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216:. In addition multiple demographic socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics were assessed as risk factors for diminished smell. In statistical analyses, greater age and male sex, coupled with either black and/or non-Hispanic ethnicity, low family income, low educational attainment, high alcohol consumption (more than 4 drinks per day), and a history of asthma or cancer were independently associated with a greater prevalence of smell impairment.
25:
203:
function was assessed on persons aged 40 years and older with an 8-item, odor identification test (Pocket Smell Tests, Sensonics, Inc., Haddon
Heights, NJ). Odors included food odors (strawberry, chocolate, onion, grape), warning odors (natural gas, smoke) and household odors (leather, soap).
211:
Chemosensory data were also collected in a larger NHANES sample in 2013–2014. The prevalence of smell disorder (scores 0–5 out of 8 correct) was 13.5% in persons aged 40 years and over. If the same prevalence occurred in 2016, an estimated 20.5 million persons 40 and over had hyposmia or
208:(%) of anosmia/severe hyposmia (scores 0 to 3) was 0.3 at age 40–49 rising to 14.1 at age 80+. Prevalence of hyposmia (scores 4 to 5) was much higher: 3.7% at age 40–49 and 25.9% at 80+. Both were more prevalent in individuals of African descent than in those of Caucasian descent.
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Kallmann syndrome (KS), a rare genetic disorder, refers to the association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia due to abnormal migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone producing
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188:
462:"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study"
564:"New chemosensory component in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): first-year results for measured olfactory dysfunction"
282:"New chemosensory component in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): first-year results for measured olfactory dysfunction"
405:
Tonacci, Alessandro; Billeci, Lucia; Tartarisco, Gennaro; Ruta, Liliana; Muratori, Filippo; Pioggia, Giovanni; Gangemi, Sebastiano (2 January 2017).
613:"Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study"
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function (taste and smell) in a nationally-representative sample of US civilian, non-institutionalized persons in 2012.
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Xydakis MS, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Holbrook EH, Geisthoff UW, Bauer C, Hautefort C, et al. (September 2020).
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Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. (August 2020).
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144:, viral infections and head trauma. In 2012 an estimated 9.8 million people aged 40 and older in the
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Hoffman, Howard J.; Rawal, Shristi; Li, Chuan-Ming; Duffy, Valerie B. (10 June 2016).
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Hoffman, Howard J.; Rawal, Shristi; Li, Chuan-Ming; Duffy, Valerie B. (10 June 2016).
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175:. Along with other chemosensory disturbances, hyposmia can be a key indicator of
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Olfactory function score was based on the number of correct identifications.
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Liu, Gang; Zong, Geng; Doty, Richard L; Sun, Qi (9 November 2016).
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407:"Olfaction in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review"
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Factor, Stewart A., & Weiner, William J., eds. (2008).
159:. Hyposmia is also an early and almost universal finding in
136:, in which no odors can be detected. Some of the causes of
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Arkoncel, ML; Arkoncel, FR; Lantion-Ang, FL (March 2011).
335:, 2nd ed., pp. 72-73. New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
513:"Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19"
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Parkinson's
Disease: Diagnosis and Clinical Management
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
259:. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 49–50.
189:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
148:had hyposmia and an additional 3.4 million had
128:, is a reduced ability to smell and to detect
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8:
568:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
286:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
16:Reduced ability to smell and to detect odors
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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167:. Lifelong hyposmia could be caused by
155:Hyposmia might be a very early sign of
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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517:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
255:Hawkes, Christopher H. (2002).
34:needs additional citations for
1:
530:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30293-0
423:10.1080/09297049.2015.1081678
347:"A case of Kallmann syndrome"
879:Sensory processing disorder
630:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013246
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479:10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
257:Smell and taste complaints
580:10.1007/s11154-016-9364-1
298:10.1007/s11154-016-9364-1
165:dementia with Lewy bodies
132:. A related condition is
363:10.1136/bcr.01.2011.3727
173:Autism Spectrum Disorder
140:problems are allergies,
888:Auditory hallucination
411:Child Neuropsychology
195:) collected data on
43:improve this article
745:Anterograde amnesia
161:Alzheimer's disease
157:Parkinson's disease
750:Retrograde amnesia
690:Signs and symptoms
152:/severe hyposmia.
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838:Suicidal ideation
357:: bcr0120113727.
169:Kallmann syndrome
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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833:Irritability
692:relating to
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197:chemosensory
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183:Epidemiology
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142:nasal polyps
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
956:Hypergeusia
931:Synesthesia
417:(1): 1–25.
946:Hypogeusia
924:Hyperosmia
919:Phantosmia
871:Perception
811:Depression
772:Presyncope
757:Convulsion
694:perception
242:References
226:Hyperosmia
206:Prevalence
69:newspapers
58:"Hyposmia"
979:Olfaction
951:Dysgeusia
856:Verbosity
828:Hostility
762:Dizziness
728:Psychosis
718:Confusion
710:Cognition
702:behaviour
447:143375600
431:0929-7049
201:Olfactory
138:olfaction
126:microsmia
973:Category
914:Parosmia
909:Dysosmia
904:Hyposmia
848:Behavior
821:Paranoia
733:Delusion
723:Delirium
649:28157672
617:BMJ Open
598:27287364
549:32304629
498:32253535
439:26340690
386:neurons.
381:22700069
316:27287364
231:Dysosmia
220:See also
177:COVID-19
122:Hyposmia
941:Ageusia
899:Anosmia
806:Anxiety
793:Emotion
781:Vertigo
740:Amnesia
698:emotion
640:5129069
589:5033684
540:7159875
489:7134551
372:3070321
307:5033684
236:Anosmia
214:anosmia
150:anosmia
134:anosmia
83:scholar
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193:NHANES
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936:Taste
894:Smell
801:Anger
443:S2CID
130:odors
124:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
816:Fear
700:and
645:PMID
594:PMID
545:PMID
494:PMID
435:PMID
427:ISSN
377:PMID
355:2011
312:PMID
261:ISBN
187:The
163:and
62:news
635:PMC
625:doi
584:PMC
576:doi
535:PMC
525:doi
484:PMC
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470:277
419:doi
367:PMC
359:doi
302:PMC
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