314:
1288:
containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data.
51:
425:
5150:
344:
of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is
885:
in 2008 strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged
792:
Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse,
1287:
had inconclusive results due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies. A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols, average dose 2.15 g/day, reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug
Administration approved the labeling of foods
2805:
The current appropriate TC cutoff to determine whether patients need further investigation and assessment is between 200 and 240 mg/dL . However, the appropriate cut-off point for the younger population who may have low cardiovascular risk have not been examined extensively in the literature. A
826:
However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated (>4.5 mmol/L or >~400 mg/dL). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all
1133:
Increasing soluble fiber consumption has been shown to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, with each additional gram of soluble fiber reducing LDL by an average of 2.2 mg/dL (0.057 mmol/L). Increasing consumption of whole grains also reduces LDL cholesterol, with whole grain oats being
781:
For healthy adults, the UK National Health
Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/L, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/L. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L, and
1150:
Statins are the typically used medications, in addition to healthy lifestyle interventions. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people, and are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in both people with and without pre-existing cardiovascular
893:
In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except possibly to determine compliance with treatment.
1129:
recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25–35% of energy intake, saturated fat to less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day. Changes in total fat intake in low calorie diets do not appear to affect blood
3322:
Qureshi, Nadeem; Woods, Bethan; Neves de Faria, Rita; Saramago
Goncalves, Pedro; Cox, Edward; Leonardi-Bee, Jo; Condon, Laura; Weng, Stephen; Akyea, Ralph K.; Iyen, Barbara; Roderick, Paul; Humphries, Steve E.; Rowlands, William; Watson, Melanie; Haralambos, Kate (2023-10-24).
901:, after someone is diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, clinicians, family, or both, contact first- and second-degree relatives to come forward for testing and treatment. Research suggests that clinician-only contact results in more people coming forward for testing.
869:. Newer methods, such as "lipoprotein subclass analysis", have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a
909:
Treatment recommendations have been based on four risk levels for heart disease. For each risk level, LDL cholesterol levels representing goals and thresholds for treatment and other action are made. The higher the risk category, the lower the cholesterol thresholds.
785:
In the United States, the
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dL as "desirable", 200 to 239 mg/dL as "borderline high", and 240 mg/dL or more as "high".
1155:
when used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention). Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood.
1151:
disease. In people without cardiovascular disease, statins have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease, and strokes. Greater benefit is observed with the use of high-intensity statin therapy. Statins may improve
296:
are recommended dietary measures to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often not sufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL, and lipid-lowering
4562:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
5060:
5045:
4467:
Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Schulze V, Gurbel PA, Tantry U, Lin Y, et al. (July 2015). "Effects of
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Antibodies in Adults With Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
244:
Cholesterol is one of three major classes of lipids produced and used by all animal cells to form membranes. Plant cells manufacture phytosterols (similar to cholesterol), but in rather small quantities. Cholesterol is the precursor of the
1299:
Average total cholesterol in the United
Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan.
2469:
Durst, Ronen (May 2001), "Recent Origin and Spread of a Common
Lithuanian Mutation, G197del LDLR, Causing Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Positive Selection Is Not Always Necessary to Account for Disease Incidence among Ashkenazi Jews",
3772:
The 2015 DGAC will not bring forward this recommendation 644 because available evidence shows no appreciable relationship between consumption of dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol, consistent with the conclusions of the AHA/ACC
469:
A 2016 review found tentative evidence that dietary cholesterol is associated with higher blood cholesterol. As of 2018 there appears to be a modest positive, dose-related relationship between cholesterol intake and LDL cholesterol.
777:
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United
Kingdom, most European countries and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/L) is the measure.
4042:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
2742:
While cholesterol levels above "normal ranges" are important in your overall cardiovascular risk, like HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, your total blood cholesterol level should be considered in context with your other known risk
1255:
Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease) complications in adults with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk
4179:
Mills EJ, Wu P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, et al. (February 2011). "Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials".
3834:
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. (March 2014). "Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1221:
is relatively short, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for death by any cause including coronary heart disease. Among people older than 70, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for being hospitalized with
4400:
Lebenthal Y, Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H, Shamir R (September 2010). "Are treatment targets for hypercholesterolemia evidence based? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials".
2818:
Peters SA, Singhateh Y, Mackay D, Huxley RR, Woodward M (May 2016). "Total cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1641:
Ito MK, McGowan MP, Moriarty PM (June 2011). "Management of familial hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: recommendations from the
National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia".
4634:
4669:
Snow V, Aronson MD, Hornbake ER, Mottur-Pilson C, Weiss KB (April 2004). "Lipid control in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the
American College of Physicians".
273:(HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of
3870:
Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G (December 2013). "Comparison of effects of long-term low-fat vs high-fat diets on blood lipid levels in overweight or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2871:"ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)"
3236:"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report".
1209:
The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011.
1206:
has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008, and a new guideline appeared in 2014 that covers the prevention of cardiovascular disease in general.
62:: The bag on the left was obtained from a donor with hypercholesterolemia, and contains altered serum lipid levels, while the bag obtained from a normal donor contains regular serum lipid levels.
1583:"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
2961:
3111:
Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, Daeges M, Bougatsos C, Jeanne TL (October 2016). "Screening for Dyslipidemia in Younger Adults: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force".
3325:"Alternative cascade-testing protocols for identifying and managing patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: systematic reviews, qualitative study and cost-effectiveness analysis"
1799:"Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham: a statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. American Heart Association"
1077:
Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.
554:
Genetic contributions typically arise from the combined effects of multiple genes, known as "polygenic," although in certain cases, they may stem from a single gene defect, as seen in
2730:
2644:
5170:
4448:
2592:
1203:
2698:
1262:
For those people with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
305:
or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed. About 34 million adults in the United States have high blood cholesterol.
