1574:
exclusively, decreases T4 production by limiting the amount of iodine needed for thyroid hormone production. It is the only available commercial diet that focuses on managing feline hyperthyroidism. Medical and dietary management using methimazole and Hill's y/d cat food will give hyperthyroid cats an average of 2 years before dying due to secondary conditions such as heart and kidney failure. Drugs used to help manage the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are methimazole and carbimazole. Drug therapy is the least expensive option, even though the drug must be administered daily for the remainder of the cat's life. Carbimazole is only available as a once daily tablet. Methimazole is available as an oral solution, a tablet, and compounded as a
1178:, typically used to treat high blood pressure, are a class of drugs that offset this effect, reducing rapid pulse associated with the sensation of palpitations, and decreasing tremor and anxiety. Thus, a person with hyperthyroidism can often obtain immediate temporary relief until the hyperthyroidism can be characterized with the Radioiodine test noted above and more permanent treatment take place. Note that these drugs do not treat hyperthyroidism or any of its long-term effects if left untreated, but, rather, they treat or reduce only symptoms of the condition.
920:
determine the cause of hyperthyroidism. The uptake test uses radioactive iodine injected or taken orally on an empty stomach to measure the amount of iodine absorbed by the thyroid gland. Persons with hyperthyroidism absorb much more iodine than healthy persons which includes radioactive iodine which is easy to measure. A thyroid scan producing images is typically conducted in connection with the uptake test to allow visual examination of the over-functioning gland.
410:, thinning of the skin, fine brittle hair, and muscular weakness—especially in the upper arms and thighs. More frequent bowel movements may occur, and diarrhea is common. Weight loss, sometimes significant, may occur despite a good appetite (though 10% of people with a hyperactive thyroid experience weight gain), vomiting may occur, and, for women, menstrual flow may lighten and menstrual periods may occur less often, or with longer cycles than usual.
727:
672:(protrusion of the eyeball), which occurs specifically and uniquely in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (note that not all exophthalmos is caused by Graves' disease, but when present with hyperthyroidism is diagnostic of Graves' disease). This forward protrusion of the eyes is due to immune-mediated inflammation in the retro-orbital (eye socket) fat. Exophthalmos, when present, may exacerbate hyperthyroid lid-lag and stare.
1067:
1058:
1049:
1357:, etc.) may be useful during this period of time. Most people do not experience any difficulty after the radioactive iodine treatment, usually given as a small pill. On occasion, neck tenderness or a sore throat may become apparent after a few days, if moderate inflammation in the thyroid develops and produces discomfort in the neck or throat area. This is usually transient, and not associated with a fever, etc.
622:
1472:(hCG) stimulates thyroid hormone production, in a condition known as gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis generally abates in the second trimester as hCG levels decline and thyroid function normalizes. Hyperthyroidism can increase the risk of complications for mother and child. Such risks include pregnancy-related hypertension, pregnancy loss, low-birth weight,
66:
745:. An autoimmune disease (usually, the most common cause with 50–80% worldwide, although this varies substantially with location- i.e., 47% in Switzerland (Horst et al., 1987) to 90% in the USA (Hamburger et al. 1981)). Thought to be due to varying levels of iodine in the diet. It is eight times more common in females than males and often occurs in young females, around 20 to 40 years of age.
876:(TSH), produced by the pituitary gland (which in turn is also regulated by the hypothalamus's TSH Releasing Hormone) in the blood is typically the initial test for suspected hyperthyroidism. A low TSH level typically indicates that the pituitary gland is being inhibited or "instructed" by the brain to cut back on stimulating the thyroid gland, having sensed increased levels of T
1586:
treatment, usually for a total of 3 weeks (the cat spends the first week in total isolation and the next two weeks in close confinement). In the United States, the guidelines for radiation levels vary from state to state; some states such as
Massachusetts allow hospitalization for as little as two days before the animal is sent home with care instructions.
414:
963:, amounting to perhaps less than a grain of salt. A 2-hour fast of no food prior to and for 1 hour after ingesting the pill is required. This low dose of radioiodine is typically tolerated by individuals otherwise allergic to iodine (such as those unable to tolerate contrast mediums containing larger doses of iodine such as used in
956:. For the imaging scan, I-123 is considered an almost ideal isotope of iodine for imaging thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer metastasis. Thyroid scintigraphy should not be performed in those who are pregnant, a thyroid ultrasound with color flow doppler may be obtained as an alternative in these circumstances.
1228:
From a public health perspective, the general introduction of iodized salt in the United States in 1924 resulted in lower disease, goiters, as well as improving the lives of children whose mothers would not have eaten enough iodine during pregnancy which would have lowered the IQs of their children.
1364:
A common outcome following radioiodine is a swing from hyperthyroidism to the easily treatable hypothyroidism, which occurs in 78% of those treated for Graves' thyrotoxicosis and in 40% of those with toxic multinodular goiter or solitary toxic adenoma. Use of higher doses of radioiodine reduces the
1300:
or a very low amount of iodine-131), which has a biological half-life from 8–13 hours. Iodine-131, which also emits beta particles that are far more damaging to tissues at short range, has a half-life of approximately 8 days. People not responding sufficiently to the first dose are sometimes given
589:
Bone loss, which is associated with overt but not subclinical hyperthyroidism, may occur in 10 to 20% of patients. This may be due to an increase in bone remodelling and a decrease in bone density, and increases fracture risk. It is more common in postmenopausal women; less so in younger women, and
1093:
levels are high. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is a milder form of hyperthyroidism characterized by low or undetectable serum TSH level, but with a normal serum free thyroxine level. Although the evidence for doing so is not definitive, treatment of elderly persons having subclinical hyperthyroidism
1360:
It is recommended that breastfeeding be stopped at least six weeks before radioactive iodine treatment and that it not be resumed, although it can be done in future pregnancies. It also shouldn't be done during pregnancy, and pregnancy should be put off until at least 6–12 months after treatment.
1573:
The same three treatments used with humans are also options in treating feline hyperthyroidism (surgery, radioiodine treatment, and anti-thyroid drugs). There is also a special low iodine diet available that will control the symptoms providing no other food is fed; Hill's y/d formula, when given
1304:
Since iodine is picked up more readily (though not exclusively) by thyroid cells, and (more important) is picked up even more readily by over-active thyroid cells, the destruction is local, and there are no widespread side effects with this therapy. Radioiodine ablation has been used for over 50
734:
There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a "hot" nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hyperthyroidism. Functional
1344:
As radioactive iodine treatment results in the destruction of thyroid tissue, there is often a transient period of several days to weeks when the symptoms of hyperthyroidism may actually worsen following radioactive iodine therapy. In general, this happens as a result of thyroid hormones being
1320:
The principal advantage of radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism is that it tends to have a much higher success rate than medications. Depending on the dose of radioiodine chosen, and the disease under treatment (Graves' vs. toxic goiter, vs. hot nodule etc.), the success rate in achieving
1585:
Radioiodine treatment, however, is not available in all areas, as this treatment requires nuclear radiological expertise and facilities that not only board the cat, but are specially equipped to manage the cat's urine, sweat, saliva, and stool, which are radioactive for several days after the
919:
levels. TSH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland in the brain that tells the thyroid gland how much hormone to make. When there is too much thyroid hormone, the TSH will be low. A radioactive iodine uptake test and thyroid scan together characterizes or enables radiologists and doctors to
1316:
There is extensive experience, over many years, of the use of radioiodine in the treatment of thyroid overactivity and this experience does not indicate any increased risk of thyroid cancer following treatment. However, a study from 2007 has reported an increased number of cancer cases after
1296:, radioactive iodine-131 is given orally (either by pill or liquid) on a one-time basis, to severely restrict, or altogether destroy the function of a hyperactive thyroid gland. This isotope of radioactive iodine used for ablative treatment is more potent than diagnostic radioiodine (usually
978:
The person returns 24 hours later to have the level of radioiodine "uptake" (absorbed by the thyroid gland) measured by a device with a metal bar placed against the neck, which measures the radioactivity emitting from the thyroid. This test takes about 4 minutes while the uptake %
396:
may temporarily help people while other treatments are having an effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. Worldwide,
971:(IVP), and similar imaging diagnostic procedures). Excess radioiodine that does not get absorbed into the thyroid gland is eliminated by the body in urine. Some people with hyperthyroidism may experience a slight allergic reaction to the diagnostic radioiodine and may be given an
665:), when the person tracks an object downward with their eyes, the eyelid fails to follow the downward moving iris, and the same type of upper globe exposure which is seen with lid retraction occurs, temporarily. These signs disappear with treatment of the hyperthyroidism.
