473:(caddisflies). It was originally believed that water mite larvae located hosts by accidental contact, but recent studies have found they likely utilize a combination of visual, tactile, and chemical cues. Even though larvae are capable of sensing the presence of a nearby host, it has been suggested that they are unable to distinguish between host species, and rather select hosts solely based on spatial and temporal coincidence. The abundance of water mites in a region, as well as prevalence and intensity of host infection, are impacted by a multitude of environmental and biological factors, and have shown great geographic variation. In some cases, high infection intensities have significantly increased chances of host mortality and reduced
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576:(dagger flies). These mites are typically abundant along the margins of temporary ponds, springs, streams, and seepage areas in North America and Europe. Nymphs and adults can be seen crawling and mating along substrate beginning in early Spring, soon after the recession of surface ice. Eggs are laid soon after the thaw, and larvae typically emerge and begin host seeking within 30–40 days. According to Mullen (1977),
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593:
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mites include species with semi-aquatic habits, but only the
Hydracarina are properly subaquatic. Water mites follow the general Parasitengona life cycle: active larva, inactive (calyptostasic) protonymph, active deutonymph, inactive tritonymph and active adult. Usually, larvae are parasites, while
621:
larvae loosely bind to their integument, and monitor them until the adult emerges. Host muscle contractions just prior to emergence stimulate mite larvae to move towards the ecdysial opening and attach to the host along intersegmental sutures on their thorax and abdomen. Differences in preferred
584:
pupae, and dissection of parasitized females revealed them all to be parous. Mullen hypothesized that this life history strategy increased chances of mite survival two-fold because those parasitizing males would likely die before returning to a suitable adult habitat. No literature was found
622:
attachment site between mite species appear to be related to differences in host emergence behavior. Full larval engorgement takes approximately three days, during which they have the potential to significantly impact the health of their host. In laboratory settings, the survival of
1577:
Prevec, Rosemary; Nel, André; Day, Michael O.; Muir, Robert A.; Matiwane, Aviwe; Kirkaldy, Abigail P.; Moyo, Sydney; Staniczek, Arnold; Cariglino, Bárbara; Maseko, Zolile; Kom, Nokuthula; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Garrouste, Romain; Holland, Alexandra; Barber-James, Helen M. (2022-10-30).
369:
Water mites may be brilliant red or orange in colour, unusual among freshwater invertebrates, but they also display more subtle blues, greens and yellows. They are also unusual among mites in some lineages having movable, internalized eye lenses sunk deep within the
632:
was found to decrease from 23.32 to 6.25 days between those harboring the least and greatest numbers of attached mites respectively. Under similar conditions, infection intensities equalling 17-32 mites decreased the number of eggs laid by gravid
616:
and marshes. Females lay eggs in protected areas hidden among the abundant vegetation of these habitats, and upon hatching, larvae can be found swimming throughout the upper water column in search of hosts. Once an immature host is located,
1372:
Lanciani, C. A.; Boyt, A. D. (1977-08-20). "The Effect of a
Parasitic Water Mite, Arrenurus Pseudotenuicollis1 (Acari: Hydrachnellae), on the Survival and Reproduction of the Mosquito Anopheles Crucians (Diptera: Culicidae)".
1040:
Di
Sabatino, Antonio; Smit, Harry; Gerecke, Reinhard; Goldschmidt, Tom; Matsumoto, Noriko; Cicolani, Bruno (2007-12-18). "Global diversity of water mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia; Arachnida) in freshwater".
1421:
Smith, Bruce P.; McIver, Susan B. (June 1984). "The impact of
Arrenurus danbyensis Mullen (Acari: Prostigmata; Arrenuridae) on a population of Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) (Diptera: Culicidae)".
1324:
Lanciani, Carmine A. (June 1986). "Effect of the Water Mite
Arrenurus pseudotenuicollis (Acariformes: Arrenuridae) on the Longevity of Captive Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae)".
684:
400:
The palps of post-larval water mites vary depending on their diet. The egg-eating
Hydryphantidae, Hydrodromidae, and Hydrachnidae have chelate (pincer-like) palps. The crustacean-eating
580:
attach exclusively to female mosquitoes as they land near the water's edge to oviposit, which was supported by an extensive field study in which he observed zero mite larvae on 15,000
1135:
Mullen, Gary R. (1977-01-31). "Acarine
Parasites of Mosquitoes Iv. Taxonomy, life history and behavior of Thyas barbigera and Thyasides sphagnorum (Hydrachnellae: Thyasidae)1".
837:
770:. The egg-eating water mites often prey on the eggs of the same insects they parasitise as larvae. To feed, water mites bite prey, inject saliva containing digestive
538:). The biology and ecology of these specific host-mite interactions have been well studied, likely due to the significant relevance of mosquitoes to human health.
404:(Arrenuruidae) have uncate palps to grasp the slim appendages of crustaceans. Most other water mite families have linear palps for grappling with prey animals.
