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a typical expression of this idea is the phrase, "You have no right to blame me!" Accordingly, some philosophers argue that in order to have the standing or entitlement to blame others, one's blame must not be hypocritical. Defenses of this position have usually focused on the connection between hypocrisy and fairness: the basic idea is that the hypocritical blamer in some way fails to treat the target of her blame as a moral equal. Other proposed explanations include the idea that standing in a moral community requires a reciprocal willingness to accept blame, a willingness that hypocrites lack. Patrick Todd argues that all and only those who are committed to the relevant norms possess the standing to blame, and hypocrites lack commitment in the relevant sense. Other philosophers reject the "No-hypocrisy" condition on standing altogether. Typically, these philosophers do not deny that sometimes the wrongness of hypocrisy can outweigh a would-be blamer's entitlement to blame others; but they will insist that this is not invariably the case, and some hypocrites do have standing to blame. R.A. Duff suggests that underlying the disagreement between these two views is a disagreement about the size and scope of moral community, while Kyle Fritz and Daniel Miller suggest that the rejection of the "No-hypocrisy" condition reflects a failure to distinguish between the right to blame and the value of blaming.
703:, to be hypocritical is to "try to appear activated by a motive other than one's real motive." On Dan Turner's view, by contrast, the fundamental feature is "conflict or disparity" between a person's attitudes, where this may or may not involve deception. Bela Szabados and Daniel Statman argue that self-deception is the characteristic attribute of "garden variety of hypocrisies." Roger Crisp and Christopher Cowten identify four types of hypocrisy: pretense of moral goodness, moral criticism of others by those possessing faults of their own, failure to satisfy self-acknowledged moral requirements, and a complacent, unreflective commitment to virtues feigned or preached. What unifies these types is a "metavice," a lack of "moral seriousness." More recently, some philosophers–notably, Benjamin Rossi and Fritz and Miller–have defined hypocrisy in terms of dispositions to blame others or to avow commitment to certain norms together with an unwillingness to accept blame from others or to blame themselves. Rossi's "Commitment Account of Hypocrisy" addresses paradigmatic cases of hypocrisy that Fritz and Miller's "Differential Blaming Disposition Account" does not include.
687:; nay, are often touched more nearly by appearances than by realities". Philosophical issues raised by hypocrisy can be broadly divided into two kinds: metaphysical/conceptual and ethical. Most philosophical commentary on hypocrisy is concerned with the ethical questions it raises: is hypocrisy morally wrong or bad? If it is, is there anything distinctly objectionable about it, or can it be easily subsumed under a broader category of morally objectionable conduct–for example, deceit? Is hypocrisy necessary or desirable for the sake of certain valuable activities–most notably, politics?
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to protect them, not challenge them. A consistent finding of psychological research is that humans are fairly accurate in their perceptions of others, but generally inaccurate in their perceptions of themselves. Humans tend to judge others by their behavior, but think they have special information about themselves – that they know what they are "really like" inside – and thus effortlessly find ways to explain away selfish acts, and maintain the illusion that they are better than others.
1257:"What is the use of platted hair, O fool! what of the raiment of goat-skins? Within thee there is ravening, but the outside thou makest clean. The man who wears dirty raiments, who is emaciated and covered with veins, who lives alone in the forest, and meditates, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. I do not call a man a Brâhmana because of his origin or of his mother. He is indeed arrogant, and he is wealthy: but the poor, who is free from all attachments, him I call indeed a Brâhmana.
1342:"And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers.' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not."
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624:"). When asked to rate themselves on virtues, skills, or other desirable traits (including ethics, intelligence, driving ability, and sexual skills), a large majority say they are above average. Power and privilege magnify the distortion: 94% of college professors think that they do above average work. This effect is weaker in Asian countries and in other cultures which value the group more highly than the self.
386:(2012) explores how writers over the centuries have treated hypocrisy, deception, flattery, lying and cheating, slander, false pretenses, living on borrowed glory, masquerading, conventions of concealment, playacting before others and the arts of dissimulation. He assumes that politics is worthwhile, but since it is unavoidably linked to lying and hypocrisy, Jay concludes that lying must not be all that bad.