1432:
In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. About half of these cases have obvious symptoms while the other half do not. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. The disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.
1166:. Because thyroid tissue usually contains a substantial reserve of thyroid hormone, thyrostatics can take weeks to become effective and the dose often needs to be carefully titrated over a period of months, with regular doctor visits and blood tests to monitor results.
268:
is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a
1515:. In the United States, up to 10% of cats over ten years old have hyperthyroidism. The disease has become significantly more common since the first reports of feline hyperthyroidism in the 1970s. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats is the presence of
1825:
Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, et al. (June 2011). "Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the
American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists".
4025:
Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VW, de Rijke YB, et al. (January 2016). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study".
3599:
Berglund J, Christensen SB, Dymling JF, Hallengren B (May 1991). "The incidence of recurrence and hypothyroidism following treatment with antithyroid drugs, surgery or radioiodine in all patients with thyrotoxicosis in Malmö during the period 1970-1974".
819:(PPT) occurs in about 7% of women during the year after they give birth. PPT typically has several phases, the first of which is hyperthyroidism. This form of hyperthyroidism usually corrects itself within weeks or months without the need for treatment.
1480:
delivery, still birth and behavioral disorders later in the child's life. Nonetheless, high maternal FT4 levels during pregnancy have been associated with impaired brain developmental outcomes of the offspring and this was independent of hCG levels.
1185:—which has two roles in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, determined by the different isomers of propranolol. L-propranolol causes beta-blockade, thus treating the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism such as tremor, palpitations, anxiety, and
1257:
infection as with any major surgery. Some people with Graves' may opt for surgical intervention. This includes those that cannot tolerate medicines for one reason or another, people that are allergic to iodine, or people that refuse radioiodine.
991:
will read and prepare a report indicating the uptake % and comments after examining the images. People with hyperthyroid will typically "take up" higher than normal levels of radioiodine. Normal ranges for RAI uptake are from 10 to 30%.
617:
in nature and approximately 5% of people with myasthenia gravis also have hyperthyroidism. Myasthenia gravis rarely improves after thyroid treatment and the relationship between the two entities is becoming better understood over the past 15
4561:
4546:
4531:
1332:
are cautioned against radioactive iodine-131 treatment, since it has been shown to exacerbate existing thyroid eye disease. People with mild or no ophthalmic symptoms can mitigate their risk with a concurrent six-week course of
1244:
to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it) is not extensively used because most common forms of hyperthyroidism are quite effectively treated by the radioactive iodine method, and because there is a risk of also removing the
3643:
Esfahani AF, Kakhki VR, Fallahi B, Eftekhari M, Beiki D, Saghari M, et al. (2005). "Comparative evaluation of two fixed doses of 185 and 370 MBq 131I, for the treatment of Graves' disease resistant to antithyroid drugs".
1325:, requiring daily treatment with thyroid hormone. On occasion, some people may require more than one radioactive treatment, depending on the type of disease present, the size of the thyroid, and the initial dose administered.
790:
Oral consumption of excess thyroid hormone tablets is possible (surreptitious use of thyroid hormone), as is the rare event of eating ground beef or pork contaminated with thyroid tissue, and thus thyroid hormones (termed
637:
may cause the eyes to look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward. Sometimes, one or both eyes may bulge. Some have swelling of the front of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (a goiter).
397:
hyperthyroidism affects 2.5% of adults. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.
690:, high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and mental agitation. Symptoms may not be typical in the young, old, or pregnant. It usually occurs due to untreated hyperthyroidism and can be provoked by infections. It is a
1641:, the consumption of feces, and also live in a household with a dog receiving levothyroxine treatment, may develop hyperthyroidism if they frequently eat the feces from the dog receiving levothyroxine treatment.
1301:
an additional radioiodine treatment, at a larger dose. Iodine-131 in this treatment is picked up by the active cells in the thyroid and destroys them, rendering the thyroid gland mostly or completely inactive.
405:
Hyperthyroidism may be asymptomatic or present with significant symptoms. Some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism include nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, heart racing, hand tremors, anxiety,
927:
is a useful test to characterize (distinguish between causes of) hyperthyroidism, and this entity from thyroiditis. This test procedure typically involves two tests performed in connection with each other: an
1423:
may be beneficial when taken along with routine hyperthyroid medications, however, there is no reliable evidence to determine the effectiveness of
Chinese herbal medications for treating hyperthyroidism.
1626:. It may be possible to reduce the size of the tumor, thus relieving symptoms and allowing time for other treatments to work. About 10% of thyroid tumors are benign; these often cause few symptoms.
983:
percentage) is accumulated (calculated) by the machine software. A scan is also performed, wherein images (typically a center, left and right angle) are taken of the contrasted thyroid gland with a
590:
men. Bone disease related to hyperthyroidism was first described by
Frederick von Recklinghausen, in 1891; he described the bones of a woman who died of hyperthyroidism as appearing "worm-eaten".
538:
and cognitive symptoms for several months to up to 10 years after a euthyroid state is established. In addition, those with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of physical symptoms such as
718:
treatment of Graves' disease often eventually leads to hypothyroidism. Such hypothyroidism may be diagnosed with thyroid hormone testing and treated by oral thyroid hormone supplementation.
3990:
Andersen SL, Andersen S, Vestergaard P, Olsen J (April 2018). "Maternal
Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Danish Nationwide Case-Cohort Study".
1365:
number of cases of treatment failure, with penalty for higher response to treatment consisting mostly of higher rates of eventual hypothyroidism which requires hormone treatment for life.
1468:
Recognizing and evaluating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is a diagnostic challenge. Thyroid hormones are commonly elevated during the first trimester of pregnancy as the pregnancy hormone
1372:
as more uniform (hypoechogenic), due to densely packed large cells, with 81% later becoming hypothyroid, compared to just 37% in those with more normal scan appearances (normoechogenic).
1411:
is the preferred thioamide in thyroid storm as it can prevent the conversion of T4 to the more active T3 in the peripheral tissues in addition to inhibiting thyroid hormone production.
1732:
1954:
2933:
Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, et al. (January 2004). "Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management".
534:
state is obtained, with a marked reduction in anxiety, sense of exhaustion, irritability, and depression. Some individuals may have an increased rate of anxiety or persistence of
384:
by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months. The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Medications such as
1321:
definitive resolution of the hyperthyroidism may vary from 75 to 100%. A major expected side-effect of radioiodine in people with Graves' disease is the development of lifelong
1345:
released into the blood following the radioactive iodine-mediated destruction of thyroid cells that contain thyroid hormone. In some people, treatment with medications such as
911:—may also contribute to the diagnosis. The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism is confirmed by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and elevated T
2511:
1174:
Many of the common symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as palpitations, trembling, and anxiety are mediated by increases in beta-adrenergic receptors on cell surfaces.
