861:. The TAC is well-established in Mpumalanga and has contributed substantially to the HIV/AIDS campaign in KwaZulu-Natal, which was among the first provinces to provide antiretroviral drugs to HIV-positive pregnant women. In August 2002, the TAC campaigned to have the local clinic in Nyanga open for five days per week rather than two. The TAC distributes over 500,000 condoms in Khayelitsha every month, which helped reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in the township by 50% between 2004 and 2007. Mortality statistics in Khayelitsha have also improved in recent years, which may be partially due to the TAC's outreach efforts.
451:
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383:
854:(TAC) was launched in 1998 to "campaign for greater access to treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments." The TAC's goals are to "ensure access to affordable and quality treatment for people with HIV/AIDS, prevent and eliminate new HIV infections, improve the affordability and quality of healthcare access for all, and campaign against the view that AIDS is a death sentence."
65:
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AIDS-related stigma is most severe among township residents in South Africa because they lack access to reliable information about the disease. Many South
Africans in townships wrongly believe that HIV is transmitted through proximity to HIV-positive individuals, which leads them to claim that people with AIDS should be socially ostracized.
615:
sometimes rape their daughters to guarantee their loyalty and care when their parent's health begins to deteriorate. It is likely that the sense of peer group affiliation that developed among township adolescents during apartheid has contributed to the desire to share the frustration and hopelessness that accompany the disease.
624:
Africa alone. AIDS orphans in an urban Cape Town township have been shown to have significant rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, peer relationship difficulties, suicidal urges, delinquency, and homelessness. These rates are higher than those of both non-AIDS orphans and non-orphans in South
African townships.
746:, who served as Health Minister from 25 September 2008 through 10 May 2009. These South African leaders brought the issue of AIDS denialism to the forefront of South African politics by rejecting scientific evidence demonstrating the connection between HIV and AIDS and declaring antiretroviral therapy ineffective.
690:. The vast majority of these locations did not provide condoms or information about the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Most patrons visit these sites daily or weekly; therefore, the PLACE method suggests that prevention efforts such as education and social support could be successfully focused on these popular venues.
1040:
Venkatesh, Kartik K., Precious Madiba, Guy De Bruyn, Mark N. Lurie, Thomas J. Coates, and Glenda E. Gray. "Who Gets Tested for HIV in a South
African Urban Township? Implications for Test and Treat and Gender-based Prevention Interventions." JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 56.2
777:
The
Khayelitsha District Management Team was established to focus on AIDS from an epidemiological angle and an AIDS programme coordinator was appointed to Khayelitsha to monitor the disease in the township. The government also financed a mother-to-child-transmission programme in Khayelitsha in 1999.
656:
Following the completion of the AIDS awareness programme, the students who had participated were more knowledgeable about HIV transmission, prevention, and the course of the disease. However, hostility toward HIV-positive individuals decreased only slightly among the students after the programme and
542:
South
Africans in townships are more likely to hold false beliefs about HIV transmission and prevention because they are less likely to have received a formal education or be employed. Many South Africans in townships are unaware of the primary modes of HIV/AIDS transmission: through unprotected sex
677:
These programmes have started to confront the HIV/AIDS epidemic in
Khayelitsha by making treatment more widely available and providing incentives for HIV testing. Despite these specific successes, treatment has played a limited role in South African townships due to their lack of infrastructure and
606:
Although many township inhabitants are knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS prevention methods, rates of condom use are still strikingly low. Studies suggest that fear of sexual abuse, which results from unequal power dynamics between men and women in South
African townships, is the primary explanation for
566:
In addition, many traditional groups believe that ancestral spirits and supernatural forces punish those who have failed to lead moral lives by infecting them with HIV. According to a study published in 2004, South
Africans who attributed HIV/AIDS to spirits and the supernatural were more likely to
681:
HIV/AIDS prevention efforts such as school education, education in the workplace, and mass media campaigns have largely failed to significantly impact South
African townships. For example, HIV voluntary counseling and testing programmes have improved HIV/AIDS awareness in Khayelitsha, but have for
648:
A 1994 pilot study in an urban Cape Town township demonstrated the potential, but also the limitations, of AIDS education. The study compared AIDS knowledge in two schools, one of which underwent an intensive AIDS awareness programme and one of which did not. Before the programme, students in both
665:
