472:
724:
1343:). The percussion is transmitted to the wheel by striking the handle with the thumb, fingers or base of the thumb at one or more of four points in the revolution of the wheel (often described in terms of the clock face, 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock) to achieve the desired rhythm. A long buzz can also be achieved by accelerating the wheel with the handle. It is called either "un glissé" (a slide) or "une trainée" (a streak). More accomplished players are able to achieve six, eight, or even twelve buzzes within one turn of the wheel.
633:
820:
260:
1216:, which is still a preferred material today and modern instruments are mounted with violin (D or A) and cello (A, G, C) strings. However, metal-wound strings have become common in the twentieth century, especially for the heavier drone strings or for lower melody strings if octave tuning is used. Nylon is also sometimes used, but is disliked by many players. Some instruments also have optional sympathetic strings, generally guitar or banjo B strings.
1300:(Hungarian for "buzzer")—on one drone string. Modern makers have increased the number of buzzing bridges on French-style instruments to as many as four. This mechanism consists of a loose bridge under a drone string. The tail of the buzzing bridge is inserted into a narrow vertical slot (or held by a peg in Hungarian instruments) that holds the buzzing bridge in place (and also serves as a bridge for additional drone strings on some instruments).
441:-shaped body and a long neck in which the keys were set (covering one diatonic octave). The organistrum had a single melody string and two drone strings, which ran over a common bridge, and a relatively small wheel. Due to its size, the organistrum was played by two people, one of whom turned the crank while the other pulled the keys upward. Pulling keys upward is cumbersome, so only slow tunes could be played on the organistrum.
5214:
4425:
546:
378:
944:
839:
5224:
4435:
43:
147:
932:
206:
1164:
1559:
1428:
1201:
1525:(Spain). Typically guitar-shaped body, with three melody strings, and two drone strings. Some older examples had a diatonic keyboard, and most modern models have a chromatic keyboard. Zanfonas are usually tuned to the key of C major, with the melody strings tuned in unison to G above the middle C on the piano. The drones are: the
1388:
Two to three drone strings and one or two chromatic melody strings. Characteristic V-shaped pegbox. Often extensively decorated. The type of buzzing bridge found on this instrument usually has the adjustment peg set in a block next to the string, rather than in the tailpiece (as is typical of French
1600:
Electronic hurdy-gurdies, on the other hand, have no strings. The signals for the melody strings are generated electronically by the keys and also in combination with the rotation of the wheel. The signals for drone strings and the snares are generated by the crank movements of the wheel. Depending
1485:
Large-wheeled instruments (wheel diameters between 14 and 17 cm, or about 5.5 – 6.6 inches) are traditionally found in
Western Europe. These instruments generally have a narrow keybox with drone strings that run outside the keybox. They also generally have more strings, and
1375:
Small-wheeled (wheel diameter less than 14 cm, or about 5.5 inches) instruments are traditionally found in
Central and Eastern Europe. They feature a broad keybox and the drone strings run within the keybox. Because of the small size of the wheel these instruments most commonly have three
966:
in origin, after the repetitive warble in pitch that characterizes instruments with solid wooden wheels that have warped due to changes in humidity or after the sound of the buzzing-bridge. Alternately, the term is thought to come from the
Scottish and northern English term for uproar or disorder,
1235:
most common because it allows easier blending with other instruments. However, because the tangents can be adjusted to tune individual notes, it is possible to tune hurdy-gurdies to almost any temperament as needed. Most contemporary hurdy-gurdies have 24 keys that cover a range of two chromatic
1239:
To achieve proper intonation and sound quality, each string of a hurdy-gurdy must be wrapped with cotton or similar fibers. The cotton on melody strings tends to be quite light, while drone strings have heavier cotton. Improper cottoning results in a raspy tone, especially at higher pitches. In
1502:). French instruments generally have a narrow key box with drone strings that run on the outside of the key box. Traditional French instruments have two melody strings and four drone strings with one buzzing bridge. Contemporary instruments often have more: the instrument of well-known player
1311:
on French instruments) holds the bridge in place, sounding a drone. When the crank is struck, the hammer lifts up suddenly and vibrates against the soundboard, producing a characteristic rhythmic buzz that is used as an articulation or to provide percussive effect, especially in dance pieces.
596:
During this time the hurdy-gurdy also spread further to
Central Europe, where further variations developed in western Slavic countries, German-speaking areas and Hungary (see the list of types below for more information on them). Most types of hurdy-gurdy were essentially extinct by the early
677:
Lirnyky were categorised as beggars by the
Russian authorities and fell under harsh repressive measures if they were caught performing in the streets of major cities until 1902, when the authorities were asked by ethnographers attending the 12th All-Russian Archaeological conference to stop
1512:(Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found. Other mechanisms for adjusting the amount of "buzz" on the trompette string.
1331:
and thereby sets the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge to changes in wheel velocity. When hard to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said "sec" (dry), "chien sec", or "coup sec". When easy to trigger, the strike or the bridge is said "gras" (fat), "chien gras", or "coup gras".
1253:
525:) is an asymmetrical bridge that rests under a drone string on the sound board. When the wheel is accelerated, one foot of the bridge lifts from the soundboard and vibrates, creating a buzzing sound. The buzzing bridge is thought to have been borrowed from the
1261:
1269:
505:
keyboard. At about the same time, a new form of key pressed from beneath was developed. These keys were much more practical for faster music and easier to handle; eventually they completely replaced keys pulled up from above. Medieval depictions of the
870:
Because of the prominence of the French tradition, many instrument and performance terms used in
English are commonly taken from the French, and players generally need to know these terms to read relevant literature. Such common terms include:
576:
tastes for rustic diversions brought the hurdy-gurdy back to the attention of the upper classes, where it acquired tremendous popularity among the nobility, with famous composers writing works for the hurdy-gurdy. The most famous of these is
716:" in 1968. Although the song does not use a hurdy-gurdy, the repeated reference to the instrument in the song's lyrics sparked curiosity and interest among young people, eventually resulting in an annual hurdy-gurdy music festival in the
1227:) are stopped with tangents attached to keys that change the vibration length of the string, much as a guitarist uses his or her fingers on the fretboard of a guitar. In the earliest hurdy-gurdies these keys were arranged to provide a
1395:(Sweden). Revived in the twentieth century based on historical examples. Two body forms: an elongated boxy shape and a long pear shape. Usually diatonic, but has been extended with a chromatic range with the additional keys placed
563:
By the end of the 17th century changing musical tastes demanded greater polyphonic capabilities than the hurdy-gurdy could offer and pushed the instrument to the lowest social classes; as a result it acquired names like the German
1459:(Ukraine). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Two body types: carved from a single piece of wood and guitar-shaped with transverse pegs and mult-piece construction with vertical pegs. Evenly spaced keyboard.