5041:
4336:"Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008-2013)"
1102:(by 42%) in people with subclinical hyperthyroidism; there is insufficient evidence to say whether treatment with antithyroid medications would reduce that risk.
3136:
Eber O, Buchinger W, Lindner W, Lind P, Rath M, Klima G, et al. (March 1990). "The effect of D- versus L-propranolol in the treatment of hyperthyroidism".
4458:
884:
in the blood. In rare circumstances, a low TSH indicates primary failure of the pituitary, or temporary inhibition of the pituitary due to another illness (
3282:"Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery"
3280:
Cirocchi R, Arezzo A, D'Andrea V, Abraha I, Popivanov GI, Avenia N, et al. (19 January 2019). Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).
2799:
1450:
first made the association between the goiter and protrusion of the eyes in 1786, however, did not publish his findings until 1825. In 1835, Irish doctor
1419:
In countries such as China, herbs used alone or with antithyroid medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism. Very low quality evidence suggests that
4767:
694:
and requires hospital care to control the symptoms rapidly. The mortality rate in thyroid storm is 3.6-17%, usually due to multi-organ system failure.
4810:
4672:
2449:
4245:
1436:
1080:
3245:
Catania A, Guaitoli E, Carbotta G, Bianchini M, Di Matteo FM, Carbotta S, et al. (2012). "Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease treatment".
4184:
787:
associated with secretion of excess thyroid hormone but usually progress to gland dysfunction and, thus, to hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism.
4856:
661:, where the "white" of the eye begins at the upper border of the iris). Extraocular muscle weakness may present with double vision. In lid-lag (
3854:
Fumarola A, Di Fiore A, Dainelli M, Grani G, Carbotta G, Calvanese A (June 2011). "Therapy of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and breastfeeding".
1519:
called adenomas. 98% of cases are caused by the presence of an adenoma, but the reason these cats develop such tumors continues to be studied.
4777:
4391:
4225:
3721:
3341:
2876:
2661:
2486:
2200:
1197:, providing some though minimal therapeutic effect. Other beta-blockers are used to treat only the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism.
1740:
3223:
1950:
1633:(lack of thyroid hormone), iatrogenic hyperthyroidism may occur as a result of an overdose of the thyroid hormone replacement medication,
1454:
discovered a link between the protrusion of the eyes and goiter, giving his name to the autoimmune disease now known as Graves' Disease.
952:(i.e. less radiation dose to the person per unit administered radioactivity) and a gamma photon energy more amenable to imaging with the
1644:
Hyperthyroidism may occur if a dog eats an excessive amount of thyroid gland tissue. This has occurred in dogs fed commercial dog food.
4832:
810:
2784:
1927:
343:. The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests. Typically blood tests show a low
4935:
4403:"2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis"
3330:
2825:
2541:
1582:
to the hairless skin inside a cat's ear. Many cat owners find this gel a good option for cats that don't like being given pills.
3549:
959:
Typical administration involves a pill or liquid containing sodium iodide (NaI) taken orally, which contains a small amount of
3019:"Minor perturbations of thyroid homeostasis and major cardiovascular endpoints-Physiological mechanisms and clinical evidence"
2265:
413:
2867:
Mesko D, Pullmann R (December 2012). "Blood - Plasma - Serum". In Marks V, Cantor T, Mesko D, Pullmann R, Nosalova G (eds.).
1265:
concluded that the available evidence shows no difference between visually identifying the nerve or utilizing intraoperative
929:
1023:(nanograms): 71 – 180 ng/dl. Persons with hyperthyroidism can easily exhibit levels many times these upper limits for T
2519:
478:, hair loss (especially of the outer third of the eyebrows), muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity, irritability,
4729:
4665:
3068:
LeFevre ML (May 2015). "Screening for thyroid dysfunction: U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force recommendation statement".
606:
530:, are rare with milder hyperthyroidism. Many persons will experience complete remission of symptoms 1 to 2 months after a
1399:, an iodinated radiocontrast agent or an iodine solution if the radiocontrast agent is not available, and an intravenous
4930:
4920:
1469:
1463:
846:
751:(the most common cause in Switzerland, 53%, thought to be atypical due to a low level of dietary iodine in this country)
3470:
3111:
1653:
1563:
873:
857:
344:
2619:
4473:
4953:
4805:
904:
776:
703:
432:
370:
4271:
3791:"Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk of Cognitive Decline: a Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"
1272:
If people have toxic nodules treatments typically include either removal or injection of the nodule with alcohol.
4996:
4898:
4754:
4707:
1329:
1250:
964:
754:
421:
336:
181:
2807:
641:
Minor ocular (eye) signs, which may be present in any type of hyperthyroidism, are eyelid retraction ("stare"),
5046:
4658:
4576:
1015:
is unbound to any protein in the blood. Adult limits for these hormones are: TSH (units): 0.45 – 4.50 uIU/mL; T
4437:
1863:"Excess Mortality in Treated and Untreated Hyperthyroidism Is Related to Cumulative Periods of Low Serum TSH"
4963:
4822:
4724:
1369:
1338:
885:
850:
389:
319:
is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include
138:
4499:
1309:
also picks up and concentrates iodine). Once the thyroid function is reduced, replacement hormone therapy (
4958:
4947:
2644:
Andersson M, Zimmermann MB (2010). "Influence of Iodine
Deficiency and Excess on Thyroid Function Tests".
2453:
1658:
1506:
1387:
measures along with a combination of the above modalities including: an intravenous beta blockers such as
1158:). Propylthiouracil also works outside the thyroid gland, preventing the conversion of (mostly inactive) T
816:
579:
373:(thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies are positive in Graves disease) may help determine the cause.
4295:"Thyrotoxicosis in a dog induced by the consumption of feces from a levothyroxine-supplemented housemate"
5036:
5031:
4940:
4119:
Johnson, A. (2014). Small Animal
Pathology for Veterinarian Technicians. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
3357:
Hertz BE, Schuller KE (2010). "Saul Hertz, MD (1905-1950): a pioneer in the use of radioactive iodine".
2166:
968:
841:
Thyrotoxicosis can also occur after taking too much thyroid hormone in the form of supplements, such as
748:
4191:
376:
Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease. There are three main treatment options:
3179:
Geffner DL, Hershman JM (July 1992). "Beta-adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism".
1550:). Other symptoms include hyperactivity, possible aggression, an unkempt appearance, and large, thick
4991:
4925:
4876:
4241:
2092:
1570:). 10% of cats exhibit "apathetic hyperthyroidism", which is characterized by anorexia and lethargy.
806:
780:
662:
4866:
4565:
1451:
1447:
1269:
during surgery, when trying to prevent injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery.
1105:
A 2022 meta-analysis found subclinical hyperthyroidism to be associated with cardiovascular death.
1095:
936:. The uptake test involves administering a dose of radioactive iodine (radioiodine), traditionally
642:
547:
377:
320:
204:
165:
1113:
In those without symptoms who are not pregnant there is little evidence for or against screening.
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3879:
3625:
3426:
3161:
3093:
2597:
2373:
2116:
2065:
1900:
1575:
1246:
735:
thyroid tissue producing an excess of thyroid hormone occurs in a number of clinical conditions.