Most of South Africa's current anti-HIV/AIDS efforts involve treatment rather than prevention. Although prevention programmes are considered more cost effective, the pervasiveness of the disease has made treatment facilities increasingly important. A 2005 study determined that the introduction of
652:
Few students knew that using condoms, having only one sexual partner, and attending clinics for information and tests can all help prevent HIV/AIDS. Before the implementation of the educational programme, students in both schools also expressed hostility toward HIV-positive individuals – very few
578:
township correlated thinness with disease – in particular, HIV/AIDS. Because of this, women who are slender or experience weight loss also face discrimination. This form of stigma affects women living in townships most severely because rates of malnourishment are higher in townships than in other
693:
Churches in South
African townships have largely failed to use their social and cultural influence to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Many churches reject HIV-positive members because they are ignorant about the causes of AIDS, have traditional views on sexual morality, or believe that HIV/AIDS is
725:
before the disintegration of apartheid in 1994. However, since then, efforts have been made to address the epidemic with varying levels of success. South Africa's government leaders largely failed to acknowledge the severity of the AIDS epidemic until 2009, which prevented the implementation of
644:
There is currently no law requiring AIDS education in South African schools and government attempts to raise AIDS awareness have largely failed to reach South Africa's underserved townships, where the quality of education is poor. However, there is a clear need for education programmes in South
623:
An AIDS orphan is defined as "any child under the age of 18 years who had lost one or both parents through an HIV-related illness." Orphanhood is a severe consequence of the AIDS epidemic in South African townships: a 2006 study stated that there were 2.2 million AIDS-orphaned children in South
587:
Multiple factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. Sexual violence in townships, which results partially from cultural norms regarding gender-based power dynamics and partially from psychological desperation, makes women particularly susceptible to HIV/AIDS.
765:
Despite President Mbeki's denialism, the South African government did make efforts to combat the nation's HIV/AIDS crisis while Mbeki was in office. The National AIDS Convention of South Africa (NACOSA) first met in 1992 to design a national AIDS plan to fight the emerging epidemic, which was
627:
AIDS orphans are particularly vulnerable to poverty, malnutrition, stigma, exploitation, sickness, and sexual abuse, which lead to intense psychological trauma. AIDS orphans are also less likely than non-AIDS orphans and non-orphans to attend and remain enrolled in school due to stigma and an
614:
Ubuntu, an African philosophy that promotes a spirit of brotherhood between and among community members, explains why township adolescents knowingly spread the disease – they believe that the entire community should share their burden. As a result of this philosophy, HIV-positive fathers will
570:
Women are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection and stigma because they are often economically dependent on men and frequently lack access to education. Men who have the disease may avoid testing and remain anonymous, but women who undergo pre-natal testing are less likely to escape a
562:
HIV/AIDS stigma is widespread in South Africa: a 2002 national survey revealed that 26% of respondents were unwilling to share a meal with a person living with AIDS, 18% were unwilling to sleep in the same room as with someone with AIDS, and 6% were unwilling to talk to a person with AIDS.
796:
on 1 December 2009, President Zuma announced his intention to reverse South Africa's health trends by increasing HIV treatment nationwide. He insisted that HIV-positive children under age one and pregnant women would receive increased attention and treatment in accordance with
685:
A 2003 study used the PLACE method to determine where in townships people meet new sexual partners in order to strategically focus prevention efforts in these locations. These locations included bars, taverns, bottle stores, nightclubs, streets, hotels, and local
958:
MacPhail, Catherine, and Catherine Campbell. "'I Think Condoms Are Good But, Aai, I Hate Those Things': Condom Use among Adolescents and Young People in a Southern African Township." Social Science & Medicine 52.11 (2001): 1613-627.
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to a Presidential Advisory Panel on AIDS while excluding leading researchers from the convention. President Mbeki's denialism hindered progress in government HIV/AIDS policy by generating skepticism about HIV/AIDS among members of
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Weir, Sharon, Charmaine Pailman, Xoli Mahlalela, Nicol Coetzee, Farshid Meidany, and Ties Boerma. "From People to Places: Focusing AIDS Prevention Efforts Where It Matters Most." Epidemiology & Social 17.6 (2003): 895-903.
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well-deserved punishment for immoral behavior. In addition, many organizations such as the South African Church Leaders Association have only formally acknowledged the severity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic within the last decade.
801:
treatment guidelines. However, the national government remains hindered by the high cost of medication and the nation's unpredictable funding, poor health systems, and widespread stigma, leaving many townships unaided.
