157: 'name') shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as
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Under the relations of hyponymy and incompatibility, taxonomic hierarchical structures too can be formed. It consists of two relations; the first one being exemplified in "An X is a Y" (simple hyponymy) while the second relation is "An X is a kind/type of Y". The second relation is said to be more
305:
If the hypernym Z consists of hyponyms X and Y, then X and Y are identified as co-hyponyms (cohyponyms), also known as coordinate terms. Co-hyponyms are labelled as such when separate hyponyms share the same hypernym but are not hyponyms of one another, unless they happen to be synonymous. For
459:
In some cases, autohyponyms duplicate existing, distinct hyponyms. The hypernym "smell" (to emit any smell) has a hyponym "stink" (to emit a bad smell), but is autohyponymous because "smell" can also mean "to emit a bad smell", even though there is no "to emit a smell that isn't bad" hyponym.
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had already observed that if there are hyponyms for one part of a set but not another, the hypernym can complement the existing hyponym by being used for the remaining part. For example, fingers describe all digits on a hand, but the existence of the word
451:
is autohyponymous because it is a hyponym (native of New
England) and its hypernym (native of the United States), even though there is no other hyponym of Yankee (as native of the United States) that means "not a native of New England". Similarly, the
169:. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hypernyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as
268:
The hierarchical structure of semantic fields can be seen in hyponymy. They could be observed from top to bottom, where the higher level is more general and the lower level is more specific. For example,
633:
would have to choose which
Japanese word equivalent to use. This would be difficult, because abstract information (such as the speakers' relative ages) is often not available during
419:, so it is possible to say "That dog isn't a dog, it's a bitch" ("That hypernym Z isn't a hyponym Z, it's a hyponym Y"). The term "autohyponym" was coined by linguist
51:
between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). The hypernym is also called a supertype, umbrella term, or blanket term. The hyponym is a
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Horn identifies up to four layers of hyponym for Yankee: native of the United States, native of the northern United States, native of New
England, or
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for the first finger means that fingers can also be used for "non-thumb digits on a hand". Autohyponymy is also called "vertical
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is a hyponym of color but itself is a hypernym of the broad spectrum of shades of purple between the range of
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for the
English language, which puts words in semantic relations to each other, mainly by using the concepts
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Co-hyponyms are often but not always related to one another by the relation of incompatibility. For example,
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In part because the term autohyponymy is ambiguous because it is itself an autohyponym (see
Koskela)
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As a hypernym can be understood as a more general word than its hyponym, the relation is used in
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Gillon, Brendan S. (1990). "Ambiguity, generality, and indeterminacy: Tests and definitions".
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A word is an autohyponym if it is used for both a hypernym and its hyponym: it has a stricter
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223:: if X is a hyponym of Y, and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z. For example,
219:. If X is a kind of Y, then X is a hyponym of Y and Y is a hypernym of X. Hyponymy is a
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The meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same
629:. An English-to-Japanese translator presented with a phrase containing the English word
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940:
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1224:"On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics"
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discriminating and can be classified more specifically under the concept of taxonomy.
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to drink (a beverage) is a hypernym for to drink (an alcoholic beverage).
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Proceedings of 14th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics
1039:"The Application of Semantic Field Theory to English Vocabulary Learning"
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is rarely used, because the neutral term to refer to the relationship is
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Maienborn, Claudia; von
Heusinger, Klaus; Portner, Paul, eds. (2011).
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of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym. For example,
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that is entirely a subset of a broader sense. For example, the word
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1682:
671:
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327:
241:
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1122:
Meaning in
Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics
1085:
The
Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
972:
551:
453:
1605:
1342:
1338:
946:(6th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
1281:"Learning syntactic patterns for automatic hypernym discovery"
1601:
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mean the same thing, with both in use by linguists. The form
34:
An example of the relationship between hyponyms and hypernym
1301:"Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora"
577:
by judging the distance between two synsets and to analyse
523:
is used, for instance, by John Lyons, who does not mention
326:, but not hyponyms of one another: *"A hammer is a type of
253:. A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym: for example
1082:
Green, Rebecca; Bean, Carol A.; Sung, Hyon Myaeng (2002).
905:
The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction
1209:"Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony"
425:
Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony.
573:. These semantic relations can also be used to compare
565:
Hyponymy is the most frequently encoded relation among
1251:"On the Interpretation of Etymologies in Dictionaries"
1279:
Snow, Rion; Jurafsky, Daniel; Ng, Andrew Y. (2004).