1065:, which is thought to be an onomatopoeic reference to the repetitive warble produced by a wheel that is not even. This term was considered derogatory in the Hungarian lowlands, but was the normal term for the instrument on
1366:
Regional types of hurdy-gurdies since the
Renaissance can also be classified based on wheel size and the presence or absence (and type) of a buzzing bridge. The following description of various types uses this framework:
1240:
addition, individual strings (in particular the melody strings) often have to have their height above the wheel surface adjusted by having small pieces of paper placed between the strings and the bridge, a process called
1185:
There are two primary body styles for contemporary instruments: guitar-bodied and lute-backed. Both forms are found in French-speaking areas, while guitar-bodied instruments are the general form elsewhere. The box form
184:
369:. One or more of the gut strings called 'trompette' usually passes over a buzzing bridge called the 'chien' that can be made to produce a distinctive percussive buzzing sound as the player turns the wheel.
1547:(Czech). Guitar-shaped. Two forms: one has a standard drone-melody arrangement, while the other runs the drone strings between the melody strings in the keybox. Both diatonic and chromatic forms are found.
2189:
2034:
Tekerőlantosok könyve: Hasznós kézikönyv tekerőlant-játékosok és érdeklődők számára / The Hurdy-Gurdy
Handbook: A Practical Handbook for Players and Aficionados of the Tekerő (Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)
456:(How the Organistrum Is Made), known through a much later copy, but its authenticity is very doubtful. Another 10th-century treatise thought to have mentioned an instrument like a hurdy-gurdy is an
593:. This instrument has two melody strings and four drones. The drone strings are tuned so that by turning them on or off, the instrument can be played in multiple keys (e.g., C and G, or G and D).
4792:
1130:. Such organs require only the turning of the crank to play; the music is coded by pinned barrels, perforated paper rolls, and, more recently, by electronic modules. The French call these organs
1335:
There are various stylistic techniques that are used as the player turns the crank, striking the wheel at various points in its revolution. This technique is often known by its French term, the
517:, the hurdy-gurdy was a very popular instrument (along with the bagpipe) and the characteristic form had a short neck and a boxy body with a curved tail end. It was around this time that
1358:
playing, the buzzing bridge is controlled entirely by the wrist of the player and has a very different sound and rhythmic possibilities from those available on French instruments.
5348:
2924:
2182:
1307:) rests on the soundboard of the hurdy-gurdy and is more or less free to vibrate. When the wheel is turned regularly and not too fast the pressure on the string (called the
668:. Their repertoire has mostly para-religious themes. Most of it originated in the Baroque period. In Eastern Ukraine, the repertoire includes unique historic epics known as
1486:
doubling or tripling of the melody string is common. Some modern instruments have as many as fifteen strings played by the wheel, although the most common number is six.
2175:
1122:(a cranked box instrument with a number of organ pipes, a bellows and a barrel with pins that rotated and programmed the tunes) that was frequently played by poor
2582:
322:—small wedges, typically made of wood or metal—against one or more of the strings to change their pitch. Like most other acoustic stringed instruments, it has a
1533:
in C (two octaves below middle C). Sometimes, two of the melody strings are in unison, and the remaining string is tuned an octave lower, in unison with the
4472:
2147:
3058:
2917:
1468:(Slovakia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Broad keybox. Superficially similar to the tekerő, but lacks the buzzing bridge.
350:
5313:
5253:
3596:
1753:
Margaret J. Kartomi: On
Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990
1506:
has four melody strings fixed to a viola tailpiece, and four drone strings on a cello tailpiece. This instrument also has three trompette strings.
471:
998:(even though there is another instrument with this name), while in the French-speaking regions of Belgium it is also known in local dialects as
5338:
5288:
4088:
2198:
5278:
5248:
1498:(French). Usually four drones + two melody strings, but often extended to have more strings. Two body forms: guitar-bodied and lute-backed (
1171:
In her overview of the instrument's history, Palmer recorded twenty-three different forms, and there is still no standardized design today.
538:
During the late
Renaissance, two characteristic shapes of hurdy-gurdies developed. The first was guitar-shaped and the second had a rounded
5328:
5318:
5303:
5268:
3088:
1666:
1618:
808:
1902:
5323:
5308:
5283:
5273:
2910:
1412:. Usually two drones (sometimes three) + one or two chromatic melody strings. The broad keybox is often carved or decorated extensively.
278:
1782:, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303. Available online at
1077:
are used in Slovakia and the Czech Republic respectively. In Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian the instrument is called "wheel lyre" (
5333:
5298:
5263:
5258:
3930:
3422:
2575:
1602:
948:
386:
2096:
5343:
2042:
1954:
1856:
1826:
162:
126:
277:
5017:
4747:
4270:
3083:
1178:
is the best-known and most common sort. A number of regional forms developed, but outside France the instrument was considered a
4465:
3551:
697:
551:
413:
instrument) before the eleventh century A.D. The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the
64:
979:
in English, but this term is rarely used among players of the instrument. Another possible derivation is from the Hungarian
849:
A person who plays the hurdy-gurdy is called a hurdy-gurdist, or (particularly for players of French instruments) viellist.
4717:
4490:
3417:
2568:
1630:
107:
5027:
3536:
3451:
3051:
79:
60:
31:
2124:
1244:. Shimming and cottoning are connected processes since either one can affect the geometry of the instrument's strings.
460:
compendium written by Al Zirikli. One of the earliest visual depictions of the organistrum is from the twelfth-century
5072:
661:
5217:
5120:
4935:
4458:
4415:
4280:
3078:
2032:
476:
86:
2070:
5057:
4902:
4772:
4312:
4275:
3950:
3945:
3591:
1578:
1575:
1418:
Very similar to the tekerőlant, but usually has a diatonic keyboard. May be the historical source for the tekerő.
955:
5166:
2988:
1107:
family, but historically had a broader range of meaning and were used for many types of stringed instruments.
723:
337:. For this reason, the hurdy-gurdy is often used interchangeably or along with bagpipes. It is mostly used in
314:) bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to those of a violin. Melodies are played on a
922:: a small peg set in the instrument's tailpiece that is used to control the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge
93:
5197:
5042:
4955:
4930:
4629:
4428:
4302:
4292:
4123:
3576:
3506:
3044:
2244:
2144:
1315:
On French-style instruments, the sensitivity of the buzzing bridge can be altered by turning a peg called a
53:
2161:
1696:
452:(died 942) is supposed to have written a short description of the construction of the organistrum entitled
5293:
5227:
5204:
5181:
5176:
4812:
4697:
4576:
4438:
3779:
3466:
3159:
2423:
823:
465:
390:
333:
strings, which give a constant pitch accompaniment to the melody, resulting in a sound similar to that of
2381:
1376:
strings: one melody string, one tenor drone, and one bass drone. They sometimes have up to five strings.
