46:
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zone in which shearing action occurs tends to spread further outwards. This zone is known as the "boundary layer". The flow outside the boundary layer is free of shear and viscous-related forces so it is assumed to act as an ideal fluid. The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are not great enough to hold fluid together. Hence a fluid will flow under the action of the slightest stress and flow will continue as long as the stress is present. The flow inside the layer can be either vicious or turbulent, depending on
Reynolds number.
38:
114:
hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition. "The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for
2726:
2596:
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viscosity-dominated boundary layer near solid surfaces, and an effectively inviscid outer zone away from the boundaries. This concept explained many former paradoxes and enabled subsequent engineers to analyze far more complex flows. However, we still have no complete theory for the nature of turbulence, and so modern fluid mechanics continues to be combination of experimental results and theory.
957:
fluid mechanics. Using Newton's laws of motion, numerous 18th-century mathematicians solved many frictionless (zero-viscosity) flow problems. However, most flows are dominated by viscous effects, so engineers of the 17th and 18th centuries found the inviscid flow solutions unsuitable, and by experimentation they developed empirical equations, thus establishing the science of hydraulics.
2746:
2736:
710:". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.
61:
735:
in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil and hydraulic engineering. The civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was that it was dug from both ends which required the diggers to maintain an accurate path so that the two tunnels met and that the entire effort maintained a sufficient slope
528:
action between the layer of fluid on the plate surface and the second layer of fluid. The second layer is therefore forced to decelerate (though it is not quite brought to rest), creating a shearing action with the third layer of fluid, and so on. As the fluid passes further along with the plate, the
280:
On undisturbed submerged bodies, pressure acts along all surfaces of a body in a liquid, causing equal perpendicular forces in the body to act against the pressure of the liquid. This reaction is known as equilibrium. More advanced applications of pressure are that on plane surfaces, curved surfaces,
153:
defines hydrostatics as the study of fluids at rest. In a fluid at rest, there exists a force, known as pressure, that acts upon the fluid's surroundings. This pressure, measured in N/m, is not constant throughout the body of fluid. Pressure, p, in a given body of fluid, increases with an increase in
943:
In many respects, the fundamentals of hydraulic engineering have not changed since ancient times. Liquids are still moved for the most part by gravity through systems of canals and aqueducts, though the supply reservoirs may now be filled using pumps. The need for water has steadily increased from
960:
Late in the 19th century, the importance of dimensionless numbers and their relationship to turbulence was recognized, and dimensional analysis was born. In 1904 Ludwig
Prandtl published a key paper, proposing that the flow fields of low-viscosity fluids be divided into two zones, namely a thin,
956:
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) performed experiments, investigated and speculated on waves and jets, eddies and streamlining. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) by formulating the laws of motion and his law of viscosity, in addition to developing the calculus, paved the way for many great developments in
948:
the Los
Angeles area would not have been able to grow as it has because it simply does not have enough local water to support its population. The same is true for many of our world's largest cities. In much the same way, the central valley of California could not have become such an important
519:
113:
Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. The
839:
landmass, both within and beyond the
Islamic world. However, it was in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex was assembled and standardized, and subsequently diffused to the rest of the Old World. Under the rule of a single Islamic
1634:
1058:
357:
636:, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships to pass through.
953:(TVA) brought work and prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap electricity and control flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generally modernizing life in the region.
86:
and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of
576:
while related applications include hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection, and flood alleviation.
254:
545:, water distribution networks including both domestic and fire water supply, distribution and automatic sprinkler systems, water collection networks, sewage collection networks,
2701:
1287:
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agricultural region without effective water management and distribution for irrigation. In a somewhat parallel way to what happened in
California, the creation of the
323:. Ideal fluid is incompressible and has no viscosity. Real fluid has viscosity. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all fluids that exist have some viscosity.
1642:
1921:
1269:
590:
1232:
1215:
617:. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the
514:{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{1}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{1}^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{2}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{2}^{2}}{2g}}}
976:
mapping to assist in locating the best paths for installing a system and laser-based surveying tools to aid in the actual construction of a system.
2642:
2504:
828:
1624:
Classification of
Organics in Secondary Effluents. M. Rebhun, J. Manka. Environmental Science and Technology, 5, pp. 606–610, (1971). 25.
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1471:
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ancient times and the role of the hydraulic engineer is a critical one in supplying it. For example, without the efforts of people like
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As the flow comes into contact with the plate, the layer of fluid actually "adheres" to a solid surface. There is then a considerable
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A viscous fluid will deform continuously under a shear force by the pascles law, whereas an ideal fluid does not deform.
