33:
537:
46:
638:
500:
417:. Harrison noted "The attempts to recognize European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until someone has worked critically in the field on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own population as that to guess that they may be the same as those that grow in Europe." Other taxa considered synonymous with
1578:
302:-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar
519:
that are 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. They are at first convex, then pulvinate (cushion-shaped), later flattening or becoming slightly depressed in the center. The cap surface of young fruit bodies is uneven, with a velvety to felted texture, and a whitish to pink color. It sometimes
556:
that do not expand. This slows the growth of the fruit body, often enabling it to persist for several months. The fungus employs an indeterminate growth pattern, in which the fruit body formation begins from a vertical column of hyphae that eventually expand at the top to form the cap. Any solid
532:
measures 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) long by 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) thick, and is the same color as the cap. Fruit bodies have a "distinctly mealy" odor (similar to the smell of freshly ground flour), but are inedible.
457:
specimens: "A considerable number of collections have had to be set aside, as in the dried state, with no notes on the fresh characters, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the plants represented
576:(spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–30 by 6–7.5 μm. The hyphae of the flesh are brownish with thin walls, and measure 4–6 μm; hyphae in the spines are thin-walled,
703:
and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses;
520:
exudes blood-red drops of fluid in the depressions. The surface later becomes flesh-colored to dark reddish brown, but with wavy margin remaining whitish. The lower surface of the fruit body bears the
548:
is reddish or purplish-brown with white flecks. Initially spongy and soft, it becomes tough and corky as the fruit body matures. In the stipe, the flesh can become blackish in age. Like other
668:. The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread but generally uncommon throughout Europe, although there may be local areas where it is common. In Britain,
557:
objects encountered during growth, such as grass or twigs, can be enveloped by the expanding fruit body. Similarly, closely neighboring caps can fuse together during growth.
1353:
1744:
1796:
290:. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in
1895:
1718:
708:
often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased
681:
528:-bearing tissue. It comprises a dense arrangement of white to reddish brown spines up to 6 mm long, hanging vertically downwards. The stout
720:
as well as the quantity of roots. The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more
1560:
1214:
1184:
1159:
1127:
837:
Mycographie Suisse, ou
Description des Champignons, qui Croissent en Suisse, Particulièrment dans le Canton de Vaud, aux Environs de Lausanne
1473:"Diversity of mat-forming fungi in relation to soil properties, disturbance, and forest ecotype at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA"
1315:
677:
1091:
1865:
756:
appears normal at the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots at the trailing edge, showing
1885:
1582:
1368:
1783:
477:
1801:
45:
320:
and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more
1647:
1661:
1880:
1870:
1900:
1860:
608:
364:
in 1888. It was assigned its current binomial name by
Karsten when he transferred it to its current genus,
1875:
1609:
599:
798:
625:
140:
1811:
1710:
1692:
1589:
1066:
954:
446:
374:
333:
222:
1775:
1335:
1269:
611:
studies, however, indicate that the two fungi are closely related, but distinct. In contrast with
1890:
772:
673:
345:
337:
170:
157:
40:
361:
32:
1749:
536:
1832:
1679:
1556:
1311:
1288:
1210:
1204:
1180:
1155:
1149:
1123:
685:
684:
for stipitate hydnoid fungi (i.e., hydnoid fungi with a cap and stipe) in 2004. The fungus is
665:
649:
637:
619:
has a darker cap when young, darker flesh, and occurs in deciduous woods. Old fruit bodies of
516:
499:
406:
1837:
1117:
1528:
1484:
1453:
1048:
784:
593:
581:
545:
529:
1444:
Arnolds E. (2010). "The fate of hydnoid fungi in The
Netherlands and Northwestern Europe".
818:
1819:
1505:
1033:
775:
hydnuferrigin (dark violet) and hydnuferruginin (yellow), as well as small amounts of the
705:
422:
393:
1393:
1095:
1705:
1595:
1284:
753:
661:
597:
is similar in appearance, but has an acrid taste, and clamp connections in its hyphae.
481:
438:
414:
383:
378:
353:
291:
191:
161:
87:
1854:
1533:
733:
97:
77:
1231:
893:
852:
1684:
1331:
1007:
933:
916:
835:
664:
and nutrients, and grow singly or in clusters. They are more likely to be found in
607:, and several authors have historically considered the two species to be the same;
565:
299:
283:
253:
1151:
Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and
Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook
211:
1457:
1788:
1770:
1731:
1641:
757:
709:
473:
398:
295:
287:
271:
107:
1632:
780:
776:
745:
741:
689:
569:
1292:
949:
947:
945:
476:
given to the species include the "reddish-brown corky spine fungus", and the
580:, and sometimes branched, measuring 3.5–4.5 μm. The hyphae do not have
561:
366:
304:
117:
57:
740:
practice used in some areas of Europe. The fungus forms an unusual type of
1671:
1577:
1336:
Stipitate hydnoid fungi in
Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420
1824:
1757:
1626:
1394:"Checklist of Basidiomycetes (Aphyllo. and Phragmo.) of Kaghan Valley II"
737:
717:
696:
521:
504:
388:
783:. Hydnuferrigin has a chemical structure that closely resembles that of
1723:
713:
573:
313:
1736:
1471:
Trappe MJ, Cromack Jr K, Caldwell BA, Griffiths RP, Trappe JM (2012).