3752:
800:
were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula:
396:
Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with
2990:
821:
336:(build-up of fatty plaques in the arteries, so-called 'hardening of the arteries'). Over a period of decades, elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of
4217:"The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials"
789:
There is no absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels, and values must be considered in relation to other health conditions and risk factors.
5180:
1080:
Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl.
1967:
Calderon R, Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Myers HF, Nidich SI, Haney C (1999). "Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans: a review".
4713:
Vijan S, Hayward RA (April 2004). "Pharmacologic lipid-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: background paper for the American College of Physicians".
793:
although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost.
2806:
recent study suggests that a TC cut of point of between 200 and 240 may not be appropriate in identifying high LDL-C levels in apparently healthy people.
1252:
should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all adults with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
2596:
2953:
4091:"Effect of statins and non-statin LDL-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes in secondary prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials"
2757:"Appropriate Total cholesterol cut-offs for detection of abnormal LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol among low cardiovascular risk population"
3676:
Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F (July 1965). "Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet: IV. Particular saturated fatty acids in the diet".
3380:
1275:
did so to treat high cholesterol. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with
1099:
equations. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. However, in 2015 the
4215:
Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, et al. (Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborators) (August 2012).
1192:
3086:
4266:"Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force"
3493:"Effectiveness of interventions to promote healthy diet in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
1951:
1926:
1847:
1122:
are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is recommended.
1100:
1088:
Eating a diet with a high proportion of vegetables, fruit, dietary fibre, and low in fats results in a modest decrease in total cholesterol.
1171:. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Injectable antibodies against the protein PCSK9 (
4787:
Liu ZL, Liu JP, Zhang AL, Wu Q, Ruan Y, Lewith G, Visconte D, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (July 2011).
3952:"Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies"
3897:
Including only hypocaloric diets, the effects of low-fat vs high-fat diets on total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were abolished.
2722:
2636:
2604:
5175:
882:
2690:
2425:
1234:
drugs. Because of this, medications which lower lipid levels should not be routinely used among people with limited life expectancy.
3458:
2564:
1259:
Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin.
435:
Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include weight,
3013:"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge"
832:
262:
4357:
Pisaniello AD, Scherer DJ, Kataoka Y, Nicholls SJ (February 2015). "Ongoing challenges for pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemia".
1059:
low HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL), family history of premature heart disease, and age (men ≥45 years; women ≥55 years).
345:
gradual, blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point tissue
3462:
3197:"Recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of the 2003 update"
2568:
1238:
4513:"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines"
3415:"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines"
2982:
604:. One variation, G197del LDLR which is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, has been dated to the 14th century. The
2600:
576:
555:
321:
230:
5140:
1421:
Biggerstaff KD, Wooten JS (December 2004). "Understanding lipoproteins as transporters of cholesterol and other lipids".
890:. In 2016 they concluded that testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit.
2755:
Nantsupawat, Nopakoon; Booncharoen, Apaputch; Wisetborisut, Anawat; Jiraporncharoen, Wichuda; et al. (2019-01-26).
1284:
828:
258:
4924:"Total and High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2010"
3156:"Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
2314:. In De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R (eds.).
1118:
by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease.
1091:
Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted using the
416:, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.
1196:
1126:
2515:"Jewish Genetics, Part 3: Jewish Genetic Diseases (Mediterranean Fever, Tay–Sachs, pemphigus vulgaris, Mutations)"
1138:
and phytostanols and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decreases dietary cholesterol absorption. A diet high in
3463:"Evaluating statin drugs to treat High Cholesterol and Heart Disease: Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
2569:"Evaluating statin drugs to treat High Cholesterol and Heart Disease: Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
2365:"Estimating the prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1553:
870:
354:
1057:†Risk factors include cigarette smoking, hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or on antihypertensive medication),
847:
can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected.
5075:
1677:
617:
479:
463:
320:, yellowish patches consisting of cholesterol deposits above the eyelids. These are more common in people with
270:
234:
1505:
Kontush A, Chapman MJ (March 2006). "Antiatherogenic small, dense HDL--guardian angel of the arterial wall?".
2910:
Superko, H. Robert (2009-05-05). "Advanced Lipoprotein Testing and Subfractionation Are Clinically Useful".
836:
621:
266:
79:
4940:
Van Craeyveld E, Jacobs F, Gordts SC, De Geest B (2011). "Gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia".
253:. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (
1762:
Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R (July 2010). "Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque".
1115:
887:
278:
170:
116:
112:
3154:
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, et al. (August 2016).
1276:
1223:
491:
143:
1296:
Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000.
507:
159:
3544:"Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases"
1387:
1272:
1249:
293:
179:
4834:"Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake"
3090:
5064:
4832:
Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HC, Duchateau GS, Meijer L, Zock PL, et al. (February 2009).
1111:
940:
567:
104:
59:
4132:"Efficacy of statins for primary prevention in people at low cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis"
2983:"Friedewald equation for calculating VLDL and LDL - All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders"
2271:"Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol"
4738:
4695:
4542:
4493:
4426:
4382:
3136:
2251:
1744:
1530:
1446:
1360:
563:
515:
499:
455:
Diet has an effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies between individuals.
151:
4511:
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. (August 2004).
2664:
4308:
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. (January 2013).
4130:
Tonelli M, Lloyd A, Clement F, Conly J, Husereau D, Hemmelgarn B, et al. (November 2011).
2869:
Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, et al. (July 2011).
2676:
1797:
Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, Fletcher G, Greenland P, Hiratzka LF, et al. (May 1998).
1719:
Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN (August 2008). "Hypercholesterolaemia and its management".
5115:
5086:
5008:
4957:
4904:
4855:
4814:
4769:
4730:
4687:
4583:
4534:
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4418:
4374:
4339:
4287:
4246:
4197:
4161:
4112:
4071:
4022:
3973:
3932:
3888:
3852:
3816:
3734:
3693:
3658:
3617:
3573:
3542:
Hartley L, Igbinedion E, Holmes J, Flowers N, Thorogood M, Clarke A, et al. (June 2013).
