demonstrations during her secretarial career. She appeared on
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In the above example, the incorrect character ('x') was deleted with a backspace ('<-'). Since these errors do not appear in the transcribed text, the MSD error rate is 0%. That is the purpose of the key strokes per character (KSPC) statistic.
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Through analysis of keystrokes, the keystrokes of the input stream were divided into four classes: Correct (C), Incorrect Fixed (IF), Fixes (F), and
Incorrect Not Fixed (INF). These key stroke classification are broken down into the following
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The minimum string distance (MSD) is the number of "primitives" which is the number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions to transform one string into another. The following equation was found for the MSD Error Rate.
387:. Such prediction software even allows typing short-hand forms while producing complete characters. For example, the phrase "nǐ chī le ma" (你吃了吗) meaning "Have you eaten yet?" can be typed with just 4 strokes: "nclm".
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by
Anthony Ermollin based on an average of 180.88 wpm on texts of various lengths. These three people are the most commonly cited fastest typists in online typing communities. All of their records were set on the
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that are made may not be noticed immediately. Due to the fact that only a few fingers are used in this technique, this also means that the fingers are forced to move a much greater distance.
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With the minimum string distance error, errors that are corrected do not appear in the transcribed text. The following example shows why this can be an important class of errors to consider:
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when typing on a computer. This allows them to edit their document without having to take their hands off the keyboard to use a mouse. An example of a keyboard shortcut is pressing the
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Since these three error rates are ratios, they are comparable between different devices, something that cannot be done with the KSPC statistic, which is device dependent.
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357:. For the purposes of WPM measurement a word is standardized to five characters or keystrokes. Therefore, "brown" counts as one word, but "mozzarella" counts as two.
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High KSPC values can be related to either many errors which were corrected, or few errors which were not corrected; however, there is no way to distinguish the two.
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that detected "twitches in the cheek muscle under the eye." His typing speed decreased to approximately one word per minute in the later part of his life.
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The numeric entry, or 10-key, speed is a measure of one's ability to manipulate a numeric keypad. Generally, it is measured in keystrokes per hour (KPH).
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Currently, two tools are publicly available for text entry researchers to record text entry performance metrics. The first is TEMA that runs only on the
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There are many idiosyncratic typing styles in between novice-style "hunt and peck" and touch typing. For example, many "hunt and peck" typists have the
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occasionally bailey, 213 wpm on a 1-hour, random-word test by Joshua Hu, 221 wpm average on 10 random quotes by Joshua Hu, and first place in the 2020
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Karat, C.M.; Halverson, C.; Horn, D.; Karat, J. (1999), "Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems",
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The benefits of a standardized measurement of input speed are that it enables comparison across language and hardware boundaries. The speed of an
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The fastest typing speed ever, 216 words per minute, was achieved by Stella
Pajunas-Garnand from Chicago in 1946 in one minute on an
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Robert
Moskovitch, Clint Feher, Arik Messerman, Niklas Kirschnick, Tarik Mustafic, Ahmet Camtepe, Bernhard Löhlein, Ulrich Heister,
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Using these classes, the
Minimum String Distance Error Rate and the Key Strokes per Character statistics can both be calculated.
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Fixes (F) keystrokes are easy to identify, and include keystrokes such as backspace, delete, cursor movements, and modifier keys.
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If C represents the amount of useful information transferred, INF, IF, and F represent the proportion of bandwidth wasted.
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There is no obvious way to combine KSPC and MSD into an overall error rate, even though they have an inverse relationship.
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In this technique, the typist keeps their eyes on the source copy at all times. Touch typing also involves the use of the
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KSPC depends on the text input method, and cannot be used to meaningfully compare two different input methods, such as a
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A late 20th century trend in typing, primarily used with devices with small keyboards (such as PDAs and
Smartphones), is
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Incorrect Fixed (IF) keystrokes are found in the input stream, but not the transcribed text, and are not editing keys.
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of
Keystroke Dynamics uses the manner and rhythm in which an individual types characters on a keyboard or keypad.
155:. Text can be in the form of letters, numbers and other symbols. The world's first typist was Lillian Sholes from
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1925:. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics. pp. 155–160.
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1688:"Das Keyboard Announces Winners of the Ultimate Typing Championship 2020 and Crowns Best Typist on the Planet"
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can be typed very quickly using the combination of a software prediction system and by typing their sounds in
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Castellucci, Steven J.; MacKenzie, I. Scott (2011-01-01). "Gathering text entry metrics on android devices".
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1965:"Continuous authentication by analysis of keyboard typing characteristics - IET Conference Publication"
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key to cut. Many experienced typists can feel or sense when they have made an error and can hit the
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that runs on any device with a modern Web browser, and works with almost all text entry technique.
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The two classes
Correct and Incorrect Not Fixed comprise all of the characters in transcribed text.