1234:"Mites (Acari: Trombidiformes) parasitizing mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an Atlantic Forest area in southern Brazil with a new mite genus country record"
708:
1181:
Kirkhoff, Christopher J.; Simmons, Thomas W.; Hutchinson, Michael (February 2013). "Adult
Mosquitoes Parasitized by Larval Water Mites in Pennsylvania".
663:
mite larvae have been considered as potential biocontrol agents, unrealistic numbers would need to be released in order to prove effective on their own.
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until fully engorged or brushed off. Common host groups include insects with aquatic or semi-aquatic juvenile stages, including, but not limited to, the
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Larvae are usually the only water mite life stage to have parasitic relationships with other organisms. Upon location of a host, larvae pierce host
112:
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Mullen, Gary R. (1975-04-30). "Acarine
Parasites of Mosquitoes: I. A critical review of all known records of mosquitoes parasitized by mites1".
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species merely use other animals as safe, well-oxygenated places to lay eggs and to pass their resting stages (protonymph, deutonymph).
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agents, although low natural infection intensities warrant supplementation with other control strategies in order to be effective.
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dos Santos, Emili
Bortolon; Favretto, Mario Arthur; dos Santos Costa, Samuel Geremias; Navarro-Silva, Mario Antonio (2016-04-16).
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mite infection intensities were observed in other host-mite relationships. For example, Smith and McIver (1984) found that
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Some water mites continue to be parasites in their post-larval stages. These are mainly associated with molluscs, such as
1938:
909:
Proctor, Heather C.; Smith, Ian M.; Cook, David R.; Smith, Bruce P. (2015), "Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida",
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382:
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946:"Higher-level molecular phylogeny of the water mites (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Parasitengonina: Hydrachnidiae)"
810:
Di Sabatino, A., Gerecke, R., Martin, P. (2000). "The biology and ecology of lotic water mites (Hydrachnidia)".
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The taxonomy and bionomics of aquatic mites (Acarina: Hydrachnellae) parasitic on mosquitoes in North America
1943:
1639:
478:
1558:
Mullen, Gary (1976). "Water mites of the subgenus Truncaturus (Arrenuridae, Arrenurus) in North America".
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Smith, Ian M.; Cook, David R.; Smith, Bruce P. (2010), "Water Mites (Hydrachnidiae) and Other Arachnids",
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are among the most common mite species found parasitizing mosquitoes, especially those of the genera
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1580:"South African Lagerstätte reveals middle Permian Gondwanan lakeshore ecosystem in exquisite detail"
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by nearly 100%. High mite loads also significantly decreased the fecundity of field-collected
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Jalil, Mazhar; Mitchell, Rodger (1972-08-01). "Parasitism of Mosquitoes by Water Mites1".
758:), the eggs, larvae and pupae of aquatic insects, and non-arthropod invertebrates such as
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Hydrachnidia are ubiquitous in nearly all freshwater habitats of every continent except
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Nymphs and adults of water mites are predatory. They prey on other water mites, small
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have not been well-studied, the numbers are likely to be far greater. Other taxa of
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arthropods, composed of 6,000 described species from 57 families. As water mites of
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paired with a sensory seta (glandularia), possibly for defense against predators.
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The oldest known water mites are from the Onder Karoo locality within the
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are also common ectoparasites of many mosquito species. In contrast to
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Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates
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Dabert, Miroslawa; Proctor, Heather; Dabert, Jacek (1 August 2016).
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Vasquez, AA; Mohiddin, O; Bonnici, BL; Gurdziel, K; Ram, JL (2021).
1461:"The potential of mites as biological control agents of mosquitoes"
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females by approximately 3.5 eggs per additional mite. Even though
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stage of the Middle Permian, approximately 266 million years ago.
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mites are fully aquatic and prefer permanent habitats, such as
1642:. Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax. 2006
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424:, but they may also be found in more obscure areas such as
853:"Moleculardietstudiesof watermitesrevealprey biodiversity"
440:. Some species have also adapted to marine environments.
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loads of greater than 5 mites decreased the fecundity of
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774:to liquefy the tissue, and suck out the liquid.
596:Water mite from a city pond in Rakvere. Estonia
518:The majority of water mites found parasitic on
560:parasitizing other dipteran families, such as
120:Water mite 1.1 mm long from a freshwater pond
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836:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
374:rather than being set on the surface of the
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314:Two water mites feeding on the larva of a
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950:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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469:(dragonflies and damselflies), and
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1238:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1108:10.1016/b978-0-12-374855-3.00015-7
919:10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00025-5
630:Arrenurus (Meg.) pseudotenuicollis
457:with their chelicerae and feed on
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303:Water mites in a mat of floating
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1012:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00176-9
824:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00591.x
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786:in South Africa, dating to the
1640:"Introduction to Hydrachnidia"
1102:, Elsevier, pp. 485–586,
1006:, Elsevier, pp. 335–345,
913:, Elsevier, pp. 599–660,
678:infested with freshwater mites
1:
1560:Search Agriculture Entomology
1497:Journal of Medical Entomology
1375:Journal of Medical Entomology
1283:Journal of Medical Entomology
1137:Journal of Medical Entomology
1004:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
870:10.1371/journal.pone.0254598
1423:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1000:"Hydrachnida (Water Mites)"
963:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.004
416:. Typical habitats include
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1596:10.1038/s42003-022-04132-y
1149:10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.475
730:Ceriagrion coromandelianum
628:mosquitoes parasitized by
600:Larval mites of the genus
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1251:10.1007/s10493-016-0045-2
1055:10.1007/s10750-007-9025-1
692:Coquillettidia perturbans
585:discussing the impact of
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1295:10.1093/jmedent/9.4.305
1183:Journal of Parasitology
568:(phantom crane flies),
1584:Communications Biology
1540:Mullen, G. R. (1974).
