43:
829:"In these circumstances, while we accept that the Strasbourg court jurisprudence relied on by the appellant does provide some support for the notion that article 8 was engaged when Judge Corrie was asked to make an order for possession against her, there is no support for the proposition that the judge could be required to consider the proportionality of the order which he would have made under the provisions of the 1980 and 1988 Acts. Accordingly, for the reasons set out in paras 40-46 above, we would dismiss this appeal on the first issue."
1493:, the Secretary of State for Justice, was charged with implementing the reforms which were previously blocked by the Liberal Democrats in the coalition government. The Conservative Party manifesto said that the new bill will "break the formal link between British Courts and the European Court of Human Rights". As before 1998, claims relying on ECtHR jurisprudence which conflicted with the "British Bill of Rights" would have to go to a court in Strasbourg rather than being able to be heard in the UK.
795:(as in disputes between the state and citizens). This is because section 6(3) of the Human Rights Act defines courts and tribunals as public bodies. That means their judgments must comply with human rights obligations of the state, whether a dispute is between the state and citizens, or between citizens, except in cases of declarations of incompatibility. Therefore, judges have a duty to act in compatibility with the Convention even when an action is a private one between two citizens.
1384:
810:"there are many cases where the court can be required to balance conflicting Convention rights of two parties, eg where a person is seeking to rely on her article 8 rights to restrain a newspaper from publishing an article which breaches her privacy, and where the newspaper relies on article 10. But such disputes arise not from contractual arrangements made between two private parties, but
359:. Courts have applied this through three forms of interpretation: "reading in", inserting words where there are none in a statute; "reading out", where words are omitted from a statute; and "reading down", where a particular meaning is chosen to be in compliance. They do not interpret a statute so as to give it a meaning that would conflict with
321:). If that is not possible, the court may issue a "declaration of incompatibility". The declaration does not invalidate the legislation but permits the amendment of the legislation by a special fast-track procedure under section 10 of the Act as well. As of September 2006, 20 declarations had been made, of which six were overturned on appeal.
1019:, granted permanent global injunctions ordering that the material not be published because of the disastrous consequences such disclosure might have for the former convicts, not least the possibility of physical harm or death (hence claims for Article 2 rights (right to life) were entertained, and sympathised with).
804:"... whether a court, when entertaining a claim for possession by a private sector owner against a residential occupier, should be required to consider the proportionality of evicting the occupier, in the light of section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 and article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights"
1270:
They stress the overriding interpretative obligation of courts under section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act to read primary legislation as
Convention-compliant, so far as is possible, is not dependent upon the presence of ambiguity in legislation. Section 3(1) could require the court to depart from the
1109:
who had their licences to live on local authority-owned land suddenly revoked had been discriminated against, in comparison to the treatment of mobile-home owners who did not belong to the traveller population, and thus their
Article 14 (protection from discrimination) and Article 8 (right to respect
958:
in respect of it. The power to do so is restricted to the higher courts. Such a declaration has no direct impact upon the continuing force of the legislation but it is likely to produce public pressure upon the government to remove the incompatibility. It also strengthens the case of a claimant armed
916:
The Act provides that it is unlawful for a "public authority" to act in such a way as to contravene "Convention rights". For these purposes public authority includes any other person "whose functions are functions of a public nature". It also explicitly includes the courts. Convention rights includes
737:
A remedial order may "make such amendments to the legislation as considers necessary to remove the incompatibility". Remedial orders do not require full legislative approval, but must be approved by resolutions of each House of
Parliament. In especially urgent cases, Parliamentary approval may be
912:
This provision was not required by the
European Convention (protocol 6 permits the death penalty in time of war; protocol 13, which prohibits the death penalty for all circumstances, did not then exist); rather, the government introduced it as a late amendment in response to parliamentary pressure.
1511:
in the
Conservative Party saw the HRA campaigned against in its entirety. Her admission to Home Secretary led to the Nationality and Border's Bill which was conceded as a likely breach of the act - nevertheless, Sunak has sought for Strasbourg to change the act to comply with the law. The act has
1369:
There is a very serious threat – and I am the first to admit that the means we have of fighting it are so inadequate that we are fighting with one arm tied behind our backs. So I hope when we bring forward proposals in the next few weeks that we will have a little less party politics and a little
1001:
under the Act. Both cases were successful for the complainant (Campbell's on the second attempt; Cox's attempt was not judicially decided but an out of court settlement was reached before the issue could be tested in court) and an amendment to
British law to incorporate a provision for privacy is
924:
Section 7 enables any person with standing (as stipulated by
Article 34 of the convention) to raise an action against a public authority that has acted or proposes to act in such a Convention-contravening manner. This is a more rigorous standard than is ordinarily applied to standing in English,
299:
It takes on average five years to get an action into the
European Court of Human Rights once all domestic remedies have been exhausted; and it costs an average of £30,000. Bringing these rights home will mean that the British people will be able to argue for their rights in the British courts –
1053:
in 2000. As is standard practice for those caught in this way, they were sent a form by the police asking them to identify who was driving the vehicle at the time. They protested under the Human Rights Act, arguing that they could not be required to give evidence against themselves. An initial
1266:
highlights how the new proportionality test borrowed from ECtHR jurisprudence has allowed a greater scrutiny of the substantive merits of decisions of public bodies, meaning that actions against such bodies, judicial reviews, are more of an appeal than a traditional judicial review.
881:
Section 19 requires a minister introducing a bill to parliament to make a statement of compatibility or, if unable to give such an assurance, a statement that the government wishes to proceed anyway. The statement is normally published with (immediately before) the text of the bill.