3524:
3436:
3413:
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. (July 2004).
3362:
3344:
3304:
3263:
3218:
3177:
3128:
3061:
3034:
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2927:
2892:
2836:
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2451:
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2319:
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2118:
2077:
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1976:
1947:
1922:
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1779:
1736:
1659:
1612:
1522:
1487:
1438:
1403:
1352:
806:
362:
67:
4560:
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. (June 2019).
4040:
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. (June 2019).
2414:"A Population-Genetic Test of Founder Effects and Implications for Ashkenazi Jewish Diseases"
4998:
4988:
4977:"LDLR-Gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolaemia: problems, progress, and perspectives"
4949:
4894:
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4004:
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3724:
3685:
3648:
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3514:
3504:
3454:
3426:
3388:
3352:
3336:
3294:
3253:
3245:
3208:
3167:
3120:
3024:
2919:
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2828:
2786:
2768:
2560:
2487:
2479:
2441:
2433:
2384:
2376:
2282:
2235:
2198:
2157:
2149:
2108:
2067:
2059:
2015:
2007:
1886:
1876:
1810:
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1728:
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1602:
1594:
1514:
1477:
1430:
1395:
1344:
511:
440:
390:
218:
163:
4638:
4089:
Koskinas KC, Siontis GC, Piccolo R, Mavridis D, Räber L, Mach F, Windecker S (April 2018).
2514:
5154:
4647:
4643:
3491:
Bhattarai N, Prevost AT, Wright AJ, Charlton J, Rudisill C, Gulliford MC (December 2013).
2832:
1280:
1218:
1152:
1096:
862:
844:
840:
523:
495:
382:
378:
333:
274:
246:
147:
84:
4975:
Al-Allaf FA, Coutelle C, Waddington SN, David AL, Harbottle R, Themis M (December 2010).
1581:
de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, et al. (August 2015).
3357:
2337:
2097:"Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis"
1391:
313:
5003:
4976:
4899:
4874:
4809:
4788:
4334:
4309:
4241:
4216:
4156:
4131:
4066:
4041:
4017:
3992:
3811:
3786:
3637:"Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3568:
3543:
3519:
3492:
3431:
3324:
2791:
2756:
2710:
Although there is no natural cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels, ...
2492:
2446:
2413:
2389:
2364:
2162:
2137:
2072:
2047:
2020:
1996:"Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms"
1995:
1891:
1864:
1607:
1582:
1548:
1482:
1465:
1168:
1164:
898:
866:
856:
601:
539:
503:
487:
289:
238:
199:
175:
155:
5069:
4875:"Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia"
4232:
3213:
3196:
2923:
1348:
514:. Several medications and classes of medications may interfere with lipid metabolism:
5164:
4603:"Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification"
4497:
3689:
3612:
3595:
1364:
1107:
535:
531:
527:
401:
17:
4923:
4742:
4546:
4430:
3140:
2363:
Akioyamen LE, Genest J, Shan SD, Reel RL, Albaum JM, Chu A, Tu JV (September 2017).
2255:
1534:
1450:
377:, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause
217:
Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of
5126:
4800:
4699:
4325:
3802:
3559:
1748:
1308:
1135:
797:
386:
329:
254:
226:
211:
108:
96:
4386:
3993:"Dietary fructose and glucose differentially affect lipid and glucose homeostasis"
5080:
4578:
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4370:
4057:
1865:"Correlating corneal arcus with atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia"
5110:
3029:
3012:
2380:
2311:
2138:"The Evidence for Saturated Fat and for Sugar Related to Coronary Heart Disease"
1176:
1103:
in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.
519:
429:
397:
374:
317:
298:
207:
195:
4953:
4890:
4529:
4107:
4090:
3884:
3392:
3258:
3053:
2887:
2870:
2153:
2063:
1775:
1655:
5091:
5054:
4758:"Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002"
4512:
3509:
3414:
2773:
2239:
2203:
2186:
2048:"Evidence of lifestyle modification in the management of hypercholesterolemia"
2011:
1815:
1798:
1180:
1172:
1119:
1092:
543:
459:
444:
285:
139:
88:
72:
3785:
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS (August 2020).
3348:
3249:
2931:
2782:
2113:
2096:
1434:
1407:
5121:
4757:
4414:
4282:
4265:
3968:
3951:
3729:
3712:
3653:
3636:
3283:"Statins for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: the right dose"
478:
A number of other conditions can also increase cholesterol levels including
458:
A diet high in sugar or saturated fats increases total cholesterol and LDL.
358:
302:
250:
131:
127:
50:
5012:
4993:
4961:
4908:
4859:
4818:
4773:
4734:
4691:
4587:
4538:
4489:
4422:
4378:
4343:
4291:
4250:
4201:
4193:
4165:
4116:
4075:
4026:
3977:
3927:
3910:
3892:
3856:
3820:
3697:
3662:
3621:
3577:
3528:
3440:
3366:
3308:
3267:
3222:
3181:
3172:
3155:
3132:
3065:
2939:
2896:
2840:
2800:
2501:
2455:
2398:
2323:
2296:
2247:
2171:
2081:
2029:
1980:
1900:
1783:
1740:
1663:
1616:
1526:
1491:
1442:
1356:
4850:
4833:
4008:
3936:
3738:
3381:"What is the best way to identify people with inherited high cholesterol?"
3038:
2287:
2270:
2212:
2122:
1881:
1824:
1518:
353:. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a
4602:
3635:
Berger S, Raman G, Vishwanathan R, Jacques PF, Johnson EJ (August 2015).
1242:
1139:
409:
346:
341:
337:
135:
92:
4453:
4147:
2478:(5), Roberto Colombo, Shoshi Shpitzen, Liat Ben Avi, et al.: 1172–1188,
424:
1399:
1230:. There are also increased risks in people older than 85 in the use of
1160:
1066:
597:
571:
483:
436:
370:
366:
350:
222:
5037:
4601:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (18 July 2014).