5047:
4945:
4737:
4379:
3694:
3402:
3259:
2840:
2835:
1606:
626:
75:
4692:
3841:
3546:
3471:
3397:
2365:
578:
448:
and the instrument was primarily used in monastic and church settings to accompany choral music. Abbot
179:
975:, an old English term for noise or commotion. The instrument is sometimes more descriptively called a
807:. As the instrument has been revived, musicians have used it in a variety of styles of music (see the
4822:
4191:
4186:
4093:
3910:
3897:
3846:
3815:
3764:
3655:
3501:
3331:
3316:
3301:
3244:
3194:
3154:
3111:
2591:
2239:
1590:
354:
269:
4940:
4624:
4619:
4571:
4394:
4389:
4237:
4020:
3810:
3709:
3640:
3516:
3511:
3481:
3456:
3372:
3342:
3199:
3189:
3144:
3123:
3106:
2957:
2607:
2504:
2229:
1914:
1354:(control wedge, or literally "buzzer wedge") that pushes the drone string downward. In traditional
819:
323:
5223:
4434:
1971:
542:-type body made of staves. The lute-like body is especially characteristic of French instruments.
5135:
5115:
5090:
5080:
5032:
4912:
4887:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4827:
4604:
4566:
4506:
4348:
4338:
4307:
4118:
4098:
3940:
3836:
3784:
3744:
3729:
3645:
3496:
3407:
3179:
2332:
2012:
1736:
1571:
1228:
445:
338:
213:
4897:
2439:
2355:
1613:. The data exchange of the musical information between the hurdy-gurdy and connected computers,
664:
or relia. It was and still is played by professional, often blind, itinerant musicians known as
2544:
2304:
2234:
632:
5171:
4920:
4832:
4787:
4674:
4659:
4586:
4556:
4521:
4498:
4481:
4220:
4108:
4078:
4038:
3985:
3920:
3831:
3826:
3774:
3734:
3671:
3650:
3556:
3541:
3491:
3352:
3311:
3239:
3149:
3025:
2539:
2418:
2038:
1950:
1852:
1822:
1232:
717:
501:, in the 13th century, a small box-shaped version of the hurdy-gurdy with three strings and a
377:
362:
303:
237:
167:
2444:
2327:
1935:
Slovene Folklore, Author(s): F. S. Copeland, Source: Folklore, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Dec. 31, 1931)
1783:
495:
was known from Spain and France, but was largely replaced by an improved variant, known as a
5095:
5037:
4925:
4847:
4802:
4757:
4732:
4727:
4682:
4649:
4644:
4609:
4551:
4526:
4297:
4232:
3980:
3903:
3856:
3820:
3790:
3769:
3461:
3446:
3205:
2855:
2669:
2509:
2469:
2337:
2131:
1728:
1614:
556:
430:
315:
1252:
739:
Today, the tradition has resurfaced. Revivals have been underway for many years as well in
5125:
5110:
5052:
5022:
4892:
4842:
4777:
4767:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4664:
4594:
4516:
4511:
4384:
4287:
4208:
4113:
4073:
4009:
3965:
3357:
3336:
3321:
3267:
3174:
2933:
2850:
2757:
2514:
2151:
1671:
1582:
1179:
842:
713:
586:
342:
246:
2902:
2741:
2167:
1449:(Russia). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string. Evenly spaced keyboard.
241:
100:
1762:
Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?,"
5130:
5105:
5062:
4837:
4807:
4752:
4742:
4614:
4599:
4541:
4531:
4343:
4317:
4213:
4203:
4083:
4014:
3975:
3955:
3935:
3665:
3635:
3608:
3521:
3377:
3347:
3216:
3098:
3067:
2952:
2787:
2773:
2663:
2265:
1719:
1503:
1219:
The drone strings produce steady sounds at fixed pitches. The melody string(s) (French
827:
752:
480:
422:
418:
414:
358:
1999:
Lommel, Arle; Nagy, Balázs (April 2007). "The Form, History and Classification of the
1182:
and there were no schools of construction that could have determined a standard form.
5242:
5085:
4971:
4877:
4867:
4762:
4654:
4639:
4149:
4048:
3915:
3883:
3739:
3660:
3486:
3306:
3184:
3167:
2860:
2612:
1646:
1641:
1586:
1066:
702:
622:
527:
366:
330:
232:
197:
2887:
2780:
2766:
545:
5161:
5100:
4991:
4950:
4817:
4687:
4561:
4374:
4181:
4144:
4103:
4068:
4043:
4028:
3526:
3362:
3137:
2825:
2728:
2529:
2519:
2408:
1260:
1127:
1119:
1115:
963:
943:
838:
491:
was made smaller to let a single player both turn the crank and work the keys. The
457:
449:
1399:
the normal diatonic range (the opposite of most chromatic hurdy-gurdy keyboards).
276:
5156:
5151:
4882:
4852:
4634:
4546:
4536:
4369:
4364:
4159:
3561:
3531:
3476:
3438:
3382:
3230:
2845:
2830:
2794:
2704:
2684:
2524:
1661:
1594:
1319:
in the tailpiece of the instrument that is connected by a wire or thread to the
1268:
1192:
is also commonly found among players of early music and historical re-enactors.
772:
732:
728:
691:
670:
618:
514:
434:
406:
382:
346:
311:
227:
189:
171:
42:
146:
4986:
4976:
3960:
3630:
3326:
3292:
3287:
3254:
2947:
2617:
2599:
1656:
1651:
1610:
589:. At this time the most common style of hurdy-gurdy developed, the six-string
310:
wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions much like a violin (or
290:
357:, and Slavic folk music. It can also be seen in early music settings such as
4996:
4171:
4033:
3851:
3586:
2808:
2734:
2652:
2635:
2627:
2549:
2534:
2499:
2479:
2155:
1676:
1567:
1256:
Entire buzzing bridge system for a French-style instrument, with part labels
1188:
931:
831:
532:
497:
468:, Galicia, Spain: it has a carving of two musicians playing an organistrum.
222:
3249:
2322:
1208:(melody strings). The keyboard is visible on the right side of the picture.
1200:
17:
597:
twentieth century, but a few have survived. The best-known are the French
4981:
4333:
4253:
4176:
4139:
3622:
3412:
3392:
3367:
3009:
2801:
2692:
2640:
2494:
2489:
2016:
1581:
convert the vibration of its strings into electrical signals. Similar to
1541:, because it sounds as if someone is humming the melody an octave lower).