208:
provides no other choice. It also requires the judiciary (including tribunals) to take account of any decisions, judgment or opinion of the
European Court of Human Rights, and to interpret legislation, as far as possible, in a way which is compatible with Convention rights.
1200:, costly litigation, feeble justice, and culture of compensation running riot in Britain today and warning that the politically correct regime ushered in by Labour's enthusiastic adoption of human rights legislation has turned the age-old principle of fairness on its head.
710:
where it is impossible to use section 3 to interpret primary or subordinate legislation to be compatible with the articles of the
European Convention on Human Rights, which are also part of the Human Rights Act. In these cases, interpretation to comply may conflict with
1014:
tested whether the Article 8 (privacy) rights of Venables and Thomson, the convicted murderers of Bulger, applied when four newspapers sought to publish their new identities and whereabouts, using their Article 10 rights of freedom of expression. The judge,
60:
An Act to give further effect to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights; to make provision with respect to holders of certain judicial offices who become judges of the European Court of Human Rights; and for connected
324:
The Human Rights Act applies to all public bodies within the United Kingdom, including central government, local authorities, and bodies exercising public functions. However, it does not include Parliament when it is acting in its legislative capacities.
1110:
for the home) rights had been infringed. However, there has never been a case where the Act has been successfully invoked to allow travellers to remain on greenbelt land, and indeed the prospects of this ever happening seem highly unlikely after the
844:
The duty of state judges to apply Convention rights to disputes between citizens is therefore about determining relationships between them, and applying domestic legislation accordingly. If the duty is carried out then it is likely there is
1247:
Constitutional critics since the Human Rights Bill was tabled at parliament claimed it would result in the unelected judiciary making substantive judgments about government policies and "mass-legislating" in their amendments to the
1262:
722:
A declaration of incompatibility is not binding on the parties to the proceedings in which it is made, nor can a declaration invalidate legislation. Section 4 therefore achieves its aim through political rather than legal means.
1474:
In 2013 a tribunal ruled that Poole borough council had violated the human rights act when they used the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 to conduct surveillance on a family over the matter of school catchment area.
650:
917:
only those rights specified in section 1 of the Act (these are recited in full in Schedule 1). In the interpretation of those rights the Act provides that the domestic Courts "may" take into account the jurisprudence of the
839:
between the parties, at least where, as here, there are legislative provisions which the democratically elected legislature has decided properly balance the competing interests of private sector landlords and residential
1463:, the President of ECtHR, warned in 2013 that the United Kingdom could not withdraw from the Convention on Human Rights without jeopardising its membership of the European Union. It has also been claimed that, since the
1356:
Some politicians in the two largest parties, including some ministers, have criticised the Human Rights Act as to the willingness of the judiciary to make declarations on incompatibility against terrorism legislation.
1329:
In contrast, some have argued that the Human Rights Act does not give adequate protection to rights because of the ability for the government to derogate from Convention rights under article 15. Recent cases such as
2010:, 2001 SC (PC) 43, (2001) 3 LGLR 24, AC 681, 2 WLR 817, RTR 11, 2001 SCCR 62, 2000 GWD 40–151, 2 All ER 97, UKPC D 3, 11 BHRC 179, 2001 SLT 59, 1 AC 681, RTR 121, UKHRR 333, HRLR 9 (5 December 2000)
1062:
UKPC D3, in which a woman, when apprehended on suspicion of theft of a bottle of gin, was drunk and was asked by police to identify who had been driving her car (which was nearby) at the time she arrived at the
135:
substituted by SI 2004/1574, art 2(1). Date in force: 22 June 2004: see SI 2004/1574, art 1. Sub-s (4): words “Secretary of State” in square brackets substituted by SI 2003/1887, art 9, Sch 2, para 10(1).
1152:, under the Human Rights Act, that the hijackers could remain in the United Kingdom; a subsequent court decision ruled that the government had abused its power in restricting the hijackers' right to work.
212:
However, if it is not possible to interpret an Act of Parliament so as to make it compatible with the convention, the judges are not allowed to override the Act of Parliament. All they can do is issue a
638:
624:
598:
2831:
2647:
1093:: In March 2006, the High Court in London ruled against a hospital's bid to turn off the ventilator that kept the child, known as Baby MB, alive. The 19-month-old baby had the genetic condition
363:, and courts have been reluctant in particular to "read out" provisions for this reason. If it is not possible to so interpret, they may issue a declaration of incompatibility under section 4.
1321:
stated that the Human Rights Act had been passed by Parliament, that people's private lives needed protection and that the judge in the case had interpreted relevant authorities correctly.
936:'s Convention rights, then the court is empowered to "grant such relief or remedy, or make such order, within its powers as it considers just and appropriate". This can include an award of
1023:
1297:) criticised the Human Rights Act for allowing, in effect, a right to privacy at English law despite the fact that Parliament has not passed such legislation. He was referring to the
1442:
288:, the Labour Party pledged to incorporate the European Convention into domestic law. When the election resulted in a landslide Labour victory, the party, under the leadership of
586:
1271:
unambiguous meaning that legislation would otherwise bear subject to the constraint that this modified interpretation must be one "possible" interpretation of the legislation.
846:
744:
Section 10 has been used to make small adjustments to bring legislation into line with Convention rights although entirely new pieces of legislation are sometimes necessary.
1097:, which leads to almost total paralysis. The parents of the child fought for his right to life, while medics said the invasive ventilation would cause an "intolerable life".
2873:
2101:
2587:
1798:
2868:
1229:
The schoolboy referred to was speculatively suing for compensation and was a university student at the time of the court case. In addition, the claim was rejected.
