1790:
343:, where focal necrosis (death) of a portion of a skeletal muscle fiber does not result in necrosis of the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber, because those adjacent sections have their own nuclear material. Thus, myopathy is usually associated with such "segmental necrosis", with some of the surviving segments being functionally cut off from their nerve supply via loss of continuity with the
1778:
567:
1802:
690:
HIV receptors displayed on the surface of the T helper cell will bind to other similar lymphocytes. This makes dozens of T helper cells fuse cell membranes into a giant, nonfunctional syncytium, which allows the HIV virion to kill many T helper cells by infecting only one. It is associated with a
1607:
Buchrieser, Julian; Dufloo, Jérémy; Hubert, Mathieu; Monel, Blandine; Planas, Delphine; Michael Rajah, Maaran; Planchais, Cyril; Porrot, Françoise; Guivel-Benhassine, Florence; Van der Werf, Sylvie; Casartelli, Nicoletta; Mouquet, Hugo; Bruel, Timothée; Schwartz, Olivier (13 October 2020).
645:
family are notable exceptions due to a unique set of proteins known as fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins. Reovirus induced syncytium formation is not found in humans, but is found in a number of other species and is caused by fusogenic
746:
is essential for syncytia formation. Syncytia can allow the virus to spread directly to other cells, shielded from neutralizing antibodies and other immune system components. Syncytia formation in cells can be pathological to tissues.
371:. Although a syncytium, cardiac muscle differs because the cells are not long and multinucleated. Cardiac tissue is therefore described as a functional syncytium, as opposed to the true syncytium of skeletal muscle.
1676:
Sanders, David W.; Jumper, Chanelle C.; Ackerman, Paul J.; Bracha, Dan; Donlic, Anita; Kim, Hahn; Kenney, Devin; Castello-Serrano, Ivan; Suzuki, Saori; Tamura, Tomokazu; Tavares, Alexander H. (2020-12-14).
641:
Typically, the viral families that can cause syncytia are enveloped, because viral envelope proteins on the surface of the host cell are needed to fuse with other cells. Certain members of the
939:
Tiwari, S. C.; Gunning, B. E. S. (1986). "Colchicine inhibits plasmodium formation and disrupts pathways of sporopollenin secretion in the anther tapetum ofTradescantia virginiana L".
1154:
Gobert, Geoffrey N.; Stenzel, Deborah J.; McManus, Donald P.; Jones, Malcolm K. (December 2003). "The ultrastructural architecture of the adult
Schistosoma japonicum tegument".
1230:
509:
is connected to the inner layer called the "proximal cytoplasm", which is the "cellular region or cyton or perikarya" through cytoplasmic tubes that are composed of
598:
395:
1558:"Molecular mechanisms for understanding the association between TMPRSS2 and beta coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection: scoping review"
426:
of placental mammals. Embryo-derived cells that form the interface with the maternal blood stream fuse together to form a multinucleated barrier – the
896:
Płachno, B. J.; Swiątek, P. (2010). "Syncytia in plants: Cell fusion in endosperm—placental syncytium formation in
Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae)".
758:. The viral and cellular mechanisms regulating the formation of these syncytia are not well understood," but membrane cholesterol seems necessary.
650:. These fusogenic orthoreoviruses include reptilian orthoreovirus, avian orthoreovirus, Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, and baboon orthoreovirus.
1009:
Burkhardt, P.; Colgren, J.; Medhus, A.; Digel, L.; Naumann, B.; Soto-Angel, J. J.; Nordmann, E. L.; Sachkova, M. Y.; Kittelmann, M. (2023).
1401:
Huerta, L.; López-Balderas, N.; Rivera-Toledo, E.; Sandoval, G.; Gȑmez-Icazbalceta, G.; Villarreal, C.; Lamoyi, E.; Larralde, C. (2009).
430:. This is probably important to limit the exchange of migratory cells between the developing embryo and the body of the mother, as some
1666:
As of 13 October 2020: accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but not copyedited, typeset, paginated, or proofread.
