318:
965:
251:
31:
154:
321:
Hydrodistillation using the Steam distillation apparatus, Clevenger-type apparatus. (A) Power regulator; (B) Heating mantle with round bottom flask containing water and aromatic leaves; (C) Clevenger-type apparatus that returns the hydrosol to the still and maintains the essential oil phase, but only
212:
even below its boiling point, so in theory it could be distilled at any temperature by collecting and condensing its vapors. However, ordinary distillation below the boiling point is not practical because a layer of vapor-rich air would form over the liquid, and evaporation would stop as soon as the
220:
Simple distillation is generally done by boiling the starting material, because, once its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, that still vapor-rich layer of air will be disrupted, and there will be a significant and steady flow of vapor from the boiling flask to the condenser.
326:
On a lab scale, steam distillations are carried out using steam generated outside the system and piped through the mixture to be purified. Steam can also be generated in-situ using a
Clevenger-type apparatus.
317:
224:
In steam distillation, that positive flow is provided by steam from boiling water, rather than by the boiling of the substances of interest. The steam carries with it the vapors of the latter.
449:
Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst (2003). "Flavors and
Fragrances".
91:
or other unwanted reactions. It may also be useful when the amount of the desired substance is small compared to that of the non-volatile residues. It is often used to separate volatile
508:
Manuel G. Cerpa, Rafael B. Mato, María José Cocero, Roberta
Ceriani, Antonio J. A. Meirelle, Juliana M. Prado, Patrícia F. Leal, Thais M. Takeuchi, and M. Angela A. Meireles (2008): "
141:
is forced to flow through the starting material in a separate container. The latter variant allows the steam to be heated above the boiling point of water (thus becoming
814:
787:
W. Klötzer, J. Stadlwieser, J. Raneburger (1986). "Electrophilic N-Amination of Imide Sodium Salts with O-Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPH): 7-Aminotheophylline".
242:(at normal atmospheric pressure), but a mixture with water boils at 95 °C. However, the formation of an azeotrope is not necessary for steam distillation to work.
827:
Sadgrove & Jones, A contemporary introduction to essential oils: Chemistry, bioactivity and prospects for
Australian agriculture, Agriculture 5(1), 2015,
227:
The substance of interest does not need to be miscible water or soluble in it. It suffices that it has significant vapor pressure at the steam's temperature.
539:
Science and
Civilisation in China. Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part IV: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
217:
of the vapor in that layer reached the vapor pressure. The vapor would then flow to the condenser only by diffusion, which is an extremely slow process.
301:
and subsequently to hydrolyze the intermediate benzophenone dichloride into benzophenone, which is in fact not steam distilled. It one preparation of a
574:
Treasure Trove of
Benefits and Variety at the Table: A Fourteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook. English Translation, with an Introduction and Glossary
896:
293:
where steam distillation is used to first remove the excess benzene and subsequently to purifiy the brominated product. In one preparation of
628:
713:
638:
618:
590:
490:
106:
Steam distillation once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but it has been replaced in many such uses by
87:
of the substance to be extracted is higher than that of water, and the starting material cannot be heated to that temperature because of
964:
65:; both are cooled and return to the liquid or solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container.
689:
668:
547:
521:
466:
234:
with the substances of interest, the boiling point of the mixture may be lower than the boiling point of water. For example,
853:
391:
111:
114:. It is however much simpler and economical than those alternatives, and remains important in certain industrial sectors.
954:
278:
are obtained by this method on an industrial scale. Steam distillation is a means of purifying fatty acids, e.g. from
1025:
889:
62:
939:
1081:
1056:
193:
68:
If, as is usually the case, the volatiles are not miscible with water, they will spontaneously form a distinct
1071:
1066:
1046:
984:
356:
351:
336:
1051:
88:
54:
1112:
1076:
882:
808:
266:, for example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils.
989:
376:
298:
1091:
286:
173:('Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations'), attributed to the early Arabic philosopher
107:
979:
366:
341:
46:
129:, the starting material is suspended above the water in the boiling flask, supported by a metal
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386:
361:
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919:
322:
for essential oils that are less dense than water and therefore float; (D) The condenser.