1310:(in Swedish) (3 ed.). Jönköping, Sweden: Skogsstyrelsens Förlag.
1762:
1656:
1489:
1472:
793:
721:
657:
577:
321:
67:
1603:
1308:
Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer
1052:
1236:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge at the University Press. pp. 634–5.
878:(in German). Vol. 3–1(4). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 459.
660:. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of
1119:
Latin for
Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored
853:"Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum"
700:
636:
553:
535:
525:
498:
488:
317:
242:
732:
is sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from
653:
1697:
1607:
1179:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 470.
1233:
894:"A contribution to a revision of the North American Hydnaceae"
572:. Their surfaces are covered with small rounded bumps. The
1421:
Hintikka V, Näykki O (1967). "Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan,
680:; it was included as one of 14 species considered in the
1094:. British Mycological Society. June 2014. Archived from
840:(in French). Vol. 2. Geneva: Bonnant. p. 515.
1034:"New or little known North American stipitate Hydnums"
1425:, vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen ".
823:(in Latin). Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier. p. 133.
453:. Banker explained the difficulty in identifying old
1616:
1270:Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in
938:(in French). Vol. 10. Paris. p. t. 453:2.
692:. It has been collected in India and North Africa.
1012:Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
1198:
1196:
724:than the surrounding soil. Similar to some other
552:species, fruit body tissue is made of generative
1416:
1414:
1027:
1025:
540:Fruit bodies can envelop obstacles as they grow.
294:, usually in poor (low nutrient) or sandy soil.
1354:"Protected species of macrofungi in Montenegro"
1143:
1141:
1139:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
887:
885:
8:
1427:Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae
1263:
1261:
996:Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 86.
1283:(Report). English Nature Research Reports.
1255:Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 5.
1246:Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 3.
1122:. University of Chicago Press. p. 88.
1604:
1551:Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997).
921:(in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 44.
31:
20:
1532:
1488:
1154:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 106.
348:history includes transfers to the genera
1506:"Fungus Pigments. XXIX. The pigments of
1209:. Paris: Editions Artemis. p. 138.
1341:(Report). Peterborough: English Nature.
809:
797:, and they may originate from a common
682:United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan
787:, a pigment found in other species of
1008:"Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI"
480:-sanctioned name "mealy fungus". The
7:
1812:ac917780-2a44-41a1-8461-41d1ef6ecf97
1553:British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi
898:Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club
1392:Sultana K, Aleem Qureshi R (2007).
1073:. Index Fungorum. CAB International
963:Species Fungorum. CAB International
401:. The fungus, which Harrison named
1555:. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
14:
678:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
515:are more or less top-shaped with
1896:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
1576:
1534:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35b-0513
716:, and increases in the level of
695:The fungus forms a tough mat of
280:reddish-brown corky spine fungus
44:
1203:Deconchat C, Polèse JM (2002).
876:Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien
672:is provisionally classified as
1361:Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica
1352:Kasom G, Miličković N (2010).
1092:"English Names for Fungi 2014"
623:can be confused with those of
413:by the nomenclatural database
1:
1268:Brodge PD, Panchal G (2004).
918:Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger
676:, and is protected under the
470:, or some undescribed form."
373:In 1964, Canadian mycologist
1458:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005
1367:(2): 195–203. Archived from
1047:(9): 1205–33 (see p. 1226).
568:are 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5
1206:Champignons: l'encyclopédie
1175:Roberts P, Evans S (2011).
1148:Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990).
478:British Mycological Society
332:The species was originally
1919:
1401:Pakistan Journal of Botany
1041:Canadian Journal of Botany
857:Revue Mycologique Toulouse
429:(including later synonyms
1521:Acta Chemica Scandinavica
820:Observationes mycologicae
771:fruit bodies contain the
603:is readily confused with
176:
169:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
656:, but occasionally with
633:Habitat and distribution
1866:Fungi described in 1815
955:"GSD Species Synonymy:
712:penetration, decreased
1886:Fungi of North America
1504:Gripenberg J. (1981).
932:Bulliard JBF. (1790).
904:: 99–194 (see p. 152).
642:
600:Hydnellum spongiosipes
541:
508:
451:Hydnellum sanguinarium
405:, is considered to be
219:Hydnellum sanguinarium
1662:hydnellum-ferrugineum
1648:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1618:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1590:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1583:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1508:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1423:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1032:Harrison KA. (1964).