404:
701:
485:
473:
943:
However, the Act also provides a defence for public authorities if their Convention-violating act is in pursuance of a mandatory obligation imposed upon them by
1016:
947:. The Act envisages that this will ordinarily be a difficult standard to meet though since it requires the courts to read such legislation (and for that matter
741:
Remedial orders may have retroactive effect, but no one may be guilty of a criminal offence solely as the result of the retroactive effect of a remedial order.
249:
was the Chair of the Committee on Legal and Administrative Questions of the council's Consultative Assembly from 1949 to 1952, and oversaw the drafting of the
2620:
1318:
902:
2328:
2200:
1456:, David Cameron suggested a "British Bill of Rights". The government commission set up to investigate the case for a Bill of Rights had a split of opinion.
1120:
which severely restricted the occasions on which Article 8 may be invoked to protect someone from eviction in the absence of some legal right over the land.
2878:
2853:
1032:
395:
257:
approach to securing "effective political democracy" from the strong traditions of freedom and liberty in the United Kingdom. As a founding member of the
2828:
2074:
1242:
959:
with such a decision from the domestic courts in any subsequent appeal to ECtHR. In order to provide swift compliance with the convention the Act allows
204:
In particular, the Act makes it unlawful for any public body to act in a way which is incompatible with the convention, unless the wording of any other
2543:
1415:
890:
Many rights established under the Human Rights Act 1998 were already protected under UK law, but the purpose of the Act was largely to establish the
898:
281:, accused the executive of misusing its power and argued that a new British Bill of Rights was needed to secure human rights in the United Kingdom.
866:
Section 9 provides a right to challenge the compliance of judicial acts made by the UK, but only by exercising a right of appeal as set out by the
855:
Section 8 provides a right for a court to make any remedy they consider just and appropriate. A remedy under the Act is therefore not limited to a
852:
Section 7 limits a right to bring proceedings under section 6 only to victims (or potential victims) of the unlawful act of the public authority.
2443:
1933:
1156:
334:
318:
217:. This declaration does not affect the validity of the Act of Parliament: in that way, the Human Rights Act seeks to maintain the principle of
66:
2808:
787:, it has had increasing influence on private law litigation between individual citizens leading some academics (source?) to state that it has
2848:
2752:
2729:
2676:
2393:
2341:
2525:
954:
Where it is impossible to read primary legislation in a Convention compliant manner, the only sanction available to the courts is to make a
2799:
2027:
1497:
1486:
1438:
1072:
574:
285:
2714:
2818:
1453:
891:
348:
314:
262:
250:
190:
2775:
2159:
1848:
The full text of Schedule 1 (along with that of the rest of the Act) can be found at the Office of Public Sector Information Website:
1528:
669:
222:
1126:: In May 2006, a politically controversial decision regarding the treatment of nine Afghan men who hijacked a plane to flee from the
2883:
1358:
534:
1006:
2215:
Phillipson, Gavin (2003). "Transforming Breach of Confidence? Towards a Common Law Right of Privacy under the Human Rights Act".
1040:
47:
870:(although not precluding a right to judicial review). For example, whether a judicial act properly applies legislation, or not.
814:, where the legislature has expressly, impliedly or through inaction, left it to the courts to carry out the balancing exercise"
1533:
1423:
1276:
1149:
835:"... it is not open to the tenant to contend that article 8 could justify a different order from that which is mandated by the
562:
388:
1568:
189:
on 9 November 1998, and came into force on 2 October 2000. Its aim was to incorporate into UK law the rights contained in the
2059:
1538:
1449:
1084:
955:
918:
856:
707:
612:
266:
214:
194:
2424:
757:
16 have been remedied through the ordinary legislative process (including amendment or repeal of the offending legislation).
909:), but remained in force for certain military offences (although these provisions had not been used for several decades).
516:
2791:
1336:
EWCA Civ 297 have been decided in reference to common law rights rather than statutory rights. Where there is no clear
901:, effective on royal assent. The death penalty had already been abolished for all civilian offences, including murder (
2493:
The tribunal also ruled that the council had breached the family's right to privacy as stated in the Human Rights Act.
906:
2604:
2561:
1209:
allowed back into the classroom because enforcing discipline apparently denied his right to education; the convicted
2109:
1332:
1298:
1272:
1123:
1106:
867:
381:
2813:
2406:
2347:
772:
525:
498:
218:
1067:
193:. The Act makes a remedy for breach of a Convention right available in UK courts, without the need to go to the
2844:
2839:
1548:
1136:
1011:
352:
825:
in respect of which the legislature has prescribed how their respective Convention rights are to be respected"
2078:
2686:
Amos, Merris (2013). "Transplanting Human Rights Norms: The Case of the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act".
2469:
1479:
1145:
1094:
948:
679:
453:
344:
1275:
argues that this results in the courts adopting linguistically strained interpretations instead of issuing
799:
1055:
246:
178:
265:
in March 1951. However it was not until the 1960s that British citizens were able to bring claims in the
1464:
1253:
1197:
960:
951:) "So far as it is possible to do so ... in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights."
712:
690:
360:
226:
55:
1543:
1302:
2845:
A table of all of the declarations of incompatibility which the courts have made as of 1 August 2006
2616:
1079:
family, the Maloneys, by evicting them from public land. The court however referred the case to the
1058:, ruled in their favour, but this was later reversed. The same issue came to light in Scotland with
1516:
944:
550:
441:
434:
424:
340:
278:
274:
205:
1101:
726:
Section 10 gives a government minister the power to make a "remedial order" in response to either
444:
2715:
Blick, Andrew (2015). 'Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change'. History & Policy.