438:
cells. The syncytial epithelium of the placenta does not provide such an access path from the maternal circulation into the embryo.
1255:
1206:
1452:
1768:
1511:
122:
is a classic example of a syncytium cell. The term may also refer to cells interconnected by specialized membranes with
1782:
1305:"Extensive Syncytium Formation Mediated by the Reovirus FAST Proteins Triggers Apoptosis-Induced Membrane Instability"
712:
704:
606:
391:
315:) are fused into a neural syncytium, consisting of a continuous plasma membrane instead of being connected through
243:
1562:
662:
and makes them produce viral proteins, including fusion proteins. Then, the cells begin to display surface HIV
360:
1728:
800:
716:
708:
155:
383:
344:
1456:
1827:
806:
518:
1621:
1244:
Albrecht, Thomas; Fons, Michael; Boldogh, Istvan; Rabson, Alan S. (1996-01-01). Baron, Samuel (ed.).
1022:
983:
849:
630:
485:
thick, with distinct layers. It is a syncytium consisting of multinucleated tissues with no distinct
815:
466:
427:
387:
359:
is important because it allows rapid coordinated contraction of muscles along their entire length.
1822:
1279:
1224:
1046:
956:
921:
368:
181:
754:
are associated with extensive lung damage and the presence of infected multinucleated syncytial
1710:
1657:
1639:
1589:
1538:
1434:
1383:
1342:
1324:
1261:
1251:
1212:
1202:
1201:. Carter, Clint E. (Clint Earl), Oeltmann, Thomas N. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
1179:
1171:
1122:
1073:
1038:
913:
865:
761:
The syncytia appear to be long-lasting; the "complete regeneration" of the lungs after severe
610:
542:
538:
229:
974:
Murguía-Sánchez, G. (2002). "Embryo sac development in
Vanroyenella plumosa, Podostemaceae".
1700:
1690:
1647:
1631:
1579:
1571:
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1520:
1424:
1414:
1373:
1332:
1316:
1163:
1112:
1104:
1030:
991:
948:
905:
857:
775:
671:
489:
boundaries. The outer zone of the syncytium, called the "distal cytoplasm," is lined with a
451:
431:
252:
249:
131:
37:
1507:"The Mechanism and Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Fusion and Syncytia Formation"
1140:
490:
411:
332:
328:
185:
119:
106:
that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single
398:(PDGFRα) that are electrically coupled and work together as an SIP functional syncytium.
1026:
987:
853:
686:, that will kill the infected T helper cell. However, if T helper cells are nearby, the
1806:
1794:
1705:
1678:
1652:
1609:
1584:
1557:
1533:
1506:
1429:
1402:
1337:
1304:
1117:
1092:
1011:"Syncytial nerve net in a ctenophore adds insights on the evolution of nervous systems"
820:
795:
586:
571:
486:
454:
356:
336:
290:
are partially partitioned into segments each containing two differing nuclei, called a
103:
1167:
995:
617:. Because many cells fuse together, syncytia are also known as multinucleated cells,
1816:
1679:"SARS-CoV-2 Requires Cholesterol for Viral Entry and Pathological Syncytia Formation"
1320:
1050:
840:
Daubenmire, R. F. (1936). "The Use of the Terms
Coenocyte and Syncytium in Biology".
736:
647:
626:
602:
594:
522:
494:
493:. This plasma membrane is in turn associated with a layer of carbohydrate-containing
447:
379:
279:
263:
189:
138:
123:
100:
84:
960:
1789:
790:
663:
621:, or polykaryocytes. During infection, viral fusion proteins used by the virus to
546:
526:
514:
291:
197:
193:
150:
127:
107:
1250:(4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
925:
719:
proteins are then left on the host cell walls, causing it to bind with neighbour
130:
cells and certain smooth muscle cells, which are synchronized electrically in an
1476:
1378:
1361:
861:
675:
622:
510:
115:
1575:
1108:
450:
sponges is composed of syncitial tissue. This allows them to form their large
1626:
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312:
146:
1753:
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the cell are transported to the cell surface, where they can cause the host
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506:
308:
237:
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111:
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1661:
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1042:
917:
869:
566:
1777:
1360:
Duncan, Roy; Corcoran, Jennifer; Shou, Jingyun; Stoltz, Don (2004-02-05).
