319:) and black-necked stilts in South America; the latter two are often considered conspecific, as are, less commonly, all black-and-white stilt taxa around the world.
31:. In several cases, shorebird hybrids have been described as new species before their hybrid origin was discovered. Compared to other groups of birds (such as
105:) and female curlew sandpipers. It is known from nearly two dozen sightings since the 1950s, almost all of which are from Australia, with one record from
814:
303:), which jeopardizes the survival of the former species. Other stilt taxa are known or suspected to hybridise where their ranges meet, namely
35:), only a few species of shorebirds are known or suspected to hybridise, but nonetheless, these hybrids occur quite frequently in some cases.
690:
651:
278:
in 1971 and lived at least until 1974. The avocet was the father and the stilt the mother of this individual, which apparently was a male.
430:
753:
879:
244:
770:
486:
706:
Jehl, J. R. Jr. (1985). "Hybridization and evolution of oystercatchers on the
Pacific Coast of Baja California".
598:
Jonsson, Lars (1996). "Mystery stint at Groote Keeten: First known hybrid between Little and
Temminck's Stint?".
67:
874:
558:
833:
382:
330:
236:
212:
161:
83:
32:
346:
63:
485:
Christidis, Les; Davies, Kizanne; Westerman, Michael; Christian, Peter D.; Schodde, Richard (1996).
133:, but showed anomalous features for that species, and was postulated to instead be a hybrid between
884:
220:
142:
122:
665:
795:
723:
511:
312:
304:
259:
98:
445:
49:
637:
619:
McLaughlin K. A.; Wormington, A. (2000). "An apparent Dunlin × White-rumped
Sandpiper hybrid".
749:
686:
680:
275:
196:
553:
787:
778:
715:
503:
494:
361:
357:
188:
177:
75:
28:
431:"The measurements of Cooper's Sandpiper and the occurrence of a similar bird in Australia"
389:
386:
267:
130:
533:) in Massachusetts, a first New World occurrence and a hitherto undescribed plumage".
868:
656:
600:
579:
410:
169:
106:
23:
have been recorded by birdwatchers worldwide that do not fit the characters of known
134:
638:
A putative hybrid White-rumped
Sandpiper × Dunlin from the east coast of the USA
377:
288:
285:
274:), occasionally found in California. One such bird was accidentally bred in the
252:
207:
Hybridisation in the
Charadrii (oystercatchers, stilts and avocets, and plovers)
126:
529:
Vickery, P. D.; Finch, D. W.; P. K. Donahue (1987). "Juvenile Cox's
Sandpiper (
296:
232:
19:
has been proven on only a small number of occasions; however, many individual
338:
71:
577:
Ujihara, Michiaki (2002). "An apparent juvenile Cox's
Sandpiper in Japan".
727:
345:, in 1987 was believed to be possibly a hybrid between that species and
97:) in 1982, is now known to be a stereotyped hybrid between males of the
799:
515:
365:
342:
282:
24:
719:
326:
228:
173:
153:
791:
507:
408:
Cox, John B. (1990). "The enigmatic Cooper's and Cox's
Sandpiper".
110:
62:") was described in 1858 based on a specimen collected in 1833 on
20:
487:"Molecular assessment of the taxonomic status of Cox's Sandpiper"
129:
was initially thought to be that country's first record of the
850:
Vinicombe, Keith (1988). "Unspecific Golden Plover in Avon".
815:"Plumage, morphology and hybridisation of New Zealand Stilts
187:
Courtship and copulation have also been observed between
54:
An apparently new sandpiper species ("Cooper's sandpiper
462:
Parker, Shane A. (1982). "A new sandpiper of the genus
43:
685:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
554:"The World's first known juvenile Cox's Sandpiper"
746:Shorebirds of North America: a photographic guide
311:) and pied stilts in maritime Southeast Asia and
258:The "avostilt" or "stavocet" is a hybrid between
203:), but there are no records of hybrid offspring.
39:Hybrids in the Scolopaci (sandpipers and allies)
771:"A hybrid American Avocet × Black-necked Stilt"
748:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
176:an apparent hybrid between the dunlin and the
168:) have been occasionally seen in northeastern
93:Cox's sandpiper, described as a new species (
27:. Many of these have been suspected of being
8:
739:
737:
66:. A similar bird was collected in 1981 at
640:at Ocean Wanderers. Retrieved 2006-OCT-11
74:. These are probably hybrids between the
400:
227:) is relatively common in northwestern
682:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World
7:
235:. Hybridisation also occurs between
14:
44:"Cooper's" and "Cox's" sandpipers
368:, but the eggs failed to hatch.
245:South Island pied oystercatchers
438:South Australian Ornithologist
1:
152:Putative hybrids between the
769:Principe, W. L. Jr. (1977).
679:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006).
652:"A mystery Calidris at Cley"
650:Millington, Richard (1994).
217:Haematopus palliatus frazari
744:Paulson, Dennis R. (2005).
468:South Australian Naturalist
17:Hybridisation in shorebirds
901:
664:(2): 61–63. Archived from
329:wintering with a flock of
47:
832:: 106–130. Archived from
708:Ornithological Monographs
444:: 169–181. Archived from
385:which also belong in the
293:Himantopus novaezelandiae
68:Stockton, New South Wales
301:Himantopus leucocephalus
117:Other hybrid scolopacids
552:Buckley, P. A. (1988).
272:Recurvirostra americana
237:variable oystercatchers
880:Hybridisation in birds
813:Pierce, R. J. (1984).