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1780:
1726:
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595:The notion of hyponymy is particularly relevant to
322:are all co-hyponyms of one another and hyponyms of
1000:
939:
1288:Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
889:Synaptic plasticity is a hypernym (umbrella term)
385:. This shows that compatibility may be relevant.
27:Semantic relations involving the type-of property
615:
600:
815:Hypernym can also be called an "Umbrella term"
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607:
1617:
1354:
507:. In other combinations with this stem, e.g.
8:
185:can also be considered hyponyms of the verb
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963:
833:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 73.
204:used in the previous example refers to the
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1610:
1602:
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1339:
938:Fromkin, Victoria; Robert, Rodman (1998).
200:rather than words. For instance, the word
1316:
1054:
1037:Gao, Chunming; Xu, Bin (November 2013).
763:"Umbrella Term Law and Legal Definition"
392:
29:
1043:Theory and Practice in Language Studies
778:Umbrella term is also called a hypernym
754:
721:
588:by generalization to reduce a level of
614:, and the word for younger brother is
273:will be the highest level followed by
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1200:
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796:. Taylor & Francis. p. 165.
515:is etymologically more faithful than
7:
377:but there is nothing preventing the
281:, and the lowest level may comprise
194:word class (that is, part of speech)
1819:International scientific vocabulary
1814:English lexicology and lexicography
1567:International scientific vocabulary
793:LGBTQs, Media and Culture in Europe
569:used in lexical databases such as
550:often terms this relationship an "
25:
911:John Benjamins Publishing Company
511:, it is never elided. Therefore,
1854:
1587:
870:. Books on Demand. p. 77.
830:Handbook of Intellectual Styles
1829:Lexicographic information cost
1486:Language-for-specific-purposes
499:. However, etymologically the
397:Three varieties of autohyponym
1:
1132:. p. 162. Archived from
827:Robert J. Sternberg (2011).
1577:List of online dictionaries
1222:Koskela, Anu (2015-01-23).
1056:10.4304/tpls.3.11.2030-2035
901:Brinton, Laurel J. (2000).
852:umbrealla term, or hypernym
616:
601:
443:Horn called this "licensed
409:describes both the species
215:Hypernymy and hyponymy are
189:, which is their hypernym.
1900:
1090:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1009:Cambridge University Press
864:Frank W. D. Röder (2011).
503:is part of the Greek stem
143:
140: 'under' and
126:
1852:
1585:
1207:Horn, Laurence R (1984).
790:Alexander Dhoest (2016).
623:
608:
1844:Specialized lexicography
942:Introduction to Language
909:(Illustrated ed.).
415:and male individuals of
1834:Linguistic prescription
1130:Oxford University Press
1742:Hypernymy and hyponymy
1572:List of lexicographers
741:native of New England.
398:
357:, which is also not a
99:Hypernyms and hyponyms
87:are both hypernyms of
55:of the hypernym. The
35:
1809:Controlled vocabulary
1747:Meronymy and holonymy
1501:Monolingual learner's
1318:10.3115/992133.992154
1119:Cruse, D. A. (2004).
667:Meronymy and holonymy
531:. The nominalization
396:
373:are both hyponyms of
119:, hyponymy (from
33:
1261:Lyons, John (1977),
999:Lyons, John (1977).
597:language translation
586:semantic compression
196:, and holds between
71:are all hyponyms of
1824:Lexicographic error
1541:Spelling dictionary
1451:Defining vocabulary
1299:Hearst, M. (1992).
1211:. pp. 110–118.
867:The Roeder Protocol
635:machine translation
575:semantic similarity
345:are co-hyponyms of
221:transitive relation
1884:Semantic relations
1860:Linguistics portal
1593:Linguistics portal
1426:Advanced learner's
1335:at Everything2.com
1171:10.1007/BF00484835
399:
217:converse relations
49:semantic relations
36:
1866:
1865:
1757:Lexical semantics
1599:
1598:
1249:Pius ten Hacken,
1049:(11): 2033–2034.