2703:
2499:
2276:
1928:
1624:
1131:
985:
963:
to take remedial action to amend even offending primary legislation via subordinate legislation.
355:, and includes past and future legislation, therefore preventing the Human Rights Act from being
313:
to interpret legislation so far as possible in a way compatible with the rights laid down in the
1361:
argued that the Act was hampering the fight against global terrorism in regard to controversial
2796:
1075:
upheld a High Court ruling that Leeds City Council could not infringe the right to a home of a
2771:
2748:
2725:
2672:
2477:
2389:
2337:
2217:
2132:
1616:
1394: with: potential impact of ECHR withdrawal on the devolution settlements. You can help by
1345:
1238:
1166:
1141:
1116:
788:
507:
258:
238:
115:
1886:
Cf. section 8(2)–(5) and section 9(2)–(3) which provides additional protection to the courts.
2763:
2695:
2226:
1608:
1508:
1218:
998:
878:
Section 8 says that UK judges can grant any remedy that is considered just and appropriate.
860:
798:
The way that public duty is exercised in private law was dealt with in a June 2016 decision
437:
2058:, 4 PLR 16, (2005) 40 EHRR 9, NPC 86, HLR 52, 40 EHRR 9, 16 BHRC 639 (27 May 2004),
2835:
2803:
2744:
2511:
2365:
1314:
1217:
was delayed; the burglar given taxpayers' money to sue the man whose house he broke into;
1036:
926:
792:
292:, fulfilled the pledge by the Parliament passing the Human Rights Act the following year.
254:
2023:
1849:
351:
which are also part of the Human Rights Act. This interpretation goes far beyond normal
1704:
165:
1460:
1257:
1189:
1111:
1080:
1028:
990:
940:, although the Act provides limitations on the court's capacity to make such an award.
716:
356:
310:
182:
133:
Sub-s (1): in para (c) words “Article 1 of the Thirteenth Protocol” in square brackets
83:
1923:
1422:, vowed to repeal the Human Rights Act if he was elected, instead replacing it with a
1383:
158:
2862:
2707:
2302:
2055:
1419:
1362:
1076:
1039:, was incompatible with the Human Rights Act. This precipitated the enactment of the
784:
2007:
1959:
1628:
373:
2625:
1641:
Home Office, “Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill” (Cm 3782, 1997) para 1.14
1575:
1490:
1468:
1050:
747:
As of December 2014, 29 declarations of incompatibility have been issued, of which
602:
242:
186:
105:
2588:"Human Rights Act: What is it and why does Michael Gove want to scrap the policy?"
730:
a declaration of incompatibility, from which there is no possibility of appeal, or
339:
Section 3 is a particularly wide provision that requires courts to interpret both
146:
Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order 2004, SI 2004/1574 (made under sub-s (4)).
1188:
During the campaign for the 2005 parliamentary elections the Conservatives under
1434:, examining the case for updating the Human Rights Act with an entrenched bill.
1306:
414:
975:'s murder conviction gave rise to the first case invoking the Act, brought by
2230:
1977:
1341:
1310:
1293:
1288:
1249:
1222:
1161:
981:
in October 2000 which sought to overturn a libel ruling against the newspaper.
289:
270:
229:. Under the Act, individuals retain the right to sue in the Strasbourg court.
198:
79:
2481:
1620:
2244:
1337:
977:
972:
1972:
1263:
R (on the application of Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
2699:
2565:
1482:
planned to repeal the Act and replace it with a "British Bill of Rights".
652:
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland
2370:
1982:
1593:
1206:
1174:
sex act. The case resulted in Mr Mosley being awarded ÂŁ60,000 in damages.
994:
933:
2854:
The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on Policing in England and Wales
2621:"A British bill of rights? This draconian plan is a rights removal bill"
1496:
However, the Conservatives' manifesto from the next general election in
1471:) is founded on the convention, it would be breached by any withdrawal.
17:
2040:
An NHS Trust v MB (a child represented by Cafcass as guardian ad litem)
1612:
1427:
1127:
937:
2544:"Michael Gove to proceed with Tories' plans to scrap human rights act"
1192:
declared their intention to "overhaul or scrap" the Human Rights Act:
309:
The Human Rights Act places a duty on all courts and tribunals in the
2425:"UK's withdrawal from human rights law would be 'political disaster'"
1501:
1214:
1210:
2741:
Human Rights in the UK: an Introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998
1512:
received royal assent and a legal challenge is soon to be expected.
1035:, under whose powers a number of non-UK nationals were detained in
2407:"Deadlock likely on commission pondering a British bill of rights"
2444:"Scrapping Human Rights Act 'would breach Good Friday agreement'"
2026:, 3 All ER 573, EWCA Civ 289, 1 WLR 1825 (16 March 2005),
347:
so that their provisions are compatible with the articles of the
2797:
Fifty Human Rights Cases That Transformed Britain – Infographic
1519:
2022, was drafted on 22 June 2022 but scrapped on 27 June 2023.
1171:
767:
The one case not to have been remedied, as of December 2014, is
2722:
Critically Examining the Case Against the 1998 Human Rights Act
1196:
The time had come to liberate the nation from the avalanche of
377:
1378:
1049:: Amesh Chauhan and Dean Hollingsworth were photographed by a
2468:
Shepherd, Jessica; correspondent, education (2 August 2010).
1569:"A Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998: Questions and Answers"
1500:
pledged to retain the Human Rights Act "while the process of
366:
Section 3 does not apply to the Illegal Migration Act 2023.
802:
where the UK Supreme Court firstly considered the question
138:
Date in force: 19 August 2003: see SI 2003/1887, art 1(2).