687:
507:
499:
109:
4881:
4871:
4845:
3215:
1214:
742:
630:
503:
316:
161:
3673:"Thyroid echogenicity predicts outcome of radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease"
4800:
4772:
4759:
4697:
4616:
4587:
4540:
4424:
4387:
4357:
4316:
4221:
4165:
4102:
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4007:
3972:
3931:
3871:
3820:
3771:
3717:
3694:
3653:
3617:
3531:
3418:
3374:
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3311:
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3196:
3153:
3085:
3050:
2999:
2950:
2915:
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2837:
2757:
2708:
2667:
2657:
2589:
2492:
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2431:
2365:
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2247:
2196:
2139:
2108:
2057:
1993:
1892:
1884:
1843:
1798:
1420:
1289:
1262:
1127:
861:
761:
691:
610:
340:
188:
97:
33:
3789:
Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, Collet TH, Chaker L, Aubert CE, et al. (December 2016).
2512:"Course-Based Physical Examination – Endocrinology – Endocrinology Objectives (Thyroid Exam)"
2346:"Thyroid disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5051:
4861:
4737:
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3188:
3145:
3077:
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2905:
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2739:
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2649:
2579:
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Carlé A, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Rasmussen LB, et al. (May 2011).
2421:
2411:
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2318:
2237:
2229:
2100:
2047:
2039:
1985:
1874:
1835:
1790:
1511:
Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine conditions affecting older domesticated
1408:
1313:) taken orally each day replaces the thyroid hormone that is normally produced by the body.
1186:
1139:
657:) the eyelids are retracted upward more than normal (the normal position is at the superior
598:
543:
475:
348:
274:
119:
73:
2400:"Clinical features of myasthenia gravis with neurological and systemic autoimmune diseases"
726:
427:
Thyroid hormone is critical to normal function of cells. In excess, it both overstimulates
4681:
3216:"How Adding Iodine To Salt Resulted in a Decade's Worth of IQ Gains for the United States"
1637:; in this case, treatment involves reducing the dose of levothyroxine. Dogs which display
1598:
compared to cats. Hyperthyroidism may be caused by a thyroid tumor. This may be a thyroid
1151:
1039:
257:
89:
4069:
Carney HC, Ward CR, Bailey SJ, Bruyette D, Dennis S, Ferguson D, et al. (May 2016).
903:, such as anti-TSH-receptor antibodies in Graves' disease, or anti-thyroid peroxidase in
4097:
4070:
2968:
Blum MR, Bauer DC, Collet TH, Fink HA, Cappola AR, da Costa BR, et al. (May 2015).
2776:
2426:
2399:
2096:
2052:
2027:
1919:
1205:
in the US, are most frequently used to augment treatment for people with hyperthyroid .
5008:
5003:
4986:
4886:
4817:
4689:
4570:
4311:
4294:
4160:
4133:
3926:
3901:
3815:
3790:
3766:
3741:
3613:
3526:
3501:
3306:
3281:
3149:
3045:
3018:
2994:
2969:
2812:
Last literature review version 19.1: January 2011. This topic last updated: 2 July 2009
2752:
2727:
2242:
2217:
2104:
1663:
1630:
1602:. About 90% of carcinomas are very aggressive; they invade the surrounding tissues and
1404:
1322:
1254:
1218:
908:
707:
658:
654:
634:
448:
435:, causing "speeding up" of various body systems and symptoms resembling an overdose of
310:
37:
4039:
2845:
2703:
2686:
2322:
2309:
Trabelsi L, Charfi N, Triki C, Mnif M, Rekik N, Mhiri C, et al. (June 2006). "".
1861:
Lillevang-Johansen M, Abrahamsen B, Jørgensen HL, Brix TH, Hegedüs L (28 March 2017).
948:
may be the preferred radionuclide in some clinics due to its more favorable radiation
5025:
4827:
4719:
3444:
3192:
3097:
2377:
2069:
1634:
1559:
1555:
1516:
1473:
1384:
1380:
1337:. The mechanisms proposed for this side effect involve a TSH receptor common to both
1310:
1241:
1175:
1147:
1099:
1032:
972:
842:
823:
681:
527:
511:
479:
452:
385:
324:
298:
261:
240:
217:
169:
143:
102:
3883:
3629:
3430:
3165:
2601:
1383:
presents with extreme symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is treated aggressively with
1305:
years, and the only major reasons for not using it are pregnancy and breastfeeding (
4742:
4627:
3757:
3297:
2120:
1904:
1346:
1266:
1189:. D-propranolol inhibits thyroxine deiodinase, thereby blocking the conversion of T
1066:
1057:
1048:
984:
953:
933:
924:
768:
669:
625:
Illustration depicting enlarged thyroid that may be associated with hyperthyroidism
621:
583:
575:
539:
417:
366:
306:
244:
2568:"Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study"
686:
Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis characterized by rapid and often
4581:
4381:
3867:
2361:
4912:
4611:
4508:
2653:
1527:
1523:
1489:
1485:
1396:
1388:
1350:
1285:
1198:
1182:
1135:
1131:
988:
772:
715:
467:
460:
456:
440:
436:
393:
362:
328:
290:
270:
221:
194:
173:
131:
115:
4504:
3917:
2869:
Differential diagnosis by laboratory medicine: a quick reference for physicians
2416:
2345:
1368:
There is increased sensitivity to radioiodine therapy in thyroids appearing on
65:
4638:
4633:
4592:
4218:
Kirk & Bistner's
Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment
3574:
2291:
2134:
Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S (January 2021). "Physiology, Thyroid Hormone".
1794:
1638:
1611:
1603:
1579:
1543:
1539:
1334:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1202:
1143:
960:
945:
941:
937:
802:
614:
559:
487:
428:
381:
212:
4334:
Broome MR, Peterson ME, Kemppainen RJ, Parker VJ, Richter KP (January 2015).
4087:
3035:
2671:
2496:
2195:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2012. pp. 102–103.
1888:
4702:
4622:
4555:
4352:
4335:
3517:
3478:
3397:"Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism"
2743:
2233:
2043:
1619:
1607:
1599:
1392:
949:
535:
531:
519:
355:
302:
294:
81:
17:
4428:
4361:
4320:
4169:
4106:
4055:
4011:
3976:
3935:
3875:
3824:
3775:
3698:
3657:
3535:
3422:
3378:
3336:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2010. p. Chapter 82.
3315:
3266:
3089:
3054:
3003:
2985:
2954:
2946:
2919:
2841:
2761:
2712:
2593:
2435:
2369:
2330:
2251:
2143:
2083:
Koutras DA (June 1997). "Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease".
2061:
1997:
1896:
1847:
1802:
4419:
4402:
4134:"Diagnosis and management of feline hyperthyroidism: current perspectives"
4003:
3621:
3200:
3157:
2615:
2112:
1989:
1879:
1862:
1839:
1781:
Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ (May 2014). "Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis".
1181:
Some minimal effect on thyroid hormone production however also comes with
1031:. See a complete table of normal range limits for thyroid function at the
4714:
3967:
3950:
3806:
3689:
3672:
3395:
Metso S, Auvinen A, Huhtala H, Salmi J, Oksala H, Jaatinen P (May 2007).
3258:
2910:
2893:
1623:
1615:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1354:
900:
827:
602:
571:
567:
523:
491:
483:
471:
407:
278:
123:
4150:
2584:
2567:
1081:
Symptoms and signs of Graves' disease § Subclinical hyperthyroidism
380:, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking
4267:
3413:
3396:
3370:
1477:
1400:
1237:
1222:
646:
605:, and in some susceptible individuals (in particular of Asian descent)
551:
4386:. Endocrine Updates. Vol. 28 (1st ed.). New York: Springer.