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to supply water to and remove sewage from their cities. In addition to supplying the needs of their citizens they used
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Cassidy, John J., Chaudhry, M. Hanif, and
Roberson, John A. "Hydraulic Engineering", John Wiley & Sons, 1998
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1992:
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technological complex that was to have a global impact." The various components of this complex included
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was used in the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the
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2012:
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Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological
Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
1337:
Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological
Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
1149:
E. John
Finnemore, Joseph Franzini "Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications", McGraw-Hill, 2002
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968:(CAD) tools as many of the other engineering disciplines while also making use of technologies like
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is considered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer. Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China,
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648:(481 BC–221 BC), even today hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China.
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as a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000 BC. These Rice Terraces are 2,000-year-old
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2204:
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1974:
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1022: – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets
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of the state that are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed new systems for
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and fluid mechanics are widely utilized by other engineering disciplines such as mechanical,
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The various effects of disturbance on a viscous flow are a stable, transition and unstable.
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depth. Where the upward force on a body acts on the base and can be found by the equation:
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1667:, Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 291–301 (ISSN 0022-1686).
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Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic structures such as
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216:
835:. The various components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of the
651:
27:
Sub-discipline of civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids
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The main difference between an ideal fluid and a real fluid is that for ideal flow
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1028: – Study of agricultural water management, especially irrigation and drainage
17:
1305:
844:, different regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable
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was credited of starting the practice of large scale canal irrigation during the
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1930:
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1046: – Mining technique using high-pressure water jets to carve away minerals
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A few examples of the fundamental principles of hydraulic engineering include
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Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of the
713:
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135:
1442:
Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",
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transport, physical modeling, hydraulic machines, and drainage hydraulics.
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809:
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International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
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to perform the calculations to accurately predict flow characteristics,
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1007:
902:
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where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of
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1052: – artificial structure which disrupts the natural flow of water
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in Africa. As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran State monopolized the
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The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine
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890:
877:
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732:
675:
674:, hydraulic engineering also developed specially in the Island of
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989: – Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure
793:. Through hydraulic engineering, it also constructed many of the
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Hydraulic Engineering in the 21st Century : Where to ?
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between the 8th and 16th centuries, during what is known as the
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International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research
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system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such as the
1899:
853:
760:
91:
1670:
1066: – Agricultural artificial application of water to land
1247:
National Statistical Coordinating Body of the Philippines.
686:
built irrigations, dams and hydraulic works and the famous
663:, ancient sprawling man-made structures which are a UNESCO
1472:"The Origin of the Suction Pump: Al-Jazari 1206 A.D."
819:
Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the
759:, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of
1497:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
1010: – Software for simulating water flow within rivers
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093: – 4th-century BC Chinese philosopher and engineer
1074:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1039:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1030:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
629:
in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.
1567:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
964:
The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of
706:. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the "
360:
224:
163:
1054:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1003:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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2651:
2603:
2367:
2309:
2228:
2153:
2080:
1973:
1960:
1871:
1790:
1739:
1708:
1446:, May 1991, pp. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill,
1230:‘The Best’ of the Philippines – its natural wonders
888:. Other original Islamic developments included the
138:, pipelines, open channel hydraulics, mechanics of
1072: – Water overflow submerging usually-dry land
513:
248:
181:
1087: – Chinese hydraulic engineer and politician
601:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines
1081: – Engineering discipline of marine vessels
605:Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to
1126:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: New York, 1987.
625:system in ancient Persia and the very similar
1915:
1686:
1174:http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/
1016: – French hydraulic engineer (1695–1771)
812:, which continued to be used in parts of the
561:. Equations developed from the principles of
281:dams, and quadrant gates, just to name a few.
78:is concerned with the flow and conveyance of
8:
1375:
1373:
1172:"Qanats" Water History. From 2001, ongoing.
1640:Hydraulic Engineering in Prehistoric Mexico
1516:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology
1145:
1143:
1141:
591:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization
1970:
1922:
1908:
1900:
1693:
1679:
1671:
995: – Software used in civil engineering
751:methods to prospect and extract alluvial
495:
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459:
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162:
215:Rearranging this equation gives you the
59:
44:
36:
1602:Vincent J. Zipparro, Hans Hasen (Eds),
1104:
694:that were carved into the mountains of
572:Related branches include hydrology and
2702:Electrical and electronics engineering
1519:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p.
1285:Department of Tourism: Ifugao Province
1214:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1207:
829:water management technological complex
553:, and various other topics related to
41:Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin (HFRB)
1604:Davis' Handbook of Applied Hydraulics
1267:About Banaue > Tourist Attractions
1124:Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
249:{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}=y}
151:Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
7:
2735:
1513:Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009),
1249:Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province
827:. Of particular importance was the '
272:, as well as an inclined manometer.
2745:
25:
1037: – Mechanical lifting device
755:deposits in a technique known as
682:of the mountainous region of the
2754:
2744:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2594:
1304:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013).