863:
792:
784:
686:
521:
first appeared in illustrations. The buzzing bridge (commonly called the
502:
334:
2048:
1766:
35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology,"
1099:, and related terms today are generally used to refer to members of the
559:, showing the first known depiction of a buzzing bridge on a hurdy-gurdy
4247:
4225:
4196:
4154:
3925:
3581:
3129:
3116:
2983:
2973:
2877:
2674:
2560:
2484:
2249:
2224:
1163:
1123:
1061:
both mean "turning lute". Another Hungarian name for the instrument is
804:
764:
760:
756:
748:
744:
740:
709:
657:
649:
641:
610:
398:
205:
157:
Wheel fiddle, wheel vielle, vielle à roue, zanfona, draailier, ghironda
1740:
1558:
1427:
5001:
3970:
3892:
3387:
2993:
2747:
2722:
2698:
2449:
2360:
2219:
1871:
1463:
1432:
1213:
800:
788:
780:
776:
665:
653:
645:
573:
438:
402:
4450:
1732:
878:: the highest-pitched drone string that features the buzzing bridge
4242:
4166:
2715:
2657:
2270:
2073:[All-other than old-fashioned: the electric hurdy-gurdy].
1557:
1426:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1199:
1162:
942:
930:
837:
818:
811:), including contemporary forms not typically associated with it.
796:
768:
722:
631:
544:
470:
410:
376:
307:
3036:
1443:(Poland). Guitar-shaped. Two drones + one diatonic melody string.
2646:
2474:
2413:
1231:, but in later instruments the tunings have varied widely, with
1104:
1100:
884:: the drone string pitched a fourth or fifth below the trompette
685:, the street musician portrayed in the last, melancholy song of
539:
326:
and hollow cavity to make the vibration of the strings audible.
4454:
3040:
2906:
2564:
2171:
1877:
From the 'Over The Water' website. Retrieved on January 9, 2014
36:
617:
was widely used by blind street musicians, most of whom were
397:
The hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from
701:(1937) as the instrument of the character Manuel, played by
640:
The hurdy-gurdy tradition is well-developed particularly in
258:
1204:
Wheel and tangents on a French type hurdy-gurdy with three
1784:
http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ODOORG_TEXT.html
572:'beggar's lyre'. During the 18th century, however, French
2037:. Budapest: Hagyományok Háza / Hungarian Heritage House.
1794:
Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote."
1697:"Hurdy-Gurdy (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database"
1350:
the same control is achieved by using a wedge called the
1089:). In Poland it is called "cranked lyre" (lira korbowa).
708:
The instrument came into a new public consciousness when
695:. It is also featured and played prominently in the film
2071:"Alles andere als altmodisch: die elektrische Drehleier"
1292:
for short), makers have added a buzzing bridge—called a
890:: the drone string pitched an octave below the trompette
1042:
in Catalonia. In the Basque language, it is known as a
1006:('horse's head'). The Flemings and the Dutch call it a
433:. One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the
2164:
from the Polish National Institute of Music and Dance
1018:, means "peasant's lyre". In Italy, it is called the
896:: the drone string pitched an octave below the mouche
444:
The pitches on the organistrum were set according to
2011:. London and New York: The Galpin Society: 181–190.
5144:
5071:
5010:
4964:
4911:
4786:
4673:
4585:
4497:
4357:
4326:
4263:
4132:
4061:
4002:
3881:
3803:
3757:
3722:
3702:
3693:
3620:
3607:
3437:
3286:
3228:
3215:
3097:
3018:
3002:
2966:
2940:
2869:
2818:
2756:
2683:
2626:
2598:
2462:
2432:
2401:
2394:
2374:
2346:
2313:
2295:
2288:
2258:
2212:
2205:
1780:
Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum
1529:in G (one octave below the melody strings) and the
1134:("Barbary organ"), while the Germans and Dutch say
212:
196:
178:
161:
153:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1601:on the technical equipment of the instrument, the
1972:"Hurdy Gurdy History: History Of The Hurdy Gurdy"
1280:In some types of hurdy-gurdy, notably the French
1069:directly south of Budapest. The equivalent names
1873:About the Over The Water Hurdy-Gurdy Association
1146:("turning lyre"). In Czech, the organ is called
720:area of the state of Washington each September.
1713:Baines, Anthony (May 1976). "Reviewed work(s):
1167:Major parts of a modern French-type hurdy-gurdy
1994:
1992:
1903:"Oxford English Dictionaries online entry for
4466:
3052:
2918:
2576:
2183:
8:
2162:A demonstration of hurdy-gurdies from Poland
681:The hurdy-gurdy is the instrument played by
306:that produces sound by a hand-crank-turned,
139:
5349:String instruments with sympathetic strings
1947:Instrumentos Musicais Populares Portugueses
1887:Anthoons, Jan; Dewit, Herman, eds. (1983).
1574:, electric hurdy-gurdies are used, wherein
834:) plays a modern version of the hurdy-gurdy
4473:
4459:
4451:
3999:
3878:
3874:
3800:
3754:
3719:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3617:
3613:
3434:
3283:
3225:
3221:
3059:
3045:
3037:
2925:
2911:
2903:
2583:
2569:
2561:
2398:
2292:
2209:
2190:
2176:
2168:
1715:Die Drehleier, ihr Bau und ihre Geschichte
1474:Three drones + one diatonic melody string.
1284:('fiddle with a wheel') and the Hungarian
958:, the mid 18th century origin of the term
1842:
1840:
1838:
1605:can be output directly via an integrated
1272:Hungarian type buzzing bridge (on a bass
727:Hurdy-gurdy player Sergio González in an
636:Vagabonds with hurdy-gurdy (1887 drawing)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2134:" (2016), dissertation by Piotr Nowotnik
2127:" (2012), dissertation by Piotr Nowotnik
1949:. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1708:
1706:
1537:(this string was sometimes known as the
3597:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
1688:
1126:, street musicians specifically called
1010:, which is similar to its German name,
916:: (literally "dog"), the buzzing bridge
809:list of recordings that use hurdy-gurdy
2934:Traditional Polish musical instruments
2199:Traditional French musical instruments
2125:Hurdy-gurdy: contemporary destinations
1114:was also applied to a small, portable
990:In France, the instrument is known as
464:(Portal of Glory) on the cathedral at
288:
138:
27:Mechanical stringed musical instrument
2158:by Caroline Phillips with Mixel Ducau
429:) as a typical instrument within the
7:
1945:Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto (2000) .
1889:Volksmuziekatelier — Jaarboek 1
1667:Recordings featuring the hurdy-gurdy
1327:adjusts the lateral pressure on the
1303:The free end of the dog (called the
1110:In the eighteenth century, the term
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3423:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
2097:"A Hurdy Gurdy and MIDI controller"
1435:) made and played by Tibor Koblicek
1212:Historically, strings were made of
935:Two Hungarian-style hurdy-gurdies (
856:(literally "a sounder of vielle"),
385:at the Pórtico de la Gloria in the
387:Catedral de Santiago de Compostela
25:
1891:. Lennik, Belgium: Jan Verhoeven.