406:
Certain animal immune-derived cells may form aggregate cells, such as the
751:
740:
683:
679:
534:
474:
470:
423:
340:
287:
283:
259:
209:
177:
1695:
1419:
1303:
Salsman, Jayme; Top, Deniz; Boutilier, Julie; Duncan, Roy (2005-07-01).
114:, which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying
17:
952:
743:
667:
502:
364:
335:
fibers form by the fusion of thousands of individual muscle cells. The
316:
205:
173:
1801:
659:
581:
Syncytia can also form when cells are infected with certain types of
550:
275:
1729:"SARS-CoV-2 needs cholesterol to invade cells and form mega cells"
700:
582:
482:
363:
propagate along the surface of the muscle fiber from the point of
225:
434:
are specialized to be able to insert themselves between adjacent
687:
1403:"HIV-Envelope–Dependent Cell-Cell Fusion: Quantitative Studies"
1280:"ViralZone: Syncytium formation is induced by viral infection"
762:
590:
1556:
Chaves-Medina MJ, Gómez-Ospina JC, García-Perdomo HA (2021).
1362:"Reptilian reovirus: a new fusogenic orthoreovirus species"
64:
61:
1093:"Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function"
58:
55:
43:
1505:
MaRajah MM, Bernier A, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O (2021).
884:
609:(RSV). These syncytial formations create distinctive
386:
is activated by a composite of three types of cells –
339:
arrangement is important in pathologic states such as
1766:
707:
protein to stick to a potential host cell, then, the
327:
A classic example of a syncytium is the formation of
52:
46:
40:
549:". The basal lamina is followed by a thick layer of
67:
49:
739:variants that can enhance syncytia formation. The
274:A syncytium is the normal cell structure for many
1610:"Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells"
422:Another important vertebrate syncytium is in the
1500:
1498:
1496:
541:. The innermost layer is bounded by a layer of
1457:"Syncytium | Definition | AIDSinfo"
396:platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
307:The neurons which makes up the subepithelial
8:
1229:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1197:Jerome), Bogitsh, Burton J. (Burton (2005).
1091:Sanders, KM; Ward, SM; Koh, SD (July 2014).
1141:"Palaeos Metazoa: Porifera:Hexactinellida"
711:allows it to bind with the host cell. The
1704:
1694:
1651:
1625:
1583:
1532:
1428:
1418:
1377:
1336:
1116:
886:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
565:
481:. A typical tegument is 7–16
1773:
832:
118:. The muscle cell that makes up animal
1754:"Covid: Why is coronavirus so deadly?"
1222:
1156:International Journal for Parasitology
1477:"MUMPS, Mumps Virus, Mumps Infection"
7:
1752:Gallagher, James (23 October 2020).
501:, that varies in thickness from one
473:is essentially the same in both the
1064:Song, NN; Xu, WX (2016-10-25). "".
76:
691:faster progression of the disease
674:will immediately come to "inject"
513:. The proximal cytoplasm contains
286:in which thread-like cells of the
25:
765:"does not happen" with COVID-19.
1800:
1788:
1776:
1321:10.1128/JVI.79.13.8090-8100.2005
457:exclusively inside their cells.
176:, syncytia can be found in some
36:
228:syncytia, which result during
1:
1453:National Institutes of Health
1168:10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00255-8
996:10.1016/S0304-3770(02)00025-6
1512:Journal of Molecular Biology
1407:The Scientific World Journal
1379:10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.025
862:10.1126/science.84.2189.533
607:respiratory syncytial virus
392:interstitial cells of Cajal
145:to refer to the coenocytic
1844:
1576:10.1007/s00203-021-02727-3
1109:10.1152/physrev.00037.2013
810:, a plasmodial slime mould
465:The fine structure of the
262:plasmodium" of the family
244:non-articulated laticifers
27:Type of multinucleate cell
1627:10.1101/2020.07.14.202028
1525:10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167280
910:10.1007/s00709-010-0173-1
361:Cardiac action potentials
1636:10.15252/embj.2020106267
1563:Archives of Microbiology
633:with neighboring cells.