672:Archaic epoch of the Philippines
1001: – ancient Greek architect
898:effect from Islamic Spain, the
597:Architecture of the Philippines
134:flow, behavior of real fluids,
1495:Donald Routledge Hill (1996),
1294:. Accessed September 04, 2008.
49:View from Church Span Bridge,
1:
1652:Hydrologic Engineering Center
816:as late as the 19th century.
211:= depth of the body of liquid
1952:List of engineering branches
970:computational fluid dynamics
736:to allow the water to flow.
569:and even traffic engineers.
831:' which was central to the
335:Laminar flow and turbulence
106:, and to both sanitary and
2812:
2796:Water resources management
1392:University of Hawaii Press
1349:University of Hawaii Press
1162:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
993:Civil engineering software
951:Tennessee Valley Authority
708:Eighth Wonder of the World
594:
588:
555:transportation engineering
268:, differential manometer,
29:
2720:
2592:
1937:
1767:Hydrological optimization
1757:Groundwater flow equation
1571:University of Texas Press
1565:Howard R. Turner (1997),
1070:Significant modern floods
770:In the 15th century, the
351:holds along streamlines.
256:. Four basic devices for
182:{\displaystyle p=\rho gy}
108:environmental engineering
1383:Journal of World History
1340:Journal of World History
833:Islamic Green Revolution
559:geotechnical engineering
342:
30:Not to be confused with
2613:Bachelor of Engineering
2455:Engineering mathematics
1762:Hazen–Williams equation
1752:Darcy–Weisbach equation
1610:, 4th Edition (1992),
1503:, pp. 143 & 150–152
1026:Hydrology (agriculture)
286:Behavior of real fluids
74:as a sub-discipline of
2712:Structural engineering
2707:Mechanical engineering
2450:Engineering management
1448:Mechanical Engineering
1421:Flywheel Effect for a
1307:The History of Somalia
667:
661:Philippine Cordilleras
515:
250:
183:
122:Fundamental principles
68:
57:
42:
32:Hydrologic engineering
2781:Hydraulic engineering
2692:Aerospace engineering
2605:Engineering education
1782:Pipe network analysis
1747:Bernoulli's principle
1731:Hydraulic engineering
966:computer-aided design
654:
646:Warring States period
516:
291:Real and Ideal fluids
251:
184:
72:Hydraulic engineering
63:
48:
40:
2633:Graduate certificate
1663:Chanson, H. (2007).
702:by ancestors of the
688:Banaue Rice Terraces
657:Banaue Rice Terraces
358:
349:Bernoulli's equation
347:For an ideal fluid,
343:Bernoulli's equation
258:pressure measurement
222:
161:
116:thermal power plants
2618:Bachelor of Science
2460:Engineering physics
2444:Engineering drawing
1966:Interdisciplinarity
1444:Scientific American
1050:Hydraulic structure
929:water supply system
729:Tunnel of Eupalinos
665:World Heritage Site
627:Turpan water system
500:
445:
67:lining a lake shore
2220:Telecommunications
2125:Naval architecture
1657:2013-03-08 at the
1645:2015-04-30 at the
1552:2013-03-12 at the
1453:2007-12-25 at the
1429:2010-10-07 at the
1400:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
1357:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
1290:2009-03-02 at the
1272:2008-12-14 at the
1254:2012-11-13 at the
1235:2014-11-05 at the
1196:on 1 December 2007
946:William Mulholland
825:Islamic Golden Age
668:
609:and dates back to
551:sediment transport
511:
486:
431:
309:and for real flow
275:As Prasuhn states:
246:
205:= specific gravity
199:= density of water
179:
69:
58:
43:
18:Hydraulic engineer
2791:Civil engineering
2768:
2767:
2697:Civil engineering
2643:Licensed engineer
2638:Engineer's degree
2590:
2589:
2422:Building services
2405:Health technology
2266:Chemical reaction
2215:Signal processing
1897:
1896:
1772:Open-channel flow
1530:978-1-4358-5066-8
1228:Filipinasoul.com.
1190:www.geocities.com
1122:Prasuhn, Alan L.