660:. In Ukraine, it is known as the
329:Most hurdy-gurdies have multiple
5222:
5213:
5212:
4748:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
4433:
4424:
4423:
2095:Banshee in Avalon (2014-11-27).
1617:or synthesizers are managed via
1562:Electronic hurdy-gurdy MidiGurdy
1554:Electric and electronic versions
1339:(or, more simply, the shortened
902:: melody string(s), also called
289:Problems playing this file? See
274:
204:
145:
41:
1821:. London: David & Charles.
949:Museu de la Música de Barcelona
454:Quomodo organistrum construatur
180:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
52:needs additional citations for
5314:Portuguese musical instruments
5254:Belarusian musical instruments
2132:Hurdy-gurdy: new articulations
2029:Description of types based on
1491:String-adjusted buzzing bridge
1472:German tulip-shaped Drehleier.
1381:String-adjusted buzzing bridge
852:In France, a player is called
552:The Garden of Earthly Delights
535:), a bowed string instrument.
351:Asturian, Cantabrian, Galician
1:
5339:Ukrainian musical instruments
5289:Hungarian musical instruments
4491:List of Renaissance composers
3418:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
1970:Azumi, Eric (27 April 2017).
1631:List of hurdy-gurdy musicians
1416:Tyrolian Drehleier (Austria).
1405:Wedge-adjusted buzzing bridge
1386:German pear-shaped Drehleier.
1142:("turned organ"), instead of
270:Sound sample of a hurdy-gurdy
5279:Galician musical instruments
5249:Austrian musical instruments
1570:, especially in the popular
1046:. In Portugal, it is called
1014:. An alternate German name,
437:, a large instrument with a
32:Hurdy-gurdy (disambiguation)
5329:Spanish musical instruments
5319:Russian musical instruments
5304:Italian musical instruments
5269:English musical instruments
3089:List of musical instruments
845:, French hurdy-gurdy player
712:released his hit pop song "
585:, published under the name
5365:
5324:Slovak musical instruments
5309:Polish musical instruments
5284:German musical instruments
5274:French musical instruments
5121:Petrus Phalesius the Elder
4936:English Virginalist School
2069:Izci, Aylin (2017-06-23).
2005:The Galpin Society Journal
2003:(Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)".
1851:. England: Muskett Music.
1768:The Galpin Society Journal
1764:The Galpin Society Journal
1720:The Galpin Society Journal
1628:
1431:Slovak-style hurdy-gurdy (
1264:French type buzzing bridge
29:
5334:Swiss musical instruments
5299:Irish musical instruments
5264:Early musical instruments
5259:Czech musical instruments
5192:
4903:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
4488:
4405:
3951:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
3946:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
3877:
3689:
3616:
3592:Galician-Portuguese lyric
3537:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
3452:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
3224:
3074:
2145:Hurdy-gurdy for beginners
994:(wheel fiddle) or simply
956:Oxford English Dictionary
510:show both types of keys.
381:Ancient kings playing an
219:
203:
192:sounded by rosined wheel)
144:
5344:Bowed string instruments
3981:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
2658:Six-Hole and Long Flutes
1847:Muskett, Doreen (1998).
1798:46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.
1174:The six-stringed French
1026:while in Spain, it is a
421:(d. 911) describing the
4931:English Madrigal School
3507:Gillebert de Berneville
3084:List of music theorists
1817:Palmer, Susann (1980).
1229:Pythagorean temperament
613:, a variety called the
477:Saint-Jean-des-Ollières
446:Pythagorean temperament
4773:Tomás Luis de Victoria
4577:Oswald von Wolkenstein
3780:Gherardello da Firenze
3467:Le Chastelain de Couci
3260:Philippe le Chancelier
1911:oxforddictionaries.com
1717:by Marianne Bröcker".
1589:are transmitted to an
1563:
1436:
1410:tekerőlant (Hungarian)
1277:
1265:
1257:
1209:
1168:
951:
940:
846:
835:
736:
637:
560:
484:
475:Hurdy-gurdy player in
466:Santiago de Compostela
394:
391:Santiago de Compostela
263:
4793:Transition to Baroque
4738:Pierre de Manchicourt
4089:Johannes de Garlandia
3403:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
2031:Nagy, Balázs (2006).
1796:Modern Language Notes
1561:
1430:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1203:
1166:
946:
934:
841:
822:
726:
635:
627:Persecuted bandurists
568:'peasant's lyre' and
548:
474:
380:
262:
4823:Girolamo Frescobaldi
4630:Cristóbal de Morales
4410:Also music theorist*
4094:Johannes de Grocheio
3911:Conradus de Pistoria
3898:Philippus de Caserta
3847:Philippus de Caserta
3816:Antonello da Caserta
3765:Andreas de Florentia
3656:Guillaume de Machaut
3317:Bernart de Ventadorn
3302:Aimeric de Peguilhan
3245:Albertus Parisiensis
3195:Adam of Saint Victor
3155:Saint Martial school
3112:Notker the Stammerer
2592:Hungarian folk music
1603:digital audio signal
1597:in a modified form.
1591:instrument amplifier
1296:(French for dog) or
1057:and the alternative
987:) meaning a fiddle.
854:un sonneur de vielle
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4941:Florentine Camerata
4913:Composition schools
4572:Gaspar van Weerbeke
4021:Contenance angloise
3811:Bartolino da Padova
3710:Marchetto da Padova
3641:Magister Franciscus
3517:Guillaume le Vinier
3512:Gontier de Soignies
3457:Audefroi le Bastart
3343:Folquet de Marselha
3200:Wulfstan the Cantor
3190:Hildegard of Bingen
3160:Adémar de Chabannes
3145:Fulbert of Chartres
3107:Abbey of Saint Gall
3099:Early (before 1150)
2505:Cornemuse du Centre
2230:Epinette des Vosges
1976:Lark in the Morning
1053:The Hungarian name
1000:vièrlerète/vièrlète
983:(Slovenian variant
698:Captains Courageous
214:Related instruments
141:
5136:Thomas Vautrollier
5116:Ottaviano Petrucci
5091:Pierre Attaingnant
5081:Hieronymus Andreae
4888:Michael Praetorius
4873:Claudio Monteverdi
4863:Giovanni de Macque
4858:Luzzasco Luzzaschi
4828:Alfonso Fontanelli
4718:Francisco Guerrero
4693:Antonio de Cabezón
4605:Thomas Crecquillon
4587:Middle (1470–1530)
4567:Johannes Tinctoris
4507:Alexander Agricola
4349:Neo-Medieval music
4339:Medieval folk rock
4119:Berno of Reichenau
4099:Iacobus de Ispania
3941:Petrus de Goscalch
3842:Niccolò da Perugia
3837:Grazioso da Padova
3785:Lorenzo da Firenze
3745:Vincenzo da Rimini
3730:Giovanni da Cascia
3562:Other trouvères...