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322:. The tension between these two approaches, modes, ambivalences and contradictions—concerning the relative power of norms and interests, the relationship between motives and behaviours, and the historical variability of human societies. In the Enlightenment of the 18th century, discussions of hypocrisy were common in the works of
1930:
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wrote that "Human beings are a species splendid in their array of moral equipment, tragic in their propensity to misuse it, and pathetic in their constitutional ignorance of the misuse." Humans are very good at challenging the beliefs of other people, but when it comes to their own beliefs, they tend
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It is under all circumstances an advantage to be in full possession of one's personality, otherwise the repressed elements will only crop up as a hindrance elsewhere, not just at some unimportant point, but at the very spot where we are most sensitive. If people can be educated to see the shadow-side
102:
1200 with the meaning "the sin of pretending to virtue or goodness". Today, "hypocrisy" often refers to advocating behaviors that one does not practice. However, the term can also refer to other forms of pretense, such as engaging in pious or moral behaviors out of a desire for praise rather than out
690:
Recently, hypocrisy has emerged as a key focus in philosophical discussions of the ethics of blame. It seems that even if a person has violated some moral norm and is genuinely blameworthy for doing so, it is open to them to challenge the blame leveled at them on the grounds that it is hypocritical;
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hypocrisy is unavoidable and necessary. If people were required, at all times, to live up to ideals of honesty, loyalty and compassion in order for those ideals to exist, there would be no ideals. Being a moral person is a struggle in which everyone repeatedly fails, becoming a hypocrite in each of
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Social psychologists have generally viewed hypocrisy as an instantiation of attitudinal and/or behavioral inconsistency. Accordingly, many social psychologists have focused on the role of dissonance in explaining individuals' aversion to hypocritical thinking and behavior. Individuals are motivated
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Every individual needs revolution, inner division, overthrow of the existing order, and renewal, but not by forcing them upon his neighbors under the hypocritical cloak of
Christian love or the sense of social responsibility or any of the other beautiful euphemisms for unconscious urges to personal
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of the previous century, viewing sociability as a mere mask for vanity and pride. On the other he was a ‘materialist’ who helped found modern economics. He tried to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures. He argued that the efforts of self-seeking entrepreneurs are
337:
In the 1750 to 1850 era, Whig aristocrats in
England boasted of their special benevolence for the common people. They claimed to be guiding and counseling reforms to prevent the outbreaks of popular discontent that caused instability and revolution in Europe. Tory and radical critics accused the
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Political journalist
Michael Gerson notes that, "There is often hypocritical deception involved in political and diplomatic negotiations, which generally start with principled, nonnegotiable demands that are negotiated away in the process of finding a compromise." Gerson concludes:
374:
quoted
American founding fathers, neutral sources, and dissenting opinions from major American newspapers. Radio Tokyo utilized fictitious sources as well. It proclaimed the moral superiority of Japan while threatening to mistreat American POWs in retaliation.
114:, "other kinds of hypocritical deception include claims to knowledge that one lacks, claims to a consistency that one cannot sustain, claims to a loyalty that one does not possess, claims to an identity that one does not hold". American political journalist
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to avoid hypocritical stances in order to forestall the negative drive state of dissonance. For example, a dissonance-based study on the use of condoms among young adults showed that induced hypocrisy can lead to increased purchase and use of condoms.
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evidence – enough so that the position "makes sense" – they stop thinking altogether (the "makes-sense stopping rule"). And, when pressed to produce real evidence, they tend to seek and interpret "evidence" that confirms what they already believe (the
296:. In the political controversies using sermons, speeches, and pamphlet wars, high churchmen and Nonconformists attacked their opponents as insincere and hypocritical, as well as dangerously zealous, in contrast to their own moderation.