4047:
4981:
4550:
4535:
3900:
Moleti M, Di Mauro M, Sturniolo G, Russo M, Vermiglio F (June 2019).
3081:
2476:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
1567:
1306:
1130:) are drugs that inhibit the production of thyroid hormones, such as
809:, is structurally similar to thyroxine and may cause either under-or
594:
563:
555:
515:
495:
444:
332:
286:
282:
177:
127:
4523:
2970:"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and fracture risk: a meta-analysis"
830:
that contains mostly thyroid tissue, which leads to hyperthyroidism.
586:. These classical symptoms may not be present often in the elderly.
4071:"2016 AAFP Guidelines for the Management of Feline Hyperthyroidism"
3902:"Hyperthyroidism in the pregnant woman: Maternal and fetal aspects"
1606:(spread) to other tissues, particularly the lungs. This has a poor
4747:
4650:
1551:
1439:
modestly increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
864:, accounts for much less than 1 percent of hyperthyroidism cases.
725:
412:
3550:"Radioactive Iodine Therapy: What is it, Treatment, Side Effects"
1566:. About 70% of affected cats also have enlarged thyroid glands (
2728:"Iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis secondary to compounded liothyronine"
834:
4654:
4220:(9th ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 346.
4132:
Vaske HH, Schermerhorn T, Armbrust L, Grauer GF (August 2014).
2344:
Song Rh, Yao Qm, Wang B, Li Q, Jia X, Zhang Ja (October 2019).
313:, when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
293:. Symptoms are typically less severe in the elderly and during
243:
occurs; associated with increased mortality if untreated (1.23
2894:"The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction"
1595:
1512:
995:
In addition to testing the TSH levels, many doctors test for T
760:
High blood levels of thyroid hormones (most accurately termed
1610:. Surgery to remove the tumor is often very difficult due to
775:. There are several different kinds of thyroiditis including
2216:
Chan WB, Yeung VT, Chow CC, So WY, Cockram CS (April 1999).
1976:
Brent GA (June 2008). "Clinical practice. Graves' disease".
714:
of thyroid hormone), as the thyroid gland is damaged. Also,
613:
has been recognized. Thyroid disease, in this condition, is
256:
is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of
1488:
medication in the 1st trimester of pregnancy as it is less
1328:
People with Graves' disease manifesting moderate or severe
1253:, making swallowing difficult, and even simply generalized
439:(adrenaline). These include fast heartbeat and symptoms of
4459:"Update on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism"
3716:(Sixth ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1312.
2826:"123I: almost a designer radioiodine for thyroid scanning"
2639:
2637:
1085:
In overt primary hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are low and T
2218:"Gynaecomastia as a presenting feature of thyrotoxicosis"
2542:"Hypothyroidism - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
459:
blood tests, a lower and sometimes unusually low serum
4340:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
3843:. John and Mary R. Markle Foundation. 1936. p. 9.
2871:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 156.
2191:"Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice.".
1867:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1142:. Thyrostatics are believed to work by inhibiting the
1019:
Free/Direct (nanograms): 0.82 – 1.77 ng/dl; and T
668:
Neither of these ocular signs should be confused with
305:
results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a
3906:
Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology
833:
Excess iodine consumption notably from algae such as
27:
Clinical syndrome caused by excessive thyroid hormone
4513:
3795:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3677:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3451:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc
2292:"Preventing 'Worm-eaten Bones' From Hyperthyroidism"
1920:"Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease"
4974:
4911:
4844:
4791:
4688:
4602:
4517:
2648:. Endocrine Updates. Vol. 28. pp. 45–69.
1213:People with autoimmune hyperthyroidism (such as in
799:). Pharmacy compounding errors may also be a cause.
297:. An uncommon but life-threatening complication is
235:
227:
211:
200:
187:
157:
149:
137:
108:
96:
55:
50:
4293:Shadwick SR, Ridgway MD, Kubier A (October 2013).
3740:Zen XX, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Wu TX, Han S (April 2007).
3329:
860:(TSH), which in turn is almost always caused by a
582:. Long term untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to
114:Irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems,
4438:"Hyperthyroidism: A Common Ailment in Older Cats"
1154:and, thus, the formation of tetraiodothyronine (T
845:(a phenomenon known as exogenous thyrotoxicosis,
3951:"Thyroid Function and Human Reproductive Health"
2800:"Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas"
466:Major clinical signs of hyperthyroidism include
3714:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
2138:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1522:The most common presenting symptoms are: rapid
1217:) should not eat foods high in iodine, such as
309:; this often results in death. The opposite is
3895:
3893:
3742:"Chinese herbal medicines for hyperthyroidism"
2452:. American Thyroid Association. Archived from
2398:Zhu Y, Wang B, Hao Y, Zhu R (September 2023).
4666:
730:Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age.
609:. An association between thyroid disease and
8:
2510:Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (2006).
3746:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1783:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
1317:radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism.
764:) can occur for a number of other reasons:
4841:
4673:
4659:
4651:
4514:
4500:Merck Manual article about hyperthyroidism
4127:
4125:
3500:Walsh JP, Dayan CM, Potts MJ (July 1999).
2085:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1138:(used in the US, Germany and Russia), and
64:
47:
4811:Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
4418:
4351:
4310:
4159:
4149:
4138:Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports
4096:
4086:
3966:
3925:
3814:
3765:
3688:
3671:Markovic V, Eterovic D (September 2007).
3525:
3412:
3305:
3044:
3034:
2993:
2909:
2751:
2732:The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
2726:Bains A, Brosseau AJ, Harrison D (2015).
2702:
2583:
2481:. Nova Science Publishers. pp. xii.
2478:Differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
2425:
2415:
2241:
2051:
1878:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
4190:. Winn Feline Foundation. Archived from
4028:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
3332:Endocrinology : adult and pediatric
2193:Bradley's neurology in clinical practice
702:Hyperthyroidism due to certain types of
620:
593:Neurological manifestations can include
4466:Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management
4268:"Leventa-Precautions/Adverse Reactions"
3390:
3388:
3286:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3017:Müller P, Leow MK, Dietrich JW (2022).
2518:. University of Alberta. Archived from
2266:"Hyperthyroidism - Symptoms and causes"
1873:(7). The Endocrine Society: 2301–2309.
1675:
1594:Hyperthyroidism is much less common in
1044:
431:and disrupts the normal functioning of
5042:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions
4075:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
3856:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
2685:Parmar MS, Sturge C (September 2003).
1421:traditional Chinese herbal medications
779:(Hypothyroidism immune-mediated), and
4401:Ross DS, et al. (October 2016).
3735:
3733:
3502:"Radioiodine and thyroid eye disease"
2892:Biondi B, Cooper DS (February 2008).
2026:Lee SY, Pearce EN (17 October 2023).
1098:. There is also an increased risk of
7:
4857:Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
4274:from the original on 14 January 2012
3646:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine
3023:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2687:"Recurrent hamburger thyrotoxicosis"
2171:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2167:"Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism"
1094:could reduce the number of cases of
3449:AHFS Patient Medication Information
2787:from the original on 17 March 2010.
1978:The New England Journal of Medicine
1546:), and increased urine production (
1538:, increased consumption of fluids (
1292:, which was first pioneered by Dr.