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Participants are allowed to enter text naturally, since they may commit errors and correct them.
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method, where typists rest their wrist down, rather than lifting up and typing (which can cause
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This article is about entering text. For classification of data into types in programming, see
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serve to facilitate and speed up typing and to prevent or correct errors the typist may make.
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described above, further metrics were defined by R. William
Soukoreff and I.Scott MacKenzie:
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The identification of errors and generation of error rate statistics is easy to automate.
1332:, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 41,
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Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces
1173:. CHI '16. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 4262–4273.
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is the ratio of corrected errors to the total number of error, which helps distinguish
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On the Reappraisal of Microeconomics: Economic Growth and Change in a Material World
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1527:"Miss Stella Pajunas, World's Fast Typist, Types On An Ibm Electric Typewriterƒ"
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Brown, C. M. (1988). Human-computer interface design guidelines. Norwood, NJ:
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Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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refers to the ease with which the participant performed error correction.
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key and make the correction with no increase in time between keystrokes.
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526: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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on January 24, 1985, but felt that Letterman made a spectacle of her.
1167:"How We Type: Movement Strategies and Performance in Everyday Typing"
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War correspondent typing his dispatch in a wood outside Arnhem, 1944
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The classes described also provide an intuitive definition of total
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147:. It can be distinguished from other means of text input, such as
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is the process of writing or inputting text by pressing keys on a
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CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Feit, Anna Maria; Weir, Daryl; Oulasvirta, Antti (2016-05-07).
1501:"QWERTY vs Dvorak: The two great keyboards the time were born"
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There are some shortcomings of the KSPC statistic, such as:
1400:"History of Typewriters | Big Site of Amazing Facts ®"
993:. Data needed to analyze keystroke dynamics is obtained by
1799:. CHI EA '11. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1507–1512.
1836:
Arif, Ahmed Sabbir; Mazalek, Ali (2016-01-01). "WebTEM".
1245:""Smartphone thumb" is plaguing more people, doctors say"
1878:"User authentication through typing biometrics features"
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612:(KSPC). The two advantages of this technique include:
1840:. ISS '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 415–420.
1137:"Ten fingers not needed for fast typing, study shows"
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353:(WPM) is a measure of typing speed, commonly used in
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Identity theft, computers and behavioral biometrics
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1402:. Bigsiteofamazingfacts.com. 12 September 2007.
1553:"Barbara Blackburn, the World's Fastest Typist"
274:key to undo a mistake. Other shortcuts are the
167:, who invented the first practical typewriter.
124:Video of typing on a notebook computer keyboard
212:Civilian Conservation Corps typing class, 1933
1452:. 03.ibm.com. 23 January 2003. Archived from
8:
1949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
266:key to save a document as they type, or the
1742:"The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice"
1276:"What's the Fastest Language to Type In?"
1215:"Thumbs up for speedy smartphone typists"
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586:Learn how and when to remove this message
332:it could cause thumb tendonitis or other
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
1717:"How Does Stephen Hawking Talk? (video)"
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1916:, Lior Rokach, Yuval Elovici (2009).
934:= ((INF + IF)/ (C + INF + IF)) * 100%
624:Deconstructing the text input process
7:
1255:from the original on 7 February 2022
1225:from the original on 7 February 2022
914:= (INF + IF + F)/ (C + INF + IF + F)
830:{\displaystyle (C+INF+IF+F)/(C+INF)}
524:adding citations to reliable sources
416:keyboard layout. As of 2005, writer
229:keyboard for each finger taken from
1605:Typing 213 wpm for an hour straight
718:{\displaystyle (INF/(C+INF))*100\%}
712:
647:Minimum string distance error rate
606:minimum string distance error rate
427:The Guinness Book of World Records
424:typist in the world, according to
34:. For China-related meanings, see
25:
1362:Typing Speed: How Fast is Average
1324:"120 wpm for very skilled typist"
2020:
1213:Blakely, Rhys (2 October 2019).
850:keyboard and a multi-tap device.
728:Key strokes per character (KSPC)
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1979:from the original on 2020-10-01
1932:from the original on 2013-09-27
1777:from the original on 2011-08-24
1752:from the original on 2012-08-25
1723:from the original on 2012-06-24
1719:. Singularity Hub. 2010-05-03.
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1669:from the original on 2022-04-15
1640:from the original on 2020-10-31
1612:from the original on 2022-05-05
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1533:from the original on 2019-01-19
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1481:from the original on 2020-08-07
1431:from the original on 2018-08-26
1406:from the original on 2013-05-15
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1147:from the original on 2016-02-13
1118:from the original on 2010-11-19
1089:from the original on 2012-11-07
743:: the quix<-ck brown
511:needs additional citations for
442:Late Night with David Letterman
1663:ultimatetypingchampionship.com
1659:"Ultimate Typing Championship"
1450:"IBM Archives: Typing posture"
940:= (INF/ (C + INF + IF)) * 100%
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1306:CHI 99 Conference Proceedings
954:Tools for text entry research
946:= (IF/ (C + INF + IF)) * 100%
895:Participant Conscientiousness
890:from apathetic participants.
