Respiratory syncytial virus

2096:

prevent reinfection and might not expand effectively in the body after reinfection. However, it's possible that these cells could be located in specific areas of the lungs and respond more strongly to secondary infection, as seen in animal studies. For instance, a study using mice showed that the "extent of the BALF inflammatory response to reinfection response to reinfection in adulthood is determined by the age at first infection." The study also discovered that the patterns differ for "neonatal infection primes the host to develop a Th2-biased response." The exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. One possibility is that a lack of IFN-γ production in newborns during their first encounter with RSV, possibly due to an immature immune system, allows for the emergence of a Th2-biased response that persists and can be triggered again during subsequent RSV infections. However, it's improbable that variations solely in IFN-γ levels explain this susceptibility window. IL-13 appears to play a significant role as a regulator in this process. IL-13 is a protein located in the lung. It is a "mediator of allergic asthma" and it is in charge of "regulating eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness."

377:

care and have a "lack of awareness/understanding of the public health impact of RSV among healthcare professionals (HCPs)." There is also a "lack of reliable local/regional epidemiological and disease burden data to inform cost-effectiveness assessment and guide preventive efforts, and lack of access to point-of-care tests." The PROUD taskforce of 24 global RSV was developed to aid in "understanding and propose solutions to these challenges." The goal of the taskforce is to pressure policymakers, influential health providers, public health organizations, and associations to work together to fight RSV in lower and middle-income countries. One of the many first steps the PROUD taskforce took to achieve its goal was creating a "detailed assessment of the key considerations and priorities for the prevention and management of RSV infection in LMICS." They did this through a "global, online based survey of HCPS."

373:(LMIC)s, including vaccine and newer preventive measures." RSV and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) cause over "3 million hospitalizations and over 100,000 deaths in children under 5 years every year." Around "90%" of these mortality rates occur in LMICs "where RSV has been reported to be the most frequent cause of mortality among infants beyond the neonatal period." In the past two decades, the World Health Organization has made it their priority for RSV and LRTI prevention measures. However, even with "60 years of research," the "preventive measures for RSV disease remain limited to good hygiene and the use of palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody used only for high-risk children, including premature infants (≤35 weeks' gestational age) and those with congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia." 1382:

indicating the impact of gene mutations, particularly in the G protein, on immune evasion. Additionally, differences in cytokine expression and immune cell responses highlight the complexity of immune interactions during RSV infection. Genomic variations in RSV, particularly in proteins like G and F, influence immune responses and contribute to immune evasion. This multifaceted immunomodulatory arsenal likely contributes to RSV's ability to cause mild respiratory symptoms in most cases, yet it poses a severe threat to vulnerable populations such as infants and the elderly, potentially leading to life-threatening lung disease characterized by immune dysregulation. RSV has evolved numerous strategies to evade the host's antiviral response, with over half of its proteins exerting immunomodulatory effects.

565:

respiratory tract disease during the first season, 77.3% for mid-season, and 67.2% over two seasons." The second vaccine, created after by Pfizer proved to have "an efficacy of almost 89% against LRTD involving at least three symptoms in the first year after vaccination, and 78.6% mid-way through a second season in the data presented to the FDA." These numbers are groundbreaking from elderly patients who may suffer with effects of underlying medical conditions as well. Overall, "doctors say the benefits of the new vaccines for older adults outweigh the potential harms in cases where RSV could be life-threatening." They recommend the vaccines to all eligible elderly individuals, and specifically aim them at people with underlying conditions. The U.S. CDC recommends use of

381:

documented A study from the United States showed higher rates of RSV hospitalizations in black children than white children aged 12–23 months; yet differences were not found in incidence rates in the first year of life, nor in the severity of disease." The ways that certain areas of the world handle RSV and other viruses vary due to cultural reasons as well as medical preferences. For example, preventative measures may be viable sources in one area of the world such as vaccines and staying up to date on doctor visits, but in other places, preventative care may not be such a large option or opportunity for everyone. Socioeconomic status may also play a role in this disparity of care as certain places have more medical assistance and resources present than others.

1365:

becoming reinfected. The mild symptoms tend to be restricting upper airways. However, individuals that are younger are extremely vulnerable to developing "severe symptoms," which typically involve the lower airways. Since infants have smaller airways than children do, "they might be obstructed by inflammation, edema, and mucus." This can contribute to developing a "more severe lower respiratory tract illness." As mentioned, RSV reinfection is frequent among all ages and the type of host response to reinfection can determine "which children will develop persistent wheezing and possibly asthma." It is possible that the age you are infected with RSV can be a vital factor in "determining the phenotype of airway response to subsequent RSV infection."

556:

hospitalized annually with RSV. Between 6,000-10,000 of older adults die from RSV infection each year. Additionally RSV can ". . . lead to worsening of serious conditions such as, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – a chronic disease of the lungs that makes it hard to breathe, and even Congestive heart failure – when the heart can't pump enough blood and oxygen through the body." Expedient and proper medical care is important for older adults as waiting, or receiving a misdiagnosis can be associated with increased risk of complications. As of August 2023, adults aged 60 years of age and older qualify for vaccination against RSV in Canada and the United States.

1650:

young children against RSV disease.Modified after Karron 2021 The RSV fusion protein (F) plays a crucial role in facilitating virus entry by mediating the fusion of viral and host cell membranes. This process involves the transformation of F from a less stable prefusion conformation to a more energetically favorable postfusion state. Antibodies directed against the F protein have demonstrated the ability to hinder viral entry and mitigate RSV-induced diseases. There has been a growing identification of antibodies specifically targeting the prefusion conformation of F. These antibodies exhibit heightened RSV-neutralizing efficacy compared to those binding to F in its postfusion state.

44: 1746:(Synagis) is a monoclonal antibody directed against the surface fusion (F) protein of the RSV virus. It was licensed in 1998 and is effective in providing temporary prophylaxis against both RSV A and B. It is given by monthly injections, which are begun just prior to the RSV season and are usually continued for five months. Palivizumab has been shown to reduce both hospitalization rates and all-cause mortality in certain groups of high-risk children (such as those with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and those born preterm). However, its cost limits its use in many parts of the world. More potent derivatives of this antibody have since been developed (including 1467:(PCR) is type of NAAT which allows a very small sample of genetic material to be rapidly amplified into millions of copies for study. PCR is more sensitive than either antigen testing or viral culture. Therefore, it can be used to detect virus in those with lower viral shedding, such as older children and adults. It may also be used to detect the disease earlier in at-risk individuals (such as hospitalized or immunocompromised patients), when the viral burden may still be too low to be identified by traditional techniques. Because of its sensitivity, PCR can also often detect asymptomatic carriers and may remain positive even days after an infection has clinically resolved. 829: 942: 1189: 1175: 1619:

childhood asthma. Unlike other vaccine-preventable respiratory pathogens, RSV has proven challenging for vaccine development. Ongoing efforts focus on creating vaccines that confer durable protection, with field trials eagerly anticipated. Currently, supportive care is the mainstay for treating RSV disease, as effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are awaited. The introduction of antivirals and vaccines, coupled with advanced diagnostic techniques, holds promise for reducing RSV's global impact in the coming years. These interventions may alter infection dynamics and weaken RSV's hold on communities worldwide.

1320: 1988:, necessitating hospitalization. Each year, approximately 30 million acute respiratory illnesses and over 60,000 childhood deaths are caused by RSV worldwide. An estimated 87% of infants will have experienced an RSV infection by the age of 18 months, and nearly all children will have been infected by 3 years. In the United States, RSV is responsible for up to 20% of acute respiratory infection hospitalizations in children under the age of 5. However, the vast majority of RSV-related deaths occur in low-income countries that lack access to basic supportive care. 2087:, infection rates tend to be highest during the cold winter months. This is often attributed to increased indoor crowding and increased viral stability in the lower temperatures. In tropical and arctic climates, however, the annual variation is less well defined and seems to be more prevalent during the rainy season. Annual epidemics are generally caused by the presence of several different viral strains. Subtype A and B viruses will often circulate simultaneously within a specific geographic region, although group A viruses are more prevalent. 356:

and colleagues showed that this virus also caused respiratory illness in humans by isolating it from two children, one with a throat and voice box infection and the other with a lung infection. They found that this virus was similar to CCA. When a specific antibody against CCA was found in most school-aged children, the virus was renamed "respiratory syncytial virus" to better reflect its effects on health and laboratory findings. The discovery of this disease is extremely important as it identifies a new virus that affects animals and humans.

1811:(Beyfortus) is another antiviral monoclonal antibody, that has been approved for the prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract disease in newborns and infants during their first RSV season. Nirsevimab requires only one dose that lasts the entire RSV season, unlike palivizumab, which has to be injected about once a month for up to four times to remain effective. Nirsevimab was approved for medical use in the European Union and the United Kingdom in November 2022, and in Canada in April 2023. 1311:

droplets into the air. Transmission usually occurs when these droplets come into contact with another person's eyes, nose, or mouth. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. RSV can also live for up to 25 minutes on contaminated skin (i.e. hands) and several hours on other surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. It has an

929: 1535:(AAP) does not recommend routine imaging for children with presumed RSV bronchiolitis because it does not change clinical outcomes and is associated with increased antibiotic use. Chest X-ray is sometimes considered when the diagnosis of bronchiolitis is unclear or when there is an unexpected worsening. In adults with RSV infection, chest films are often normal or demonstrate nonspecific changes consistent with viral pneumonia, such as patchy bilateral infiltrates. 1670: 2037:

potential use needs further assessment in clinical trials. There is also no evidence to support hypertonic saline therapy combined with chest physiotherapy. There is very weak evidence to suggest that passive slow expiratory technique physiotherapy may contribute to a "mild to moderate" positive change in the severity of bronchiolitis for hospitalized infants, however the benefit of this approach for infants treated in ambulatory settings is not known.

65: 1646: 1507:) is not frequently used in RSV diagnosis. The time required for the body to mount a significant serologic response (and demonstrate a significant rise in antibodies that can be detected in serum) is usually not useful in guiding patient care. Up to 30% of patients with documented RSV infection will have negative serology results. As such, this method is generally reserved for research and surveillance studies. 1374:

severity, outbreaks, and reinfections. Notably, the variability observed in the G gene, followed by the SH and F genes, suggests a correlation between structural differences in proteins and their immunogenicity. Specifically, the irregular curl and low bond energy of the G protein make it prone to conformational changes, affecting its immunogenicity and potentially modulating the immune response.

1260: 902: 1666:

its 82% effectiveness against severe RSV in newborns up to three months and 69% efficacy through six months. While unanimous in favor of efficacy, the committee voted 10 to 4 for safety, with concerns about a slightly higher premature birth rate in the vaccinated group. GSK halted its own trial due to a 38% higher likelihood of premature births in the vaccine group.

7279: 7267: 1378:

immune evasion. Evidence suggests that RSV glycoprotein G plays a crucial role in immune modulation during infection, affecting cytokine expression and the antiviral response. In addition, positive selection pressure drives the dominance of certain genotypes over others, potentially driven by mutations within specific regions of the G gene.

360:

group which is viruses with nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genomes. RSV also falls under the family Paramyxoviridae which is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses causing different types of infections in vertebrates. Furthermore, RSV is part of a subfamily named Pneumovirinae which are viruses primarily affecting the respiratory tract.