531:Calidris paramelanotos
383:Hybridisation in gulls
331:European golden plover
295:) hybridises with the
231:and adjacent southern
211:Hybridisation between
162:white-rumped sandpiper
95:Calidris paramelanotos
84:sharp-tailed sandpiper
429:Cox, John B. (1990).
347:Pacific golden plover
309:Himantopus himantopus
64:Long Island, New York
317:Himantopus melanurus
264:Himantopus mexicanus
221:black oystercatchers
166:Calidris fuscicollis
121:An unusual stint at
335:Pluvialis apricaria
241:Haematopus unicolor
225:Haematopus bachmani
147:Calidris temminckii
109:. and another from
80:Calidris ferruginea
260:black-necked stilt
249:Haematopus finschi
197:spotted sandpipers
193:Actitis hypoleucos
103:Calidris melanotos
99:pectoral sandpiper
88:Calidris acuminata
692:978-0-19-518323-8
276:San Francisco Zoo
201:Actitis macularia
184:) has turned up.
182:Calidris maritima
892:
860:
859:
847:
841:
840:
838:
823:
810:
804:
803:
775:
766:
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720:10.2307/40168300
703:
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491:
482:
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475:
459:
453:
452:
450:
435:
426:
420:
419:
405:
362:Sociable lapwing
358:Northern lapwing
178:purple sandpiper
143:Temminck's stint
76:curlew sandpiper
60:Calidris cooperi
900:
899:
895:
894:
893:
891:
890:
889:
875:Charadriiformes
865:
864:
863:
849:
848:
844:
836:
821:
812:
811:
807:
792:10.2307/1367545
773:
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714:(36): 484–504.
705:
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541:(5): 1366–1369.
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508:10.2307/1369559
489:
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483:
479:
461:
460:
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448:
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428:
427:
423:
407:
406:
402:
398:
390:Charadriiformes
374:
351:Pluvialis fulva
268:American avocet
209:
158:Calidris alpina
139:Calidris minuta
131:least sandpiper
119:
52:
50:Cox's sandpiper
46:
41:
12:
11:
5:
898:
896:
888:
887:
882:
877:
867:
866:
862:
861:
842:
839:on 2007-10-24.
805:
786:(1): 128–129.
761:
754:
733:
698:
691:
671:
668:on 2004-06-17.
642:
630:
611:
590:
569:
544:
535:American Birds
521:
502:(3): 459–463.
477:
454:
451:on 2013-04-18.
421:
399:
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393:
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380:
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208:
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118:
115:
48:Main article:
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42:
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10:
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4:
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2:
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886:
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853:
852:Birding World
846:
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755:0-691-12107-9
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663:
659:
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657:Birding World
653:
646:
643:
639:
634:
631:
626:
622:
621:Ontario Birds
615:
612:
607:
603:
602:
601:Dutch Birding
594:
591:
587:(8): 346–347.
586:
582:
581:
580:Birding World
573:
570:
566:(6): 253–257.
565:
561:
560:
559:British Birds
555:
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411:Dutch Birding
404:
401:
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371:
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170:North America
167:
163:
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150:
148:
144:
140:
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132:
128:
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123:Groote Keeten
116:
114:
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108:
107:Massachusetts
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
38:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
855:
851:
845:
834:the original
829:
825:
816:
808:
783:
777:
764:
745:
711:
707:
701:
681:
674:
666:the original
661:
655:
645:
633:
624:
620:
614:
605:
599:
593:
584:
578:
572:
563:
557:
547:
538:
534:
530:
524:
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493:
480:
471:
467:
463:
457:
446:the original
441:
437:
424:
415:
409:
403:
355:
350:
334:
323:
321:
316:
313:white-backed
308:
305:black-winged
300:
292:
280:
271:
263:
257:
248:
240:
224:
216:
210:
200:
192:
186:
181:
165:
157:
151:
146:
138:
135:little stint
120:
102:
94:
92:
87:
79:
59:
55:
53:
16:
15:
858:(2): 54–56.
378:Bird hybrid
356:In 1990, a
289:black stilt
286:New Zealand
281:The nearly
253:New Zealand
127:Netherlands
885:Shorebirds
869:Categories
817:Himantopus
627:(1): 8–12.
396:References
297:pied stilt
233:California
160:) and the
82:) and the
21:shorebirds
339:Marksbury
324:Pluvialis
72:Australia
826:Notornis
728:40168300
608:: 24–28.
464:Calidris
418:: 53–64.
372:See also
364:bred in
213:American
800:1367545
516:1369559
366:Finland
343:England
337:) near
283:extinct
125:in the
29:hybrids
25:species
798:
779:Condor
752:
726:
689:
514:
495:Condor
360:and a
327:plover
266:) and
243:) and
229:Mexico
219:) and
195:) and
189:common
174:Europe
154:dunlin
141:) and
56:Tringa
837:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
796:JSTOR
774:(PDF)
724:JSTOR
512:JSTOR
490:(PDF)
474:: 63.
449:(PDF)
434:(PDF)
387:order
251:) in
172:. In
111:Japan
33:gulls
819:spp"
750:ISBN
687:ISBN
788:doi
716:doi
504:doi
466:".
353:).
149:).
90:).
871::
854:.
830:31
828:.
824:.
794:.
784:79
782:.
776:.
736:^
722:.
712:36
710:.
660:.
654:.
625:18
623:.
606:18
604:.
585:15
583:.
564:81
562:.
556:.
539:41
537:.
510:.
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498:.
492:.
472:56
470:.
442:30
440:.
436:.
416:12
414:.
341:,
322:A
255:.
113:.
70:,
856:1
802:.
790::
758:.
730:.
718::
695:.
662:7
518:.
506::
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333:(
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262:(
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101:(
86:(
78:(
58:/
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