3547:Perrin d'Angicourt
3497:Gautier de Dargies
3472:Chrétien de Troyes
3408:Raimon de Miravalh
3398:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
2245:Tambourin à cordes
2150:2014-02-18 at the
1917:on August 10, 2012
1849:Hurdy-Gurdy Method
1572:neo-medieval music
1564:
1437:
1278:
1266:
1258:
1210:
1169:
952:
941:
847:
836:
737:
678:persecuting them.
638:
625:in the 1930s (see
605:, and the Spanish
579:Nicolas Chédeville
561:
485:
395:
264:
5236:
5235:
4833:Giovanni Gabrieli
4660:Philippe Verdelot
4557:Johannes Ockeghem
4499:Early (1400–1470)
4482:Renaissance music
4448:
4447:
4416:Renaissance music
4124:Aurelian of Réôme
4109:Johannes de Muris
4079:Franco of Cologne
4057:
4056:
4039:Arnold de Lantins
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3921:Johannes Cuvelier
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3832:Giovanni Mazzuoli
3827:Matteo da Perugia
3799:
3798:
3775:Francesco Landini
3753:
3752:
3735:Jacopo da Bologna
3718:
3717:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3672:Philippe de Vitry
3651:Jehan de Lescurel
3572:
3571:
3557:Raoul de Soissons
3502:Gautier d'Espinal
3492:Gautier de Coincy
3433:
3432:
3353:Giraut de Bornelh
3332:Cerverí de Girona
3312:Arnaut de Mareuil
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3240:Notre-Dame school
3150:Heriger of Lobbes
3079:List of composers
3034:
3033:
2900:
2899:
2558:
2557:
2520:Orgue de barbarie
2458:
2457:
2390:
2389:
2284:
2283:
1593:or reproduced by
1518:No buzzing bridge
1424:No buzzing bridge
1346:On the Hungarian
1233:equal temperament
1132:Orgue de Barbarie
954:According to the
718:Olympic Peninsula
674:and folk dances.
462:Pórtico da Gloria
419:Ibn Khurradadhbih
304:string instrument
279:
254:
253:
168:String instrument
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5356:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5096:Vittorio Baldini
5073:Music publishing
4848:Hans Leo Hassler
4803:Gregorio Allegri
4758:Cipriano de Rore
4733:Vicente Lusitano
4728:Orlando di Lasso
4683:Jacques Arcadelt
4650:Pierre de la Rue
4645:Josquin des Prez
4625:Clément Janequin
4620:Antoine de Févin
4610:Antonius Divitis
4552:Johannes Martini
4527:Guillaume Du Fay
4475:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4437:
4427:
4426:
4233:Liturgical drama
4000:
3907:
3904:Johannes Ciconia
3879:
3875:
3857:Zacara da Teramo
3821:Johannes Ciconia
3801:
3791:Paolo da Firenze
3770:Donato da Cascia
3755:
3720:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3675:
3618:
3614:
3609:Late (1300–1400)
3552:Philippe de Rémi
3482:Conon de Béthune
3462:Blondel de Nesle
3447:Adam de la Halle
3435:
3373:Peire d'Alvernha
3284:
3271:
3226:
3222:
3217:High (1150–1300)
3206:Wipo of Burgundy
3171:
3141:
3133:
3124:Stephen of Liège
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2893:
2883:
2670:Transverse flute
2608:Cegléd water jug
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2399:
2293:
2266:Basse de Flandre
2210:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2047:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2020:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1913:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1583:electric guitars
1576:electro magnetic
1038:in Asturias and
601:, the Hungarian
557:Hieronymus Bosch
493:solo organistrum
431:Byzantine Empire
281:
280:
261:
242:Lira organizzata
238:Vielle organisée
208:
149:
142:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5209:
5201:
5188:
5140:
5126:Girolamo Scotto
5111:Antonio Gardano
5067:
5006:
4960:
4907:
4898:Heinrich Schütz
4893:Philippe Rogier
4843:Orlando Gibbons
4795:
4791:
4782:
4778:Giaches de Wert
4768:Christopher Tye
4723:Claude Le Jeune
4713:Claude Goudimel
4708:Nicolas Gombert
4703:Andrea Gabrieli
4698:Jacobus Clemens
4669:
4665:Adrian Willaert
4595:Martin Agricola
4581:
4517:Antoine Busnois
4512:Gilles Binchois
4493:
4484:
4479:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4420:
4401:
4353:
4322:
4259:
4209:Gregorian chant
4128:
4114:Walter Odington
4074:Guido of Arezzo
4053:
4010:Johannes Alanus
3990:
3966:Jacob Senleches
3902:
3861:
3795:
3749:
3714:
3677:
3670:
3603:
3568:
3429:
3358:Guiraut Riquier
3337:Comtessa de Dia
3322:Bertran de Born
3290:
3274:
3268:Petrus de Cruce
3266:
3211:
3175:Notker Physicus
3166:
3136:
3128:
3093:
3070:
3065:
3035:
3030:
3014:
2998:
2962:
2936:
2931:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2865:
2841:Hungarian minor
2836:Hungarian gypsy
2814:
2752:
2679:
2622:
2594:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2480:Boîte à musique
2454:
2428:
2386:
2370:
2348:
2342:
2315:
2309:
2297:
2280:
2254:
2201:
2196:
2152:Wayback Machine
2141:
2120:
2118:Further reading
2115:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2030:
2028:
2024:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1819:The Hurdy-Gurdy
1816:
1815:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1672:Viola organista
1638:
1633:
1627:
1556:
1504:Gilles Chabenat
1483:
1373:
1364:
1337:coup-de-poignet
1250:
1198:
1180:folk instrument
1161:
1156:
1004:tiesse di dj'va
947:Hurdy-gurdy in
929:
908:chanter strings
817:
731:setting with a
714:Hurdy Gurdy Man
652:, Southeastern
587:Antonio Vivaldi
519:buzzing bridges
375:
296:
295:
287:
285:
284:
283:
282:
275:
272:
265:
259:
247:Viola organista
187:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5202:
5198:Medieval music
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5131:Tielman Susato
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Valerio Dorico
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Franco-Flemish
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Carlo Gesualdo
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Thomas Campion
4805:
4799:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:Costanzo Porta
4750:
4745:
4743:Hans Neusidler
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Costanzo Festa
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Antoine Brumel
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Heinrich Isaac
4539:
4534:
4532:John Dunstaple
4529:
4524:
4522:Loyset Compère
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:Medieval metal
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:Pope Gregory I
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Johannes Cotto
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4015:John Dunstaple
4012:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Johannes Susay
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Gacian Reyneau
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Martinus Fabri
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3804:3rd generation
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3758:2nd generation
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3723:1st generation
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3666:Jehan Vaillant
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Denis Le Grant
3633:
3628:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Moniot d'Arras
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Guiot de Dijon
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Peire Cardenal
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Gaucelm Faidit
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:Medieval music
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
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2907:
2898:
2897:
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2884:
2873:
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2867:
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2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Orgue de danse
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
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2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
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2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
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2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2286:
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2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2140:
2139:External links