438: 1642:. Each targets different immune responses, and thus may be better suited to prevent disease in different at-risk groups. Live-attenuated vaccines have shown some success in RSV-naive infants. Other vaccine candidates hope to target vulnerable populations across the lifespan, including pregnant women and the elderly. 1516: 2036:

including forced respiratory techniques for infants has not been found to reduce disease severity or yield any other improvement. Evidence supporting other physiotherapy approaches including instrumental physiotherapy and rhinopharyngeal retrograde technique (RRT) is very limited, The effects and any

1255:

and leads to fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. A final conformational shift results in a more stable and elongated form of the protein (postfusion, PostF). Opposite of the RSV G protein, the RSV F protein also binds to and activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), initiating the innate immune

359:

Through the discovery of neutralizing antibodies in children and confirmation that the virus causes respiratory illness, this disease was named as respiratory syncytial virus. This name also emphasizes a characteristic observed during infection which is fused cells. RSV belongs to the Mononegavirales

1892:

Corticosteroids (systemic or inhaled) have not been found to decrease hospitalization length or disease severity in viral bronchiolitis. Their use may also prolong viral shedding, and thus is not commonly recommended. However, the use of oral corticosteroids remains common in adults with RSV-related

1860:

and capping. It was approved in 1986 for treatment of RSV infection. However, the use of ribavirin remains controversial due to unclear evidence of efficacy and concerns about toxicity to exposed staff members, as well as cost. As such, treatment guidelines do not make recommendations for its use in

1649:

F-specific antibodies can be given directly to young children as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or acquired through transplacental transfer from mother to child after maternal immunization to protect them. Adenoviruses expressing F or live-attenuated viruses will be used to vaccinate older infants and

1238:

formation between viral particles. Its sequence is highly conserved between strains. While viral attachment appears to involve both F and G proteins, F fusion occurs independently of G. F protein exists in multiple conformational forms. In the prefusion state (PreF), the protein exists in a trimeric

888:

RSV is divided into two antigenic subtypes, A and B, based on the reactivity of the F and G surface proteins to monoclonal antibodies. The subtypes tend to circulate simultaneously within local epidemics, although subtype A tends to be more prevalent. Generally, RSV subtype A (RSVA) is thought to be

555:

RSV or Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus which affects many populations differently. The most at risk population for RSV complications are older adults and those with underlying medical conditions or immunocompromised individuals. Between 60,000-160,000 older adults in the United States are

355:

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered in 1956 from a laboratory chimpanzee with upper respiratory tract disease. When 14 chimpanzees were observed with cold-like symptoms, Morris and colleagues discovered a new virus they initially named the "chimpanzee coryza agent" (CCA). Later, Chanock

2053:

It is rare for healthy young adults to develop severe illness requiring hospitalization from RSV. However, it is now recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in certain adult populations, including the elderly and those with underlying heart or lung diseases. Its clinical impact

1665:

Addressing the more challenging aspect, the need for a newborn vaccine, researchers employed a pregnancy-administered approach to protect infants during the first six months, a critical period for RSV susceptibility. The FDA's advisory committee endorsed Pfizer's parental RSV vaccine, acknowledging

1487:

and allowed to replicate so it can be studied. Benefits of this technique include the ability to perform genetic characterization, strain typing, and antiviral susceptibility testing. However, it is limited by its prolonged turnaround time of 3–7 days, making it less common in patient care and more

1377:

Different genotypes of RSV exhibit variations in the structural conformation of key proteins such as G, SH, and F, impacting immune responses. The emergence of novel genotypes like ON1 and BA9 is associated with distinct structural differences, particularly in the G protein, which may contribute to

1360:

After recovery of "respiratory diseases associated with RSV infection, the virus interferes with the establishment of immunological memory, which leads to recurrent reinfections." An estimated of "36% of individuals" can be reinfected with RSV "at least once, during the winter season." Reinfections

1618:

RSV infection is widespread in early childhood, contributing significantly to global disease burden. The association between severe childhood infections and subsequent respiratory issues is not fully understood, particularly the suggested link between bronchiolitis, recurrent infantile wheeze, and

1381:

The F protein is a major target for neutralizing antibodies, but its variability enables viral evasion from neutralization, affecting the efficacy of antibodies like Palivizumab. Cross-reactions between RSV subtypes and genotypes are observed, but immune responses are subtype or genotype-specific,

1416:

in young children (80–90%) but substantially less reliable in older children and adults, who have less viral shedding. Antigen tests are also subject to higher false positive rates outside of the peak RSV season, such as in the summer months. In these scenarios, the use of either viral culture or

498:. In the vast majority of cases, nasal congestion precedes the development of cough. In contrast to other upper respiratory infections, RSV is also more likely to cause new onset wheeze in adults. About 25% of infected adults will progress to significant lower respiratory tract infection, such as 376:

One of the main concerns is securing access to different types of intervention at a sustainable and affordable cost for "improving the management of RSV in LMICs." Even with the administration of vaccines and "monoclonal antibodies," lower and middle-income countries have access to limited health

372:

The burden of respiratory syncytial virus is high in younger children in low and middle-income countries. The "PROUD (Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus in underdeveloped countries) taskforce of 24 RSV worldwide experts assessed key needs for RSV prevention in low- and middle-income countries

2117:

The findings of a 2024 cross-sectional study of 6,248 hospitalized adults with RSV infection suggest that acute cardiac events are common among hospitalized older adults with RSV infection, and are associated with severe clinical outcomes. Nearly a quarter of hospitalized people over 50 with RSV

2095:

A study investigated RSV-specific T cell responses in " 55 infants hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis and found that these responses were similar during both acute illness and recovery, and did not increase after subsequent RSV infections. This suggests that RSV-specific T-cell responses may not

1364:

RSV reinfection can happen throughout life. As a result, it can cause "winter/early spring epidemics in temperate regions, but synchronization of RSV activity can vary widely" depending on the region that an individual lives in. Usually, "unless immunocompromised," adults have mild symptoms when

1296:

viral genome, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes a positive-sense complement called the antigenome. This complementary strand is used as a template to construct genomic negative-sense RNA, which is packaged into nucleocapsids and transported to the plasma membrane for assembly and particle

380:

Differences in treatment and prevention vary globally and RSV symptoms and prevalence varies culturally as well. In an article titled, Comparisons between ethnic groups in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in Israel, "Ethnic disparities in RSV bronchiolitis have been

363:

Environmental conditions such as temperature and pH can lead to decreased infectivity because RSV is sensitive to them. Studies have researched RSV's survival capabilities on environmental surfaces and found that RSV can survive for many hours on nonporous surfaces and can be transmitted through

1662:(FDA) approval for RSV vaccines targeting adults aged 60 and above. GSK's Arexvy boasts 94% efficacy against severe and 83% against symptomatic RSV in this age group, while Pfizer's Abrysvo is 86% effective against severe symptoms and 67% against symptomatic disease in adults aged 60 and older. 1192:

An illustration of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in cross-section landing on a respiratory endothelial cell in humans. A nuclear protein core capped by large L proteins is depicted with single-stranded RNA (colored purple). The virion exterior is populated by F and G proteins, while its

509:

While RSV very rarely causes severe disease in healthy adults, it can cause morbidity and mortality in the elderly and in those with underlying immune compromise or cardiopulmonary disease. Older adults have a similar presentation to younger adults but tend to have greater symptom severity with

1395:

A variety of laboratory tests are available for the diagnosis of RSV infection. While the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not routinely recommend the use of lab testing to diagnose RSV bronchiolitis (for which the treatment is largely supportive), confirmation of RSV infection may be

1310:

RSV is highly contagious and can cause outbreaks from both community and hospital transmission. For each person infected with RSV, it is estimated that an average of 5 to 25 uninfected people will become infected. RSV can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing contaminated

457:

is a common lower respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation and obstruction of the small airways in the lungs. While several viruses can cause bronchiolitis, RSV is responsible for about 70% of cases. It usually presents with 2 to 4 days of runny nose and congestion followed by

1373:

Genetic variations in viral epitopes and adjacent regions affect protein folding, post-transcriptional modifications, and antigenic processing, influencing B and T cell immunity during viral infections. This alteration in conformation can lead to immune evasion, potentially impacting disease

1347:

of the lower airway. This sloughing mechanism is also thought to be responsible for the spread of virus from the upper to lower respiratory tract. Infection causes generalized inflammation within the lungs, including the migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells (such as monocytes and

401:. While RSV can cause respiratory tract infections in people of all ages and is among common childhood infections, its presentation often varies between age groups and immune status. Reinfection is common throughout life, but infants and the elderly remain at risk for symptomatic infection. 286:

The historically recommended prevention measures include hand-washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. The detection of RSV in respiratory aerosols, along with the production of fine and ultrafine aerosols during normal breathing, talking, and coughing, and the emerging

1459:

approaching 100%. However, they tend to be more expensive and require more complex equipment than other testing methods, making them less practical in resource limited areas. Molecular testing for RSV is not routinely recommended for all people with respiratory symptoms. However, it may be

564:

Two vaccines, one with the brand name Arexvy, developed by GSK, and the other with the brand name Abrysvo, from Pfizer, were approved by the FDA and shown to be extremely effective against RSV in August 2023. The vaccine developed by GSK reported an "overall efficacy of 82.6% against lower

2074:

patients prior to marrow engraftment are at particularly high risk, with RSV accounting for nearly half of the viral infections in this population. This group has also demonstrated mortality rates of up to 80% among those with RSV pneumonia. While infection may occur within the community,

5685:

Dakhama A, Park JW, Taube C, Joetham A, Balhorn A, Miyahara N, et al. (August 2005). "The Enhancement or Prevention of Airway Hyperresponsiveness during Reinfection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Critically Dependent on the Age at First Infection and IL-13 Production".

4258:

960:. While many particles are spherical, filamentous species have also been identified. The genome rests within a helical nucleocapsid and is surrounded by matrix protein and an envelope containing viral glycoproteins. There are 11 proteins, described further in the table below. 2118:

experienced an acute cardiac event (most frequently acute heart failure), including 1 in 12 adults (8.5%) without documented underlying cardiovascular disease. Patients who had acute cardiac events had nearly twice the risk of a severe outcome than patients who did not.

1197:

Surface protein G (glycoprotein) is primarily responsible for viral attachment to host cells. This protein is highly variable between strains. G protein exists in both membrane-bound and secreted forms. The membrane-found form is responsible for attachment by binding to

2106:, may lead to a higher risk of infection with RSV. In November 2022, the RSV hospitalization rate for newborns was seven times the rate in 2018. This, combined with increasing influenza circulation, caused the US state of Oregon to declare a state of emergency. The 1460:

recommended for those at high risk of RSV complications, such as infants, older adults, and people with chronic medical conditions. RT-PCR has a sensitivity of 90-95% and a specificity of 98-99%, while LAMP has a sensitivity of 95-100% and a specificity of 99-100%.

1970:, a prophylactic monoclonal antibody with 75% efficacy against RSV cases in infants under one year. Europe approved nirsevimab in November 2022, and the FDA followed suit in July 2023. Merck's clesrovimab, a similar monoclonal antibody, is in late-stage trials. 1927:

that relax the muscles of the airways to allow for improved airflow. However, bronchodilators have not been found to improve clinical severity of infection or rate of hospitalization among those with RSV infection. Given their limited benefit, plus their

1218:) on the surface of ciliated bronchial host cells. This binding may alter cellular chemotaxis and reduce the migration of immune cells into the lungs of infected individuals. G protein also alters host immune response by inhibiting signaling from several 2054:

among elderly adults is estimated to be similar to that of influenza. Each year, approximately 5–10% of nursing home residents will experience RSV infection, with significant rates of pneumonia and death. RSV is also responsible for 2–5% of adult

441: 445: 444: 440: 439: 2030:, a mixture of oxygen with helium, may reduce respiratory distress within the first hour of treatment. It works by decreasing airway resistance and easing the work of breathing. However, it has not been shown to affect overall illness outcomes. 446: 1315:

of 2 to 8 days. Once infected, people are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days. In infants and in people with weakened immune systems, however, the virus may continue to spread for up to 4 weeks (even after they are no longer showing symptoms).

5950: 5923: 4946: 1455:(NAATs), enable sensitive detection of very small amounts of virus in nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates. NAAT assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detect virus-specific genetic material, rather than viral antigens. They have a 409:

Nearly all children in the United States experience at least one RSV infection before two years of age. Childhood RSV infections are fairly self-limited with typical upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion,

4976: 1983:

Worldwide, RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children under the age of 5. The risk of serious infection is highest during the first 6 months of life. Of those infected with RSV, 2–3% will develop

569:

when deciding to get vaccinated, with communication between healthcare provider and patient about the benefit of being vaccinated, the patient's risk factors for severe RSV disease and any potential side effects of the vaccine.

1352:, and increased mucous production. Inflammation and cell damage tends to be patchy rather than diffuse. Together, the sloughed epithelial cells, mucous plugs, and accumulated immune cells cause obstruction of the lower airway. 443: 3772:

Saravanos GL, King CL, Deng L, Dinsmore N, Ramos I, Takashima M, et al. (December 2021). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Neurologic Complications in Children: A Systematic Review and Aggregated Case Series".

1606:

and the lack of disease-specific therapies. Vaccine development has faced obstacles that have blocked its progress. Among these are infant-specific factors, such as the immature infant immune system and the presence of

546:

are particularly susceptible. Bone marrow transplant patients appear to be at highest risk, especially prior to marrow engraftment. In this group, RSV infection carries a nearly 80% risk of both pneumonia and death.