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Laurent, Sean M.; Clark, Brian A. M.; Walker, Stephannie; Wiseman, Kimberly D. (2014). "Punishing hypocrisy: The roles of hypocrisy and moral emotions in deciding culpability and punishment of criminal and civil moral transgressors".
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argues, in "Let Us Not Be
Hypocritical," we are all too eager to construe even minor deviations from our opponents' professed beliefs as hypocrisy, rather than understandable imperfections and weaknesses to which everyone is prone.
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above all else mercilessly uncovers the lying morality and hypocritical pretences of man, showing him, for once, the other side of his character in the most vivid light". Jung omitted this characterization from his later essay
341:
Observers from the
Continent commented on the English political culture. Liberal and radical observers noted the servility of the English lower classes, the obsession everyone had with rank and title, the extravagance of the
601:. In everyday reasoning, humans do little to get real evidence when taking positions or making decisions, and do even less to get evidence for opposing positions. Instead, they tend to fabricate "pseudo-evidence" – often
221:, meaning "to sift or decide". Thus the original meaning implied a deficiency in the ability to sift or decide. This deficiency, as it pertains to one's own beliefs and feelings, informs the word's contemporary meaning.
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The definition of hypocrisy itself is the fundamental question of the relatively new philosophical discussions on hypocrisy. Early answers tended to focus on the deceptive or inconsistent qualities of hypocrisy. For
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associated with ὑποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai κρίση, "judgment" »κριτική (kritikē), "critics") presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment.
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Alternatively, some social psychologists have suggested that individuals view hypocrisy negatively because it suggests that hypocrites are providing a false signal regarding their moral goodness.
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Whigs of hypocrisy—alleging they were deliberately using the slogans of reform and democracy to boost themselves into power while preserving their precious aristocratic exclusiveness.
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Alicke, Mark D.; Klotz, M. L.; Breitenbecher, David L.; Yurak, Tricia J.; Vredenburg, Debbie S. (May 1995). "Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect".
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Wagner, Tillmann; Lutz, Richard J.; Weitz, Barton A. (December 2009). "Corporate hypocrisy: Overcoming the threat of inconsistent corporate social responsibility perceptions".
1523:
Perkins, D. N.; Farady, Michael; Bushey, Barbara (1991). "Everyday
Reasoning and the Roots of Intelligence". In Voss, James F.; Perkins, David N.; Segal, Judith W. (eds.).
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was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens during the 4th century BC, for example, the great orator
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can only have good results in respect for our neighbor; for we are all too prone to transfer to our fellows the injustice and violence we inflict upon our own natures.
1852:
Epley, Nicholas; Dunning, David (December 2000). "Feeling "holier than thou": Are self-serving assessments produced by errors in self- or social prediction?".
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1027:
Jones Clyve (2011). "'Too Wild to
Succeed': The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne".
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of their nature clearly, it may be hoped that they will also learn to understand and love their fellow men better. A little less hypocrisy and a little more
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Stone, J.; Aronson, E.; Crain, A. L.; Winslow, M. P.; Fried, C. B. (1994). "Inducing
Hypocrisy as a Means of Encouraging Young Adults to Use Condoms".
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Although there are many negatives to hypocrisy, there can be benefits from it as well. There are also benefits from ignoring it. Political theorist
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593:"So convenient a thing is it to be a reasonable creature, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do."
309:(1670–1733) explored the nature of hypocrisy in contemporary European society. On the one hand Mandeville was a ‘moralist’ heir to the French
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Moreover, humans tend to think highly of themselves, highlighting strengths and achievements, and overlooking weakness and failures (the "
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Vaara, Eero (June 2003). "Post-acquisition integration as sensemaking: Glimpses of ambiguity, confusion, hypocrisy, and politicization".
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is the practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not. The word "hypocrisy" entered the
English language
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284:) deprived of important rights, including that of office-holding. Nonconformists who wanted office ostentatiously took the Anglican
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Jordan, J. J.; Sommers, R.; Bloom, P.; Rand, D. G. (2017). "Why Do We Hate Hypocrites? Evidence for a Theory of False Signaling".