487:
have also amplified the epidemic. Although some education efforts and treatment and prevention programmes have succeeded in spreading awareness about HIV/AIDS in townships, the impact of the disease remains severe.
770:, South Africa's incoming Minister of Health. However, the plan was largely ineffective because it failed to acknowledge the government's lack of economic resources. The development of the controversial AIDS drug
682:
the most part failed to influence behavior. On the other hand, specific HIV/AIDS prevention methods such as the Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts (PLACE) method have demonstrated a potential for success.
1030:
Levy, N. C. "From Treatment to Prevention: The Interplay Between HIV/AIDS Treatment Availability and HIV/AIDS Prevention Programming in Khayelitsha, South Africa." Journal of Urban Health 82.3 (2005): 498-509.
1197:
Robins, Steven, and Bettina Von Lieres. "Remaking Citizenship, Unmaking Marginalization: The Treatment Action Campaign in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies 38.3 (2004): 575-86.
792:, South Africa's president as of 9 May 2009, has expanded the national government's HIV/AIDS outreach programmes in an attempt to serve marginalized township populations and the country as a whole. On
989:
Cluver, Lucie, Frances Gardner, and Don Operario. "Psychological Distress amongst AIDS-orphaned Children in Urban South Africa." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48.8 (2007): 755-63. Print.
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established the Society for Family Health (SFH) in South Africa in 1992. The SFH's youth outreach programme, YouthAIDS, educates township populations across South Africa about HIV/AIDS transmission.
1014:
Kuhn, L., M. Steinberg, and C. Mathews. "Participation of the School Community in AIDS Education: An Evaluation of a High School Programme in South Africa." AIDS Care 6.2 (1994): 161-71. Print.
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in South Africa in 1996 reintroduced enthusiasm about HIV/AIDS into the political sphere and led to the successful implementation of several small-scale projects by the national government.
946:
Puoane, Thandi, Lungiswa Tsolekile, and Nelia Steyn. "Perceptions about Body Image and Sizes among Black African Girls Living in Cape Town." Ethnicity & Disease 20 (2010): 29-34. Print.
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diagnosis. Because women are often identified as HIV-positive before men, they are branded as the spreaders of the disease and may subsequently face physical abuse and abandonment.
998:
Cluver, Lucie, Frances Gardner, and Don Operario. "Poverty and Psychological Health among AIDS-orphaned Children in Cape Town, South Africa." AIDS Care 21.6 (2009): 732-41. Print.
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However, stigmatization and the government's dismissal of new treatment options continued as Mbeki's denialism campaign intensified in the early 2000s. The government issued the
567:
claim that people with HIV/AIDS were "dirty," "repulsive," "cursed," and "foolish" and should "have restrictions on their freedom," "be isolated," and "feel guilty and ashamed."
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The Township AIDS Project (TAP) was established by medical professionals in 1989 in order to spread accurate information about HIV/AIDS to the poor in South Africa's townships.
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The TAC has focused its efforts on urban populations in Gauteng and Western Cape, but is continuing to extend its reach to townships and rural areas in South Africa such as
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schools were misinformed about HIV transmission – many wrongly believed that drinking from an unwashed cup and touching somebody with the disease could transmit the virus.
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reported that their relationship would deteriorate if they insisted that their partner use a condom because such a request demonstrates a lack of trust and respect.
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A survey conducted in 2010 indicated that HIV/AIDS infection among pregnant women is highest in KwaZulu-Natal (39.5%), Mpumalanga (35.1%), Free State (30.6%), and
1188:
Mosoetsa, Sarah. "The Legacies of Apartheid and Implications of Economic Liberalisation: A Post-Apartheid Township." Crisis States Programme (2004): 1-16. Print.
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indicated that they would welcome an HIV-positive student into their class. They were also likely to underestimate the prevalence and severity of the disease.
968:
Leclerc‐Madlala, Suzanne. "Infect One, Infect All: Zulu Youth Response to the Aids Epidemic in South Africa." Medical Anthropology 17.4 (1997): 363-80. Print.
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Despite these large-scale failures, some township churches have become actively engaged in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS in their communities. Archbishop
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S.C., Kalichman, and Simbayi L. "Traditional Beliefs about the Cause of AIDS and AIDS-related Stigma in South Africa." AIDS Care 16.5 (2004): 572-80. Print.