1018:978-0-52-129165-1
985:978-3-11-018470-9
976:De Gruyter Mouton
953:978-0-03-018682-0
924:978-90-272-2567-2
662:Lexical semantics
423:in a 1984 paper,
210:screwdriver drink
208:, and not to the
113:general semantics
16:(Redirected from
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1762:Semantic network
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1491:Machine-readable
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417:Canis familiaris
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1647:Lexical item
1531:Single-field
1466:Etymological
1461:Encyclopedic
1441:Biographical
1418:dictionaries
1370:Lexicography
1308:
1304:
1291:
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1257:
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1234:. Retrieved
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1061:the original
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883:December 11,
881:. Retrieved
866:
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846:December 11,
844:. Retrieved
829:
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807:. Retrieved
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770:. Retrieved
766:
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647:Contrast set
630:
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429:Ruth Kempson
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1640:Major terms
1536:Specialized
1506:Multi-field
1471:Explanatory
1402:Phrase book
767:uslegal.com
682:Subcategory
497:hypotension
308:screwdriver
301:Co-hyponyms
202:screwdriver
105:linguistics
1873:Categories
1839:Morphology
1633:Lexicology
1476:Historical
1456:Electronic
1446:Conceptual
1387:Dictionary
1236:2019-06-12
1143:2014-10-17
1105:2014-10-17
974:. Berlin:
913:. p.
749:References
533:hyperonymy
521:Hyperonymy
163:understand
117:ontologies
1879:Hierarchy
1781:Functions
1772:Troponymy
1730:relations
1546:Sub-field
1436:Bilingual
1416:Types of
1407:Thesaurus
1377:Types of
1263:Semantics
1067:6 October
1003:Semantics
525:hypernymy
513:hyperonym
469:Hyperonym
464:Etymology
427:Linguist
353:is not a
306:example,
167:knowledge
109:semantics
41:Hypernymy
18:Hyperonym
1793:Headword
1737:Antonymy
1728:Semantic
1703:Morpheme
1688:Grapheme
1671:Elements
1392:Glossary
1333:Hypernym
1187:15186368
1179:20116854
1159:Synthese
705:hypernym
692:Taxonomy
677:Polysemy
641:See also
579:anaphora
537:hyponymy
517:hypernym
477:hypernym
473:hypernym
445:polysemy
438:polysemy
312:scissors
47:are the
45:hyponymy
1767:Synonym
1708:Phoneme
1678:Chereme
1652:Lexicon
1521:Rhyming
1516:Reverse
1511:Picture
1496:Medical
1431:Anagram
1397:Lexicon
1311:: 539.
1273:Sources
709:hyponym
697:WordNet
687:Synonym
631:brother
571:WordNet
567:synsets
509:synonym
485:hyponym
279:animals
259:crimson
159:imagine
53:subtype
1802:Fields
1718:Sememe
1698:Lexeme
1683:Glyphs
1551:Visual
1185:
1177:
1096:
1015:
982:
950:
921:
874:
837:
800:
449:Yankee
383:mother
371:mother
363:senses
320:hammer
318:, and
275:plants
263:violet
255:purple
247:violet
237:purple
232:purple
226:violet
198:senses
115:, and
85:animal
77:animal
67:, and
61:pigeon
1752:Idiom
1693:Lemma
1657:Lexis
1560:Other
1481:Idiom
1284:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1183:S2CID
1175:JSTOR
1137:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
716:Notes
672:-onym
652:Has-a
617:otōto
560:color
543:Usage
505:ónoma
434:thumb
403:sense
379:queen
375:woman
367:queen
355:peach
351:apple
347:fruit
339:peach
335:apple
328:knife
316:knife
251:color
242:color
171:stare
152:ónuma
145:ὄνυμα
123:
1713:Seme
1662:Word
1526:Rime
1094:ISBN
1069:2014
1013:ISBN
980:ISBN
948:ISBN
919:ISBN
885:2018
872:ISBN
848:2018
835:ISBN
811:2018
798:ISBN
774:2018
739:WASP
707:and
558:and
552:is-a
495:and
489:hypo
471:and
454:verb
369:and
365:. A
359:plum
343:plum
341:and
324:tool
291:wolf
289:and
277:and
261:and
235:and
187:look
183:peer
181:and
179:view
175:gaze
165:and
135:hupó
91:and
83:and
81:bird
75:and
73:bird
65:crow
43:and
1313:doi
1167:doi
1051:doi
915:112
699:(a
602:ani
556:red
501:-o-
483:of
481:-o-
440:".
407:dog
287:cat
283:dog
128:ὑπό
103:In
93:hen
69:hen
1875::
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609:兄
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132:(
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