2766:; Prochaska, Elizabeth; Desai, Christopher Brown (2015).
1956:
A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1024:
A and Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department
932:
If it is held that the public authority has violated the
715:. It is considered a measure of last resort. A range of
2133:"Children test the law lords over right to an education"
2069:
2067:
1962:, 2 WLR 087, 2 WLR 87, 2 AC 68 (16 December 2004)
1448:
In 2011, following controversial rulings from both the
1395:
1445:
said that the Human Rights Act would be investigated.
1225:
sites they have occupied in defiance of planning laws.
2075:"Time to liberate the country from Human Rights laws"
1164:
challenged an invasion of his private life after the
800:
McDonald v McDonald & Ors UKSC 28 (15 June 2016)
1776:
Human Rights Act, schedule 2, subsection 1, clause 4
1594:"The Human Rights Act and the doctrine of precedent"
783:
Although the Act, by its own terms, applies only to
1221:who thumb their nose at the law allowed to stay on
1083:as this decision conflicted with a ruling from the
827:then the Court decided, as set out in paragraph 59
295:The 1997 White Paper "Rights Brought Home" stated:
164:
157:
150:
142:
129:
124:
114:
104:
99:
89:
75:
65:
54:
1507:This has since changed once again, as the rise of
897:Section 21(5) of the Act completely abolished the
2770:(7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1467:(which ended the sectarian terrorist violence of
1443:Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement
859:possibly taking into account the equitable maxim
2405:Travis, Alan; Wintour, Patrick (18 March 2011).
2160:"Law lords back school over ban on Islamic gown"
2768:Blackstone's Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998
1140:), the broadsheets and the leaders of both the
861:Equity delights to do justice and not by halves
253:. It was designed to incorporate a traditional
2526:"Conservatives plan to scrap Human Rights Act"
2330:A British Bill of Rights: Informing the debate
1736:
1734:
808:The Supreme Court decided (paragraph 46) that
733:a ruling of the European Court of Human Rights
702:Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998
487:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
475:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
1007:Venables and Thompson v News Group Newspapers
791:(as in disputes between citizens) as well as
760:3 have been addressed through remedial orders
626:R (HS2 Action Alliance) v Transport Secretary
389:
273:, which invoked the 300th anniversary of the
8:
2277:"Reid warning to judges over control orders"
1213:given ÂŁ4000 compensation because his second
903:Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965
719:can issue a declaration of incompatibility.
35:
2814:Rights Brought Home: Government white paper
2809:A New British Bill of Rights: The Case For
2102:"Judges must bow to the will of Parliament"
1649:
1647:
1301:of the Human Rights Act on the doctrine of
1033:Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
2829:The Human Rights Act – Exploding the Myths
2792:Full text of the act on Legislation.gov.uk
2386:The Constitution and Constitutional Reform
1767:Human Rights Act, schedule 2, subsection 4
1699:
1697:
1695:
1252:resulting in a usurpation of Parliament's
1243:Separation of powers in the United Kingdom
1105:: A judgment given by ECtHR declared that
706:Sections 4 and 10 allow courts to issue a
396:
382:
374:
269:(ECtHR). During the 1980s, groups such as
34:
2874:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
2470:"Family win school catchment spying case"
2366:"Coalition deal: Tories give more ground"
1689:Illegal Migration Act 2023, section 1(5).
2743:(2nd ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom:
2183:
2181:
1973:"Speeding loophole is legal 'nightmare'"
1574:. JUSTICE. December 2000. Archived from
812:tortious or quasi-tortious relationships
754:1 is pending appeal, as of December 2014
2562:"The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015"
1560:
1130:caused widespread condemnation by many
300:without this inordinate delay and cost.
27:Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom
2869:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998
2507:
2497:
1924:"Human Rights Act 1998: Section 4"
1799:"Responding to human rights judgments"
1793:
1791:
1157:Mosley v News Group Newspapers Limited
773:the right of serving prisoners to vote
335:Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998
2849:Department for Constitutional Affairs
1430:released a discussion paper entitled
1071:EWCA (Civ) 289: On 16 March 2005 the
1054:judgment, by Judge Peter Crawford at
159:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
587:R (Factortame) v Transport Secretary
575:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
261:, the United Kingdom acceded to the
2739:Hoffman, David; Rowe, John (2006).
2158:Rozenberg, Joshua (23 March 2006).
1592:Pattinson, Shaun D (1 March 2015).
1454:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1370:more support for national security.
1313:right to privacy. In response, the
1256:and an expansion of the UK courts'
899:death penalty in the United Kingdom
892:European Convention on Human Rights
349:European Convention on Human Rights
315:European Convention on Human Rights
263:European Convention on Human Rights
251:European Convention on Human Rights
191:European Convention on Human Rights
2879:Human rights in the United Kingdom
2303:"Cameron 'could scrap' rights act"
2245:"Mail editor accuses Mosley judge"
2100:Howard, Michael (10 August 2005).
1705:"Human Rights Act 1998: Section 4"
1529:Human rights in the United Kingdom
1043:to replace Part 4 of the 2001 Act.
1027:UKHL 56: On 16 December 2004, the
237:The convention was drafted by the
225:. However, judges may strike down
223:Constitution of the United Kingdom
166:Revised text of statute as amended
25:
1749:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). pp. 65.–66.
1740:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). pp. 64.–65.
751:8 have been struck down on appeal
535:Greater London Authority Act 1999
1680:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). pp. 60–62.
1671:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). pp. 60–61.