1079:Naval engineering
987:Civil engineering
704:indigenous people
509:
479:
454:
424:
399:
374:
238:
76:civil engineering
16:(Redirected from
2803:
2758:
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2747:
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2185:Electromechanics
1971:
1924:
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1901:
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1419:Ahmad Y Hassan,
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1192:. Archived from
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1133:
1127:
1120:
1075:
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1044:Hydraulic mining
1040:
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846:water management
779:hydraulic empire
749:hydraulic mining
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2647:
2623:Master's degree
2599:
2586:
2500:Instrumentation
2363:
2305:
2271:Electrochemical
2224:
2210:Radio frequency
2149:
2076:
2040:Municipal/Urban
1964:
1962:
1956:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1872:Public networks
1867:
1786:
1776:Manning formula
1735:
1721:Hydraulic fluid
1704:
1699:
1659:Wayback Machine
1647:Wayback Machine
1631:
1599:
1597:Further reading
1594:
1593:
1589:Fluid Mechanics
1588:
1584:
1564:
1560:
1554:Wayback Machine
1541:
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2676:Engineering
2522:Mechatronics
2375:Agricultural
2029:
2025:Geotechnical
1993:Construction
1858:Rescue tools
1823:Drive system
1791:Technologies
1730:
1603:
1585:
1566:
1561:
1538:
1515:
1508:
1496:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1462:
1443:
1438:
1422:
1415:
1394:: 165–186 ,
1387:
1381:
1351:: 165–186 ,
1344:
1338:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1306:
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1262:
1243:
1224:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1189:
1180:
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1154:
1131:
1123:
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959:
955:
942:
939:Modern times
926:hydropowered
889:
863:
857:
821:Muslim world
818:
769:
741:Roman Empire
738:
712:
669:
631:
604:
571:
567:aeronautical
549:management,
536:
533:Applications
523:
346:
338:
330:
327:Viscous flow
317:
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296:
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274:
214:
208:
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196:
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150:
149:
125:
112:
71:
70:
2750:Wikiproject
2505:and Control
2495:Information
2319:Biomaterial
2249:Bioresource
2240:/Bioprocess
2238:Biochemical
2190:Electronics
1961:Specialties
1931:Engineering
1803:Accumulator
1726:Fluid power
1608:Mcgraw-Hill
1160:"Clepsydra"
1014:Henri Pitot
886:Afghanistan
806:agriculture
700:Philippines
684:Cordilleras
619:water clock
547:storm water
55:Switzerland
2786:Hydraulics
2775:Categories
2669:Glossaries
2490:Industrial
2470:Facilities
2465:Explosives
2390:Biomedical
2385:Automation
2334:Metallurgy
2244:Biological
2195:Microwaves
2155:Electrical
2100:Automotive
2082:Mechanical
2055:Structural
2020:Geological
2008:Ecological
1998:Earthquake
1889:Manchester
1716:Hydraulics
1702:Hydraulics
1616:0070730024
1569:, p. 181,
1482:2008-07-16
1323:2014-02-14
1200:11 January
1099:References
1064:Irrigation
920:, and the
910:crankshaft
880:, and the
595:See also:
589:See also:
262:piezometer
2628:Doctorate
2542:Packaging
2512:Logistics
2485:Geomatics
2446:/graphics
2339:Molecular
2329:Corrosion
2311:Materials
2291:Petroleum
2281:Molecular
2163:Broadcast
2145:Tribology
2095:Aerospace
2030:Hydraulic
1879:Liverpool
1798:Machinery
1501:Routledge
1408:143484233
1365:143484233
1091:Ximen Bao
1085:Sunshu Ao
1020:Hydrology
999:Eupalinos
874:screwpump
842:caliphate
795:limestone
745:aqueducts
714:Eupalinos
642:Ximen Bao
638:Sunshu Ao
585:Antiquity
473:ρ
418:ρ
368:ρ
266:manometer
232:ρ
171:ρ
136:hydrology
2730:Category
2659:Engineer
2567:Software
2562:Security
2537:Ontology
2527:Military
2517:Robotics
2480:Forensic
2400:Clinical
2359:Surfaces
2349:Polymers
2324:Ceramics
2301:Reaction
2230:Chemical
2168:Computer
2090:Acoustic
2045:Offshore
2013:Sanitary
1828:Manifold
1818:Cylinder
1740:Modeling
1709:Concepts
1655:Archived
1643:Archived
1550:Archived
1451:Archived
1427:Archived
1288:Archived
1270:Archived
1252:Archived
1233:Archived
1210:cite web
980:See also
896:flywheel
882:windmill
810:taxation
802:cisterns
725:engineer
692:terraces
574:rheology
526:shearing
192:where,
140:sediment
96:channels
2740:Commons
2582:Textile
2577:Systems
2547:Privacy
2532:Nuclear
2296:Process
2254:Genetic
2200:Optical
2180:Control
2173:outline
2140:Thermal
2130:Railway
2070:Railway
2065:Traffic
1988:Coastal
1947:Outline
1942:History
1813:Circuit
1008:HEC-RAS
903:suction
894:with a
785:of the
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720:was an
698:in the
680:Ifugaos
670:In the
659:in the
580:History
88:bridges
2760:Portal
2557:Survey
2552:Safety
2439:Design
2259:Tissue
2135:Sports
2120:Marine
2110:Energy
2035:Mining
1884:London
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718:Megara
696:Ifugao
678:, the
615:Africa
543:levees
260:are a
197:ρ
104:levees
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2380:Audio
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2205:Power
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1975:Civil
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763:and
753:gold
655:The
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2680:A–L
2427:MEP
1963:and
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1396:doi
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