957:Hydnellum ferrugineum
769:Hydnellum ferrugineum
646:Hydnellum ferrugineum
640:
626:Hydnellum concrescens
564:to roughly spherical
539:
513:Hydnellum ferrugineum
502:
468:H. scrobiculatum
411:Hydnellum ferrugineum
267:Hydnellum ferrugineum
233:(Bull.) Lindau (1911)
202:(Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)
150:Hydnellum ferrugineum
25:Hydnellum ferrugineum
1585:at Wikimedia Commons
1116:Harrison L. (2012).
1069:Hydnellum pineticola
1018:: 15–46 (see p. 41).
1006:Karsten PA. (1879).
935:Herbier de la France
874:Schröter J. (1888).
834:Secretan L. (1833).
666:older-growth forests
617:H. spongiosipes
511:The fruit bodies of
491:for "rust-colored".
460:H. sanguinarium
433:(Bull.) Lindau, and
403:Hydnellum pineticola
250:Hydnellum pineticola
207:Phaeodon ferrugineus
892:Banker HJ. (1906).
851:Karsten P. (1881).
764:Bioactive compounds
730:H. ferrugineum
670:H. ferrugineum
650:coniferous woodland
648:is found mainly in
621:H. ferrugineum
613:H. ferrugineum
605:H. ferrugineum
464:H. concrescens
447:Howard James Banker
419:H. ferrugineum
375:Kenneth A. Harrison
310:H. ferrugineum
199:Calodon ferrugineus
132:H. ferrugineum
1510:(Fr.) Karsten and
1306:Nitare J. (2006).
915:Lindau G. (1911).
817:Fries EM. (1815).
643:
641:Young fruit bodies
542:
509:
507:showing the spines
443:Hydnum carbunculus
435:Hydnellum hybridum
342:Hydnum ferrugineum
338:Elias Magnus Fries
336:scientifically by
282:, is a species of
238:Hydnellum hybridum
188:Hydnum carbunculus
180:Hydnum ferrugineum
1848:
1847:
1833:Open Tree of Life
1610:Taxon identifiers
1581:Media related to
1562:978-1-900347-15-0
1514:(Batsch) Karsten"
1216:978-2-84416-145-1
1186:978-0-226-72117-0
1177:The Book of Fungi
1161:978-0-412-36970-4
1129:978-0-226-00919-3
582:clamp connections
437:(Bull.) Banker);
263:
262:
257:
246:
234:
226:
215:
203:
195:
184:
16:Species of fungus
1908:
1841:
1840:
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1815:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1789:NBNSYS0000021226
1779:
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1490:10.3390/d4020196
1468:
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1418:
1409:
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1383:
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1379:
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1358:
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1190:
1172:
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1134:
1133:
1113:
1107:
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1103:
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1081:
1079:
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1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1003:
997:
994:
973:
972:
970:
969:
951:
940:
939:
929:
923:
922:
912:
906:
905:
889:
880:
879:
871:
865:
864:
848:
842:
841:
831:
825:
824:
814:
785:thelephoric acid
750:Pinus sylvestris
718:root respiration
706:reindeer lichens
594:Hydnellum peckii
482:specific epithet
431:Calodon hybridus
252:
240:
232:
230:Calodon hybridus
221:
209:
201:
190:
182:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1881:Fungi of Europe
1871:Fungi of Africa
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1820:Observation.org
1818:
1810:
1808:
1800:
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1787:
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1683:
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1668:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1612:
1573:
1563:
1550:
1547:
1542:
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1503:
1502:
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1443:
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1438:
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1419:
1412:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1230:Rea C. (1922).
1229:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:10.1139/b64-116
1036:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1005:
1004:
1000:
995:
976:
967:
965:
959:(Fr.) P. Karst"
953:
952:
943:
931:
930:
926:
914:
913:
909:
891:
890:
883:
873:
872:
868:
850:
849:
845:
833:
832:
828:
816:
815:
811:
807:
766:
752:) in which the
635:
590:
588:Similar species
497:
427:Hydnum hybridum
423:Pierre Bulliard
394:Pinus banksiana
362:Joseph Schröter
340:, who named it
330:
312:forms a mat of
245:) Banker (1913)
165:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1901:Fungus species
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Inedible fungi
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
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1842:
1829:
1816:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1666:
1653:
1638:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1596:Index Fungorum
1586:
1572:
1571:External links
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1496:
1483:(2): 196–223.