1489:win for the Conservative Party,
1426:. The human rights organisation
1382:
1041:Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005
48:Parliament of the United Kingdom
41:
2821:with detailed information from
2442:McDonald, Henry (12 May 2015).
2131:Dyer, Clare (6 February 2006).
1534:Joint Committee on Human Rights
1414:In 2007, Howard's successor as
1277:declarations of incompatibility
563:Pickin v British Railways Board
2823:Community Legal Service Direct
2364:Landale, James (20 May 2010).
2060:European Court of Human Rights
1539:Declaration of incompatibility
1450:European Court of Human Rights
1085:European Court of Human Rights
956:declaration of incompatibility
919:European Court of Human Rights
857:Declaration of incompatibility
708:declaration of incompatibility
613:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
267:European Court of Human Rights
215:declaration of incompatibility
195:European Court of Human Rights
1:
2819:Human Rights Act 1998 Leaflet
1515:A potential replacement, the
1432:A Bill of Rights for Britain?
1170:exposed his involvement in a
1047:R v Chauhan and Hollingsworth
967:Notable human rights case law
670:European Communities Act 1972
639:R (Miller) v Brexit Secretary
2605:Conservative manifesto, 2017
2275:Travis, Alan (25 May 2007).
1785:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). p. 66.
1758:Human Rights act, section 10
1728:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). p. 60.
1662:Hoffman, Rowe (2008). p. 59.
1653:Hoffman, Rowe (2006). p. 58.
1352:Terrorism-related complaints
997:both sought to assert their
821:"where the parties are in a
517:Government of Wales Act 1998
2024:[2005] EWCA Civ 289
1344:, judges remain accused of
1017:Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss
907:Crime and Disorder Act 1998
833:Paragraph 40 supposed that
2900:
2720:Cowell, Frederick (2017).
2388:p.60 (Philip Allan, 2011)
1424:Bill of Rights for Britain
1333:R (ProLife Alliance) v BBC
1299:indirect horizontal effect
1236:
1124:2006 Afghan hijackers case
1068:Price v Leeds City Council
1002:expected to be introduced.
868:Access to Justice Act 1999
699:
599:R (Simms) v Home Secretary
332:
32:United Kingdom legislation
2834:24 September 2013 at the
2671:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2231:10.1111/1468-2230.6605003
2004:Procurator Fiscal v Brown
1134:newspapers (most notably
1060:Procurator Fiscal v Brown
687:
677:
667:
647:
635:
621:
609:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
532:
526:Northern Ireland Act 1998
523:
514:
505:
499:Local Government Act 1972
496:
483:
471:
461:
451:
432:
422:
412:
405:Parliamentary sovereignty
284:In its manifesto for the
219:parliamentary sovereignty
40:
2884:Human rights legislation
2652:. Hansard. 27 June 2023.
2108:. London. Archived from
2052:Connors v United Kingdom
1936:, 1998 c. 42 (s. 4)
1549:Presumption of innocence
1416:Leader of the Opposition
1031:held that Part 4 of the
1012:James Bulger murder case
837:contractual relationship
823:contractual relationship
763:1 has not been remedied.
353:statutory interpretation
120:mainly on 2 October 2000
91:Territorial extent
2202:Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza
2056:[2004] ECHR 223
1095:spinal muscular atrophy
949:subordinate legislation
925:although not Scottish,
680:European Union Act 2011
454:United Nations Act 1946
345:subordinate legislation
2688:Human Rights Quarterly
2008:[2000] UKPC D3
1960:[2004] UKHL 56
1372:
1227:
1202:
1056:Birmingham Crown Court
302:
247:Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe
2700:10.1353/hrq.2013.0021
2667:Amos, Merris (2014).
2205:2 AC 557 n.63 para.32
1934:The National Archives
1465:Good Friday Agreement
1439:2010 general election
1367:
1254:legislative supremacy
1203:
1198:political correctness
1194:
1148:. It was ruled by an
691:UK constitutional law
464:Human Rights Act 1998
297:
286:1997 general election
227:secondary legislation
175:Human Rights Act 1998
36:Human Rights Act 1998
2802:3 April 2019 at the
1544:Presumption of guilt
1303:breach of confidence
1283:Journalistic freedom
1260:. A leading case of
1150:Immigration Tribunal
847:Article 6 compliance
819:Therefore, In cases
660:Repealed legislation
2251:. 10 November 2008.
2164:The Daily Telegraph
2106:The Daily Telegraph
2030:(England and Wales)
1517:Bill of Rights Bill
1375:Planned replacement
945:primary legislation
551:Stockdale v Hansard
442:Parliament Act 1949
435:Parliament Act 1911
425:Bill of Rights 1689
279:Bill of Rights 1689
275:Glorious Revolution
206:primary legislation
37:
2568:on 30 October 2019
2510:has generic name (
2189:Administrative Law
2112:on 2 December 2007
1929:legislation.gov.uk
1709:legislation.gov.uk
1613:10.1111/lest.12049
1480:Conservative Party
1291:(as editor of the
1146:Conservative Party
1010:1 All ER 908: The
986:Campbell v MGN Ltd
713:legislative intent
361:legislative intent
357:impliedly repealed
221:, pursuant to the
2764:Mountfield, Helen
2754:978-1-4058-2393-7
2731:978-1-315-31003-9
2678:978-1-78225-443-0
2649:Topical Questions
2532:. 3 October 2014.
2394:978-0-340-98720-9
2343:978-0-907247-43-2
2336:. JUSTICE. 2007.
2218:Modern Law Review
1581:on 12 March 2002.