192:
by adding water to rose petals and distilling the mixture. The process was also used by
654:
533:
267:
209:
189:
69:
250:
1106:
994:
259:
92:
84:
905:
381:
346:
306:
294:
235:
50:
608:
184:–873). Steam distillation was also used by the Persian philosopher and physician
17:
271:
100:
73:
30:
832:
275:
254:
A boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.
197:
153:
125:, the water is mixed with the starting material in the boiling container. In
800:
773:
746:
458:
432:
1015:
497:
231:
582:
560:
Translation of some of the recipes as quoted in the 14th-century cookbook
684:
Martin's
Physical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical sciences, fifth edition,
514:
Extracting
Bioactive Compounds for Food Products: Theory and Applications
290:
279:
263:
185:
174:
96:
868:
Walton & Brown, Chemicals From Plants, Imperial
College Press, 1999.
554:
p. 128, note h (cf. the reservations on the authenticity of the work in
1010:
239:
35:
929:
302:
138:
1030:
577:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 148. Leiden: Brill.
316:
249:
152:
58:
29:
130:
878:
874:
161:
Steam distillation is used in many of the recipes given in the
61:
from the boiling water carries the vapor of the volatiles to a
627:
Axe, Dr Josh; Rubin, Jordan; Bollinger, Ty (2020-06-01).
258:
Steam distillation is often employed in the isolation of
607:
Shreve, Randolph Norris; Brink, Joseph Andrew (1977).
167:('Book of Gentleness on Perfume'), also known as the
72:
after condensation, allowing them to be separated by
561:
168:
162:
1039:
1003:
972:
912:
760:C. S. Marvel, W. M. Sperry (1928). "Benzophenone".
419:H. T. Clarke, Anne W. Davis (1922). "Quinoline".
305:, steam distillation is used to remove volatile
289:. Illustrative is a classic preparation of bromo
510:Steam distillation applied to the food industry
297:, steam is employed to first recover unreacted
451:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
890:
444:
442:
95:from plant material. for example, to extract
8:
813:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
285:Steam distillation is sometimes used in the
705:Chemistry and Technology of Oils & Fats
414:
412:
897:
883:
875:
846:Laboratory Technique in Organic Chemistry
663:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27:Method of separation in organic chemistry
83:Steam distillation can be used when the
729:M. Gomberg and W. E. Bachmann (1928). "
555:
483:Food Process Engineering and Technology
408:
806:
34:Steam distillation apparatus, showing
7:
702:M.M. Chakrabarty (9 November 2003).
563:Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid
708:. Allied Publishers. pp. 12–.
692:, Lippincott williams & wilkins
170:Kitāb Kīmiyāʾ al-ʿiṭr wa-l-taṣʿīdāt
145:), for more efficient extraction.
57:and non-volatile components. The
25:
963:
660:Islamic Science and Engineering
630:The Chemistry of Essential Oils
392:Supercritical fluid extraction
112:supercritical fluid extraction
1:
178:
633:. Destiny Image Publishers.
164:Kitāb al-Taraffuq fī al-ʿiṭr
157:Steam distillation apparatus
99:(boiling point 176 °C) from
610:Chemical Process Industries
562:
169:
163:
1129:
1026:Spinning band distillation
844:Kenneth B. Wiberg (1960).
833:10.3390/agriculture5010048
485:, 3rd edition. 742 pages.
309:from nonvolatile product.
133:or perforated screen. In
53:water together with other
961:
208:Every substance has some
127:direct steam distillation
955:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
801:10.15227/orgsyn.064.0096
774:10.15227/orgsyn.008.0026
747:10.15227/orgsyn.008.0042
558:, p. 128, note d).