3299:
3282:
1598:
1183:) can reduce LDL cholesterol and have been shown to reduce mortality.
593:. Familial hypercholesterolemia affects about one in 250 individuals.
5049:
4481:
3848:
3753:"Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee"
3340:
3124:
2429:
1732:
1231:
1227:
413:
405:
100:
2269:
Vincent MJ, Allen B, Palacios OM, Haber LT, Maki KC (January 2019).
1065:
For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and
558:. In familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations may be present in the
2483:
2437:
2095:
Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA (June 1997).
2046:
Mannu GS, Zaman MJ, Gupta A, Rehman HU, Myint PK (February 2013).
839:, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of
585:
423:
312:
214:(any abnormalities of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood).
203:
3713:"Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man"
1378:
Behrman EJ, Gopalan V (December 2005). "Cholesterol and Plants".
861:
Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein
301:
are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL
4264:
Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, Daeges M, Jeanne TL (November 2016).
3911:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis"
590:
559:
281:. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective.
4651:, AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine
3596:"Cholesterol: where science and public health policy intersect"
2679:, National Cholesterol Education Program. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
2226:
Grundy SM (November 2016). "Does Dietary Cholesterol Matter?".
4310:"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
3787:"Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease"
3087:"Screening for Lipid Disorders: Recommendations and Rationale"
4635:
AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine
1195:(2004) and a joint body of professional societies led by the
3711:
Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ (November 1965).
1840:
Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook
400:(yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids),
4756:
Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL (May 2004).
3195:
Genest J, Frohlich J, Fodor G, McPherson R (October 2003).
1842:. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
412:(deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the
332:, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to
823:
total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides).
3909:
Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM (January 1999).
3056:. In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE (eds.).
385:. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as
349:(restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific
3950:
Hollænder PL, Ross AB, Kristensen M (September 2015).
2605:"NHLBI, High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need to Know"
2312:"Medication Induced Changes in Lipid and Lipoproteins"
1466:"Atherogenic lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis"
1271:
A 2002 survey found that 1.1% of U.S. adults who used
873:
of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found.
5138:
4449:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3589:
3587:
2689:
Davidson, Michael H.; Pradeep, Pallavi (2023-07-03).
2593:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1204:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
809:
5027:
4639:"Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
3011:
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (June 1972).
1134:
particularly effective. Inclusion of 2 g per day of
608:
of these variations has been the subject of debate.
206:
in the blood), hyperlipoproteinemia (high levels of
5101:
5031:
4789:"Chinese herbal medicines for hypercholesterolemia"
3991:Schaefer EJ, Gleason JA, Dansinger ML (June 2009).
3060:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle.
2677:
ATP III Guidelines At-A-Glance Quick Desk Reference
1919:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology
1241:recommends for hypercholesterolemia in people with
886:20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for
169:
122:
78:
66:
40:
35:
1764:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
815:
618:High-density lipoprotein § Recommended ranges
3873:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
2954:"New Information on Accuracy of LDL-C Estimation"
1507:Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine
257:). Lipoproteins are classified by their density:
4873:Weingärtner O, Böhm M, Laufs U (February 2009).
2136:DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, O'Keefe JH (2016).
1946:. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. pp. 1415–16.
1142:can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
404:(white or gray discoloration of the peripheral
2555:
1912:
1910:
1464:Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC (June 2004).
1279:. A systematic review of the effectiveness of
340:in the arteries. This can lead to progressive
4517:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2041:
2039:
1335:Durrington P (August 2003). "Dyslipidaemia".
233:), or the presence of other diseases such as
8:
5171:Cholesterol and steroid metabolism disorders
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
622:Low-density lipoprotein § Normal ranges
389:, while in the intestines it may present as
357:) may manifest as temporary loss of vision,
4793:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4314:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3791:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3548:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
1942:Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007).
1311:is being studied as a potential treatment.
5028:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4303:
4301:
3956:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3915:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3717:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3641:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
2275:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2191:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2101:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
381:, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as
49:
32:
5002:
4992:
4898:
4849:
4808:
4577:
4528:
4454:Clinical guideline 67: Lipid modification
4444:
4442:
4440:
4333:
4281:
4240:
4155:
4106:
4065:
4016:
3967:
3926:
3810:
3728:
3652:
3611:
3567:
3518:
3508:
3430:
3356:
3298:
3257:
3212:
3171:
3028:
2987:Johnson's Techworld - Reliving my hobbies
2886:
2790:
2772:
2491:
2445:
2388:
2318:. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.
2286:
2202:
2161:
2112:
2071:
2019:
1890:
1880:
1814:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1606:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1481:
808:
58:A color photograph of two bags of thawed
1994:Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (October 2010).
912:
625:
328:Although hypercholesterolemia itself is
225:, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as
5145:
4727:10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00013
4684:10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00012
3052:Ison HE, Clarke SL, Knowles JW (1993).
2597:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
2185:Ascherio A, Willett WC (October 1997).
1320:
1106:A 2020 Cochrane review found replacing
44:Hypercholesterolaemia, high cholesterol
27:High levels of cholesterol in the blood
1921:. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 530–32.
1193:National Cholesterol Education Program
1159:Other agents that may be used include
1069:has been shown to decrease mortality.
5181:Medical conditions related to obesity
3085:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
2833:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.016
2187:"Health effects of trans fatty acids"
1191:In the US, guidelines exist from the
1101:Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
627:Interpretation of cholesterol levels
7:
3594:Brownawell AM, Falk MC (June 2010).
2667:, NHS Choices. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
2344:. U.S. National Institutes of Health
462:have been shown to reduce levels of
194:, is the presence of high levels of
2723:"What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean"
2142:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
883:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
542:and medications for HIV as well as
4981:International Archives of Medicine
3432:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e
2691:"Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders"
2472:American Journal of Human Genetics
2426:American Society of Human Genetics
1483:10.1161/01.CIR.0000131511.50734.44
391:abdominal pain after eating a meal
25:
4359:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
3459:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
2924:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.809582
2565:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
1549:"Healthy diet – Fact sheet N°394"
925:Consider lifestyle modifications
914:LDL cholesterol level thresholds
600:population may exhibit a genetic
474:Medical conditions and treatments
5148:
4403:Archives of Disease in Childhood
3613:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00294.x
3244:(25): 3143–3421. December 2002.