2024:

has been shown to reduce length of hospitalization and reduce clinical severity in infants with viral bronchiolitis. A possible mechanism is reduced airway edema and mucus plugging to decrease airway obstruction.

1882:

Immunoglobins, both RSV-specific and non-specific, have historically been used for RSV-related illness. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of immunoglobins in children with RSV infection.

1727:(or immunoglobins) from human donors recovering from the disease. While this transfer of antibodies was reasonably effective in providing short-term immunization to at-risk infants, it was limited by both its 3954: 5575:"Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries" 3034:"Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries" 4938: 4886: 3932: 4968: 2625:

Kulkarni H, Smith CM, Lee Ddo H, Hirst RA, Easton AJ, O'Callaghan C (August 2016). "Evidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Spread by Aerosol. Time to Revisit Infection Control Strategies?".

5459:

Woodruff RC, Melgar M, Pham H, Sperling LS, Loustalot F, Kirley PD, et al. (June 2024). "Acute Cardiac Events in Hospitalized Older Adults With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection".

4853: 1903:

have been used in the treatment of infants and children with bronchiolitis. However, the evidence supporting their use remains inconsistent with no definitive conclusions on their efficacy.

2835: 6627: 530:

are at an increased risk of severe infection with RSV. Infected individuals in this group are more likely to progress from upper to lower respiratory tract involvement and have prolonged

5437: 4606:"RSV Vaccines Are Nearly Here after Decades of False Starts - Decades of failed attempts have given way to several successful vaccines and treatments for the respiratory disease RSV" 1408:

swab or aspirate. This can be accomplished either by viewing fluorescently labeled antigens under a microscope (direct fluorescence assay, or DFA) or using a commercially available

4613: 1824:

Treatment for RSV infection is focused primarily on supportive care. This may include monitoring a patient's breathing or using suction to remove secretions from the upper airway.

1361:

like these can be a result of "an initial encounter with RSV" that "fails to initiate adequate humoral and cellular immune responses to generate protective memory lymphocytes."

905:

RSV structure and genome organization. (a) ~150 nm RSV virion particle and (b) single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome consisting of 10 genes (NS1-NS2-N-P-M-SH-G-F-M2-L).

275:

of the upper and lower airway, causing inflammation, cell damage, and airway obstruction. A variety of methods are available for viral detection and diagnosis of RSV including

4972: 998:

F and G glycoproteins are the two major surface proteins that control viral attachment and the initial stages of infection. F and G proteins are also the primary targets for

442: 1396:

warranted in high-risk groups if the result will guide clinical decisions. Common identification techniques include antigen testing, molecular testing, and viral culture.

893:

have been identified. Among RSVA, the GA1, GA2, GA5, and GA7 clades predominate; GA7 is found only in the United States. Among RSVB, the BA clade predominates worldwide.

6050: 4695: 1543:

The differential diagnosis for individuals presenting with signs and symptoms of upper and lower respiratory tract infection includes other viral infections (such as

7342: 3962: 2045:(rhDNase), an enzyme that digests the DNA that contributes to mucus plugging and airway obstruction, has not been shown to improve clinical outcomes in this group. 5385:"Association of COVID-19 with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children aged 0–5 years in the USA in 2022: a multicentre retrospective cohort study" 3828:"Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children under five years: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 1193:

interior is lined by M2-1 and M proteins. G proteins are shown as tangled tubular structures, and F proteins are represented as structures resembling drumsticks.

7355: 6641: 1343:

within these bronchial cells for about 8 days. After the first several days, RSV-infected cells will become more rounded and ultimately slough into the smaller

248:

RSV is a common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, and reinfection remains common in later life though often with less severity. It is a notable

7393: 6307: 4878: 4153: 3652: 3590: 3560: 6138: 1836:

and mechanical ventilation may be required to support breathing. If signs of dehydration are present, fluids may also be given orally or through an IV.

426:), may be seen on exam. Approximately 15–50% of children will go on to develop more serious lower respiratory tracts infections, such as bronchiolitis, 3924: 482:

Reinfection with RSV remains common throughout life. Reinfection in adulthood often produces only mild to moderate symptoms indistinguishable from the

6178: 236: 4916: 4845: 2071: 1866: 535: 2827: 1915:, medications commonly used to treat asthma, are sometimes used to treat the wheezing associated with RSV infection. These medications (such as 271:

RSV can cause outbreaks both in the community and in hospital settings. Following initial infection via the eyes or nose, the virus infects the

5762:"A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations" 5624: 2860: 828: 7062: 6043: 5896: 5553: 4733: 4056: 3269: 2960: 2437: 1951:

pathogens such as RSV. However, antibiotics may be considered if there is clear evidence that a secondary bacterial infection has developed.

1183: 661: 3514:

Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cox C, Walsh EE (April 2005). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Elderly and High-Risk Adults".

7388: 6271: 5433: 4669: 2209: 515: 5499: 1206:, on the surface of host cells. The secreted form acts as a decoy, interacting with antigen presenting cells to inhibit antibody-mediated 925:

encoding for 11 proteins. The gene order is NS1-NS2-N-P-M-SH-G-F-M2-L, with the NS1 and NS2 gene serving as nonstructural promoter genes.

4605: 6328: 1686: 1597: 1470:

Multi-pathogen panels are also available, which can detect the presence of multiple viral infections (including RSV) in a single person.

1442:(DFA) allows for direct microscopic examination of virus-infected cells. The sensitivity of DFA testing depends on an adequate specimen. 319: 315: 296: 2107: 1585: 566: 6647: 6173: 6130: 394: 390: 6562: 2721:"Cough aerosol in healthy participants: fundamental knowledge to optimize droplet-spread infectious respiratory disease management" 6633: 6036: 945: 4635: 4039:

Collins PL, Fearns R, Graham BS (2013). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Virology, Reverse Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Disease".

1188: 1174: 853:

This is synonymous with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), which is often shortened to just RSV. It belongs to the genus

43: 941: 2070:

are more likely to develop acute illness, and are 3.5 times more likely to require hospitalization than children without HIV.

6232: 6218: 4691: 4159: 2111: 1532: 1955:

may also develop in a small number of infants with RSV bronchiolitis, in which case oral antibiotics may sometimes be used.

889:

more virulent than RSV subtype B (RSVB), with higher viral loads and faster transmission time. To date, 16 RSVA and 22 RSVB

64: 3987:

Cowton VM, McGivern DR, Fearns R (July 2006). "Unravelling the complexities of respiratory syncytial virus RNA synthesis".

2451: 1319: 7257: 5232:

Farley R, Spurling GK, Eriksson L, Del Mar CB, et al. (Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group) (October 2014).

3230: 651:

The following are more common in elderly adults or those with underlying immunocompromise or cardiopulmonary conditions:

7383: 6437: 6431: 6342: 6336: 6226: 2831: 2055: 1758: 1682: 1659: 1421: 1284:

both occur within the cytoplasm. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes the genome into 10 segments of messenger RNA (

1094: 292: 51: 2014:

Additional supportive treatments have been investigated in infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis. These include:

1404:

Antigen testing involves detection of RSV antigen fragments (or pieces of molecular viral structures), usually from an

1247:

in the body. After binding to its target on the host cell surface (its exact ligand remains unclear), PreF undergoes a

6800: 6726: 6720: 6393: 1456: 1439: 1413: 3877:"Respiratory syncytial virus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies" 1677:

is the foundation of passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Modified after Karron 2021.

7333: 1765: 1577: 1336: 692: 7360: 5000:"Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children" 494:. If present, symptoms are generally isolated to the upper respiratory tract: runny nose, sore throat, fever, and 7228: 7055: 6857: 6464: 5086:"Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection" 1753:

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP 2014) recommends RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab during RSV season for:

1464: 1293: 799: 5879:

Mousa JJ, Williams JV, Crowe JE (2022). "Pneumoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus".

1178:

False-color artistic rendering of RSV. G- glycoproteins are shown in light blue, with F-glycoproteins in orange.

626:

Long term, children are at risk of developing the following chronic conditions that may persist into adulthood:

510:

increased risk of lower respiratory tract involvement. In particular, the elderly are more likely to experience

6566: 6478: 6383: 6213: 6186: 6158: 6091: 5965: 5634:"Comparisons between ethnic groups in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in Israel" 3085:"Comparisons between ethnic groups in hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in Israel" 2066:

In both adults and children, immunosuppression increases susceptibility to RSV infection. Children living with

910: 842: 5807:"Immune escaping of the novel genotypes of human respiratory syncytial virus based on gene sequence variation" 5334:"Immune escaping of the novel genotypes of human respiratory syncytial virus based on gene sequence variation" 1572:

The main prevention measure is to avoid close contact with infected individuals. Airborne precautions such as

5037:"Advances in respiratory virus therapeutics - A meeting report from the 6th isirv Antiviral Group conference" 3298:"Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age" 1879:

but has not yet been approved for medical use. It acts as a fusion inhibitor by inhibiting the RSV F protein.

534:. Symptom severity seems to be closely related to the extent of immune suppression. Those who have undergone 7185: 6362: 1924: 1771: 1739: 1552: 1122: 1067: 873: 6556: 6152: 2075:

hospital-acquired infection is thought to account for 30–50% of cases among immunocompromised individuals.

7295: 6756: 6734: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6494: 6388: 6349: 4908: 2662:"The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission" 1720: 1234:

Surface protein F (fusion protein) is responsible for fusion of viral and host cell membranes, as well as

398: 331: 2576:

Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, et al. (November 2014).

6741: 6322: 6192: 5618: 1802: 1790: 1425: 1323:

Lumen of an obstructed bronchiole containing cellular debris and aggregates of sloughed epithelial cells

1281: 1248: 1244: 1207: 999: 288: 6163: 5573:

Carbonell-Estrany X, Simões EA, Bont LJ, Gentile A, Homaira N, Scotta MC, et al. (November 2022).

3619: 3032:

Carbonell-Estrany X, Simões EA, Bont LJ, Gentile A, Homaira N, Scotta MC, et al. (November 2022).

1723:(IVIG) was used to provide passive immunity. This involved monthly administration of RSV-neutralizing 707:

Risk factors for development of severe lower respiratory tract infection with RSV vary by population.

466:. Fever may be present, but high-grade fever is uncommon. Crackles and wheezing can often be heard on 7048: 7005: 6837: 6472: 6301: 5645: 4516: 3096: 2673: 1943:

is not appropriate for treatment of RSV-related bronchiolitis or viral pneumonia. Antibiotics target

1142: 876:

on the surface of the virus cause neighboring cell membranes to merge, creating large multinucleated

599: 543: 59: 4097:"Best practice in the prevention and management of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus infection" 2432:. Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society. 6423: 6144: 5954: 4939:"Beyfortus approved in the EU for the prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract disease in infants" 2033: 2004: 1833: 1735: 1728: 1405: 1340: 1276:(containing the viral genome) and the associated viral polymerase are delivered into the host cell 620: 612: 327: 323: 5434:"Children's hospitals call on Biden to declare emergency in response to 'unprecedented' RSV surge" 3350:"Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients With Cancer or Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplant" 928: 7140: 6526: 6282: 4540: 4437: 4394: 3808: 2775:

Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, et al. (August 2021).

2719:

Zayas G, Chiang MC, Wong E, MacDonald F, Lange CF, Senthilselvan A, et al. (December 2012).

2607: 2545: 2288:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment" 1623: 1429: 1428:

due to their ease of use and quick turnaround time (as little as 10 minutes). These include both

1409: 1219: 184: 6028: 4759:"Monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children" 4661: 3826:

Shi T, Balsells E, Wastnedge E, Singleton R, Rasmussen ZA, Zar HJ, et al. (December 2015).

3584: 2197: 7347: 5283:

Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, et al. (February 2009).

1669: 1523:

Chest X-rays findings in children with RSV bronchiolitis are generally nonspecific and include

252:

in all age groups. Infection rates are typically higher during the cold winter months, causing

6990: 6941: 6922: 6903: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6598: 6503: 6207: 6085: 6005: 5976: 5892: 5867: 5838: 5793: 5748: 5715:

Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK (September 2019).

5703: 5673: 5606: 5549: 5524: 5480: 5414: 5365: 5314: 5265: 5214: 5163: 5111: 5066: 5017: 4827: 4776: 4739: 4729: 4579: 4532: 4486: 4429: 4386: 4338: 4276: 4221: 4188:

Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK (September 2019).