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those moments. A just and peaceful society depends on hypocrites who ultimately refused to abandon the ideals they betray.
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110:, it is the failure to follow one's own expressed moral rules and principles. According to British political philosopher
38:
545:
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Valdesolo, Piercarlo; DeSteno, David (August 2007). "Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue".
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Greene, Meredith; Low, Kathryn (April 2014). "Public integrity, private hypocrisy, and the moral licensing effect".
2020:
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whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. This negative view of the
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from the beginnings of human history. Increasingly, since the 1980s, it has also become central to studies in
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154:
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Rustichini, Aldo; Villeval, Marie Claire (November 2014). "Moral hypocrisy, power and social preferences".
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emphasized that the camps revealed the hypocritical American claim to democratic ideals and fair play. The
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The best way to cultivate a reputation for fairness is to really be fair. But since it is much harder to
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Lammers, Joris; Stoker, Janka I.; Jordan, Jennifer; Pollmann, Monique; Stapel, Diederik A. (July 2011).
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la Cour, Anders; Kromann, Joakim (July 2011). "Euphemisms and hypocrisy in corporate philanthropy".
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2215:"On Minding Your Own Business: Differentiating Accountability Relations within the Moral Community"
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The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A complete guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, and culture
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Steve Mason, "Pharisaic Dominance Before 70 CE and the Gospels' Hypocrisy Charge (Matt 23: 2–3)."
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2986:. The Jean Piaget Symposium Series. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 103–135.
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699:, for example, the fundamental attribute of hypocrites is "self-referential deception," and for
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2654:"Moral hypocrisy in economic games – how prosocial behavior is shaped by social expectations"
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perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral
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Wallace, R. Jay (Fall 2010). "Hypocrisy, Moral Address, and the Equal Standing of Persons".
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as "play-acting", i.e., the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word
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the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society, a line of thought that influenced
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Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century. The
197:), which means "jealous", "play-acting", "acting out", "coward" or "dissembling". The word
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rails against those who claim to be believers and peacemakers, thinking they are fooling
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Wason, P.C. (July 1960). "On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task".
2977:"Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding"
2764:
Furia, Peter A. (January 2009). "Democratic citizenship and the hypocrisy of leaders".
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Alicke, Mark D.; Gordon, Ellen; Rose, David (October 2013). "Hypocrisy: What counts?".
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condemns a man who takes the appearance of an ascetic but is full of passions within.
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Hypocrisy & the Politics of Politeness: Manners & Morals from Locke to Austen
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R.A. Duff (2010). "Blame, Moral Standing, and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Trial".
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were outraged and outlawed what they called "occasional conformity" in 1711 with the
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is built deep into human nature, humans more often choose appearance over reality.
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is rendered as "hypocrite", though it usually means "godless" or "profane". In the
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Renzo, Massimo (July 2014). "Fairness, self-deception and political obligation".
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Hypocrisy and Identification With Transgressions: A Case of Undetected Dissonance
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is "the conscious use of a mask to fool the public and gain political benefit".
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Shaw, Victoria F. (May 1996). "The cognitive processes in informal reasoning".
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Humans take a position, look for evidence that supports it, then, if they find
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Roger Crisp and Christopher Cowten (1994). "Hypocrisy and Moral Seriousness".
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350:, and a pervasive hypocrisy that extended into such areas as social reform.
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2816:"Power increases hypocrisy moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior"
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Koppang Haavard, Martin Mike W (2004). "On Moralizing in Business Ethics".
1998:
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526:(1875–1961) attributed hypocrisy to those who are not aware of the dark or
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applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric),
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771: – Parable taught by Jesus of Nazareth according to Christian gospels
61:
Practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not
17:
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Stone, Rebecca (2014). "Unconscionability, exploitation, and hypocrisy".
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Patrick Todd (2017). "A Unified Account of the Moral Standing to Blame".