470:(often accompanied by an increased
193:Based on symptoms and confirmed by
3614:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00371.x
3150:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00877.x
2622:from the original on 28 April 2010
2105:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52152.x
1484:Propylthiouracil is the preferred
455:, unintended weight loss, and, in
59:Overactive thyroid, hyperthyreosis
25:
4833:Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
3226:from the original on 23 July 2013
2572:European Journal of Endocrinology
1957:from the original on 5 March 2016
1930:from the original on 5 April 2015
1011:for more detailed results. Free T
4444:. Veterinary Information Network
4248:from the original on 26 May 2011
3181:The American Journal of Medicine
1065:
1056:
1047:
738:The major causes in humans are:
514:, inability to concentrate, and
4436:Spadafori G (20 January 1997).
4299:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
2516:Undergraduate Medical Education
4216:Ford RB, Mazzaferro E (2011).
3758:10.1002/14651858.CD005450.pub2
3298:10.1002/14651858.CD012483.pub2
783:(de Quervain's). These may be
388:may control the symptoms, and
207:, medications, thyroid surgery
1:
4040:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00327-7
3949:Krassas GE (1 October 2010).
3840:An Appraisal of Endocrinology
2323:10.1016/s0003-4266(06)72597-5
1562:can develop due to secondary
826:is a rare form of monodermal
301:in which an event such as an
4472:(6): 298–307. Archived from
3868:10.1097/ogx.0b013e31822c6388
3602:Journal of Internal Medicine
3579:American Thyroid Association
3193:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90681-Z
2362:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102368
2222:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2091:(1 Adolescent Gy): 280–284.
1470:human chorionic gonadotropin
1464:Thyroid disease in pregnancy
932:and a scan (imaging) with a
896:is still clinically useful.
4244:. Merck Veterinary Manual.
3070:Annals of Internal Medicine
2830:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
2775:Floyd JL (21 March 2017) .
2654:10.1007/978-1-4419-1485-9_3
2290:Miragaya J (31 July 2023).
2028:"Hyperthyroidism: A Review"
1739:. July 2012. Archived from
1654:High-output cardiac failure
1564:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1437:Subclinical hyperthyroidism
874:thyroid-stimulating hormone
858:thyroid stimulating hormone
853:factitial thyrotoxicosis).
451:symptoms, digestive system
345:thyroid stimulating hormone
339:. A less common cause is a
329:inflammation of the thyroid
174:inflammation of the thyroid
5068:
4806:Thyroid hormone resistance
3918:10.1016/j.jcte.2019.100190
2616:"Hyperthyroidism Overview"
2417:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223322
1918:Schraga ED (30 May 2014).
1504:
1461:
1341:and retro-orbital tissue.
1078:
1038:In hyperthyroidism CK-MB (
679:
433:sympathetic nervous system
371:antithyroid autoantibodies
283:enlargement of the thyroid
128:enlargement of the thyroid
31:
4997:Toxic multinodular goiter
4755:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
4730:Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
4708:Congenital hypothyroidism
1795:10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001
1251:recurrent laryngeal nerve
797:alimentary thyrotoxicosis
771:of the thyroid is called
755:Toxic multinodular goiter
518:problems may also occur.
447:such as of the hands and
337:synthetic thyroid hormone
182:synthetic thyroid hormone
72:
63:
4383:Thyroid Function Testing
4185:"Feline Hyperthyroidism"
4088:10.1177/1098612X16643252
3214:Nisen M (22 July 2013).
3036:10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971
2824:Park HM (January 2002).
2646:Thyroid Function Testing
2311:Annales d'Endocrinologie
1578:that is applied using a
793:hamburger thyrotoxicosis
550:), shortness of breath (
546:(the notable ones being
390:anti-thyroid medications
32:Not to be confused with
4823:Thyrotoxicosis factitia
4725:Euthyroid sick syndrome
4353:10.2460/javma.246.1.105
3518:10.1136/bmj.319.7202.68
2744:10.4212/cjhp.v68i1.1426
2234:10.1136/pgmj.75.882.229
2044:10.1001/jama.2023.19052
1949:NIDDK (13 March 2013).
1542:), increased appetite (
1042:) is usually elevated.
940:(I), and more recently
905:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
888:) and so checking the T
886:euthyroid sick syndrome
872:Measuring the level of
777:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
706:can eventually lead to
365:uptake by the thyroid,
4899:Graves' ophthalmopathy
4457:Siraj ES (June 2008).
4380:Brent GA, ed. (2010).
3957:. Volume 31, Issue 5.
3477:. 2005. Archived from
3247:La Clinica Terapeutica
3138:Clinical Endocrinology
2986:10.1001/jama.2015.5161
2947:10.1001/jama.291.2.228
2798:Weiss RE, Refetoff S.
1659:Jod-Basedow phenomenon
1507:Feline hyperthyroidism
1330:Graves' ophthalmopathy
817:Postpartum thyroiditis
731:
626:
544:abnormal heart rhythms
424:
239:Rare directly, unless
4837:Hyperthyroid myopathy
4764:Hypothyroid myopathy
4420:10.1089/thy.2016.0229
4004:10.1089/thy.2017.0425
3712:Tintinalli J (2004).
2810:on 18 February 2011.
1990:10.1056/NEJMcp0801880
1880:10.1210/jc.2017-00166
1840:10.1089/thy.2010.0417
1249:, and of cutting the
1134:(used in the UK) and
969:intravenous pyelogram
749:Toxic thyroid adenoma
729:
624:
422:Graves ophthalmopathy
416:
369:, and measurement of
4992:Toxic nodular goiter
4936:Subacute lymphocytic
3968:10.1210/er.2009-0041
3807:10.1210/jc.2016-2129
3690:10.1210/jc.2007-0879
3575:"Radioactive Iodine"
3471:"Radioactive Iodine"
3259:10.7417/CT.2013.1548
2911:10.1210/er.2006-0043
2350:Autoimmunity Reviews
1629:In dogs treated for
1530:(rapid heart rate),
1415:Alternative medicine
1290:radioisotope therapy
1162:to the active form T
781:subacute thyroiditis
688:irregular heart beat
659:corneoscleral limbus
88:) are both forms of
4853:Signs and symptoms
4734:Signs and symptoms
4151:10.2147/VMRR.S39985
2585:10.1530/EJE-10-1155
2097:1997NYASA.816..280K
1452:Robert James Graves
1448:Caleb Hillier Parry
1096:atrial fibrillation
907:—a common cause of
899:Measuring specific
849:thyrotoxicosis, or
807:antiarrhythmic drug
548:atrial fibrillation
484:excessive urination
378:radioiodine therapy
321:multinodular goiter
205:Radioiodine therapy
166:multinodular goiter
4892:Pretibial myxedema
4603:External resources
4479:on 19 October 2013
4442:The Pet Connection
3414:10.1002/cncr.22635
3371:10.4158/EP10065.CO
3359:Endocrine Practice
2848:on 12 October 2008
2546:www.mayoclinic.org
2522:on 19 January 2008
1492:than methimazole.
1247:parathyroid glands
930:iodine uptake test
856:Hypersecretion of
732:
649:. In hyperthyroid
643:extraocular muscle
627:
607:periodic paralysis
508:emotional lability
500:pretibial myxedema
425:
401:Signs and symptoms
331:, eating too much
176:, eating too much
5019:
5018:
4907:
4906:
4801:Hyperthyroxinemia
4773:Hoffmann syndrome
4760:Pickardt syndrome
4738:Queen Anne's sign
4698:Iodine deficiency
4648:
4647:
4413:(10): 1343–1421.
4393:978-1-4419-1484-2
4227:978-1-4377-0799-1
4183:Little S (2006).
3955:Endocrine Reviews
3801:(12): 4945–4954.
3723:978-0-07-138875-7
3407:(10): 1972–1979.
3343:978-1-4160-5583-9
2980:(20): 2055–2065.