1035:10.1126/science.ade5645
882:Willmer, P. G. (1990).
801:Plasmodium (life cycle)
658:HIV infects Helper CD4
505:to another. The distal
156:Drosophila melanogaster
578:
410:cells responsible for
384:gastrointestinal tract
345:neuromuscular junction
194:acellular slime moulds
163:Physiological examples
1097:Physiological Reviews
807:Enteridium lycoperdon
569:
557:Pathological examples
519:endoplasmic reticulum
95:"box, i.e. cell") or
91:"together" and κύτος
1783:Evolutionary biology
1284:viralzone.expasy.org
1247:Medical Microbiology
570:Syncytium caused by
446:Much of the body of
110:), in contrast to a
1696:10.7554/eLife.65962
1481:virology-online.com
1420:10.1100/tsw.2009.90
1309:Journal of Virology
1027:2023Sci...380..293B
988:2002AqBot..73..201M
854:1936Sci....84..533D
816:Syncytiotrophoblast
428:syncytiotrophoblast
388:smooth muscle cells
182:chlorarachniophytes
1199:Human parasitology
1066:Sheng li xue bao:
953:10.1007/BF01304627
611:cytopathic effects
579:
369:intercalated discs
1315:(13): 8090–8100.
1162:(14): 1561–1575.
1021:(6642): 293–297.
848:(2189): 533–534.
750:"Severe cases of
735:variants contain
731:Mutations within
543:connective tissue
535:glycogen deposits
355:The syncytium of
311:in comb jellies (
278:. Most fungi of
230:plant development
224:Some examples of
126:, as seen in the
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1614:The EMBO Journal
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776:Atrial syncytium
672:cytotoxic T cell
615:permissive cells
367:contact through
186:plasmodiophorids
132:action potential
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329:skeletal muscle
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190:haplosporidians
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120:skeletal muscle
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976:Aquatic Botany
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351:Cardiac muscle
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432:blood cells
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282:exist as a
236:Developing
232:, include:
202:amoebozoans
149:embryos of
116:cytokinesis
1817:Categories
1738:2021-01-22
1486:2020-03-12
1462:2019-12-27
1289:2016-12-16
1257:0963117211
1208:0120884682
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786:Giant cell
733:SARS-CoV-2
721:epithelial
678:, such as
643:Reoviridae
637:Reoviridae
599:SARS-CoV-2
585:, notably
576:Vero cells
499:glycocalyx
479:trematodes
436:epithelial
408:osteoclast
313:Ctenophora
250:plasmodial
178:rhizarians
153:, such as
147:blastoderm
1823:Histology
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1329:0022-538X
1225:cite book
1217:769187741
1176:0020-7519
1051:258239574
781:Coenocyte
668:antigenic
531:ribosomes
507:cytoplasm
471:helminths
452:siliceous
390:(SMCs),
309:nerve net
303:Nerve net
238:endosperm
214:Haplozoon
143:syncytium
112:coenocyte
32:syncytium
1758:BBC News
1733:phys.org
1715:33890572
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752:COVID-19
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727:COVID-19
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680:perforin
539:vesicles
475:cestodes
467:tegument
461:Tegument
455:spicules
424:placenta
418:Placenta
365:synaptic
341:myopathy
331:. Large
317:synapses
288:mycelium
284:dikaryon
260:nucellar
210:Excavata
206:acrasids
174:protists
168:Protists
97:symplasm
81:syncytia
18:Syncytia
1807:Viruses
1795:Science
1769:Portals
1706:8104966
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850:Bibcode
842:Science
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723:cells.
660:T cells
605:, e.g.
583:viruses
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1231:link
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