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Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002
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Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power, from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond
362:, Japan attacked American hypocrisy by emphasizing the injustice of the
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Hypocrisy has been an intermittent topic of interest to philosophers.
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Lammers, Joris; Stapel, Diederik A.; Galinsky, Adam D. (May 2010).
2508:"The virtue of vice: a defence of hypocrisy in democratic politics"
1739:
Why everyone (else) is a hypocrite: Evolution and the modular mind
479:
438:
240:, who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a
86:
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Jung pointedly referred to the "hypocritical pretenses of man". "
1527:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 83–106.
2982:. In Reed, Edward S.; Turiel, Elliot; Brown, Terrance (eds.).
2735:
Fernández, Jordi (2013). "Self-deception and self-knowledge".
499:
3211:
The Sociology of Hypocrisy: An Analysis of Sport and Religion
777: – Proverbial idiom referring to an example of hypocrisy
605:
the decision had already been made ("post hoc fabrication").
844:
https://www.etymonline.com/word/hypocrisy#etymonline_v_16134
1789:
The moral animal: Evolutionary psychology and everyday life
213:
Alternatively, the word is an amalgam of the Greek prefix
1940:", 'Basic and Applied Social Psychology', 20(2), 145–154.
2044:"Does Hypocrisy Matter? The Case of U.S. Foreign Policy"
453:. He also denounces hypocrites in more general terms in
2382:
Daniel Statman (1997). "Hypocrisy and Self-Deception".
758:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
597:'s observation has been confirmed by recent studies in
42:
3022:
Sommervoll, Dag Einar (2013). "Sweet self-deception".
1449:
Von Hippel, William; Trivers, Robert (February 2011).
1148:
Mizuno Takeya (2013). "An Enemy's Talk of 'Justice'".
679:
famously noted that "the mass of mankind accept what
1677:"Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction"
820:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypocrisy
2652:Caviola, Lucius; Faulmüller, Nadira (August 2014).
1675:Heine, Steven J.; Lehman, Darrin R. (August 1999).
272:allowed for certain rights, but it left Protestant
1396:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 35.
1211:"Hypocrisy in the Self-Understanding of Religions"
1628:"Not Can, But Will College Teaching Be Improved?"
750: – Fabrication or exaggeration of victimhood
460:In the 16th century, John Calvin was critical of
1451:"The evolution and psychology of self-deception"
1056:"Bernard Mandeville as Moralist and Materialist"
865:"Power increases infidelity among men and women"
78:"Hypocrite" redirects here. For other uses, see
2993:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
765: – Attributing parts of the self to others
494:in Islam, is viewed as a serious sickness. The
2630:. Collected Works. Vol. 7. Princeton UP.
2015:Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius
1184:The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics
956:
954:
744: – Inconsistent application of principles
384:The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics
2578:Judith Shklar, "Let us not be hypocritical."
756: – Exploitative type of social influence
8:
2901:Porcher, José Eduardo (July–December 2014).
1854:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1681:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
1601:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1566:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1195:Bryan Garsten, "Looking for an honest man."
26:
2554:Business & Professional Ethics Journal
1952:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1002:"Online Etymology Dictionary: "hypocrisy""
449:as hypocrites in the passage known as the
103:of genuinely pious or moral motivations.
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2264:Eva Feder Kittay (1982). "On Hypocrisy".
2178:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860821.003.0014
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1502:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2619:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 59–80.
738: – Hate speech incitement technique
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2013:"Machiavelli, N. (2004), Book 1 Ch 25.
1792:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 13.
963:"Trump's hypocrisy is good for America"
807:
510:Hypocrisy has long been of interest to
394:Many belief systems condemn hypocrisy.
288:once a year to avoid the restrictions.
28:
3082:Szabados, Béla; Soifer, Eldon (2004).
1656:from the original on 23 September 2020
1422:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
502:and others, but only fool themselves.
2469:"The Commitment Account of Hypocrisy"
2438:"Hypocrisy and the Standing to Blame"
2436:Kyle Fritz and Daniel Miller (2015).