4126: 4072: 4052: 4004: 3906: 3857: 3800: 3754: 3705: 3531: 3496: 3430: 3381: 3327: 3275: 3265: 3222: 3182: 3124: 3065: 2993: 2956: 2922: 2806: 2752: 2701: 2642: 2599: 2537: 2443: 2433: 2317: 2084: 2042: 2021: 1645: 1452: 1312: 1289: 1199: 1152: 503: 471: 232: 5863: 4846:"New medicine to protect babies and infants from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection" 3644: 2891:

Simões EA, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, Bont L, Crowe JE, Griffiths P, et al. (March 2015).

7193: 7155: 6965: 6675: 6355: 6287: 6168: 6099: 5884: 5859: 5828: 5818: 5783: 5773: 5738: 5728: 5695: 5663: 5653: 5596: 5586: 5559: 5541: 5476: 5468: 5404: 5396: 5355: 5345: 5304: 5296: 5255: 5245: 5204: 5194: 5153: 5145: 5107: 5097: 5056: 5048: 5007: 4817: 4807: 4766: 4571: 4524: 4476: 4468: 4421: 4376: 4328: 4320: 4268: 4211: 4201: 4116: 4108: 4062: 4044: 3996: 3896: 3888: 3847: 3839: 3790: 3782: 3744: 3736: 3695: 3687: 3523: 3486: 3478: 3420: 3412: 3371: 3361: 3317: 3309: 3257: 3172: 3164: 3114: 3104: 3055: 3045: 2966: 2948: 2912: 2904: 2796: 2788: 2742: 2732: 2691: 2681: 2634: 2589: 2527: 2517: 2307: 2299: 2141: 2008: 1776:

Infants <24 months old with chronic lung disease of prematurity requiring medical therapy

1608: 855: 527: 265: 161: 4559: 7271: 6889: 6817: 6812: 6794: 6714: 6703: 6574: 6538: 6458: 6244: 6105: 4507:

Karron RA (May 2021). "Preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in children".

1896: 1635: 1627: 1556: 1548: 1203: 1081: 868: 789: 427: 276: 137: 113: 4969:"MHRA Grants Approval of Beyfortus (nirsevimab) for Prevention of RSV Disease in Infants" 4757:

Andabaka T, Nickerson JW, Rojas-Reyes MX, Rueda JD, Bacic Vrca V, Barsic B (April 2013).

2578:"Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis" 389:

RSV infection can present with a wide variety of signs and symptoms that range from mild

5649: 5409: 5384: 5260: 5209: 4520: 3252:

AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases (2018). Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA (eds.).

3100: 2677: 1519:

X-ray of a child with RSV bronchiolitis showing the typical bilateral perihilar fullness

633:

and recurrent wheezing, particularly among those with severe RSV infection in early life

7283: 7244: 6125: 5833: 5788: 5743: 5668: 5601: 5564: 5545: 5360: 5309: 5284: 5158: 5133: 5061: 5036: 5035:

Beigel JH, Nam HH, Adams PL, Krafft A, Ince WL, El-Kamary SS, et al. (July 2019).

4822: 4795: 4481: 4456: 4333: 4308: 4216: 4121: 4096: 4067: 3901: 3876: 3852: 3827: 3749: 3724: 3700: 3675: 3425: 3400: 3376: 3322: 3297: 3177: 3152: 3119: 3060: 2971: 2952: 2917: 2892: 2801: 2776: 2747: 2696: 2312: 2287: 2011:

is available to prevent RSV infection and hospitalization in the highest risk infants.

1912: 1876: 1865:

and is generally reserved for the severely immunocompromised, such as those undergoing

1849: 1825: 1674: 1603: 1433: 1251:

during which Ø is lost. This change enables the protein to insert itself into the host

957: 805: 531: 423: 339: 311: 125: 5959: 3554: 7377: 7198: 6120: 6115: 6063: 4796:"The long road to protect infants against severe RSV lower respiratory tract illness" 4544: 4412:

Chien JW, Johnson JL (March 2000). "Viral pneumonias. Epidemic respiratory viruses".

4398: 3812: 3491: 3466: 2893:"Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Therapeutics" 2549: 1985: 1929: 1862: 1857: 1829: 1504: 1480: 1285: 1252: 862: 809: 726: 681:

Some immunocompromised groups are at higher risk of specific complications, such as:

665: 454: 280: 253: 149: 101: 5472: 5052: 4441: 3676:"Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children" 1780:

Per AAP guidelines, palivizumab prophylaxis may also be considered in infants with:

7208: 7087: 6981: 6831: 6509: 6370: 6016: 5888: 5250: 5233: 5199: 5182: 5149: 5102: 5085: 5012: 4999: 4812: 4771: 4758: 2611: 1992: 1784: 1698: 1631: 1612: 1484: 604: 539: 491: 467: 4147: 3482: 2522: 2505: 1832:

or face mask in order to improve airflow. In severe cases of respiratory failure,

5970: 5658: 5633: 4381: 4364: 3892: 3109: 3084: 7327: 7213: 7170: 7097: 7092: 7071: 7021: 6970: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6934: 6929: 6908: 6878: 6780: 6619: 6531: 6514: 6449: 6110: 6000: 5699: 5518: 4879:"Health Canada approves new antibody drug to help prevent serious RSV in babies" 4272: 4048: 3786: 2425: 1996: 1959: 1900: 1747: 1743: 1710: 1639: 1528: 1417:

nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) may aid in an accurate RSV diagnosis.

1028: 794: 688: 595: 483: 419: 257: 7318: 5981: 5823: 5806: 5350: 5333: 4043:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 372. pp. 3–38. 3740: 3691: 2987: 2638: 7160: 7102: 6871: 6655: 6412: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5778: 5761: 5591: 5574: 5538:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

5181:

Liu F, Ouyang J, Sharma AN, Liu S, Yang B, Xiong W, et al. (March 2015).

4575: 4472: 3416: 3279: 3210: 3168: 3050: 3033: 2945:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

2099: 2000: 1967: 1940: 1920: 1916: 1872: 1808: 1714: 1573: 1544: 1344: 1288:) which is translated into structural proteins by host cell machinery. During 918: 499: 411: 272: 5733: 5716: 5400: 4743: 4206: 4189: 4112: 3366: 3349: 7223: 7218: 6916: 6897: 6864: 6852: 6846: 6825: 6771: 6699: 6670: 6593: 6585: 6547: 6316: 6295: 6201: 6079: 6071: 6059: 6011: 5805:

Zhou X, Jiang M, Wang F, Qian Y, Song Q, Sun Y, et al. (January 2023).

5332:

Zhou X, Jiang M, Wang F, Qian Y, Song Q, Sun Y, et al. (January 2023).

4528: 4425: 2908: 2792: 2737: 2720: 2686: 2661: 2018: 1853: 1845: 1524: 1277: 1259: 1235: 1148: 1024: 953: 901: 511: 487: 459: 335: 261: 89: 5871: 5842: 5797: 5752: 5707: 5677: 5610: 5528: 5484: 5418: 5369: 5318: 5269: 5218: 5167: 5115: 5070: 5021: 4831: 4780: 4583: 4536: 4490: 4433: 4390: 4342: 4309:"Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans" 4280: 4225: 4130: 4076: 4008: 3910: 3861: 3843: 3804: 3758: 3709: 3535: 3500: 3434: 3385: 3331: 3313: 3226: 3186: 3128: 3069: 2997: 2926: 2810: 2756: 2705: 2646: 2603: 2594: 2577: 2541: 2532: 2447: 2321: 1602:

There is interest and research in RSV vaccine discovery, given the virus's

849:

virus. The scientific name for this viral species is human orthopneumovirus

5717:"Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis" 5300: 4190:"Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis" 4000: 3261: 1932:

profile, they are not routinely recommended for use in RSV bronchiolitis.

7312: 7175: 7135: 7014: 6661: 6403: 6259: 3725:"Risk and Protective Factors for Childhood Asthma: What Is the Evidence?" 3585:"RSV Vaccination: What Older Adults 60 Years of Age and Over Should Know" 3527: 2303: 2103: 1944: 1724: 1500: 1496: 877: 415: 249: 241: 5915: 5632:

Kassem E, Na'amnih W, Bdair-Amsha A, Zahalkah H, Muhsen K (April 2019).

5183:"Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children" 4307:

Zhang N, Wang L, Deng X, Liang R, Su M, He C, et al. (April 2020).

3795: 3723:

Castro-Rodriguez JA, Forno E, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Celedón JC (2016).

3083:

Kassem E, Na'amnih W, Bdair-Amsha A, Zahalkah H, Muhsen K (April 2019).

287:

scientific consensus around transmission of all respiratory infections,

7150: 7145: 7125: 7112: 6767: 5383:

Wang L, Davis PB, Berger N, Kaelber DC, Volkow N, Xu R (October 2023).

5285:"The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children" 1690: 1655: 1240: 636: 495: 300: 7278: 4324: 3955:"Genus: Orthopneumovirus – Pneumoviridae – Negative-sense RNA Viruses" 2506:"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a scourge from infancy to old age" 7165: 6376: 5927: 4041:

Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

2027: 1963: 1952: 1694: 1622:

Potential vaccines being researched fall into five broad categories:

1333: 1273: 1215: 1211: 914: 716:

Risk factors for progression to lower respiratory infection with RSV

630: 463: 304: 7289: 5084:

Sanders SL, Agwan S, Hassan M, Bont LJ, Venekamp RP (October 2023).

1701:

that was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2024.

1214:

fractalkine-like motif that binds to the CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (

17: 7203: 7130: 7120: 7079: 7027: 6786: 6418: 5760:

Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS (February 2022).

5234:"Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age" 1948: 1852:

medication licensed for the treatment of RSV in children. It is a

1668: 1644: 1514: 1349: 1318: 1258: 1187: 1173: 940: 927: 900: 890: 827: 744: 436: 431: 291:

may also be required for reliable protection. In May 2023, the US

228: 76: 3555:"Learn about RSV in older adults with chronic medical conditions" 1875:, an experimental antiviral drug, has shown promising results in 1272:

Following fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, the viral

832:

A phylogenetic tree of the pneumovirus and paramyxovirus families

3401:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Illness for All Ages" 3151:

Borchers AT, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Gershwin LJ (December 2013).

1581: 1223: 922: 414:, cough, and low-grade fever. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa ( 310:

Treatment for severe illness is primarily supportive, including

7293: 7044: 6032: 5536:

Walsh EE, Hall CB (2015). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)".

4662:"Mresvia Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine, mRNA (mRNA-1345)" 2943:

Walsh EE, Hall CB (2015). "Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)".

1551:, and influenza) and primary bacterial pneumonia. In children, 1033:

Participates in cell fusion, but no known neutralizing epitope

7040: 6253: 2828:"FDA Approves First Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine" 2114:

asked US President Joe Biden to declare a state of emergency.

2067: 1515: 932:

Electron micrograph of RSV particle, which has variable shapes

846: 687:

Lung transplant recipients → chronic graft dysfunction, acute

1332:

Following transmission through the nose or eyes, RSV infects

1013:

Fusion of viral and host cell membranes; syncytium formation

592:

Short term, hospitalized children are at risk of developing:

4692:"Moderna Receives U.S. FDA Approval for RSV Vaccine Mresvia" 3645:"For Healthcare Professionals: Vaccination for Older Adults" 2007:

treatments) can prevent RSV infection in high-risk infants.

5500:"RSV Infection Raises Risk for Acute Cardiovascular Events" 4560:"Clinical Potential of Prefusion RSV F-specific Antibodies" 4558:

Rossey I, McLellan JS, Saelens X, Schepens B (March 2018).

4365:"Diagnostic assays for respiratory syncytial virus disease" 3729:

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice

2165: 1588:

filters, are likely protective against RSV-laden aerosols.

964:

RSV proteins and their function and location in the virion

342:

medication licensed for the treatment of RSV in children.

260:

in adults, and more serious respiratory illnesses, such as

2627:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

2162: 4636:"Mresvia- respiratory syncytial virus vaccine suspension" 2770: 2768: 2766: 2159: 2147: 4728:(Fifth ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 601–610. 1770:

Infants ≤12 months old with hemodynamically significant

1750:) but were associated with considerable adverse events. 671:

Permanent decline in lung function in patients with COPD

4457:"Respiratory syncytial virus entry and how to block it" 3211:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Children" 4998:

Ventre K, Randolph AG (January 2007). Ventre K (ed.).

2660:

Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P (June 2020).

995:

Viral attachment to ciliated cells of the host airway

7255: 3959:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

3153:"Respiratory syncytial virus--a comprehensive review" 2206:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

2156: 2150: 2144: 5905: 4726:

Viral infections of humans: Epidemiology and control

2424:

Jha A, Jarvis H, Fraser C, Openshaw PJ (June 2016).