1423:Advances in Physiology Education
1114:resulted in a small decrease in
466:while increasing levels of LDL.
383:transient visual loss in one eye
263:intermediate density lipoprotein
4922:Carrol, Margaret (April 2012).
3054:"Familial Hypercholesterolemia"
2993:from the original on 2023-09-28
2964:from the original on 2023-12-06
2733:from the original on 2024-02-26
2701:from the original on 2023-11-14
2647:from the original on 2024-03-13
2310:Herink M, Ito MK (2000-01-01).
2228:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
1863:Zech LA, Hoeg JM (March 2008).
4801:10.1002/14651858.CD008305.pub2
4326:10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub5
3803:10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3
3560:10.1002/14651858.CD009874.pub2
3281:Spector R, Snapinn SM (2011).
2958:American College of Cardiology
1644:Journal of Clinical Lipidology
1239:American College of Physicians
198:in the blood. It is a form of
1:
4942:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4233:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60367-5
2601:National Institutes of Health
2000:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
1838:Shields C, Shields J (2008).
1380:Journal of Chemical Education
1349:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1
577:familial hypercholesterolemia
556:familial hypercholesterolemia
322:familial hypercholesterolemia
231:familial hypercholesterolemia
4579:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000624
4371:10.1517/14656566.2014.986094
4058:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
3690:10.1016/0026-0495(65)90004-1
3329:Health Technology Assessment
2761:Lipids in Health and Disease
1917:James WD, Berger TG (2006).
1869:Lipids in Health and Disease
1285:traditional Chinese medicine
749:Undesirable; risk increased
259:very low density lipoprotein
4715:Annals of Internal Medicine
4672:Annals of Internal Medicine
4470:Annals of Internal Medicine
3837:Annals of Internal Medicine
3113:Annals of Internal Medicine
2695:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2665:Diagnosing High Cholesterol
2381:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016461
922:Criteria for risk category
5197:
5176:Lipid metabolism disorders
4954:10.2174/138161211797247550
4530:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001
3885:10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.010
3393:10.3310/nihrevidence_62958
2412:Slatkin, M (August 2004).
2154:10.1016/j.pcad.2015.11.006
2064:10.2174/157340313805076313
2052:Current Cardiology Reviews
1776:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179739
1656:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.001
1197:American Heart Association
1127:National Lipid Association
867:Fredrickson classification
854:
827:lipoprotein subfractions (
615:
3510:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1203
3030:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
2774:10.1186/s12944-019-0975-x
2637:"Diagnosis and treatment"
2240:10.1007/s11883-016-0615-0
2012:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
1944:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
1816:10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1876
1554:World Health Organization
1476:(23 Suppl 1): III2–III7.
1056:
1039:
927:
924:
921:
918:
739:
681:
645:
575:gene, autosomal dominant
355:transient ischemic attack
57:
48:
4891:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580
4838:The Journal of Nutrition
4108:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx566
3997:The Journal of Nutrition
3250:10.1161/circ.106.25.3143
2888:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158
2197:(4 Suppl): 1006S–1010S.
1435:10.1152/advan.00048.2003
816:{\displaystyle \approx }
480:diabetes mellitus type 2
464:high-density lipoprotein
271:high density lipoprotein
4646:: an initiative of the
4415:10.1136/adc.2008.157024
4283:10.1001/jama.2015.15629
3969:10.3945/ajcn.115.109165
3654:10.3945/ajcn.114.100305
2342:Genetics Home Reference
2204:10.1093/ajcn/66.4.1006S
1969:Ethnicity & Disease
1682:Genetics Home Reference
782:2 mmol/L for LDL.
447:is also a risk factor.
398:xanthelasma palpebrarum
318:Xanthelasma palpebrarum
267:low density lipoprotein
4994:10.1186/1755-7682-3-36
4879:European Heart Journal
4095:European Heart Journal
3173:10.1001/jama.2016.9852
2875:European Heart Journal
2338:"Hypercholesterolemia"
2114:10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1747
1678:"Hypercholesterolemia"
1250:Lipid-lowering therapy
1116:cardiovascular disease
888:coronary heart disease
817:
760:Okay, but not optimal
432:
387:calf pain when walking
325:
279:coronary heart disease
239:an underactive thyroid
171:Differential diagnosis
117:coronary heart disease
4851:10.3945/jn.108.095125
4009:10.3945/jn.108.098186
3730:10.1093/ajcn/17.5.281
3472:. Consumer Reports: 9
2578:. Consumer Reports: 9
1882:10.1186/1476-511X-7-7
1519:10.1038/ncpcardio0500
1277:conventional medicine
1224:myocardial infarction
933:No. of risk factors†
818:
724:High and undesirable
492:monoclonal gammopathy
428:Formula structure of
427:
316:
144:monoclonal gammopathy
18:Hypercholesterolaemia
4194:10.1093/qjmed/hcq165
3928:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30
1650:(3 Suppl): S38–S45.
1273:alternative medicine
1267:Alternative medicine
1213:Specific populations
928:Consider medication
807:
375:numbness or tingling
338:atheromatous plaques
294:polyunsaturated fats
292:in adult diets with
188:Hypercholesterolemia
180:hypertriglyceridemia
36:Hypercholesterolemia
4572:(25): e1046–e1081.
4148:10.1503/cmaj.101280
4142:(16): E1189–E1202.
4052:(25): e1082–e1143.