1839:
1406:
973:from the original on 29 November 2016
909:from the original on 17 December 2021
639:lead one to condemn infidelity while
565:, which developed out of the former.
7:
2023:from the original on 9 February 2014
1379:
1367:
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961:Gerson, Michael (29 November 2016).
783: – Indication of intent of harm
563:On the Psychology of the Unconscious
2627:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology
2339:Bela Szabados (1979). "Hypocrisy".
1635:New Directions for Higher Education
1215:Inter-Religious Models and Criteria
1008:from the original on 1 October 2017
791: – Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
2699:Business Ethics: A European Review
2541:from the original on 20 July 2018.
2326:10.1111/j.1467-9973.1990.tb00528.x
2278:10.1111/j.1467-9973.1982.tb00685.x
1626:Cross, K. Patricia (Spring 1977).
1430:from the original on 19 April 2014
201:is from the Greek word ὑποκριτής (
106:Definitions of hypocrisy vary. In
57:
3084:Hypocrisy: Ethical Investigations
2473:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
2194:from the original on 6 March 2019
1717:from the original on 7 April 2023
1129:from the original on 6 April 2023
1086:from the original on 5 April 2023
635:Robert Kurzban argues that one's
3249:
3235:
3146:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x
2975:Ross, Lee; Ward, Andrew (1996).
2711:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01627.x
2411:American Philosophical Quarterly
2312:Dan Turner (1990). "Hypocrisy".
2245:from the original on 3 June 2020
2151:10.1111/j.1467-9329.2010.00456.x
2124:10.1111/j.1467-9329.2010.00456.x
2089:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2010.01195.x
1764:from the original on 6 July 2022
1525:Informal Reasoning and Education
1239:from the original on 6 July 2022
1041:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00276.x
775:The pot calling the kettle black
364:incarceration camps for Japanese
217:, meaning "under", and the verb
125:Hypocrisy has been a subject of
3063:Journal of Political Philosophy
2920:10.1590/S0100-60452015005000002
2795:Social Behavior and Personality
2442:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
2302:. London: Hutchinson 1949, 173.
2166:"Standing to Blame: A Critique"
2077:Philosophy & Public Affairs
2048:Review of International Studies
2353:10.1080/00455091.1979.10716245
2341:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
2231:10.5840/soctheorpract201137434
1162:10.1080/00947679.2013.12062905
530:of their nature. Jung wrote:
294:Occasional Conformity Act 1711
175:sociological social psychology
1:
3240:The dictionary definition of
3103:Journal of Management Studies
2903:"Is self-deception pretense?"
2730:. Cambridge University Press.
2524:10.1080/13569775.2015.1112958
1458:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1420:"Franklin, B. (1771), p. 18.
1316:Christine Huda Dodge (2009).
1072:10.1080/01916599.2015.1010777
569:Preference for the effortless
358:In the propaganda battles of
318:(1723–1790) and 19th century
3208:Wieting, Stephen G. (2016).
2878:10.1080/02699931.2013.801339
1909:10.1080/09515089.2012.677397
422:In some translations of the
2506:Tillyris, Demetris (2016).
2170:Blame: Its Nature and Norms
1223:10.1007/978-1-349-23017-4_9
1209:Kasulis, Thomas P. (1993).
1197:Modern Intellectual History
937:. Princeton UP. p. 8.
840:Online Etymology Dictionary
3293:
3005:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.08.002
2219:Social Theory and Practice
1866:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.861
1613:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.804
1304:Harvard Theological Review
754:Psychological manipulation
471:
260:its negative connotation.
252:It is this later sense of
80:Hypocrite (disambiguation)
77:
73:Hypocrisy (disambiguation)
70:
63:
3036:10.1007/s00712-012-0308-2
2942:10.1007/s11098-013-0203-x
2807:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.391
2749:10.1007/s11098-011-9771-9
2624:Jung, Charles G. (1966).