2137:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2087:
2061:
2043:
2022:
1988:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1928:
1894:
1879:
1864:
1857:
1834:
1827:
1800:
1787:
1772:
1755:
1746:
1733:10.2307/841885
1702:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1619:MIDI interface
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1500:vielle en luth
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:Regional types
1360:
1249:
1248:Buzzing bridge
1246:
1221:chanterelle(s)
1197:
1194:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1128:organ grinders
928:
925:
924:
923:
917:
911:
900:Chanterelle(s)
897:
891:
885:
879:
843:Sébastien Tron
828:Cellar Darling
816:
813:
753:Czech Republic
583:Il pastor Fido
458:Arabic musical
374:
371:
286:
273:
268:
267:
266:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
201:
200:
194:
193:
182:
176:
175:
165:
163:Classification
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5361:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Hurdy-gurdies
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:Baroque music
5200:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Andrea Antico
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:Musical forms
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:Thomas Morley
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Luca Marenzio
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Thomas Tallis
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:John Taverner
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Jacob Obrecht
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:British Isles
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:Musical forms
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4049:W. de Wycombe
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Baude Cordier
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:Ars subtilior
3880:
3876:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Maestro Piero
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:P. des Molins
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
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2051:on 2016-03-10
2050:
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1858:0-946993-07-6
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1647:Donskoy ryley
1645:
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1389:instruments).
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1225:dallamhúr(ok)
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1176:vielle à roue
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1079:колёсная лира
1076:
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1067:Csepel island
1064:
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703:Spencer Tracy
700:
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683:Der Leiermann
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528:tromba marina
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367:baroque music
364:
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318:that presses
317:
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233:Bowed clavier
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198:Playing range
195:
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117:November 2022
109:
106:
102:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
76:"Hurdy-gurdy"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5203:
5196:
5167:Architecture
5101:Jacob Bathen
4818:John Dowland
4688:William Byrd
4562:Leonel Power
4414:
4380:Architecture
4252:
4204:Geisslerlied
4182:Formes fixes
4104:Notker Labeo
4069:Anonymous IV
4044:Leonel Power
4029:Thomas Fabri
4019:
3882:
3703:Predecessors
3621:
3527:Jehan Bretel
3363:Jaufre Rudel
3229:
3138:Odo of Cluny
2978:
2886:
2876:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2740:
2733:
2729:Stroh violin
2721:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2685:Chordophones
2662:
2645:
2530:Orgue de rue
2275:
2104:. Retrieved
2101:audiofanzine
2100:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2033:
2025:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1910:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1848:
1818:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1775:
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1763:
1758:
1749:
1727:: 140–141 .
1724:
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1446:
1441:lira korbowa
1440:
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1404:
1396:
1393:lira/vevlira
1392:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1365:
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1297:
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1285:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1241:
1238:
1224:
1223:, Hungarian
1220:
1218:
1211:
1206:chanterelles
1205:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1120:street organ
1116:barrel organ
1111:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:колавая ліра
1086:
1083:колісна ліра
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:in Galicia,
1027:
1024:lira tedesca
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
984:
980:
977:wheel fiddle
976:
972:
968:
964:onomatopoeic
959:
953:
936:
927:Nomenclature
919:
913:
907:
903:
899:
894:Gros bourdon
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
861:
857:
853:
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669:
639:
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582:
570:Bettlerleier
569:
565:
562:
550:
537:
526:
522:
518:
512:
507:
496:
492:
488:
486:
461:
453:
450:Odo of Cluny
443:
426:
396:
347:Cajun French
328:
319:
299:
297:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5157:Renaissance
5152:Early music
5048:Netherlands
5028:Elizabethan
4883:Jacopo Peri
4853:Alonso Lobo
4813:John Cooper
4675:Late (1530)
4635:Jean Mouton
4547:Jean Japart
4537:Walter Frye
4370:Middle Ages
4365:Early music
4327:Derivations
4160:Chansonnier
3532:Jehan Erart
3477:Colin Muset
3383:Peire Vidal
3231:Ars antiqua
2979:Hurdy-gurdy
2710:Hurdy-gurdy
2705:Double bass
2540:Ralé-poussé
2298:instruments
2154:(video), a
2077:(in German)
1905:hurdy-gurdy
1662:Nyckelharpa
1595:synthesizer
1539:human voice
1481:Large wheel
1466:/kolovratec
1371:Small wheel
1112:hurdy-gurdy
1034:in Zamora,
1016:Bauernleier
973:hurly-burly
969:hirdy-girdy
960:hurdy-gurdy
937:tekerőlants
858:un vielleux
824:Anna Murphy
815:Terminology
773:Netherlands
735:in the back
733:harpsichord
729:Early Music
692:Winterreise
566:Bauernleier
515:Renaissance
513:During the
489:organistrum
487:Later, the
481:Puy-de-Dôme
435:organistrum
417:geographer
409:(e.g., the
407:Middle East
383:organistrum
363:renaissance
324:sound board
312:nyckelharpa
300:hurdy-gurdy
228:Nyckelharpa
190:chordophone
188:(Composite
154:Other names
140:Hurdy-gurdy
18:Hurdy Gurdy
5243:Categories
5182:Philosophy
5177:Literature
5145:Background
5011:Traditions
4987:Magnificat
4977:Intermedio
4921:Burgundian
4395:Philosophy
4390:Literature
4358:Background
4264:Traditions
3631:F. Andrieu
3487:Gace Brulé
3327:Castelloza
3293:Trobairitz
3288:Troubadour
3180:St. Godric
2941:Percussion
2856:Pentatonic
2851:Mixolydian
2628:Aerophones
2618:Tambourine
2613:Jew's harp
2600:Percussion
2440:Sunaglieri
2433:Idiophones
2395:Percussion
2356:Cialamedda
2314:Flutes and
2106:2018-12-08
2081:2018-12-08
2055:2013-10-23
2001:Tekerőlant
1921:26 January
1683:References
1657:Kaisatsuko
1652:Dulcigurdy
1611:sound card
1535:bordonciño
1527:bordonciño
1457:relia/реля
1286:tekerőlant
1140:draaiorgel
1055:tekerőlant
910:in English
603:tekerőlant
549:Detail of
401:in either
291:media help
185:321.322-72
87:newspapers
4997:Offertory
4926:Colorists
4788:Mannerism
4308:Lithuania
4172:Conductus
4062:Theorists
4034:Roy Henry
3961:Rodericus
3852:Sant Omer
3587:Minnesang
2809:Verbunkos
2742:Ütőgardon
2675:Wood horn
2653:Reed pipe
2636:Accordion
2550:Serinette
2545:Riberbula
2535:Pyrophone
2510:Limonaire
2500:Chabrette
2347:Free-reed
2305:Urganettu
2296:Free-reed
2235:Mandulina
2017:i25163886
1677:The Gizmo
1625:Musicians
1607:processor
1568:pop music
1453:lira/ліра
1447:lira/лира
1352:recsegőék
1329:trompette
1321:trompette
1309:trompette
1236:octaves.