1412:
1411:
1346:judicial activism
1309:closer towards a
1239:Judicial activism
1167:News of the World
1117:Kay v Lambeth LBC
1091:An NHS Trust v MB
789:horizontal effect
697:
696:
508:Scotland Act 1998
370:Sections 4 and 10
259:Council of Europe
239:Council of Europe
179:Act of Parliament
171:
170:
125:Other legislation
16:(Redirected from
2891:
2781:
2758:
2735:
2711:
2682:
2669:Human Rights Law
2654:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2619:(22 June 2022).
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2564:. Archived from
2558:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2346:. Archived from
2335:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2077:. Archived from
2071:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1509:Suella Braverman
1452:(ECtHR) and the
1407:
1404:
1386:
1379:
1305:which has moved
1184:Excessive rights
999:right to privacy
894:in British law.
886:Rights protected
653:
627:
554:(1839) 9A&E1
488:
476:
415:Magna Carta 1215
398:
391:
384:
375:
277:in 1688 and the
92:
45:
44:
38:
21:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2859:
2858:
2836:Wayback Machine
2804:Wayback Machine
2788:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2745:Pearson Longman
2738:
2732:
2719:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2663:
2661:Further reading
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2617:Deshmukh, Sacha
2615:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2592:The Independent
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2353:on 28 May 2013.
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2028:Court of Appeal
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1839:Section 6(3)(a)
1838:
1834:
1830:Section 6(3)(b)
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1525:
1504:is underway".
1408:
1402:
1399:
1392:needs expansion
1377:
1354:
1327:
1315:Lord Chancellor
1285:
1245:
1237:Main articles:
1235:
1233:Judicial powers
1186:
1181:
1172:sadomasochistic
1073:Court of Appeal
1037:Belmarsh Prison
989:EWCA Civ 1373:
969:
927:judicial review
905:) and treason (
888:
876:
793:vertical effect
781:
779:Sections 6 to 9
717:superior courts
704:
698:
693:
683:
673:
663:
662:
657:
651:
643:
631:
625:
617:
605:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
542:
540:Court judgments
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
491:
486:
479:
474:
467:
457:
447:
428:
418:
408:
402:
372:
337:
331:
307:
255:civil liberties
235:
185:which received
153:
152:Status: Amended
110:9 November 1998
90:
50:
42:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2794:
2787:
2786:External links
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:978-0198705758
2776:
2762:Wadham, John;
2759:
2753:
2736:
2730:
2717:
2712:
2694:(2): 386–407.
2683:
2677:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2608:
2597:
2594:. 12 May 2015.
2579:
2553:
2550:. 10 May 2015.
2535:
2517:
2460:
2434:
2431:. 4 June 2013.
2416:
2397:
2384:Gallop, Nick,
2377:
2356:
2342:
2320:
2309:. 25 June 2006
2294:
2267:
2261:Adam Tomkins,
2254:
2236:
2225:(5): 726–758.
2207:
2193:
2177:
2150:
2123:
2092:
2081:on 7 June 2005
2063:
2044:
2042:EWHC 507 (Fam)
2032:
2020:Price v. Leeds
2012:
1996:
1985:. 15 July 2000
1964:
1948:
1939:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1730:
1721:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1607:(1): 142–164.
1584:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1485:Following the
1461:Dean Spielmann
1437:Following the
1410:
1409:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1373:
1363:control orders
1353:
1350:
1326:
1323:
1284:
1281:
1258:justiciability
1234:
1231:
1205:The schoolboy
1190:Michael Howard
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1153:
1121:
1112:House of Lords
1098:
1088:
1081:House of Lords
1064:
1044:
1029:House of Lords
1020:
1003:
991:Naomi Campbell
982:
968:
965:
887:
884:
875:
874:Other sections
872:
780:
777:
769:Smith v. Scott
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
735:
734:
731:
700:Main article:
695:
694:
688:
685:
684:
678:
675:
674:
668:
665:
664:
658:
648:
645:
644:
636:
633:
632:
622:
619:
618:
610:
607:
606:
596:
593:
592:
584:
581:
580:
572:
569:
568:
560:
557:
556:
548:
545:
544:
538:
533:
530:
529:
524:
521:
520:
515:
512:
511:
506:
503:
502:
497:
494:
493:
484:
481:
480:
472:
469:
468:
462:
459:
458:
452:
449:
448:
433:
430:
429:
423:
420:
419:
413:
410:
409:
403:
401:
400:
393:
386:
378:
371:
368:
333:Main article:
330:
327:
311:United Kingdom
306:
303:
234:
231:
183:United Kingdom
177:(c. 42) is an
169:
168:
162:
161:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
97:
96:
95:United Kingdom
93:
87:
86:
84:Home Secretary
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2896:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:. Routledge.
2723:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:, 6th ed p560
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:Section 10(2)
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:Section 6(2).
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:Legal Studies
1595:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:2015 election
1483:
1481:
1478:In 2014, the
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:David Cameron
1417:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1390:This section
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:Lord Falconer
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
922:
920:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
885:
883:
879:
873:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
853:
850:
848:
842:
841:
838:
831:
830:
826:
824:
817:
815:
813:
806:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:public bodies
778:
776:
774:
771:, concerning
770:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:retroactive.