2485:10.1007/s10677-018-9917-3
2396:10.1080/09515089708573204
2061:10.1017/S0260210506007017
1703:10.1177/01461672992511001
1578:10.1080/17470216008416717
1470:10.1017/s0140525x10001354
1392:Kahneman, Daniel (2011).
1322:. F+W Media. p. 96.
1060:History of European Ideas
643:induce one to commit it.
633:Evolutionary psychologist
445:condemns the scribes and
390:Moral and religious codes
2832:10.1177/0956797610368810
2726:Davidson, Jenny (2004).
2671:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00897
2616:The Happiness Hypothesis
2606:Haidt, Jonathan (2006).
2589:30 November 2016 at the
2384:Philosophical Psychology
2164:Macalaster Bell (2013).
1991:10.1177/0956797616685771
1964:10.1177/0146167294201012
1897:Philosophical Psychology
1815:Thinking & Reasoning
1736:Kurzban, Robert (2010).
1263:Translated from the Pâli
1107:"Rousseau and Montaigne"
884:10.1177/0956797611416252
763:Psychological projection
64:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
3272:13th-century neologisms
3115:10.1111/1467-6486.00363
2866:Cognition & Emotion
2658:Frontiers in Psychology
2467:Benjamin Rossi (2018).
1827:10.1080/135467896394564
1394:Thinking, fast and slow
853:, accessed 5 April 2023
829:, accessed 5 April 2023
628:Evolutionary psychology
554:New Paths in Psychology
155:evolutionary psychology
3254:Quotations related to
2608:"The Faults of Others"
2272:(3 & 4): 277–289.
1929:Fried, C. B. (1998). "
1647:10.1002/he.36919771703
1500:The skills of argument
849:1 October 2017 at the
797: – Formal fallacy
736:Accusation in a mirror
727:
550:
366:in the United States.
305:(1714) English author
92:
3134:Psychological Science
2930:Philosophical Studies
2820:Psychological Science
2737:Philosophical Studies
2566:10.5840/bpej200423319
2512:Contemporary Politics
2213:Linda Radzik (2011).
2042:Daryl Glaser (2006).
1979:Psychological Science
1748:10.1515/9781400835997
1533:10.4324/9780203052228
1498:Kuhn, Deanna (1991).
1105:Miller James (2014).
1054:Luban Daniel (2015).
1029:Parliamentary History
872:Psychological Science
769:The Mote and the Beam
722:
541:
490:". Hypocrisy, called
451:Woes of the Pharisees
290:High Church Anglicans
90:
3193:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.77
3171:Journal of Marketing
3024:Journal of Economics
2984:Values and Knowledge
2017:. Project Gutenberg"
1306:83#4 (1990): 363–81.
1268:3 April 2017 at the
1217:. pp. 151–165.
1199:8#3 (2011): 697–708.
1182:Jay, Martin (2012).
825:5 April 2023 at the
348:anti-intellectualism
236:ridiculed his rival
135:behavioral economics
91:Example of hypocrisy
71:For other uses, see
3086:. Broadview Press.
2778:10.1057/pol.2008.24
2300:The Concept of Mind
1936:6 July 2022 at the
677:Niccolò Machiavelli
378:American historian
299:In his famous book
270:Toleration Act 1688
167:positive psychology
163:political sociology
143:cultural psychology
120:political hypocrisy
29:Page version status
3075:10.1111/jopp.12009
2454:10.1111/papq.12104
1150:Journalism History
1004:. Etymonline.com.
838:"hypocrisy (n.)",
748:Playing the victim
484:Quranic Chapter 63
307:Bernard Mandeville
278:Congregationalists
93:
35:
2999:(Part A): 10–24.
1487:on 18 April 2013.
1289:Gospel of Matthew
1232:978-1-349-23019-8
659:Social psychology
622:self-serving bias
615:confirmation bias
595:Benjamin Franklin
486:is often titled "
302:Fable of the Bees
171:social psychology
139:cognitive science
131:wisdom literature
47:14 September 2024
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234:Demosthenes
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671:Philosophy
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372:propaganda
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