2168: 684:

Bone marrow transplant recipients → pneumonia, death

450:

Video: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis

239:. Its name is derived from the large cells known as 7302: 7237: 7184: 7111: 7078: 7004: 6980: 6888: 6811: 6766: 6755: 6584: 6546: 6525: 6493: 6448: 6402: 6281: 6270: 6243: 6070: 5991: 5909: 4973:

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

3296:Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM (November 2014). 2855: 2853: 2286:Griffiths C, Drews SJ, Marchant DJ (January 2017). 2153: 1734:RSV-IVIG has since been replaced with the use of a 1483:, a sample of the virus is introduced to different 5850:Wynn TA (April 2003). "IL-13 Effector Functions". 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 1673:Immunization, both active and passive. The fusion 660:Acute exacerbation of underlying chronic illness ( 393:(URTI) to severe and potentially life-threatening 3467:"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults" 2504:Coultas JA, Smyth R, Openshaw PJ (October 2019). 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 5127: 5125: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4090: 4088: 4086: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3291: 3289: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 1348:T-cells), necrosis of the epithelial cell wall, 1339:of the upper and lower airway. RSV continues to 986:Lipid envelope (transmembrane surface proteins) 5517:Park GY, Tishkowski K (2024). "Paramyxovirus". 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3348:Hijano DR, Maron G, Hayden RT (December 2018). 3027: 2986:Park GY, Tishkowski K (2024). "Paramyxovirus". 2666:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 771:Chronic heart or lung disease (especially COPD) 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4502: 4500: 4095:Drysdale SB, Green CA, Sande CJ (April 2016). 3982: 3980: 3680:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3343: 3341: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2777:"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses" 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 7056: 6044: 4873: 4871: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 3209:Smith DK, Seales S, Budzik C (January 2017). 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2938: 2936: 8: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 3157:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2083:RSV seasonality varies around the world. In 1761:and <12 months at the start of RSV season 5238:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5187:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5138:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5090:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5004:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4763:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3549: 3547: 3545: 2428:. In Hui DS, Rossi GA, Johnston SL (eds.). 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 1412:(RADT). Overall, antigen testing is highly 526:In both adults and children, those who are 7290: 7063: 7049: 7041: 6763: 6543: 6308:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 6278: 6051: 6037: 6029: 5906: 4724:Kaslow RA, Stanberry LR, LeDuc JW (2014). 4154:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4142: 4140: 4101:Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 3653:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3591:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3561:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2430:SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 42: 31: 6179:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 5832: 5822: 5787: 5777: 5742: 5732: 5667: 5657: 5600: 5590: 5563: 5408: 5359: 5349: 5308: 5259: 5249: 5208: 5198: 5157: 5101: 5060: 5011: 4821: 4811: 4770: 4480: 4380: 4332: 4215: 4205: 4120: 4066: 3900: 3851: 3794: 3748: 3699: 3490: 3424: 3375: 3365: 3321: 3176: 3118: 3108: 3059: 3049: 2970: 2916: 2822: 2820: 2800: 2746: 2736: 2695: 2685: 2593: 2531: 2521: 2311: 815:Recent hematopoietic stem cell transplant 364:respiratory droplets and direct contact. 314:and more advanced breathing support with 237:negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus 5864:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141142 4369:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4363:Henrickson KJ, Hall CB (November 2007). 2426:"Chapter 5: Respiratory Syncytial Virus" 1893:exacerbation of underlying lung disease. 1243:site Ø. Ø serves as a primary target of 1070:, RNA replication, and particle budding 962: 709: 577: 194:Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) 7262: 4794:Jares Baglivo S, Polack FP (May 2019). 4694:(Press release). Moderna. 31 May 2024. 2189: 2127: 1654:The primary pharmaceutical developers, 747:(tendency to develop allergic diseases) 5616: 5132:Gadomski AM, Scribani MB (June 2014). 4856:from the original on 19 September 2022 4455:Battles MB, McLellan JS (April 2019). 2861:"US FDA approves Pfizer's RSV vaccine" 2212:from the original on 25 September 2022 2102:infections, the virus responsible for 5440:from the original on 21 November 2022 3620:"Should You Get the New RSV Vaccine?" 2454:from the original on 28 December 2020 1856:analog that acts by inhibiting viral 1527:markings, patchy hyperinflation, and 1184:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein 397:(LRTI) requiring hospitalization and 368:RSV treatment and prevention globally 7: 5389:Family Medicine and Community Health 4949:from the original on 6 November 2022 4919:from the original on 6 November 2022 4913:Union Register of medicinal products 4162:from the original on 29 October 2020 3935:from the original on 1 November 2020 1738:(MAb) that can be delivered through 1559:or asthma are typically considered. 872:. Its name comes from the fact that 245:that form when infected cells fuse. 6329:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 5289:The New England Journal of Medicine 5134:"Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis" 3875:Khawaja F, Chemaly RF (July 2019). 3516:The New England Journal of Medicine 1867:hematopoietic stem cell transplants 1766:chronic lung disease of prematurity 1598:Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine 1499:(the measurement of virus-specific 917:is linear and approximately 15,000 422:), as well as redness of the eyes ( 316:continuous positive airway pressure 7394:Viral respiratory tract infections 5623:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 5546:10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00160-0 4979:from the original on 13 April 2023 4945:(Press release). 4 November 2022. 4889:from the original on 24 April 2023 4616:from the original on 12 April 2023 3674:Jartti T, Gern JE (October 2017). 3233:from the original on 16 April 2021 2953:10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00160-0 1861:children. In adults, ribavirin is 1555:and congenital conditions such as 1107:Transcription processivity factor 913:, single-stranded RNA genome. The 536:hematopoietic stem cell transplant 458:worsening cough, noisy breathing, 395:lower respiratory tract infections 391:upper respiratory tract infections 322:, as required. In cases of severe 25: 7304:Human respiratory syncytial virus 6648:Severe acute respiratory syndrome 6174:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma 4666:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3649:Vaccines and Preventable Diseases 3465:Falsey AR, Walsh EE (July 2000). 1757:Infants born at ≤28 weeks 6 days 1263:Schematic image of RSV life cycle 1256:response and signal transduction. 952:RSV is a medium-sized (~150 740:Maternal smoking during pregnancy 217:human respiratory syncytial virus 199:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 7277: 7265: 6634:Middle East respiratory syndrome 4698:from the original on 31 May 2024 4672:from the original on 2 June 2024 2140: 1828:may also be delivered through a 1453:nucleic acid amplification tests 756:Congenital heart or lung disease 63: 5473:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0212 5053:10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.006 3989:The Journal of General Virology 2838:from the original on 4 May 2023 2108:Children's Hospital Association 1764:Infants <12 months old with 768:Older age (>65 years of age) 584:Complications of RSV infection 567:shared clinical decision-making 6233:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6219:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma 5889:10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_26-1 5432:Kimball S (18 November 2022). 5251:10.1002/14651858.CD005189.pub4 5200:10.1002/14651858.cd010636.pub2 5150:10.1002/14651858.CD001266.pub4 5103:10.1002/14651858.CD009417.pub3 5013:10.1002/14651858.CD000181.pub3 4813:10.12688/f1000research.18749.1 4772:10.1002/14651858.CD006602.pub4 3302:Paediatrics & Child Health 2897:Journal of Infectious Diseases 2112:American Academy of Pediatrics 1533:American Academy of Pediatrics 641:Acute neurologic complications 231:that causes infections of the 1: 3925:"Respiratory syncytial virus" 3483:10.1128/cmr.13.3.371-384.2000 3471:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2523:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212212 2292:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2056:community-acquired pneumonias 1488:common in research settings. 1422:Rapid antigen detection tests 54:of filamentous RSV particles 6438:Tropical spastic paraparesis 6343:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 5659:10.1371/journal.pone.0214197 4461:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4382:10.1097/INF.0b013e318157da6f 3893:10.3324/haematol.2018.215152 3110:10.1371/journal.pone.0214197 2832:Food and Drug Administration 1683:Food and Drug Administration 1660:Food and Drug Administration 1424:(RADT) are commonly used as 1410:rapid antigen detection test 1239:form and contains the major 1210:. G protein also contains a 1095:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 293:Food and Drug Administration 7389:Respiratory syncytial virus 6801:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 6721:Human parainfluenza viruses 6394:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 5852:Annual Review of Immunology 5700:10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1876 4313:Journal of Medical Virology 4273:10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1876 4049:10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_1 3787:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.045 1719:Historically, RSV-specific 1568:General prevention measures 1457:sensitivity and specificity 1430:enzyme immunosorbent assays 1141:Involved in evasion of the 209:Respiratory syncytial virus 7410: 5881:Viral Infections of Humans 5824:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084139 5351:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084139 4987:– via Business Wire. 4420:(3): 41–42, 45–47, 51–52. 3741:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.05.003 3692:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.003 2639:10.1164/rccm.201509-1833OC 2041:Inhaled recombinant human 1708: 1595: 1451:Molecular assays, such as 1181: 1021:Small hydrophobic protein 1002:during natural infection. 693:obliterative bronchiolitis 6465:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 5779:10.3389/fimmu.2022.801522 5688:The Journal of Immunology 5592:10.3389/fped.2022.1033125 5540:. pp. 1948–1960.e3. 5523:. StatPearls Publishing. 4975:(MHRA). 9 November 2022. 4850:European Medicines Agency 4576:10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.009 4473:10.1038/s41579-019-0149-x 4261:The Journal of Immunology 3775:The Journal of Pediatrics 3417:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.010 3405:Clinics in Chest Medicine 3354:Frontiers in Microbiology 3215:American Family Physician 3169:10.1007/s12016-013-8368-9 3051:10.3389/fped.2022.1033125 2992:. StatPearls Publishing. 