3259:2027/uc1.c095473168
2288:10.1093/ajcn/nqy273
1392:2005JChEd..82.1791B
1304:Research directions
1217:Among people whose
1112:polyunsaturated fat
962:Prior heart disease
941:myocardial ischemia
915:
771:Good; risk lowered
628:
568:autosomal recessive
367:difficulty speaking
210:in the blood), and
105:coronary thrombosis
60:fresh frozen plasma
5102:External resources
4003:(6): 1257S–1262S.
3762:. 2015. p. 17
3017:Clinical Chemistry
1400:10.1021/ed082p1791
913:
813:
796:Levels of fasting
646:total cholesterol
626:
564:autosomal dominant
516:thiazide diuretics
508:Cushing's syndrome
500:nephrotic syndrome
433:
361:and impairment of
326:
309:Signs and symptoms
160:Cushing's syndrome
152:nephrotic syndrome
5136:
5135:
4948:(24): 2575–2591.
4637:(February 2014),
4276:(19): 2008–2024.
4227:(9841): 581–590.
4101:(14): 1172–1180.
3879:(12): 1640–1661.
3600:Nutrition Reviews
3497:BMC Public Health
3387:. 30 April 2024.
3300:10.1159/000322999
2918:(17): 2383–2395.
2881:(14): 1769–1818.
2418:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1953:978-1-4160-2999-1
1928:978-0-7216-2921-6
1849:978-0-7817-7578-6
1809:(18): 1876–1887.
1599:10.1136/bmj.h3978
1343:(9385): 717–731.
1063:
1062:
775:
774:
632:Cholesterol type
598:Lithuanian Jewish
591:LDL receptor gene
583:) variant of the
185:
184:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5188:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5029:
5017:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4532:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4482:10.7326/M14-2957
4464:
4458:
4446:
4435:
4434:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3849:10.7326/M13-1788
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3455:Consumer Reports
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3341:10.3310/CTMD0148
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3125:10.7326/M16-0946
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3089:. Archived from
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2866:
2845:
2844:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2794:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:. Archived from
2587:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2561:Consumer Reports
2557:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:www.khazaria.com
2511:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2107:(6): 1747–1764.
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1770:(7): 1282–1292.
1759:
1753:
1752:
1733:10.1136/bmj.a993
1716:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1557:. September 2015
1545:
1539:
1538:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1429:(1–4): 105–106.
1418:
1412:
1411:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1332:
1281:herbal medicines
985:Moderately high
916:
877:Screening method
822:
820:
819:
814:
740:HDL cholesterol
713:Borderline high
682:LDL cholesterol
629:
607:
512:anorexia nervosa
247:steroid hormones
202:(high levels of
192:high cholesterol
164:anorexia nervosa
53:
33:
21:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5097:
5096:
5040:
5026:
5021:
5020:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4795:(7): CD008305.
4786:
4785:
4781:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4648:ABIM Foundation
4644:Choosing Wisely
4633:
4632:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4457:. London, 2008.
4447:
4438:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4320:(1): CD004816.
4307:
4306:
4299:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4039:
4038:
4034:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3797:(8): CD011737.
3784:
3783:
3779:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3554:(6): CD009874.
3541:
3540:
3536:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2868:
2867:
2848:
2821:Atherosclerosis
2817:
2816:
2812:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2616:
2615:on 1 April 2013
2591:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2045:
2044:
2037:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1640:
1639:
1624:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1317:
1306:
1294:
1269:
1219:life expectancy
1215:
1202:In the UK, the
1189:
1153:quality of life
1148:
1086:
1075:
1058:
939:
938:10-year risk of
907:
879:
863:electrophoresis
859:
853:
845:lipoprotein (a)
841:apolipoproteins
805:
804:
691:Most desirable
641:Interpretation
624:
614:
605:
552:
540:anticonvulsants
524:glucocorticoids
476:
453:
422:
334:atherosclerosis
311:
275:atherosclerosis
235:type 2 diabetes
85:Atherosclerosis
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5083:
5072:
5057:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:Classification
5025:
5024:External links
5022:
5019:
5018:
4967:
4932:
4914:
4885:(4): 404–409.
4865:
4844:(2): 271–284.
4824:
4779:
4748:
4721:(8): 650–658.
4705:
4678:(8): 644–649.
4661:
4619:
4593:
4552:
4523:(3): 720–732.
4503:
4459:
4436:
4409:(9): 673–680.
4392:
4365:(3): 347–356.
4349:
4297:
4256:
4207:
4188:(2): 109–124.
4171:
4122:
4081:
4032:
3983:
3962:(3): 556–572.
3942:
3901:
3862:
3843:(6): 398–406.
3826:
3777:
3744:
3723:(5): 281–295.
3703:
3684:(7): 776–787.
3668:
3647:(2): 276–294.
3627:
3606:(6): 355–364.
3583:
3534:
3483:
3470:Best Buy Drugs
3461:(March 2013).
3446:
3425:(2): 227–239.
3398:
3372:
3314:
3293:(1–2): 63–69.
3273:
3228:
3207:(9): 921–924.
3187:
3166:(6): 625–633.
3146:
3119:(8): 560–564.
3103:
3077:
3044:
3023:(6): 499–502.
3003:
2989:. 2017-11-04.
2974:
2960:. 2020-03-20.
2945:
2902:
2846:
2810:
2747:
2729:. 2017-11-16.
2714:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2643:. 2023-01-11.
2628:
2626:
2625:
2576:Best Buy Drugs
2567:(March 2013).
2531:
2506:
2484:10.1086/320123
2461:
2438:10.1086/423146
2404:
2375:(9): e016461.
2355:
2329:
2302:
2261:
2218:
2177:
2148:(5): 464–472.
2128:
2087:
2035:
2006:(2): 218–227.
1986:
1959:
1952:
1934:
1927:
1906:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1789:
1754:
1694:
1669:
1622:
1568:
1540:
1513:(3): 144–153.