1189:symphonia
1144:Drehleier
1136:Drehorgel
1059:forgólant
1044:zarrabete
1012:Drehleier
1008:draailier
876:Trompette
832:Eluveitie
830:; former
533:monochord
508:symphonia
498:symphonia
355:Hungarian
343:Aragonese
223:Drejelire
5218:Category
5195: ←
5058:Portugal
4982:Madrigal
4956:Venetian
4429:Category
4334:Bardcore
4313:Portugal
4281:Scotland
4254:Planctus
4238:Madrigal
4177:Estampie
4140:Antiphon
3695:Trecento
3623:Ars nova
3582:Goliards
3439:Trouvère
3413:Sordello
3393:Perdigon
3368:Marcabru
3010:Trombita
2948:Harmonia
2861:Phrygian
2795:Legényes
2788:Lánytánc
2774:Karikázó
2693:Cimbalom
2664:Tárogató
2641:Clarinet
2495:Caramusa
2490:Cabrette
2156:TED talk
2148:Archived
2075:enemy.at
1981:9 August
1770:36:71–87
1636:See also
1615:samplers
1242:shimming
1148:flašinet
1063:nyenyere
1020:ghironda
971:or from
904:chanters
864:vielleur
793:Slovakia
785:Portugal
687:Schubert
503:diatonic
483:(France)
359:medieval
335:bagpipes
320:tangents
316:keyboard
5208:→
5038:Germany
5018:British
4298:Germany
4276:England
4248:Organum
4226:Tydorel
4197:Virelai
4192:Rondeau
4187:Ballade
4155:Chanson
3931:Egidius
3926:Egardus
3646:Grimace
3577:Casella
3255:Pérotin
3130:Hucbald
3117:Tuotilo
3026:Cymbały
2984:Mazanki
2967:Strings
2892:(dance)
2888:Táncház
2826:Aeolian
2781:Körtánc
2767:Csárdás
2735:Tambura
2485:Bousine
2445:Timpanu
2424:Rouleur
2333:Pu'akau
2328:Pu toka
2250:Ukulele
2240:Mandore
2225:Cythara
2213:Plucked
1587:signals
1579:pickups
1523:Zanfona
1298:recsegő
1196:Strings
1124:buskers
1048:sanfona
1032:zanfoña
1028:zanfona
985:hrgadus
981:hegedűs
805:Ukraine
765:Hungary
761:Germany
757:Denmark
749:Belgium
745:Belarus
741:Austria
710:Donovan
666:lirnyky
658:Ukraine
650:Belarus
642:Hungary
611:Ukraine
607:zanfoña
415:Persian
405:or the
399:fiddles
393:, Spain
373:History
339:Occitan
308:rosined
101:scholar
5228:Portal
5053:Poland
5033:France
5023:Cyprus
5002:Pavane
4796:c.1600
4439:Portal
4385:Poetry
4293:France
4288:Cyprus
4003:Others
3986:Trebor
3971:Solage
3893:Borlet
3388:Peirol
3291:&
3250:Léonin
2994:Zither
2958:Kozioł
2882:(song)
2870:Styles
2846:Ionian
2831:Dorian
2819:Scales
2758:Dances
2748:Violin
2723:Kontra
2699:Citera
2470:Bodega
2463:Others
2450:Kayamb
2382:Pifana
2361:Pirula
2338:Pūʻili
2323:Graïle
2220:Cetera
2206:String
2041:
2015:
1953:
1855:
1825:
1741:841885
1739:
1585:, the
1545:niněra
1531:bordón
1510:Niněra
1464:ninera
1433:ninera
1356:tekerő
1348:tekerő
1325:tirant
1323:. The
1317:tirant
1305:hammer
1290:tekerő
1274:tekerő
1154:Design
1075:niněra
1071:ninera
996:vielle
920:Tirant
882:Mouche
803:, and
801:Sweden
789:Russia
781:Poland
777:Norway
771:, the
751:, the
654:France
646:Poland
623:Stalin
619:purged
574:Rococo
439:guitar
403:Europe
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5172:Dance
5063:Spain
5043:Italy
4972:Carol
4951:Roman
4318:Spain
4303:Italy
4243:Motet
4167:Chant
4150:Carol
4145:Canso
3019:Other
2802:Ugrós
2716:Koboz
2515:Loure
2409:Gumbe
2402:Drums
2375:Horns
2349:pipes
2316:oboes
2271:Bobre
2259:Bowed
2013:JSTOR
1737:JSTOR
1397:below
1294:chien
1159:Shape
1093:Leier
1036:rabil
914:Chien
797:Spain
769:Italy
609:. In
411:rebab
331:drone
302:is a
172:bowed
108:JSTOR
94:books
4992:Mass
4790:and
3003:Wind
2989:Suka
2974:Basy
2953:Koza
2878:Nóta
2647:Duda
2475:Boha
2419:Pate
2414:Pahu
2366:Vivo
2289:Wind
2039:ISBN
1983:2023
1951:ISBN
1923:2016
1853:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1609:and
1341:coup
1138:and
1105:lyre
1101:lute
1097:lant
1073:and
671:dumy
662:lira
656:and
615:lira
540:lute
427:lūrā
423:lira
298:The
80:news
5162:Art
4375:Art
4221:Lai
1729:doi
1566:In
1455:or
1214:gut
1118:or
1103:or
1022:or
1002:or
962:is
906:or
862:un
860:or
689:'s
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621:by
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365:or
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759:,
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705:.
648:,
644:,
479:,
361:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
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3906:*
3823:*
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3339:*
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3270:*
3208:?
3202:?
3170:*
3140:*
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3060:e
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1985:.
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