884:Participant conscientiousness
474:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1359:Ostrach, Teresia R. (1997),
1322:; Martinás, Katalin (2005),
1274:Eli MacKinnon (2016-08-01).
1083:Wisconsin Historical Society
451:Ultimate Typing Championship
254:Many touch typists also use
989:identification, similar to
870:Error correction efficiency
233:(home row keys are circled)
71:the claims made and adding
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960:Android (operating system)
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29:
1427:. Owled.com. 2006-09-02.
1425:"World Records in Typing"
1108:"Wisconsin History Facts"
1630:"TypeRacer Race History"
938:Not Corrected Error Rate
908:= C / (C + INF + IF + F)
610:keystrokes per character
334:repetitive strain injury
1846:10.1145/2992154.2996791
1805:10.1145/1979742.1979799
1475:"Believe it or not ..."
1179:10.1145/2858036.2858233
738:: the quick brown
368:can be compared with a
1999:Cite journal requires
1079:"World's First Typist"
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748:: the quick brown
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432:Dvorak keyboard layout
372:-speaking operator in
364:-speaking operator in
290:key to paste, and the
249:carpal tunnel syndrome
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1967:. May 1995: 111–114.
1499:Lowell (2017-03-15).
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877:Correction Efficiency
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608:(MSD error rate) and
461:Using a personalized
396:average professional
344:Further information:
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2029:at Wikimedia Commons
1692:www.businesswire.com
1047:Speed typing contest
1002:behavioral biometric
944:Corrected Error Rate
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520:improve this article
472:, who suffered from
18:Hunt and peck typing
1973:10.1049/cp:19950480
991:speaker recognition
492:Text-entry research
199:two-fingered typing
107:Person typing on a
1634:data.typeracer.com
1308:, pp. 568–575
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975:Keystroke dynamics
970:Keystroke dynamics
906:Utilized Bandwidth
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391:Alphanumeric entry
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225:Typing zones on a
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165:Christopher Sholes
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56:possibly contains
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1085:. December 2003.
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897:= IF / (IF + INF)
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1981:. Retrieved
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1037:Audio typist
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518:Please help
513:verification
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430:. Using the
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379:Today, even
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294:key and the
286:key and the
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239:Touch typing
217:Touch typing
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179:autocomplete
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141:mobile phone
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1345:22 November
1052:Typesetting
1032:Copy typist
355:recruitment
300:← Backspace
149:handwriting
32:Type system
2037:Categories
1983:2019-12-07
1936:2013-11-14
1898:2013-11-14
1885:pku.edu.cn
1781:2013-05-16
1756:2017-09-17
1727:2012-06-13
1702:2022-05-05
1673:2022-05-05
1644:2022-05-05
1616:2022-05-05
1590:2022-05-05
1563:2008-05-08
1537:2019-01-19
1511:2019-01-19
1485:2012-06-13
1460:2012-06-13
1435:2012-06-13
1410:2012-06-13
1290:2022-01-25
1259:7 February
1229:7 February
1199:2023-12-13
1151:2016-02-13
1122:2010-09-11
1093:2010-09-11
1063:References
1057:Typing Day
862:Using the
546:newspapers
412:using the
185:Techniques
145:calculator
133:typewriter
81:March 2017
65:improve it
1219:The Times
1027:Stenotype
987:biometric
713:%
707:∗
576:June 2024
467:physicist
463:interface
366:Cape Town
362:Afrikaans
157:Wisconsin
69:verifying
1977:Archived
1927:Archived
1864:16022337
1775:Archived
1750:Archived
1721:Archived
1696:Archived
1667:Archived
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1404:Archived
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1253:Archived
1249:CBS News
1223:Archived
1193:Archived
1145:Archived
1141:phys.org
1116:Archived
1087:Archived
1008:See also
535:"Typing"
329:thumbing
323:Thumbing
245:home row
111:keyboard
1823:2107842
864:classes
560:scholar
159:in the
63:Please
36:Taiping
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2027:Typing
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927:rate:
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436:QWERTY
414:QWERTY
398:typist
385:Pinyin
370:French
306:Hybrid
231:KTouch
227:QWERTY
129:Typing
109:laptop
1930:(PDF)
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977:, or
925:error
567:JSTOR
553:books
374:Paris
143:, or
2048:Text
2005:help
1951:link
1850:ISBN
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1347:2010
1334:ISBN
1261:2022
1231:2022
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1000:The
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