2947:. pp. 1948–1960.e3. 1731:administration and cost. 1685:(FDA) approved the first 1465:Polymerase chain reaction 1440:Direct fluorescence assay 1337:columnar epithelial cells 1146: 1140: 1131: 1065: 1053: 997: 985: 800:Graft-versus-host disease 474:levels may be decreased. 295:(FDA) approved the first 279:, molecular testing, and 190: 183: 58: 50: 41: 34: 6567:Infectious mononucleosis 6384:Chandipura vesiculovirus 6214:Hepatocellular carcinoma 6159:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 6092:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5734:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152 5498:Eckert N (16 May 2024). 5401:10.1136/fmch-2023-002456 4207:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152 4113:10.1177/2049936116630243 3832:Journal of Global Health 3367:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03097 2198:"ICTV Taxonomy history: 1840:Viral-specific therapies 1772:congenital heart disease 1721:intravenous immunoglobin 777:Residence in a care home 666:congestive heart failure 490:. Infection may also be 176:Orthopneumovirus hominis 36:Orthopneumovirus hominis 6363:Encephalitis lethargica 6064:viral systemic diseases 5811:Frontiers in Immunology 5766:Frontiers in Immunology 5721:Frontiers in Immunology 5579:Frontiers in Pediatrics 5338:Frontiers in Immunology 4706:– via Accesswire. 4529:10.1126/science.abf9571 4426:10.3810/pgm.2000.03.941 4194:Frontiers in Immunology 3929:Johns Hopkins ABX Guide 3399:Walsh EE (March 2017). 3038:Frontiers in Pediatrics 2793:10.1126/science.abd9149 2738:10.1186/1471-2466-12-11 2687:10.1073/pnas.2006874117 1798:Severe immunocompromise 1689:, Arexvy (developed by 1611:, which make infantile 1245:neutralizing antibodies 1000:neutralizing antibodies 981:Additional Information 969:Location in the Virion 560:Vaccines and treatments 299:, Arexvy (developed by 7334:Human orthopneumovirus 6735:Human orthopneumovirus 6389:Herpesviral meningitis 6350:Arbovirus encephalitis 5461:JAMA Internal Medicine 4564:Trends in Microbiology 3844:10.7189/jogh.05.020416 2830:(Press release). U.S. 2725:BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2595:10.1542/peds.2014-2742 2200:Human orthopneumovirus 2072:Bone marrow transplant 1897:Leukotriene inhibitors 1791:Neuromuscular disorder 1678: 1651: 1636:virus particle subunit 1553:inhaled foreign bodies 1539:Differential diagnosis 1520: 1324: 1264: 1194: 1179: 949: 937:Structure and proteins 933: 906: 833: 462:(fast breathing), and 451: 424:conjunctival infection 399:mechanical ventilation 332:mechanical ventilation 320:nasal high flow oxygen 225:human orthopneumovirus 6193:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5301:10.1056/NEJMoa0804877 4852:. 16 September 2022. 4414:Postgraduate Medicine 4001:10.1099/vir.0.81786-0 3262:10.1542/9781610021470 2909:10.1093/infdis/jiu828 1803:heart transplantation 1672: 1658:and Pfizer, obtained 1648: 1518: 1426:point-of-care testing 1322: 1262: 1249:conformational change 1191: 1177: 944: 931: 921:in length. It has 10 904: 831: 812:conditioning regimens 774:Functional disability 737:Having older siblings 600:pulmonary infiltrates 449: 264:, in the elderly and 6838:Adenovirus infection 6302:Human polyomavirus 2 6131:Oropharyngeal cancer 4375:(11 Suppl): S36–40. 3528:10.1056/nejmoa043951 3314:10.1093/pch/19.9.485 2304:10.1128/CMR.00010-16 2009:Passive immunization 1681:In May 2023, the US 1391:Laboratory diagnosis 1369:Immune Escape in RSV 1280:. Transcription and 1143:innate immune system 1038:Inner envelope face 657:Respiratory distress 516:respiratory distress 289:airborne precautions 60:Virus classification 7384:Atypical pneumonias 6424:Post-polio syndrome 6060:Infectious diseases 5650:2019PLoSO..1414197K 4915:. 3 November 2022. 4610:Scientific American 4521:2021Sci...372..686K 4158:. 4 February 2019. 3995:(Pt 7): 1805–1821. 3655:(CDC). 1 March 2024 3101:2019PLoSO..1414197K 2903:(suppl 1): S1–S20. 2834:(FDA). 3 May 2023. 2678:2020PNAS..11711875S 2672:(22): 11875–11877. 2034:Chest physiotherapy 2005:monoclonal antibody 1887:Anti-inflammatories 1826:Supplemental oxygen 1801:Recent or upcoming 1736:monoclonal antibody 1609:maternal antibodies 1436:immunoassays (CIA). 1220:toll-like receptors 1066:Involved in genome 965: 946:Electron micrograph 763:Adults and elderly 621:Bacterial pneumonia 613:Respiratory failure 609:Lung hyperinflation 324:respiratory failure 52:Electron micrograph 6557:Epstein–Barr virus 6527:Respiratory system 6164:Burkitt's lymphoma 5992:External resources 5041:Antiviral Research 4148:"RSV Transmission" 2085:temperate climates 1941:Antibiotic therapy 1787:airway abnormality 1740:muscular injection 1679: 1652: 1521: 1325: 1265: 1200:glycosaminoglycans 1195: 1180: 1147:Act by inhibiting 1125:/ RNA replication 963: 950: 934: 907: 884:Antigenic subtypes 845:, single-stranded 834: 784:Immunocompromised 753:Household crowding 678:Immunocompromised 605:Acute otitis media 538:(HSCT), intensive 452: 385:Signs and symptoms 227:, is a contagious 7371: 7370: 7296:Taxon identifiers 7253: 7252: 7038: 7037: 7000: 6999: 6751: 6750: 6682:Influenza virus A 6599:Human coronavirus 6489: 6488: 6479:Herpes of the eye 6026: 6025: 5898:978-1-4939-9544-8 5883:. pp. 1–53. 5555:978-1-4557-4801-3 4971:(Press release). 4885:. 22 April 2023. 4735:978-1-4899-7448-8 4515:(6543): 686–687. 4325:10.1002/jmv.25674 4058:978-3-642-38918-4 3522:(17): 1749–1759. 3271:978-1-61002-147-0 2962:978-1-4557-4801-3 2588:(5): e14741–502. 2439:978-1-84984-070-5 2134:The second word, 2062:Immunocompromised 2043:deoxyribonuclease 2022:hypertonic saline 1958:Beyond vaccines, 1705:Immunoprophylaxis 1697:). Mresvia is an 1492:Serologic testing 1447:Molecular testing 1313:incubation period 1268:Replication cycle 1167: 1166: 1054:Ribonucleocapsid 975:Alternative Name 821: 820: 700: 699: 528:immunocompromised 522:Immunocompromised 504:tracheobronchitis 472:oxygen saturation 447: 334:may be required. 266:immunocompromised 233:respiratory tract 206: 205: 16:(Redirected from 7401: 7364: 7363: 7351: 7350: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7194:Acute bronchitis 7156:Nasal congestion 7141:Loss of appetite 7065: 7058: 7051: 7042: 6764: 6759:digestive system 6676:Orthomyxoviridae 6642:SARS coronavirus 6628:MERS coronavirus 6544: 6356:Orthomyxoviridae 6279: 6245:Immune disorders 6169:Hodgkin lymphoma 6145:Kaposi's sarcoma 6053: 6046: 6039: 6030: 5907: 5902: 5875: 5846: 5836: 5826: 5801: 5791: 5781: 5756: 5746: 5736: 5711: 5694:(3): 1876–1883. 5681: 5671: 5661: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5604: 5594: 5569: 5567: 5532: 5504: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5479: 11019447. 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5353: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5244:(10): CD005189. 5229: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5202: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5161: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5110: 10591280. 5105: 5096:(10): CD009417. 5081: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5015: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4815: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4721: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4601: 4588: 4587: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4384: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4304: 4285: 4284: 4267:(3): 1876–1883. 4255: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4209: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4092: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4036: 4013: 4012: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3961:. Archived from 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3887:(7): 1322–1331. 3872: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3735:(6): 1111–1122. 3720: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3551: 3540: 3539: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3462: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3206: 3191: 3190: 3180: 3148: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3112: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3053: 3029: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2804: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2689: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2573: 2554: 2553: 2535: 2525: 2501: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2421: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2283: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2194: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2138:, is pronounced 2132: 1511:Imaging findings 1202:(GAGs), such as 1091:"Large" protein 966: 856:Orthopneumovirus 750:No breastfeeding 731:Low birth weight 710: 578: 448: 273:epithelial cells 163:Orthopneumovirus 68: 67: 46: 32: 27:Species of virus 21: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7359: 7354: 7346: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7298: 7288: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7245:Antiviral drugs 7233: 7180: 7107: 7074: 7069: 7039: 7034: 6996: 6976: 6884: 6858:Gastroenteritis 6816: 6813:Gastroenteritis 6807: 6795:Cytomegalovirus 6758: 6747: 6715:Paramyxoviridae 6704:Avian influenza 6580: 6575:Cytomegalovirus 6539:viral pneumonia 6537: 6534:nasopharyngitis 6533: 6530: 6521: 6485: 6459:Cytomegalovirus 6444: 6398: 6286: 6273: 6266: 6239: 6106:Cervical cancer 6066: 6057: 6027: 6022: 6021: 5987: 5986: 5918: 5899: 5878: 5849: 5804: 5759: 5714: 5684: 5644:(4): e0214197. 5631: 5615: 5572: 5556: 5535: 5516: 5513: 5511:Further reading 5508: 5507: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5193:(3): CD010636. 5180: 5179: 5175: 5144:(6): CD001266. 5131: 5130: 5123: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5006:(1): CD000181. 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4765:(4): CD006602. 4756: 4755: 4751: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4668:. 31 May 2024. 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4603: 4602: 4591: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4306: 4305: 4288: 4257: 4256: 4233: 4187: 4186: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4059: 4038: 4037: 4016: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3543: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3464: 3463: 3442: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3272: 3254:Red Book (2018) 3251: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3208: 3207: 3194: 3150: 3149: 3136: 3095:(4): e0214197. 3082: 3081: 3077: 3031: 3030: 3005: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2963: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2890: 2889: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2774: 2773: 2764: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2575: 2574: 2557: 2516:(10): 986–993. 