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and speaks openly and progressively about the role of education in battling HIV/AIDS. St. Michael's Church in Khayelitsha has supported the efforts of the
980:
Van Rooyen, Dalena, Sharron Frood, and Esmeralda Ricks. "The Experiences of AIDS Orphans Living in a Township." Health SA Gesondheid 17.1 (2012). Print.
831:, or Doctors Without Borders, established an HIV treatment programme in Khayelitsha in 1999 and has provided over 17,650 patients in the township with
1179:
Friedman, S. "A Rewarding Engagement? The Treatment Action Campaign and the Politics of HIV/AIDS." Politics & Society 33.4 (2005): 511-65. Print.
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762:. This skepticism slowed the implementation of antiretroviral therapy programmes in many of South Africa's townships, particularly in Mpumalanga.
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483:, which contribute to the spread of the disease, persist in townships due to the lack of education and awareness programmes in these regions.
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of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
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by founding an HIV/AIDS clinic and orphanage known as Fikelela; this movement has spread to dozens of other Anglican churches in the region.
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African townships – a survey in Khutsong demonstrated that 70% of the community's young men believed they were not vulnerable to infection.
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Daniel, John, Adam Habib, and Roger Southall. State of the Nation: South Africa, 2003-2004. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC, 2003. Print.
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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Butler, A. "South Africa's HIV/AIDS Policy, 1994-2004: How Can It Be Explained?" African Affairs 104.417 (2005): 591-614. Print.
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NGOs have played a significant role in combating and raising awareness about the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South African townships.
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Female rates of HIV infection in South Africa are on average five times higher than male infection rates due to biological and
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and stigmatized HIV-positive individuals, particularly women, thereby increasing the severity of the disease in the region.
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786:, but the plan lacked concrete proposals and a timeline and largely neglected the potential of antiretroviral therapy.
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The effectiveness of government-based anti-HIV/AIDS programmes in South African townships was severely reduced by the
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successful policy. However, many NGOs have succeeded in targeting South Africa's vulnerable township populations.
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Fleshman, Michael. "At Last, Signs of Progress on AIDS." UN News Center. United Nations. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. <
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with an HIV-positive individual, through contact with the blood of an HIV-positive individual, and through
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674:, or Doctors Without Borders, clinics to Khayelitsha played a role in reducing the impact of the disease.
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1207:"Pope’s Comments on Condoms Are Wrong and Irresponsible." Pambazuka News. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. <
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Instead, the traditional beliefs of South Africans in townships have contributed to
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the students did not demonstrate any intention to increase their use of condoms.
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1136:"Township AIDS Project (TAP)." Peacebuilding Portal. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <
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523:(11.3% HIV-positive), while only 3.8% of the population was HIV-positive in
473:, where many black South Africans live due to the lingering effects of the
910:"HIV/AIDS Information." Modes of HIV Transmission. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. <
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1220:"Key HIV Statistics." Treatment Action Campaign. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. <
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has focused its HIV/AIDS care and awareness efforts in Khayelitsha and
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In 2008, HIV/AIDS was most prevalent in the South African provinces of
469:, which is among the most severe in the world, is concentrated in its
926:"HIV and AIDS." UNICEF South Africa. UNICEF. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. <
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A study conducted in 2010 indicated that the majority of girls in a
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through home-based initiatives and education programmes in schools.
742:, who was in office from 14 June 1999 until 24 September 2008, and
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In 2000, President Mbeki invited nonconformist scientists such as
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http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol23no4/progress-on-aids.html
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trained professionals and the high cost of antiretroviral drugs.
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Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
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HIV/AIDS was largely considered a peripheral problem by the
1092:"Breaking With Past, South Africa Issues Broad AIDS Policy"
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from an HIV-positive mother to her baby during pregnancy.
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http://www.hivaidscare.com/hivtransmission.php?acode=na
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of the Anglican Church in the Western Cape founded the
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HIV/AIDS/STD Strategic Plan for South Africa 2000-2005
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http://www.peacebuildingportal.org/index.asp?pgid=9
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http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/hiv_aids_729.html
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Sexual violence and local attitudes toward HIV/AIDS
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1090:Dugger, Celia W. (1 December 2009).
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672:Médecins Sans Frontières
661:Treatment and prevention
933:14 October 2016 at the
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768:Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
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882:References
859:Lusikisiki
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521:North West
517:Free State
513:Mpumalanga
492:Prevalence
325:newspapers
299:redirected
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640:Education
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