1463:
1446:Fungal Ecology
1436:
1410:
1384:
1344:
1323:
1317:978-9188462688
1316:
1298:
1285:English Nature
1257:
1248:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1192:
1185:
1167:
1160:
1135:
1128:
1108:
1083:
1071:K.A. Harrison"
1058:
1021:
998:
974:
941:
924:
907:
881:
866:
843:
826:
808:
806:
803:
765:
762:
754:ectomycorrhiza
662:organic matter
634:
631:
589:
586:
524:, the fertile
496:
493:
439:Louis Secretan
415:Index Fungorum
384:Pinus resinosa
379:hydnoid fungus
354:Petter Karsten
329:
326:
292:conifer forest
286:in the family
261:
260:
259:
258:
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95:
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88:Agaricomycetes
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28:
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2:
1914:
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1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Fungi of Asia
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1839:
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1407:(7): 2626–49.
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1374:on 2017-02-02
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1332:Marren, Peter
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356:in 1881, and
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344:in 1815. Its
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319:
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298:are somewhat
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274:known as the
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141:Binomial name
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98:Thelephorales
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83:
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78:Basidiomycota
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1452:(2): 81–88.
1449:
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1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1364:
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1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1068:
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1040:
1015:
1014:(in Latin).
1011:
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966:. Retrieved
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859:(in Latin).
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788:
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760:tendencies.
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560:The broadly
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484:
474:Common names
472:
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463:
459:
454:
450:
445:(1833); and
442:
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426:
418:
410:
402:
392:
382:
377:described a
372:
365:
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349:
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309:
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296:Fruit bodies
284:tooth fungus
279:
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266:
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254:K.A.Harrison
249:
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187:
179:
149:
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131:
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118:
24:
18:
1771:NatureServe
1732:iNaturalist
1642:Wikispecies
1545:Cited works
1527:: 513–519.
863:(9): 19–21.
758:saprophytic
710:groundwater
503:Closeup of
495:Description
485:ferrugineum
399:Nova Scotia
381:found with
370:, in 1879.
288:Bankeraceae
276:mealy tooth
108:Bankeraceae
1855:Categories
1512:H. zonatum
1433:(2): 1–23.
1378:2017-01-24
1102:2014-12-14
1077:2014-12-14
968:2014-12-14
805:References
801:compound.
781:atromentin
777:polyphenol
746:Scots pine
742:mycorrhiza
722:podzolized
690:Montenegro
674:endangered
407:synonymous
322:podzolized
183:Fr. (1815)
74:Division:
1891:Hydnellum
1477:Diversity
1293:0967-876X
1276:Phellodon
1272:Hydnellum
799:precursor
789:Hydnellum
779:compound
728:species,
726:Hydnellum
686:protected
609:molecular
562:ellipsoid
550:Hydnellum
455:Hydnellum
367:Hydnellum
346:taxonomic
334:described
308:species.
305:Hydnellum
212:J.Schröt.
126:Species:
119:Hydnellum
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1776:2.946882
1758:MycoBank
1750:11429664
1706:Fungorum
1669:BioLib:
1633:Q5954059
1627:Wikidata
1334:(2000).
773:pigments
738:forestry
522:hymenium
505:hymenium
449:'s 1906
425:'s 1791
389:Michigan
358:Phaeodon
328:Taxonomy
272:commonly
171:Synonyms
162:P.Karst.
104:Family:
54:Domain:
1838:3799027
1724:2522229
1278:species
714:soil pH
699:in the
697:mycelia
578:septate
574:basidia
350:Calodon
316:in the
314:mycelia
278:or the
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1809:NZOR:
1802:268281
1763:100986
1737:351029
1711:100986
1698:151592
1672:306397
1657:ARKive
1559:
1314:
1291:
1213:
1183:
1158:
1126:
794:Hydnum
658:spruce
566:spores
554:hyphae
256:(1964)
225:(1906)
223:Banker
214:(1888)
210:(Fr.)
194:(1833)
164:(1879)
1825:15928
1745:IRMNG
1685:6MHWP
1517:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
744:with
701:humus
654:pines
546:flesh
530:stipe
526:spore
489:Latin
409:with
318:humus
243:Bull.
192:Secr.
68:Fungi
1797:NCBI
1719:GBIF
1557:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1289:ISSN
1274:and
1211:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1124:ISBN
791:and
736:, a
544:The
517:caps
421:are
391:and
1784:NBN
1693:EoL
1680:CoL
1593:in
1529:doi
1525:35b
1485:doi
1454:doi
1049:doi
688:in
487:is
441:'s
397:in
387:in
360:by
352:by
300:top
158:Fr.
1857::
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1519:.
1479:.
1475:.
1448:.
1431:62
1429:.
1413:^
1405:39
1403:.
1399:.
1363:.
1359:.
1287:.
1260:^
1195:^
1138:^
1045:42
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1024:^
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884:^
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570:ÎĽm
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1080:.
1067:"
1055:.
1051::
1016:5
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861:3
748:(
241:(
156:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