2503: 2502: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2423: 2422: 2329: 2285: 2284: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2093: 2081: 2064: 2051: 1981: 1976: 1947:pathogens, not 1938: 1913:Bronchodilators 1910: 1908:Bronchodilators 1889: 1877:clinical trials 1842: 1822: 1820:Supportive care 1817: 1795:Cystic fibrosis 1759:gestational age 1717: 1707: 1693:) and Abrysvo ( 1628:protein subunit 1624:live-attenuated 1600: 1594: 1570: 1565: 1557:cystic fibrosis 1549:metapneumovirus 1541: 1531:. However, the 1513: 1494: 1479:In traditional 1477: 1449: 1434:chromatographic 1402: 1400:Antigen testing 1393: 1388: 1356:RSV Reinfection 1330: 1308: 1303: 1270: 1232: 1204:heparan sulfate 1186: 1172: 1151:and inhibiting 1082:Phosphorylation 1078:Phosphoprotein 1044:Matrix protein 1010:Fusion protein 958:enveloped virus 939: 899: 886: 869:Mononegavirales 839: 826: 806:corticosteroids 705: 576: 562: 553: 544:lung transplant 524: 488:sinus infection 480: 437: 428:viral pneumonia 407: 387: 370: 353: 348: 303:) and Abrysvo ( 277:antigen testing 215:), also called 179: 139:Mononegavirales 115:Negarnaviricota 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7407: 7405: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7376: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7352: 7339: 7324: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7286: 7274: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7018: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6776: 6774: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6552: 6550: 6541: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6499: 6497: 6495:Cardiovascular 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6276: 6274:nervous system 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6126:Vaginal cancer 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6008: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5973: 5962: 5947: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910:Classification 5904: 5903: 5897: 5876: 5858:(1): 425–456. 5847: 5802: 5757: 5712: 5682: 5629: 5570: 5554: 5533: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5490: 5467:(6): 602–611. 5451: 5424: 5395:(4): e002456. 5375: 5324: 5295:(6): 588–598. 5275: 5224: 5173: 5121: 5076: 5027: 4990: 4960: 4930: 4900: 4867: 4837: 4786: 4749: 4734: 4709: 4683: 4653: 4627: 4589: 4570:(3): 209–219. 4550: 4496: 4467:(4): 233–245. 4447: 4404: 4348: 4319:(4): 408–417. 4286: 4231: 4173: 4136: 4082: 4057: 4014: 3976: 3965:on 3 June 2021 3946: 3916: 3867: 3818: 3764: 3715: 3686:(4): 895–906. 3666: 3636: 3606: 3595:. 1 March 2024 3576: 3565:. 1 March 2024 3541: 3506: 3477:(3): 371–384. 3440: 3391: 3337: 3308:(9): 485–498. 3285: 3270: 3244: 3192: 3163:(3): 331–379. 3134: 3075: 3003: 2978: 2961: 2932: 2878: 2849: 2816: 2762: 2711: 2652: 2633:(3): 308–316. 2617: 2555: 2465: 2438: 2327: 2298:(1): 277–319. 2223: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2092: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2063: 2060: 2050: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2025: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1953:Ear infections 1937: 1934: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1870: 1863:used off-label 1841: 1838: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1706: 1703: 1604:disease burden 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1540: 1537: 1512: 1509: 1493: 1490: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1406:nasopharyngeal 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1329: 1326: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1294:negative-sense 1269: 1266: 1231: 1228: 1208:neutralization 1182:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132:Nonstructural 1129: 1128: 1126: 1121:Regulation of 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1061: 1060:Nuceloprotein 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 938: 935: 911:negative-sense 898: 895: 885: 882: 843:negative-sense 838: 835: 825: 822: 819: 818: 817: 816: 813: 802: 797: 792: 785: 781: 780: 779: 778: 775: 772: 769: 764: 760: 759: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 722: 718: 717: 714: 704: 701: 698: 697: 696: 695: 685: 679: 675: 674: 673: 672: 669: 658: 655: 649: 645: 644: 643: 642: 639: 634: 624: 623: 618: 615: 610: 607: 602: 590: 586: 585: 582: 575: 572: 561: 558: 552: 549: 532:viral shedding 523: 520: 479: 476: 418:) and throat ( 406: 403: 386: 383: 369: 366: 352: 349: 347: 344: 312:oxygen therapy 204: 203: 202: 201: 196: 188: 187: 181: 180: 173: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 147: 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 127:Monjiviricetes 123: 119: 118: 111: 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 87: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 56: 55: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7406: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7263: 7259: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199:Bronchiolitis 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7186:Complications 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6727:Parainfluenza 6725: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563:EBV infection 6561: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Poliomyelitis 6417: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121:Vulvar cancer 6119: 6117: 6116:Penile cancer 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5494: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800:F1000Research 4797: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4642:. 31 May 2024 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:Haematologica 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3838:(2): 020416. 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3625: 3624:Yale Medicine 3621: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2867:. 31 May 2023 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2533:10044/1/73848 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2190: 2183: 2173: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1986:bronchiolitis 1978: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1930:adverse event 1926: 1925:beta-agonists 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1858:RNA synthesis 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830:nasal cannula 1827: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1640:messenger RNA 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481:viral culture 1475:Viral culture 1474: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253:cell membrane 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1190: 1185: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123:transcription 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068:transcription 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 994: 992:Glycoprotein 991: 988: 984: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 967: 961: 959: 955: 947: 943: 936: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 903: 896: 894: 892: 883: 881: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 864: 863:Pneumoviridae 859: 857: 852: 848: 844: 836: 830: 823: 814: 811: 810:myeloablative 807: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 782: 776: 773: 770: 767: 766: 765: 762: 761: 755: 752: 749: 746: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 711: 708: 702: 694: 690: 686: 683: 682: 680: 677: 676: 670: 667: 663: 659: 656: 653: 652: 650: 647: 646: 640: 638: 635: 632: 629: 628: 627: 622: 619: 616: 614: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 597: 594: 593: 591: 588: 587: 583: 580: 579: 574:Complications 573: 571: 568: 559: 557: 550: 548: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 521: 519: 518:, and death. 517: 513: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 477: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 455:Bronchiolitis 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 404: 402: 400: 396: 392: 384: 382: 378: 374: 367: 365: 361: 357: 350: 345: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284: 282: 281:viral culture 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:bronchiolitis 251: 246: 244: 243: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 189: 186: 182: 178: 177: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151:Pneumoviridae 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103:Orthornavirae 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 88: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 66: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 7303: 7229:Strep throat 7209:Otitis media 7151:Muscle aches 7020: 7013: 6989: 6982:Pancreatitis 6964: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6921: 6902: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6851: 6830: 6793: 6779: 6740: 6733: 6719: 6713: 6680: 6674: 6654: 6640: 6626: 6597: 6573: 6555: 6510:Pericarditis 6502: 6471: 6457: 6430: 6411: 6369: 6354: 6335: 6321: 6300: 6283:Encephalitis 6252: 6225: 6206: 6185: 6151: 6137: 6098: 6084: 6010: 5999: 5975: 5964: 5949: 5922: 5880: 5855: 5851: 5814: 5810: 5769: 5765: 5724: 5720: 5691: 5687: 5641: 5637: 5619:cite journal 5582: 5578: 5537: 5519: 5493: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5442:. Retrieved 5427: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5141: 5137: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5003: 4993: 4981:. Retrieved 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4942: 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4912: 4903: 4891:. Retrieved 4882: 4858:. Retrieved 4849: 4840: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4762: 4752: 4725: 4700:. Retrieved 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4665: 4656: 4644:. Retrieved 4639: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4609: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4512: 4508: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4372: 4368: 4316: 4312: 4264: 4260: 4197: 4193: 4164:. Retrieved 4151: 4107:(2): 63–71. 4104: 4100: 4040: 3992: 3988: 3967:. Retrieved 3963:the original 3958: 3949: 3937:. Retrieved 3928: 3919: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3796:10072/405721 3781:: 39–49.e9. 3778: 3774: 3767: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3648: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3623: 3597:. Retrieved 3588: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3558: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3474: 3470: 3411:(1): 29–36. 3408: 3404: 3394: 3357: 3353: 3305: 3301: 3253: 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3221:(2): 94–99. 3218: 3214: 3160: 3156: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3041: 3037: 2988: 2981: 2944: 2900: 2896: 2869:. Retrieved 2864: 2840:. Retrieved 2784: 2780: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2585: 2581: 2513: 2509: 2456:. Retrieved 2429: 2295: 2291: 2214:. Retrieved 2205: 2199: 2192: 2135: 2130: 2116: 2098: 2094: 2082: 2065: 2052: 2040: 2013: 1993:prophylactic 1990: 1982: 1974:Epidemiology 1957: 1939: 1911: 1823: 1807: 1779: 1752: 1733: 1718: 1699:mRNA vaccine 1687:RSV vaccines 1680: 1664: 1653: 1632:vector-based 1621: 1617: 1613:immunization 1601: 1571: 1542: 1522: 1495: 1478: 1450: 1403: 1394: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1331: 1328:Pathogenesis 1309: 1306:Transmission 1274:nucleocapsid 1271: 1233: 1222:, including 1196: 1063:RNA-binding 951: 908: 887: 867: 861: 854: 850: 840: 706: 703:Risk factors 625: 563: 554: 540:chemotherapy 525: 508: 492:asymptomatic 481: 468:auscultation 453: 408: 388: 379: 375: 371: 362: 358: 354: 309: 297:RSV vaccines 285: 270: 258:common colds 256:in infants, 247: 240: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207: 198: 193: 175: 174: 162: 150: 138: 126: 114: 102: 90: 83: 73:(unranked): 35: 29: 7328:Wikispecies 7214:Pharyngitis 7171:Sore throat 7098:Enterovirus 7093:Coronavirus 7072:Common cold 6879:Coronavirus 6620:Common cold 6532:acute viral 6515:Myocarditis 6359:(probable) 6111:Anal cancer 6001:MedlinePlus 5502:. Medscape. 5444:20 November 4943:AstraZeneca 4909:"Beyfortus" 2216:27 December 2079:Seasonality 1997:palivizumab 1966:introduced 1960:AstraZeneca 1936:Antibiotics 1901:montelukast 1748:motavizumab 1744:Palivizumab 1729:intravenous 1711:Palivizumab 1675:(F) protein 1615:difficult. 