459:10.1002/14356007.a11_141
433:10.15227/orgsyn.002.0079
985:Continuous distillation
498:10.1016/C2016-0-03186-8
357:Fractional distillation
352:Extractive distillation
337:Azeotropic distillation
196:(1256–1327) to produce
323:
255:
230:If the water forms an
188:(980–1037) to produce
158:
135:dry steam distillation
117:In the simplest form,
39:
583:10.1163/9789004349919
320:
253:
156:
33:
990:Fractionating column
973:Industrial processes
940:McCabe–Thiele method
377:Laboratory equipment
299:carbon tetrachloride
287:chemical laboratory
137:, the steam from a
108:vacuum distillation
1004:Laboratory methods
980:Batch distillation
481:Zeki Berk (2018):
367:Herbal distillates
342:Batch distillation
324:
256:
200:on a large scale.
159:
119:water distillation
47:separation process
43:Steam distillation
40:
38:steam distillation
1100:
1099:
1021:Rotary evaporator
945:Theoretical plate
789:Organic Syntheses
762:Organic Syntheses
735:Organic Syntheses
733:-Bromobiphenyl".
715:978-81-7764-495-1
640:978-0-7684-5702-5
620:978-0-07-057145-7
592:978-90-04-34729-8
491:978-0-12-812018-7
421:Organic Syntheses
397:Theoretical plate
372:Hydrodistillation
143:superheated steam
123:hydrodistillation
78:separatory funnel
49:that consists of
18:Hydrodistillation
16:(Redirected from
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950:Partial pressure
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569:Nasrallah, Nawal
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512:". Chapter 2 of
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215:partial pressure
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935:Fenske equation
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848:. McGraw-Hill.
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655:Hill, Donald R.
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613:. McGraw-Hill.
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534:Needham, Joseph
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387:Steam stripping
362:Heteroazeotrope
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516:, pages 9–75.
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268:Eucalyptus oil
260:essential oils
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210:vapor pressure
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190:essential oils
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93:essential oils
26:
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238:boils at 156
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89:decomposition
86:
85:boiling point
81:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1113:Distillation
1092:Vacuum-based
1086:
925:Dalton's law
920:Raoult's law
906:Distillation
864:
845:
839:
823:
809:cite journal
792:
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597:pp. 425–430.
573:
556:Needham 1980
538:
528:
513:
504:
482:
477:
450:
424:
420:
382:Steam engine
347:Distillation
325:
307:benzaldehyde
295:benzophenone
284:
257:
246:Applications
236:bromobenzene
229:
226:
223:
219:
207:
160:
134:
126:
122:
118:
116:
105:
101:orange peels
82:
67:
42:
41:
1087:Steam-based
1082:Salt-effect
1057:Destructive
272:camphor oil
194:al-Dimashqi
74:decantation
1072:Fractional
1067:Extractive
1047:Azeotropic
1040:Techniques
913:Principles
855:0070700958
403:References
276:orange oil
198:rose water
182: 801
76:or with a
51:distilling
1052:Catalytic
1016:Kugelrohr
675:p. 85–87.
313:Equipment
280:tall oils
232:azeotrope
204:Principle
63:condenser
1107:Category
1077:Reactive
657:(1993).
571:(2017).
536:(1980).
331:See also
291:biphenyl
264:perfumes
186:Avicenna
175:al-Kindi
97:limonene
55:volatile
1011:Alembic
149:History
36:aniline
930:Reflux
852:
795:: 96.
768:: 26.
741:: 42.
712:
688:
667:
637:
617:
589:
546:
520:
489:
465:
427:: 79.
303:purine
139:boiler
1031:Still
70:phase
59:steam
45:is a
850:ISBN
815:link
710:ISBN
686:ISBN
665:ISBN
635:ISBN
615:ISBN
587:ISBN
544:ISBN
518:ISBN
487:ISBN
463:ISBN
274:and
131:mesh
110:and
103:.
1062:Dry
829:doi
797:doi
770:doi
743:doi
579:doi
494:doi
455:doi
429:doi
121:or
80:.
1109::
811:}}
807:{{
793:64
791:.
764:.
737:.
585:.
566::
461:.
453:.
441:^
423:.
411:^
282:.
270:,
240:°C
179:c.
898:e
891:t
884:v
858:.
831::
817:)
803:.
799::
776:.
772::
766:8
749:.
745::
739:8
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718:.
673:.
643:.
623:.
595:.
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552:.
496::
471:.
457::
435:.
431::
425:2
177:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