2898:Endocrine Reviews
2878:978-3-642-55600-5
2663:978-1-4419-1484-2
2488:978-1-61668-242-2
2475:Mehtap C (2010).
2450:"Hyperthyroidism"
2202:978-1-4377-0434-1
2038:(15): 1472–1483.
1984:(24): 2594–2605.
1737:www.niddk.nih.gov
1733:"Hyperthyroidism"
1263:systematic review
1128:antithyroid drugs
1122:Antithyroid drugs
862:pituitary adenoma
762:hyperthyroxinemia
692:medical emergency
663:von Graefe's sign
611:myasthenia gravis
510:, and sweating.
443:, nervous system
347:(TSH) and raised
341:pituitary adenoma
251:
250:
189:Diagnostic method
45:Medical condition
34:Hyperthyroxinemia
16:(Redirected from
5059:
4921:Acute infectious
4867:Dalrymple's sign
4842:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4515:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4432:
4422:
4397:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4242:"Hypothyroidism"
4238:
4232:
4231:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4153:
4129:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3683:(9): 3547–3552.
3668:
3662:
3661:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:Cleveland Clinic
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3220:Business Insider
3211:
3205:
3204:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3116:www.uptodate.com
3108:
3102:
3101:
3082:10.7326/m15-0483
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2844:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2806:. Archived from
2795:
2789:
2788:
2777:"Thyrotoxicosis"
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2228:(882): 229–231.
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2163:
2148:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2023:
2002:
2001:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1951:"Hypothyroidism"
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1822:
1807:
1806:
1778:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1729:
1409:Propylthiouracil
1391:, followed by a
1370:ultrasound scans
1187:heat intolerance
1140:propylthiouracil
1069:
1060:
1051:
526:, common during
488:excessive thirst
480:high blood sugar
476:heat intolerance
408:trouble sleeping
307:high temperature
275:heat intolerance
258:thyroid hormones
120:heat intolerance
80:, pictured) and
74:Triiodothyronine
68:
48:
21:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5047:Thyroid disease
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
4970:
4903:
4882:Griffith's sign
4872:Stellwag's sign
4846:Graves' disease
4840:
4793:Hyperthyroidism
4787:
4684:
4682:Thyroid disease
4679:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4639:Hyperthyroidism
4598:
4597:
4526:
4505:Hyperthyroidism
4496:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4400:
4394:
4379:
4375:
4373:Further reading
4370:
4369:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4305:(10): 987–989.
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4024:
4023:
4019:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3752:(2): CD005450.
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3512:(7202): 68–69.
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3481:on 5 March 2010
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3445:"levothyroxine"
3443:
3442:
3438:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3292:(1): CD012483.
3279:
3278:
3274:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2489:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2456:on 5 March 2011
2448:
2447:
2443:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2025:
2024:
2005:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1780:
1779:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1743:on 4 April 2015
1731:
1730:
1677:
1672:
1650:
1592:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1466:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1417:
1378:
1278:
1235:
1215:Grave's disease
1211:
1201:in the UK, and
1196:
1192:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:thyroperoxidase
1124:
1119:
1111:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1040:Creatine kinase
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:, and/or Free T
1006:
1002:
998:
918:
914:
895:
891:
883:
879:
870:
813:of the thyroid.
743:Graves' disease
724:
700:
684:
678:
631:Graves' disease
504:Graves' disease
403:
359:
352:
335:, and too much
317:Graves' disease
254:Hyperthyroidism
162:Graves' disease
153:20–50 years old
90:thyroid hormone
87:
79:
51:Hyperthyroidism
46:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5009:Colloid nodule
5004:Thyroid nodule
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:Endemic goitre
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Hashitoxicosis
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4690:Hypothyroidism
4686:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4630:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4584:
4573:
4558:
4543:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:Classification
4512:
4511:
4502:
4495:
4494:External links
4492:
4490:
4489:
4454:
4433:
4398:
4392:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4346:(1): 105–111.
4326:
4285:
4259:
4233:
4226:
4208:
4175:
4121:
4112:
4081:(5): 400–416.
4061:
4017:
3998:(4): 537–546.
3982:
3961:(5): 702–755.
3941:
3889:
3862:(6): 378–385.
3846:
3830:
3781:
3729:
3722:
3704:
3663:
3652:(3): 158–161.
3635:
3608:(5): 435–442.
3591:
3566:
3541:
3492:
3462:
3436:
3384:
3349:
3342:
3321:
3272:
3253:(3): 193–196.
3237:
3206:
3171:
3144:(3): 363–372.
3128:
3103:
3076:(9): 641–650.
3060:
3009:
2960:
2941:(2): 228–238.
2925:
2884:
2877:
2859:
2816:
2790:
2767:
2718:
2697:(5): 415–417.
2677:
2662:
2633:
2607:
2578:(5): 801–809.
2558:
2533:
2502:
2487:
2467:
2441:
2410:(14:1223322).
2390:
2336:
2301:
2282:
2257:
2208:
2201:
2183:
2149:
2126:
2075:
2003:
1968:
1941:
1910:
1853:
1834:(6): 593–646.
1808:
1789:(2): 277–292.
1754:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:Hashitoxicosis
1661:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1631:hypothyroidism
1591:
1588:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1405:hydrocortisone
1377:
1374:
1323:hypothyroidism
1277:
1274:
1255:staphylococcal
1234:
1231:
1219:edible seaweed
1210:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1126:Thyrostatics (
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1100:bone fractures
1090:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
916:
912:
909:hypothyroidism
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
866:
839:
838:
831:
820:
814:
800:
788:
758:
757:
752:
746:
723:
720:
708:hypothyroidism
699:
698:Hypothyroidism
696:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
655:Dalrymple sign
645:weakness, and
635:ophthalmopathy
402:
399:
357:
350:
311:hypothyroidism
271:fast heartbeat
266:Thyrotoxicosis
249:
248:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
215:
209:
208:
202:
198:
197:
191:
185:
184:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
116:fast heartbeat
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
85:
77:
70:
69:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
44:
38:Hypothyroidism
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5064:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:De Quervain's
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Boston's sign
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Thyroid storm
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4782:Atrophic type
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Myxedema coma
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4197:on 9 May 2009
4193:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
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3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
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3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3480:
3476:
3475:MyThyroid.com
3472:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
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3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
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3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2904:(1): 76–131.
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
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2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
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2737:
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2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
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2692:
2688:
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2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:Front Immunol
2401:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:(in French).
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
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1759:
1755:
1742:
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1734:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
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1716:
1714:
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1710:
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1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:levothyroxine
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:gallop rhythm
1557:
1556:Heart murmurs
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1517:benign tumors
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:Other animals
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:pre-eclampsia
1471:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:resuscitation
1382:
1381:Thyroid storm
1376:Thyroid storm
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:beta blockers
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:levothyroxine
1308:
1307:breast tissue
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:thyroidectomy
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:Beta blockers
1170:Beta-blockers
1169:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1148:thyroglobulin
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:thyroid gland
993:
990:
986:
982:
976:
974:
973:antihistamine
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
921:
910:
906:
902:
897:
887:
875:
867:
865:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:levothyroxine
836:
832:
829:
825:
824:struma ovarii
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
766:
765:
763:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
728:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
689:
683:
682:Thyroid storm
676:Thyroid storm
675:
673:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
632:
623:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:thyroid storm
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Panic attacks
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:hypermotility
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
419:
415:
411:
409:
400:
398:
395:
391:
387:
386:beta blockers
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:toxic adenoma
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:thyroid storm
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
262:thyroid gland
259:
255:
246:
242:
241:thyroid storm
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
218:Beta blockers
216:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:toxic adenoma
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
144:Thyroid storm
142:
140:
139:Complications
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
104:
103:Endocrinology
101:
99:
95:
91:
83:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5037:Dog diseases
5032:Cat diseases
4792:
4743:Woltman sign
4632:
4621:
4610:
4586:
4575:
4560:
4545:
4530:
4481:. Retrieved
4474:the original
4469:
4465:
4446:. Retrieved
4441:
4410:
4406:
4382:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4270:. Intervet.