1578:ventilation 1574:respirators 1529:atelectasis 1345:bronchioles 1290:replication 1282:translation 1112:Regulatory 1029:ion channel 919:nucleotides 795:Neutropenia 790:Lymphopenia 743:History of 727:Prematurity 713:Population 689:pneumonitis 596:Atelectasis 581:Population 484:common cold 420:pharyngitis 7378:Categories 7161:Rhinorrhea 7103:Rhinovirus 7088:Adenovirus 7006:Urogenital 6872:Astrovirus 6832:Adenovirus 6656:SARS-CoV-2 6413:Poliovirus 6288:meningitis 5977:DiseasesDB 5520:StatPearls 4953:6 November 4923:6 November 4604:Haelle T. 4166:9 November 3969:29 October 3939:29 October 3280:1035556489 3237:3 November 2989:StatPearls 2582:Pediatrics 2458:29 October 2184:References 2100:SARS-CoV-2 2003:(both are 2001:nirsevimab 1968:nirsevimab 1921:salbutamol 1873:Presatovir 1834:intubation 1809:Nirsevimab 1785:Congenital 1725:antibodies 1715:Nirsevimab 1709:See also: 1563:Prevention 1545:rhinovirus 1501:antibodies 1485:cell lines 1432:(EIA) and 1155:signaling 1153:Type I IFN 909:RSV has a 874:F proteins 664:, asthma, 500:bronchitis 412:runny nose 328:intubation 318:(CPAP) or 235:. It is a 7224:Sinusitis 7219:Pneumonia 6917:RNA virus 6898:DNA virus 6890:Hepatitis 6865:Norovirus 6853:Rotavirus 6847:RNA virus 6826:DNA virus 6772:Esophagus 6700:Influenza 6586:RNA virus 6548:DNA virus 6317:RNA virus 6296:DNA virus 6202:RNA virus 6080:DNA virus 6072:Oncovirus 6012:eMedicine 5047:: 45–67. 4744:891646285 4545:234487273 4399:205692472 3813:235672947 2731:(1): 11. 2550:199449874 2136:syncytial 2019:Nebulized 1945:bacterial 1917:albuterol 1854:guanosine 1850:antiviral 1846:Ribavirin 1815:Treatment 1586:high MERV 1525:perihilar 1414:sensitive 1386:Diagnosis 1341:replicate 1301:Mechanism 1297:budding. 1278:cytoplasm 1241:antigenic 1236:syncytium 1230:F protein 1170:G protein 1149:apoptosis 1047:Assembly 1025:Viroporin 978:Function 841:RSV is a 721:Children 654:Pneumonia 589:Children 512:pneumonia 460:tachypnea 340:antiviral 336:Ribavirin 262:pneumonia 170:Species: 98:Kingdom: 91:Riboviria 7348:11460045 7319:Q1052913 7313:Wikidata 7272:Medicine 7176:Weakness 7166:Sneezing 7136:Headache 7113:Symptoms 7015:BK virus 6818:diarrhea 6662:COVID-19 6404:Myelitis 6017:ped/2706 5872:12615888 5843:36703972 5798:35222380 5753:31572372 5727:: 2152. 5708:16034131 5678:30933992 5638:PLOS ONE 5611:36440349 5529:33620863 5485:38619857 5438:Archived 5436:. CNBC. 5419:37832975 5410:10582888 5370:36703972 5319:19196675 5270:25300167 5261:10580123 5219:25773054 5210:10879915 5168:24937099 5116:37870128 5071:30974127 5022:17253446 4983:13 April 4977:Archived 4947:Archived 4917:Archived 4893:24 April 4887:Archived 4860:24 April 4854:Archived 4832:31105933 4781:23633336 4696:Archived 4670:Archived 4640:DailyMed 4620:13 April 4614:Archived 4584:29054341 4537:33986169 4491:30723301 4442:33643168 4434:10728134 4391:18090198 4343:31944312 4281:16034131 4226:31572372 4200:: 2152. 4160:Archived 4131:27034777 4077:24362682 4009:16760383 3933:Archived 3911:31221784 3862:26682048 3805:34181989 3759:27286779 3710:28987219 3629:25 April 3599:25 April 3569:25 April 3536:15858184 3501:10885982 3435:28159159 3386:30619176 3360:: 3097. 3332:25414585 3231:Archived 3227:28084708 3187:23575961 3129:30933992 3089:PLOS ONE 3070:36440349 2998:33620863 2927:25713060 2836:Archived 2811:34446582 2787:(6558). 2757:22436202 2706:32404416 2647:26890617 2604:25349312 2542:31383776 2452:Archived 2448:28742304 2322:27903593 2210:Archived 2110:and the 2104:COVID-19 2091:Research 1899:such as 1592:Vaccines 1497:Serology 1334:ciliated 972:Protein 878:syncytia 866:, order 837:Taxonomy 824:Virology 734:Male sex 464:wheezing 416:rhinitis 405:Children 250:pathogen 242:syncytia 185:Synonyms 146:Family: 110:Phylum: 7284:Viruses 7258:Portals 7146:Malaise 7126:Fatigue 7080:Viruses 6768:Pharynx 6272:Central 5971:D018357 5834:9871593 5789:8863680 5744:6753334 5669:6443173 5646:Bibcode 5602:9682277 5565:7173590 5361:9871593 5310:4829966 5159:7055016 5062:7132446 4883:CTVNews 4823:6498742 4806:: 610. 4646:16 June 4517:Bibcode 4509:Science 4482:7096974 4334:7166954 4217:6753334 4122:4784570 4068:4794264 3902:6601091 3853:4676580 3750:5107168 3701:7172811 3651:. U.S. 3426:5844562 3377:6299032 3323:4235450 3178:7090643 3120:6443173 3097:Bibcode 3061:9682277 2972:7173590 2918:4345819 2865:Reuters 2802:8721651 2781:Science 2748:3331822 2697:7275719 2674:Bibcode 2612:3192188 2313:5217795 1995:use of 1979:Infants 1691:GSK plc 1503:in the 1292:of the 860:family 804:Use of 648:Adults 637:Allergy 551:Elderly 496:malaise 346:History 301:GSK plc 158:Genus: 134:Order: 122:Class: 6432:HTLV-I 6377:Rabies 6227:HTLV-I 6006:001564 5895: 5870: 5841: 5831: 5796: 5786: 5751: 5741: 5706: 5676: 5666: 5609: 5599: 5562: 5552: 5527: 5483: 5417: 5407: 5368: 5358: 5317: 5307: 5268: 5258: 5217: 5207: 5166: 5156: 5114: 5069: 5059: 5020: 4830: 4820: 4779: 4742: 4732: 4702:31 May 4676:2 June 4582: 4543: 4535: 4489: 4479: 4440: 4432: 4397: 4389: 4341: 4331: 4279: 4224: 4214: 4129: 4119: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4007: 3909: 3899: 3860: 3850: 3811: 3803: 3757: 3747: 3708: 3698: 3534: 3499: 3489: 3433: 3423: 3384: 3374: 3330: 3320: 3278: 3268: 3225: 3185: 3175: 3127: 3117: 3068: 3058: 2996: 2969: 2959: 2925: 2915: 2871:1 June 2809: 2799: 2755: 2745: 2704: 2694: 2645: 2610: 2602: 2548: 2540: 2510:Thorax 2446: 2436: 2320: 2310: 2049:Adults 2028:Heliox 1964:Sanofi 1923:) are 1848:is an 1695:Pfizer 1638:, and 1580:, and 1216:CX3CR1 948:of RSV 915:genome 897:Genome 891:clades 631:Asthma 542:, and 478:Adults 470:, and 351:Origin 338:is an 305:Pfizer 223:) and 7361:12814 7343:IRMNG 7238:Drugs 7204:Croup 7131:Fever 7121:Cough 7028:Mumps 6787:Mumps 6757:Human 6187:MCPyV 5982:11387 5960:079.6 5945:J21.0 5941:J20.5 5937:J12.1 5933:B97.4 4541:S2CID 4438:S2CID 4395:S2CID 4156:(CDC) 4152:U.S. 3809:S2CID 3659:5 May 3593:(CDC) 3589:U.S. 3563:(CDC) 3559:U.S. 3492:88938 2842:3 May 2608:S2CID 2546:S2CID 2122:Notes 1949:viral 1505:serum 1350:edema 1160:NS-2 1135:NS-1 1115:M2-2 1101:M2-1 923:genes 745:atopy 617:Apnea 432:croup 430:, or 229:virus 84:Realm 77:Virus 7356:NCBI 6742:hMPV 6614:OC43 6610:HKU1 6606:NL63 6602:229E 6260:AIDS 6139:KSHV 5966:MeSH 5955:9-CM 5893:ISBN 5868:PMID 5839:PMID 5794:PMID 5749:PMID 5704:PMID 5674:PMID 5625:link 5607:PMID 5550:ISBN 5525:PMID 5481:PMID 5446:2022 5415:PMID 5366:PMID 5315:PMID 5266:PMID 5242:2014 5215:PMID 5191:2015 5164:PMID 5142:2014 5112:PMID 5094:2023 5067:PMID 5018:PMID 4985:2023 4955:2022 4925:2022 4895:2023 4862:2023 4828:PMID 4777:PMID 4740:OCLC 4730:ISBN 4704:2024 4678:2024 4648:2024 4622:2023 4580:PMID 4533:PMID 4487:PMID 4430:PMID 4387:PMID 4339:PMID 4277:PMID 4222:PMID 4168:2020 4127:PMID 4073:PMID 4053:ISBN 4005:PMID 3971:2020 3941:2020 3907:PMID 3858:PMID 3801:PMID 3755:PMID 3706:PMID 3661:2024 3631:2024 3601:2024 3571:2024 3532:PMID 3497:PMID 3431:PMID 3382:PMID 3328:PMID 3276:OCLC 3266:ISBN 3239:2020 3223:PMID 3183:PMID 3125:PMID 3066:PMID 2994:PMID 2957:ISBN 2923:PMID 2873:2023 2844:2023 2807:PMID 2753:PMID 2702:PMID 2643:PMID 2600:PMID 2538:PMID 2460:2020 2444:PMID 2434:ISBN 2318:PMID 2218:2018 1991:The 1962:and 1713:and 1582:HEPA 1286:mRNA 1224:TLR4 1212:CX3C 662:COPD 330:and 221:hRSV 18:HRSV 7022:MuV 6991:CBV 6966:HEV 6954:HDV 6942:HCV 6930:HAV 6923:CBV 6904:HBV 6781:MuV 6712:V, 6504:CBV 6473:HSV 6450:Eye 6337:LCV 6323:MeV 6254:HIV 6208:HCV 6153:EBV 6100:HPV 6086:HBV 5951:ICD 5924:ICD 5885:doi 5860:doi 5829:PMC 5819:doi 5784:PMC 5774:doi 5739:PMC 5729:doi 5696:doi 5692:175 5664:PMC 5654:doi 5597:PMC 5587:doi 5560:PMC 5542:doi 5477:PMC 5469:doi 5465:184 5405:PMC 5397:doi 5356:PMC 5346:doi 5305:PMC 5297:doi 5293:360 5256:PMC 5246:doi 5205:PMC 5195:doi 5154:PMC 5146:doi 5108:PMC 5098:doi 5057:PMC 5049:doi 5045:167 5008:doi 4818:PMC 4808:doi 4767:doi 4572:doi 4525:doi 4513:372 4477:PMC 4469:doi 4422:doi 4418:107 4377:doi 4329:PMC 4321:doi 4269:doi 4265:175 4212:PMC 4202:doi 4117:PMC 4109:doi 4063:PMC 4045:doi 3997:doi 3897:PMC 3889:doi 3885:104 3848:PMC 3840:doi 3791:hdl 3783:doi 3779:239 3745:PMC 3737:doi 3696:PMC 3688:doi 3684:140 3524:doi 3520:352 3487:PMC 3479:doi 3421:PMC 3413:doi 3372:PMC 3362:doi 3318:PMC 3310:doi 3258:doi 3173:PMC 3165:doi 3115:PMC 3105:doi 3056:PMC 3046:doi 2967:PMC 2949:doi 2913:PMC 2905:doi 2901:211 2797:PMC 2789:doi 2785:373 2743:PMC 2733:doi 2692:PMC 2682:doi 2670:117 2635:doi 2631:194 2590:doi 2586:134 2528:hdl 2518:doi 2308:PMC 2300:doi 2068:HIV 1999:or 1919:or 1656:GSK 1018:SH 847:RNA 808:or 502:or 486:or 434:. 307:). 213:RSV 7380:: 7358:: 7345:: 7330:: 7315:: 6718:: 6679:: 6673:, 6596:: 6594:IV 6371:RV 6062:– 6015:: 6004:: 5980:: 5969:: 5958:: 5943:, 5939:, 5935:, 5931:: 5928:10 5891:. 5866:. 5856:21 5854:. 5837:. 5827:. 5817:. 5815:13 5813:. 5809:. 5792:. 5782:. 5772:. 5770:13 5768:. 5764:. 5747:. 5737:. 5725:10 5723:. 5719:. 5702:. 5690:. 5672:. 5662:. 5652:. 5642:14 5640:. 5636:. 5621:}} 5617:{{ 5605:. 5595:. 5585:. 5583:10 5581:. 5577:. 5558:. 5548:. 5475:. 5463:. 5413:. 5403:. 5393:11 5391:. 5387:. 5364:. 5354:. 5344:. 5342:13 5340:. 5336:. 5313:. 5303:. 5291:. 5287:. 5264:. 5254:. 5240:. 5236:. 5213:. 5203:. 5189:. 5185:. 5162:. 5152:. 5140:. 5136:. 5124:^ 5106:. 5092:. 5088:. 5065:. 5055:. 5043:. 5039:. 5016:. 5002:. 4941:. 4911:. 4881:. 4870:^ 4848:. 4826:. 4816:. 4802:. 4798:. 4775:. 4761:. 4738:. 4712:^ 4664:. 4638:. 4612:. 4608:. 4592:^ 4578:. 4568:26 4566:. 4562:. 4539:. 4531:. 4523:. 4511:. 4499:^ 4485:. 4475:. 4465:17 4463:. 4459:. 4436:. 4428:. 4416:. 4393:. 4385:. 4373:26 4371:. 4367:. 4351:^ 4337:. 4327:. 4317:92 4315:. 4311:. 4289:^ 4275:. 4263:. 4234:^ 4220:. 4210:. 4198:10 4196:. 4192:. 4176:^ 4150:. 4139:^ 4125:. 4115:. 4103:. 4099:. 4085:^ 4071:. 4061:. 4051:. 4017:^ 4003:. 3993:87 3991:. 3979:^ 3957:. 3931:. 3927:. 3905:. 3895:. 3883:. 3879:. 3856:. 3846:. 3834:. 3830:. 3807:. 3799:. 3789:. 3777:. 3753:. 3743:. 3731:. 3727:. 3704:. 3694:. 3682:. 3678:. 3647:. 3622:. 3609:^ 3587:. 3557:. 3544:^ 3530:. 3518:. 3495:. 3485:. 3475:13 3473:. 3469:. 3443:^ 3429:. 3419:. 3409:38 3407:. 3403:. 3380:. 3370:. 3356:. 3352:. 3340:^ 3326:. 3316:. 3306:19 3304:. 3300:. 3288:^ 3274:. 3264:. 3256:. 3229:. 3219:95 3217:. 3213:. 3195:^ 3181:. 3171:. 3161:45 3159:. 3155:. 3137:^ 3123:. 3113:. 3103:. 3093:14 3091:. 3087:. 3064:. 3054:. 3044:. 3042:10 3040:. 3036:. 3006:^ 2965:. 2955:. 2935:^ 2921:. 2911:. 2899:. 2895:. 2881:^ 2863:. 2852:^ 2819:^ 2805:. 2795:. 2783:. 2779:. 2765:^ 2751:. 2741:. 2729:12 2727:. 2723:. 2700:. 2690:. 2680:. 2668:. 2664:. 2641:. 2629:. 2606:. 2598:. 2584:. 2580:. 2558:^ 2544:. 2536:. 2526:. 2514:74 2512:. 2508:. 2468:^ 2450:. 2442:. 2330:^ 2316:. 2306:. 2296:30 2294:. 2290:. 2226:^ 2208:. 2204:. 2058:. 1742:. 1634:, 1630:, 1626:, 1576:, 1547:, 1226:. 1163:- 1138:- 1118:- 1104:- 1088:L 1075:P 1057:N 1041:M 1027:; 1007:F 989:G 956:) 954:nm 880:. 691:, 598:/ 514:, 506:. 326:, 283:. 268:. 86:: 7260:: 7064:e 7057:t 7050:v 6973:) 6971:E 6969:( 6961:) 6959:D 6957:( 6949:) 6947:C 6945:( 6937:) 6935:A 6933:( 6911:) 6909:B 6907:( 6860:) 6856:( 6815:/ 6770:/ 6702:/ 6694:D 6692:/ 6690:C 6688:/ 6686:B 6684:/ 6671:V 6612:/ 6608:/ 6604:/ 6565:/ 6536:/ 6529:/ 6285:/ 6052:e 6045:t 6038:v 5953:- 5926:- 5916:D 5901:. 5887:: 5874:. 5862:: 5845:. 5821:: 5800:. 5776:: 5755:. 5731:: 5710:. 5698:: 5680:. 5656:: 5648:: 5627:) 5613:. 5589:: 5568:. 5544:: 5531:. 5487:. 5471:: 5448:. 5421:. 5399:: 5372:. 5348:: 5321:. 5299:: 5272:. 5248:: 5221:. 5197:: 5170:. 5148:: 5118:. 5100:: 5073:. 5051:: 5024:. 5010:: 4957:. 4927:. 4897:. 4864:. 4834:. 4810:: 4804:8 4783:. 4769:: 4746:. 4680:. 4650:. 4624:. 4586:. 4574:: 4547:. 4527:: 4519:: 4493:. 4471:: 4444:. 4424:: 4401:. 4379:: 4345:. 4323:: 4283:. 4271:: 4228:. 4204:: 4170:. 4133:. 4111:: 4105:3 4079:. 4047:: 4011:. 3999:: 3973:. 3943:. 3913:. 3891:: 3864:. 3842:: 3836:5 3815:. 3793:: 3785:: 3761:. 3739:: 3733:4 3712:. 3690:: 3663:. 3633:. 3603:. 3573:. 3538:. 3526:: 3503:. 3481:: 3437:. 3415:: 3388:. 3364:: 3358:9 3334:. 3312:: 3282:. 3260:: 3241:. 3189:. 3167:: 3131:. 3107:: 3099:: 3072:. 3048:: 3000:. 2975:. 2951:: 2929:. 2907:: 2875:. 2846:. 2813:. 2791:: 2759:. 2735:: 2708:. 2684:: 2676:: 2649:. 2637:: 2614:. 2592:: 2552:. 2530:: 2520:: 2462:. 2324:. 2302:: 2220:. 2202:" 2176:. 2172:/ 2169:l 2166:ə 2163:ʃ 2160:ɪ 2157:s 2154:ˈ 2151:n 2148:ɪ 2145:s 2142:/ 1869:. 1584:/ 858:, 851:. 668:) 219:( 211:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Respiratory syncytial virus

Index