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Key: In the following sections, alleles are referred to as +=wildtype, m=mutant, Df=gene deletion, Dp=gene duplication. Phenotypes are compared with '>', meaning 'phenotype is more severe than'
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Increasing wildtype gene function reduces the phenotypic severity of an antimorph, so the phenotype of an antimorph is worse when heterozygous than when in
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function. A hypomorph is a reduction in gene function through reduced (protein, RNA) expression or reduced functional performance, but not a complete loss.
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function. Hypermorphic alleles are gain of function alleles. A hypermorph can result from an increase in gene dose (a gene duplication), from increased
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The phenotype of a hypermorph is worsened by increasing the wildtype gene dose, and is reduced by lowering wildtype gene dose.
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Therefore, with respect to the relationship between the original and mutated genes, one cannot talk about the effects of
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function that is different from the normal function. A neomorphic mutation can cause ectopic
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or deficiency that disrupts the same gene. This relationship can be represented as follows:
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so that a dimer consisting of one normal and one mutated protein is no longer functional.
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if the gene in question is required in two copies to elicit a normal phenotype (i.e.
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genetics to describe mutations. For a more general description of mutations, see
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Muller, H. J. 1932. Further studies on the nature and causes of gene mutations.
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An antimorphic mutation might affect the function of a protein that acts as a
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Hypomorphs are usually recessive, but occasional alleles are dominant due to
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Identical expression with original (parent) allele, mostly resulting from
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Changing wildtype gene dose has no effect on the phenotype of a neomorph.
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41:(1890–1967), who was a 1946 Nobel Prize winner, coined the terms
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expression, or new protein functions from altered protein structure.
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between themselves. These classifications are still widely used in
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function. Amorph is sometimes used interchangeably with "genetic
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to its wildtype counterpart. It is possible for an amorph to be
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Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular
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Wilkie, A. O. 1994. The molecular basis of genetic dominance.
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to classify mutations based on their behaviour in various
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Novel function, comparing with the initial, new property
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Advanced
Genetic Analysis: Finding Meaning in a Genome
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Opposing, antagonizing, or interfering gene activity
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Increased or partial increased parent gene activity
27:"Neomorph" redirects here. For uses in fiction, see
566:. Berlin - Heidelberg - New York: Springer-Verlag.
368:, full ("normal"), expression of parent allele
247:m/m > m/Df > m/+ >>> +/Df > +/+
154:describes a mutation that causes a partial loss of
113:An amorphic allele elicits the same phenotype when
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Alien (creature in Alien franchise) § Neomorph
102:describes a mutation that causes complete loss of
161:The phenotype of a hypomorph is more severe in
204:expression, or constitutive protein activity.
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562:Rieger R. Michaelis A.; Green M. M. (1976).
225:mutations that act in opposition to normal
165:to a deletion allele than when homozygous.
536:Henderson's Dictionary of biological terms
390:Reduced, or partial reduced gene activity
338:Muller's classification of mutant alleles
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43:amorph, hypomorph, hypermorph, antimorph
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617:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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192:mutation causes an increase in normal
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229:activity. Antimorphs are also called
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378:Dysfunctional, with null expression
266:mutation causes a dominant gain of
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510:Hawley R. S., Walker Y.M. (2003)
292:After Muller's classification of
131:An amorphic allele is commonly
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538:. London: Longman Group Ltd.
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497:Journal of Medical Genetics
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67:, and for a discussion of
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534:Lawrence E., ed. (1999).
210:m/Dp > m/+ > m/Df
53:situations, as well as
73:dominance relationship
351:Alternative function
123:chromosomal deletion
300:was described as a
638:Classical genetics
284:m/Df = m/+ = m/Dp
173:haploinsufficiency
71:interactions, see
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231:dominant negative
141:haploinsufficient
39:Hermann J. Muller
16:(Redirected from
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593:. Archived from
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311:as the original
242:gene duplication
179:Gain of function
84:Loss of function
55:gene interaction
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309:gene expression
307:with identical
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168:m/DF > m/m
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93:Main article:
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600:on 2019-08-19
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602:. Retrieved
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305:point mutant
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190:hypermorphic
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119:heterozygous
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514:, pp. 6-7,
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233:mutations.
152:Hypomorphic
128:m/m = m/Df
29:Eon (novel)
632:Categories
604:2017-01-27
520:1405123923
451:References
397:Hypermorph
264:neomorphic
184:Hypermorph
115:homozygous
60:Drosophila
421:Antimorph
385:Hypomorph
364:Referent
359:Wild type
323:dominance
219:Antimorph
214:Antimorph
147:Hypomorph
133:recessive
117:and when
18:Hypomorph
643:Mutation
613:cite web
433:Isomorph
409:Neomorph
346:Category
333:Overview
298:isomorph
288:Isomorph
258:Neomorph
223:dominant
137:dominant
100:Amorphic
65:mutation
47:neomorph
325:and/or
276:protein
202:protein
51:genetic
570:
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440:silent
374:Amorph
313:allele
302:silent
221:s are
89:Amorph
69:allele
598:(PDF)
591:(PDF)
296:, an
252:dimer
240:to a
238:trans
163:trans
121:to a
619:link
568:ISBN
540:ISBN
516:ISBN
272:mRNA
268:gene
227:gene
198:mRNA
194:gene
156:gene
108:null
104:gene
45:and
31:and
274:or
200:or
143:).
634::
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262:A
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188:A
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