1497:
1456:
1413:
1370:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1214:
1211:
1188:
1185:
1169:cholestyramine
1165:nicotinic acid
1147:
1144:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
936:
934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:Risk category
906:
903:
878:
875:
871:family history
857:Hyperlipidemia
855:Main article:
852:
851:Classification
849:
812:
773:
772:
769:
766:
762:
761:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
726:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
613:
610:
602:founder effect
551:
548:
536:antipsychotics
504:hypothyroidism
475:
472:
452:
449:
421:
418:
310:
307:
290:saturated fats
288:and replacing
200:hyperlipidemia
190:, also called
183:
182:
176:Hyperlipidemia
173:
167:
166:
156:hypothyroidism
124:
120:
119:
113:cardiovascular
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5193:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5156:
5146:
5142:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4768:(343): 1–19.
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:NIHR Evidence
3382:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:(16): 1–140.
3334:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3093:on 2015-02-10
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2727:www.heart.org
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2614:
2610:
2609:nhlbi.nih.gov
2606:
2603:(June 2005).
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:(3): 451–62.
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:cholesterol.
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:saturated fat
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
942:
937:
935:
932:
931:
917:
911:
904:
902:
900:
895:
891:
889:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
858:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
810:
801:
799:
798:triglycerides
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
623:
619:
611:
609:
603:
599:
594:
592:
589:gene, or the
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:retinoic acid
529:
528:beta blockers
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
467:
465:
461:
456:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
431:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:arcus senilis
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
229:mutations in
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
81:
80:Complications
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5120:
5109:
5085:
5074:
5059:
5044:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4917:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4792:
4782:
4765:
4762:Advance Data
4761:
4751:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4653:, retrieved
4642:
4610:. Retrieved
4606:
4596:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4476:(1): 40–51.
4473:
4469:
4462:
4452:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4317:
4313:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3921:(1): 30–42.
3918:
3914:
3904:
3896:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3771:
3764:. Retrieved
3759:
3747:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3603:
3599:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3469:
3449:
3422:
3418:
3384:
3375:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3290:
3287:Pharmacology
3286:
3276:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3080:
3069:. Retrieved
3057:
3047:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2966:. Retrieved
2957:
2948:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2878:
2874:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2741:
2735:. Retrieved
2726:
2717:
2709:
2703:. Retrieved
2694:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2608:
2588:which cites
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2315:
2305:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2055:
2051:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1724:
1720:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1590:
1586:
1559:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1386:(12): 1791.
1383:
1379:
1373:
1340:
1336:
1309:Gene therapy
1307:
1298:
1295:
1292:Epidemiology
1270:
1236:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1190:
1158:
1149:
1136:phytosterols
1132:
1124:
1105:
1090:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1064:
908:
896:
892:
880:
860:
825:
802:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
595:
584:
580:
570:
553:
477:
468:
457:
454:
434:
395:
330:asymptomatic
327:
283:
255:lipoproteins
243:
227:LDL receptor
216:
212:dyslipidemia
208:lipoproteins
191:
187:
186:
109:fat embolism
97:heart attack
5111:MedlinePlus
4566:Circulation
4046:Circulation
3419:Circulation
3238:Circulation
3058:GeneReviews
2912:Circulation
2827:: 123–131.
2641:Mayo Clinic
2281:(1): 7–16.
2058:(1): 2–14.
1803:Circulation
1470:Circulation
1177:bococizumab
951:mmol/litre
945:mmol/litre
666:Borderline
544:interferons
520:ciclosporin
430:cholesterol
299:medications
196:cholesterol
126:Poor diet,
41:Other names
5165:Categories
5087:DiseasesDB
3760:health.gov
3678:Metabolism
3097:2010-11-04
3071:2021-01-04
2997:2024-03-16
2968:2024-03-16
2737:2024-03-16
2705:2024-03-16
2651:2024-03-16
2524:18 October
2432:: 282–93.
2348:5 December
2234:(11): 68.
1315:References
1187:Guidelines
1181:alirocumab
1173:evolocumab
1146:Medication
1120:Trans fats
735:Very high
655:Desirable
616:See also:
538:, certain
460:Trans fats
445:Loneliness
410:xanthomata
379:chest pain
286:trans fats
269:(LDL) and
251:bile acids
140:alcoholism
89:thrombosis
73:Cardiology
5122:eMedicine
4498:207538324
3349:2046-4924
2932:0009-7322
2783:1476-511X
2767:(1): 28.
1593:: h3978.
1408:0021-9584
1365:208792416
1073:Lifestyle
1014:2 or more
1011:Moderate
988:2 or more
905:Treatment
811:≈
765:>1.55
612:Diagnosis
498:therapy,
359:dizziness
342:narrowing
303:apheresis
284:Avoiding
150:therapy,
132:fast food
128:junk food
68:Specialty
5155:Medicine
5127:med/1073
5013:21144047
4962:21774774
4909:19158117
4860:19091798
4819:21735427
4774:15188733
4743:25448635
4735:15096337
4692:15096336
4655:20 April
4588:30565953
4547:54525085
4539:15358046
4490:25915661
4431:24263653
4423:20515970
4379:25476544
4344:23440795
4292:27838722
4251:22607822
4202:20934984
4166:21989464
4117:29069377
4076:30586774
4027:19403705
3978:26269373
3893:24139973
3857:24723079
3821:32827219
3698:25286466
3663:26109578
3622:20536780
3578:23736950
3529:24355095
3503:: 1203.
3476:27 March
3441:15249516
3367:37924278
3358:10658348
3309:21228612
3268:12485966
3223:14581310
3182:27532917
3141:20592431
3133:27538032
3066:24404629
2991:Archived
2962:Archived
2940:19414656
2897:21712404
2841:27016614
2801:30684968
2743:factors.
2731:Archived
2699:Archived
2645:Archived
2619:27 March
2582:27 March
2502:11309683
2456:15208782
2399:28864697
2369:BMJ Open
2324:26561699
2316:Endotext
2297:30596814
2256:30969287
2248:27739004
2172:26586275
2082:22998604
2030:20652462
1981:10600068
1901:18331643
1875:(1): 7.