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4236:
4217:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4192:the original
4178:
4141:
4137:
4115:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4034:(1): 35–43.
4031:
4027:
4020:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3909:
3905:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3749:
3745:
3713:
3707:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3578:
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3553:
3544:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3474:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3448:
3439:
3404:
3400:
3365:(4): 713–5.
3362:
3358:
3352:
3331:
3324:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3187:(1): 61–68.
3184:
3180:
3174:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:
3106:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3026:
3022:
3012:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2868:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2836:(1): 77–78.
2833:
2829:
2819:
2811:
2808:the original
2803:
2793:
2780:
2770:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2645:
2624:. Retrieved
2610:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2515:
2505:
2477:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2444:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2353:
2349:
2339:
2317:(3): 265–9.
2314:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2260:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2135:
2129:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2035:
2031:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1831:
1827:
1786:
1782:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1736:
1643:
1628:
1593:
1584:
1572:
1521:
1510:
1483:
1467:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1428:Epidemiology
1418:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1279:
1271:
1267:neuroimaging
1260:
1236:
1227:
1212:
1180:
1173:
1125:
1112:
1104:
1084:
1037:
994:
985:gamma camera
980:
977:
958:
954:gamma camera
934:gamma camera
925:scintigraphy
922:
898:
871:
855:
840:
811:overactivity
796:
792:
784:
769:Inflammation
759:
737:
733:
711:
701:
685:
670:exophthalmos
667:
650:
640:
628:
592:
588:
584:osteoporosis
580:feminization
576:gynecomastia
540:palpitations
474:), anxiety,
465:
441:palpitations
426:
418:Exophthalmos
404:
375:
367:thyroid scan
315:
265:
253:
252:
42:
29:
18:Hyperthyroid
4975:Enlargement
4954:Hashimoto's
4913:Thyroiditis
4887:Möbius sign
4612:MedlinePlus
4509:MedlinePlus
2738:(1): 57–9.
2270:Mayo Clinic
2136:StatPearls
1604:metastasize
1576:topical gel
1528:tachycardia
1524:weight loss
1490:teratogenic
1486:antithyroid
1397:methimazole
1389:propranolol
1351:propranolol
1286:radioiodine
1276:Radioiodine
1199:Propranolol
1183:propranolol
1136:methimazole
1132:carbimazole
1075:Subclinical
989:radiologist
773:thyroiditis
716:radioiodine
704:thyroiditis
554:), loss of
468:weight loss
461:cholesterol
457:lipid panel
437:epinephrine
394:methimazole
363:Radioiodine
291:weight loss
222:methimazole
195:blood tests
180:, too much
150:Usual onset
132:weight loss
56:Other names
5026:Categories
4959:Postpartum
4948:Autoimmune
4634:Patient UK
4588:DiseasesDB
4448:28 January
4048:1765/79096
3912:: 100190.
3455:25 October
3112:"UpToDate"
3029:: 942971.
2526:28 January
2383:22 January
1670:References
1639:coprophagy
1612:metastasis
1580:finger cot
1544:polyphagia
1540:polydipsia
1462:See also:
1339:thyrocytes
1335:prednisone
1298:iodine-123
1294:Saul Hertz
1282:iodine-131
1203:metoprolol
1144:iodination
1079:See also:
961:iodine-131
946:Iodine-123
942:iodine-123
938:iodine-131
901:antibodies
847:alimentary
803:Amiodarone
615:autoimmune
560:amenorrhea
429:metabolism
382:iodine-131
213:Medication
4950:/chronic
4941:Palpation
4703:Cretinism
4623:eMedicine
4144:: 85–96.
3098:207538375
2781:eMedicine
2672:1566-0729
2497:472720688
2378:199549144
2070:265937262
1889:0021-972X
1622:, or the
1620:esophagus
1608:prognosis
1600:carcinoma
1513:housecats
1458:Pregnancy
1393:thioamide
1117:Treatment
1109:Screening
1035:article.
950:dosimetry
868:Diagnosis
785:initially
536:affective
532:euthyroid
520:Psychosis
303:infection
295:pregnancy
231:1.2% (US)
228:Frequency
201:Treatment
98:Specialty
82:thyroxine
4964:Riedel's
4926:Subacute
4748:Myoedema
4715:Myxedema
4628:med/1109
4429:27521067
4362:25517332
4321:24155422
4272:Archived
4246:Archived
4170:32670849
4107:27143042
4098:11132203
4056:26497402
4012:29584590
3977:20573783
3936:31049292
3884:28728514
3876:21851752
3825:27689250
3776:17443591
3699:17609305
3658:16390021
3630:10510932
3584:20 April
3559:20 April
3536:10398607
3431:19734123
3423:17393376
3379:20350908
3316:30659577
3267:23868618
3224:Archived
3166:37948268
3090:25798805
3055:36046184
3004:26010634
2955:14722150
2920:17991805
2842:11801707
2804:UpToDate
2785:Archived
2762:25762821
2713:12952802
2626:27 April
2620:Archived
2602:25049060
2594:21357288
2436:37781409
2427:10538566
2370:31404702
2331:16840920
2296:Medscape
2252:10715765
2176:7 August
2144:29763182
2062:37847271
2053:10873132
1998:18550875
1961:20 April
1955:Archived
1934:20 April
1928:Archived
1924:Medscape
1897:28368540
1848:21510801
1803:24766932
1648:See also
1624:windpipe
1616:arteries
1548:polyuria
1536:diarrhea
1532:vomiting
1403:such as
1395:such as
1355:atenolol
1027:and/or T
999:, Free T
923:Thyroid
880:and/or T
828:teratoma
603:myopathy
572:diarrhea
568:vomiting
524:paranoia
492:delirium
472:appetite
420:seen in
392:such as
279:diarrhea
124:diarrhea
110:Symptoms
5052:Thyroid
4877:lid lag
4582:D006980
4483:24 June
4407:Thyroid
4312:3781434
4278:27 July
4252:27 July
4201:24 June
4161:7337209
3992:Thyroid
3927:6484219
3816:6287525
3767:6544778
3622:1710255
3527:1116221
3307:6353246
3230:23 July
3201:1352658
3158:2344697
3046:9420854
2995:4729304
2753:4350501
2275:28 June
2243:1741202
2121:5840966
2113:9238278
2093:Bibcode
1905:3806882
1828:Thyroid
1747:2 April
1478:preterm
1443:History
1401:steroid
1261:A 2019
1238:Surgery
1233:Surgery
1223:seafood
965:CT scan
647:lid-lag
595:tremors
552:dyspnea
449:anxiety
285:, hand
260:by the
4982:Goitre
4617:000356
4571:242.90
4427:
4390:
4360:
4319:
4309:
4224:
4168:
4158:
4105:
4095:
4054:
4010:
3975:
3934:
3924:
3882:
3874:
3823:
3813:
3774:
3764:
3720:
3697:
3656:
3628:
3620:
3534:
3524:
3485:11 May
3429:
3421:
3401:Cancer
3377:
3340:
3314:
3304:
3265:
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