1085:"Encyclopedia of Life"
998:Proctor, H.C. (2009),
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716:Sympetrum meridionale
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492:and many species of
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572:(grass flies), and
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514:Mosquitoes as hosts
271:Stygothrombidioidea
1459:Smith, BP (1983).
812:Freshwater Biology
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358:parasitengone
355:
354:South America
351:
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335:
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330:Hydrachnidiae
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30:
19:
18:Hydrachnidiae
1896:Trigynaspida
1878:Mesostigmata
1833:Holothyridae
1828:Allothyridae
1737:Palaeosomata
1722:Enarthronota
1717:Brachypylina
1644:. Retrieved
1587:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1503:(1): 27–36.
1500:
1496:
1471:(3): 79–85.
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1464:
1426:
1422:
1381:(1): 10–15.
1378:
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1189:(1): 31–39.
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860:
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815:
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768:oligochaetes
741:
728:
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639:An. crucians
638:
635:An. crucians
634:
629:
623:
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605:
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587:P. barbigera
586:
581:
578:P. barbigera
577:
558:P. barbigera
557:
553:Ochlerotatus
551:
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531:
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368:
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333:
329:
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322:Hydrachnidia
321:
320:
266:Lebertioidea
236:Arrenuroidea
221:Hydrachnidia
220:
216:(unranked):
204:(unranked):
35:Hydrachnidia
29:
1838:Neothyridae
1820:Holothyrida
1783:Prostigmata
1765:Psoroptidia
1700:Acariformes
1646:27 December
1590:(1): 1154.
748:cladocerans
744:crustaceans
570:Chloropidae
536:Arrenuridae
471:Trichoptera
430:hot springs
365:Description
334:Hydracarina
326:water mites
288:Hydracarina
197:Prostigmata
1933:Categories
1732:Mixonomata
1727:Holosomata
1546:Entomology
1027:2022-11-07
794:References
700:danbyensis
657:perturbans
650:danbyensis
520:mosquitoes
508:Unionicola
495:Unionicola
455:integument
449:Background
444:Parasitism
438:waterfalls
414:Antarctica
316:chironomid
192:Suborder:
168:Subclass:
149:Arthropoda
1858:Argasidae
1847:Ixodida (
1709:Oribatida
1604:2399-3642
1517:1938-2928
1443:0008-4301
1395:1938-2928
1346:0015-4040
1303:1938-2928
1260:0168-8162
1203:0022-3395
1157:1938-2928
1063:0018-8158
972:1055-7903
956:: 75–90.
764:nematodes
752:ostracods
738:Predation
698:Arrenurus
661:Arrenurus
647:Arrenurus
643:Arrenurus
619:Arrenurus
610:Arrenurus
602:Arrenurus
574:Empididae
562:Tipulidae
532:Arrenurus
524:Parathyas
504:Dockovdia
475:fecundity
459:hemolymph
426:treeholes
402:Arrenurus
241:Eylaoidea
161:Arachnida
132:Kingdom:
1863:Ixodidae
1622:36310243
1268:27085719
1219:25930031
1211:22924904
1071:10262035
980:27150348
889:34324525
857:PLOS ONE
760:rotifers
756:copepods
389:has two
280:Synonyms
144:Phylum:
137:Animalia
1685:Acari (
1613:9618562
1354:3494955
1311:4403384
880:8321515
788:Wordian
772:enzymes
486:mussels
467:Odonata
463:Diptera
432:, deep
422:marshes
418:streams
408:Habitat
376:cuticle
372:prosoma
342:benthic
180:Order:
156:Class:
1891:Sejina
1620:
1610:
1602:
1525:240027
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702:larvae
614:swamps
530:) and
500:snails
498:) and
352:, and
346:Africa
1849:ticks
1691:mites
1687:ticks
1350:JSTOR
1215:S2CID
1165:15118
1067:S2CID
582:Aedes
547:Aedes
434:lakes
395:gland
391:setae
305:algae
173:Acari
1689:and
1648:2012
1618:PMID
1600:ISSN
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1521:PMID
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1161:PMID
1153:ISSN
1112:ISBN
1059:ISSN
1016:ISBN
976:PMID
968:ISSN
923:ISBN
885:PMID
838:link
754:and
676:Gnat
550:and
436:and
420:and
387:palp
350:Asia
46:PreꞒ
1608:PMC
1592:doi
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