1784:20554950
1741:18719012
1727:: a993.
1664:21600528
1617:26268692
1535:27738163
1527:16505860
1492:15198959
1451:30197456
1443:15319192
1357:12957096
1283:used in
1256:factors.
1243:diabetes
1161:fibrates
1140:fructose
1052:>190
1049:>4.9
1043:>4.1
1032:>160
1029:>4.1
1023:>3.4
1006:>130
1003:>3.4
997:>3.4
980:>100
977:>2.6
971:>2.6
865:and the
754:1.0–1.5
743:<1.0
732:>190
729:>4.9
721:160–189
718:4.1–4.9
710:130–159
707:3.4–4.1
699:100–129
696:2.6–3.3
688:<100
685:<2.6
674:>240
671:>6.2
663:200–239
660:5.2–6.2
652:<200
649:<5.2
550:Genetics
496:dialysis
371:weakness
351:symptoms
347:ischemia
261:(VLDL),
148:dialysis
136:diabetes
93:embolism
5081:D006937
5004:3016243
4900:2642922
4810:3402023
4700:6744974
4335:6481400
4242:3437972
4157:3216447
4067:7403606
4018:2682989
3937:9925120
3812:8092457
3773:report.
3739:5846902
3569:4176664
3520:3890643
3039:4337382
2792:6347761
2493:1226098
2447:1216062
2390:5588988
2213:9322581
2163:4856550
2123:9174470
2073:3584303
2021:3874845
1892:2279133
1825:9603549
1749:5339837
1608:4532752
1561:July 6,
1388:Bibcode
1097:Hegsted
1067:statins
1046:>160
1026:>130
1020:<10%
1000:>130
974:>100
968:>20%
897:In the
768:>60
746:<40
635:mmol/L
606:utility
581:HCHOLA3
572:LDLRAP1
566:), the
488:alcohol
484:obesity
414:tendons
408:), and
363:balance
265:(IDL),
223:obesity
5141:Portal
5116:000403
5011:
5001:
4987:: 36.
4960:
4929:. CDC.
4907:
4897:
4858:
4817:
4807:
4772:
4741:
4733:
4698:
4690:
4612:27 May
4586:
4545:
4537:
4496:
4488:
4429:
4421:
4387:539314
4385:
4377:
4342:
4332:
4290:
4249:
4239:
4221:Lancet
4200:
4164:
4154:
4115:
4074:
4064:
4025:
4015:
3976:
3935:
3891:
3855:
3819:
3809:
3766:16 May
3737:
3696:
3661:
3620:
3576:
3566:
3527:
3517:
3439:
3365:
3355:
3347:
3307:
3266:
3221:
3214:219626
3211:
3180:
3139:
3131:
3064:
3037:
2938:
2930:
2895:
2839:
2799:
2789:
2781:
2500:
2490:
2454:
2444:
2430:PubMed
2397:
2387:
2322:
2295:
2254:
2246:
2211:
2170:
2160:
2121:
2080:
2070:
2028:
2018:
1979:
1950:
1925:
1899:
1889:
1846:
1823:
1782:
1747:
1739:
1687:16 May
1662:
1615:
1605:
1533:
1525:
1490:
1449:
1441:
1406:
1363:
1355:
1337:Lancet
1232:statin
1228:angina
1167:, and
1040:0 or 1
994:10–20%
954:mg/dL
948:mg/dL
757:41–59
638:mg/dL
620:, and
562:gene (
441:stress
439:, and
420:Causes
406:cornea
204:lipids
123:Causes
101:stroke
5070:272.0
5055:E78.0
4927:(PDF)
4739:S2CID
4696:S2CID
4543:S2CID
4494:S2CID
4427:S2CID
4383:S2CID
3756:(PDF)
3466:(PDF)
3137:S2CID
2572:(PDF)
2424:(2).
2252:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1531:S2CID
1447:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1110:with
959:High
702:Good
677:High
586:PCSK9
490:use,
5092:6226
5076:MeSH
5065:9-CM
5009:PMID
4958:PMID
4905:PMID
4856:PMID
4815:PMID
4770:PMID
4731:PMID
4688:PMID
4657:2015
4614:2019
4607:NICE
4584:PMID
4535:PMID
4486:PMID
4419:PMID
4375:PMID
4340:PMID
4318:2013
4288:PMID
4270:JAMA
4247:PMID
4198:PMID
4162:PMID
4136:CMAJ
4113:PMID
4072:PMID
4023:PMID
3974:PMID
3933:PMID
3889:PMID
3853:PMID
3817:PMID
3795:2020
3768:2016
3735:PMID
3694:PMID
3659:PMID
3618:PMID
3574:PMID
3552:2013
3525:PMID
3478:2013
3437:PMID
3363:PMID
3345:ISSN
3305:PMID
3264:PMID
3219:PMID
3201:CMAJ
3178:PMID
3160:JAMA
3129:PMID
3062:PMID
3035:PMID
2936:PMID
2928:ISSN
2893:PMID
2837:PMID
2797:PMID
2779:ISSN
2621:2013
2584:2013
2526:2018
2498:PMID
2452:PMID
2428:via
2395:PMID
2350:2013
2320:PMID
2293:PMID
2244:PMID
2209:PMID
2168:PMID
2119:PMID
2078:PMID
2026:PMID
1977:PMID
1948:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1897:PMID
1844:ISBN
1821:PMID
1780:PMID
1737:PMID
1689:2016
1660:PMID
1613:PMID
1563:2016
1523:PMID
1488:PMID
1439:PMID
1404:ISSN
1353:PMID
1237:The
1125:The
1095:and
1093:Keys
1084:Diet
1037:Low
1017:AND
991:AND
881:The
843:and
829:VLDL
803:LDL
596:The
560:APOB
510:and
451:Diet
437:diet
277:and
249:and
237:and
219:diet
115:and
5061:ICD
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