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
720:
718:
714:
709:
703:
692:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
654:
646:
641:
640:
634:
629:
628:
620:
615:
614:
608:
604:
601:
600:
594:
589:
588:
582:
577:
576:
570:
565:
564:
558:
553:
552:
546:
541:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
489:
482:
477:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
379:
376:
369:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
328:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
304:
301:
296:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
163:
160:
156:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:Introduced by
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
39:
30:
19:
2822:
2767:
2740:
2721:
2691:
2687:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:The Guardian
2624:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2556:
2548:The Guardian
2547:
2538:
2530:The Guardian
2529:
2520:
2508:|last2=
2492:
2485:. Retrieved
2474:The Guardian
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2448:The Guardian
2447:
2437:
2429:The Guardian
2428:
2419:
2411:The Guardian
2410:
2400:
2385:
2380:
2369:
2359:
2348:the original
2329:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:The Guardian
2280:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:The Guardian
2136:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1904:Section 3(1)
1900:
1891:
1882:
1877:Section 8(1)
1873:
1868:Section 7(7)
1864:
1855:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1821:Section 6(1)
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1637:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1576:the original
1563:
1514:
1506:
1495:
1491:Michael Gove
1484:
1477:
1473:
1469:the Troubles
1458:
1447:
1436:
1431:
1413:
1400:
1396:adding to it
1391:
1368:
1355:
1331:
1328:
1292:
1286:
1269:
1261:
1246:
1228:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1165:
1155:
1142:Labour Party
1135:
1115:
1114:decision in
1102:Connors v UK
1100:
1090:
1066:
1059:
1051:speed camera
1046:
1022:
1005:
984:
976:
953:
942:
931:
923:
915:
911:
896:
889:
880:
877:
865:
854:
851:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
822:
820:
818:
811:
809:
807:
803:
797:
782:
768:
766:
746:
743:
740:
736:
725:
721:
705:
659:
649:
637:
623:
611:
597:
585:
578:3 All ER 484
573:
561:
549:
539:
463:
365:
338:
323:
319:section 3(1)
308:
298:
294:
283:
243:World War II
236:
211:
203:
187:royal assent
174:
172:
134:
116:Commencement
106:Royal assent
29:
1307:English law
1063:superstore.
775:in the UK.
2863:Categories
2487:21 October
2263:Public Law
2170:16 October
2143:16 October
1978:BBC Online
1807:13 October
1714:11 January
1555:References
1403:April 2023
1359:Baron Reid
1342:common law
1325:Inadequacy
1311:common law
1294:Daily Mail
1289:Paul Dacre
1273:Paul Craig
1250:common law
1223:green belt
1219:travellers
1162:Max Mosley
1107:Travellers
290:Tony Blair
271:Charter 88
233:Background
199:Strasbourg
197:(ECHR) in
143:Relates to
130:Amended by
80:Jack Straw
71:1998 c. 42
56:Long title
2847:from the
2708:143564440
2500:cite news
2482:0261-3077
2413:. London.
1913:Section 4
1859:Section 2
1621:1748-121X
1338:precedent
1287:In 2008,
1179:Criticism
978:The Times
973:Lee Clegg
961:ministers
921:(ECtHR).
840:tenants."
329:Section 3
305:Structure
61:purposes.
2832:Archived
2800:Archived
2453:20 April
2371:BBC News
2307:BBC News
2283:. London
2265:, p. 192
2249:BBC News
2166:. London
2139:. London
1983:BBC News
1629:29507544
1523:See also
1207:arsonist
1160:(2008),
1144:and the
1087:(ECtHR).
995:Sara Cox
934:claimant
656:UKSC 24
427:arts 1–4
67:Citation
18:HRA 1998
2840:Liberty
2632:22 June
2313:2 April
2187:Craig,
2116:27 July
2085:27 July
1989:29 June
1428:JUSTICE
1340:in the
1137:The Sun
1132:tabloid
1128:Taliban
938:damages
616:UKHL 56
603:UKHL 33
490:s 2(1)
478:s 38(1)
407:sources
341:primary
181:of the
2774:
2751:
2728:
2706:
2675:
2572:12 May
2480:
2392:
2340:
1627:
1619:
1502:Brexit
1459:Judge
1441:, the
1215:appeal
1211:rapist
1077:Romani
642:UKSC 5
630:UKSC 3
590:UKHL 7
566:AC 765
466:ss 3–6
438:ss 1–2
241:after
2704:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
2334:(PDF)
2287:4 May
2054:
2022:
2006:
1958:
1802:(PDF)
1625:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
417:cl 12
100:Dates
2772:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2634:2022
2574:2015
2512:help
2489:2023
2478:ISSN
2455:2023
2390:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2315:2007
2289:2010
2172:2008
2145:2008
2118:2007
2087:2007
1991:2011
1809:2020
1716:2011
1617:ISSN
1498:2017
1241:and
993:and
689:see
682:s 18
440:and
343:and
173:The
2838:by
2696:doi
2227:doi
1609:doi
1398:.
672:s 2
456:s 1
445:s 1
2865::
2747:.
2702:.
2692:35
2690:.
2623:.
2590:.
2546:.
2528:.
2504::
2502:}}
2498:{{
2491:.
2476:.
2472:.
2446:.
2427:.
2409:.
2368:.
2305:.
2279:.
2247:.
2223:66
2221:.
2180:^
2162:.
2135:.
2104:.
2066:^
1981:.
1975:.
1932:,
1926:,
1790:^
1733:^
1707:.
1694:^
1646:^
1623:.
1615:.
1605:35
1603:.
1599:.
1418:,
1365::
1348:.
1317:,
1279:.
929:.
863:.
849:.
816:.
245:.
201:.
82:,
2825:.
2780:.
2757:.
2734:.
2710:.
2698::
2681:.
2636:.
2576:.
2514:)
2457:.
2374:.
2317:.
2291:.
2233:.
2229::
2174:.
2147:.
2120:.
2089:.
1993:.
1811:.
1718:.
1631:.
1611::
1405:)
1401:(
397:e
390:t
383:v
317:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.